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CHAPT
ER
WHAT IS ANATOMY?
3
1 The Language of Anatomy 20 Review Your Key Terms Plane Movements, Plain and Simple What’s in a Name? Joint Movements
2 The Musculoskeletal System 23 Review Your Key Terms The Bare Bones of Human Anatomy The Human Musculature Revealed Synovial Joints
3 Check Your Understanding 27
4 Chapter Culminating Assignment 29
ASSESSMENT CATEGORIES
Application
Communication
Knowledge and Understanding
Thinking
Activities in this chapter:
3 CHAPT
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20 Kinesiology Student Workbook
ANSWERS
3.1.1 Review Your Key Terms
abductionadductionanatomical positionanterior (ventral)circumductiondeepdistaldorsiflexioneversionextensionflexion
frontal (coronal) planehuman anatomyinferiorinversionlaterallateral (external) rotationmedialmedial (internal) rotationmedian (midsagittal) planeplantar flexionposterior (dorsal)
pronationproneproximalsagittal planesuperficialsuperiorsupinationsupinetransverse (horizontal) plane
3.1.2 Plane Movements, Plain and Simple
The human body can be described using three basic planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse. These planes can be used to describe movements or actions occurring in the plane parallel to one of these planes. For example, a forward roll is considered a sagittal plane movement because the forward motion occurs parallel to the sagittal plane.
Identify the three major planes of the body in the figure below, and give two examples of movements that occur in each plane.
Plane 1: Frontal plane
Movement examples: Cartwheel
Jumping jacks
Plane 2: Transverse plane
Movement examples: Log roll
Pirouette
Plane 3: Sagittal plane
Movement examples: Forward roll
Walking/running, cycling3
1
2
Another name for plane 1 is the coronal plane.
Another name for plane 2 is the horizontal plane.
3.1 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY (Textbook pages 40-43)1
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ANSWERS
3.1.3 What’s in a Name?
Of particular importance to studying anatomy is understanding the terminology that describes the location of specific body parts relative to other body parts. Label the directional terms on the figure below, and think of at least one example of how you would use each term in a sentence.
Medial
Superior
Inferior
Lateral
Anterior
Medial
Posterior
Distal
Lateral
Proximal
3 CHAPT
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ANSWERS
3.1.4 Joint Movements
Most movements occur in antagonistic pairs, so for every movement, there is generally a movement opposite to it. Identify the major joint movements below, and provide at least one movement example for each set of movements. Then demonstrate some of these actions with a partner.
A FlexionMovement examples:
• Biceps curl
• Triceps extension
• Soccer kick (knee or hip)B Extension
BA
BAA Abduction • Jumping jacks (shoulders or hips)
• Spreading fingers apart
• Making a “snow angel”B Adduction
A Pronation • Topspin in tennis
• Flipping a pancake
• Emptying a can (from the elbow)B Supination
BA
Circumduction• Shoulder rotations (arm circles)
• Leg rotations (from the hip)
• Biceps
Rotation• Turning a door knob with a straight arm
(at the shoulder)• Emptying a can without pronating the forearm
A Inversion • Flicking a soccer pass to either side
• Maintaining ankle stability while
runningB Eversion
BA
A Dorsiflexion • Standing on the toes
• Using pedals of car while driving
• Pushing off at the start of a raceB Plantar flexion
BA
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ANSWERS
3.2.1 Review Your Key Terms
appendicular skeletonaxial skeletonball and socket jointcardiac musclecartilagecartilaginous jointcompact (cortical) bonecondyloid (knuckle) jointdiaphysisepiphyseal growth plateepiphyseal lineepiphysisfascia
fibrous jointflat bonehinge (ginglymus) jointinsertionirregular bonejointjoint capsulejoint cavityligamentlong boneoriginperiosteumpivot joint
plane (gliding) jointsaddle jointsesamoid boneshort boneskeletal musclesmooth musclespongy (cancellous) bonesynovial fluidsynovial jointsynovial membranetendon
3.2.2 The Bare Bones of Human Anatomy
(A) Approximately how many bones make up the human skeleton?
102 206 345
155 300 456
How many bones can you name without consulting your textbook? Compare your list with a partner and see how many you can come up with.
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THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM (Textbook pages 44-51)2
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ANSWERS
(B) Bone Shapes and Classifications
Bones can be classified by shape and belong to either the axial or appendicular sections of the skeleton. Fill in the blanks in the table below describing the various bone classifications.
Shape Examples Skeleton
Long Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna Appendicular
Short Carpals, tarsals Appendicular
Flat
Scapula Appendicular
Clavicle Appendicular
Ribs, sternum Axial
Frontal, parietal, occipital, mandible Axial
Sesamoid Patella Appendicular
IrregularVertebrae, facial bones of skull Axial
Pelvis Appendicular
(C) Bone Structure and Composition
Fill in the appropriate labels below illustrating the structure of a typical long bone. Then highlight where growth in length occurs in the bone until we reach a mature height.
Articular cartilage
Proximalepiphysis
Diaphysis
Distalepiphysis
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Cancellous bone with red (hematopoietic) bone marrow
Compact bone (cortical bone)
Epiphysealline
Medullary cavity with yellow (fatty) bone marrow
4
5
7
8
9
2
1
3
10
6
1 Proximal epiphysis 6 Cancellous (spongy) bone
2 Diaphysis 7 Compact (cortical) bone
3 Distal epiphysis 8 Periosteum
4 Articular cartilage 9 Medullary cavity
5 Epiphyseal line 10 Articular cartilage
Growth in length occurs at the ends of long bones at the epiphyseal growth plate, which ossifies and becomes an epiphyseal line when growth ceases.
Bone is very strong for its relatively light weight. What gives bone this important characteristic?
The major components of bone are calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water. The two calcium compounds make up approximately 60 to 70 percent of bone weight, providing much of the bone’s stiffness and resistance to pressing or squeezing forces. The collagen component (a protein) gives bone its characteristic flexibility and contributes to its ability to resist pulling and stretching forces. Although the human body as a whole is composed of about 60 percent water, bone only contains approximately 20 percent water (20 to 25 percent of total bone weight). Consequently, bones are stronger and more durable than many other structures, such as skin.
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ANSWERS
3.2.3 The Human Musculature Revealed
How many muscles are present in the human body?
Fewer than 300 Between 400 and 500 More than 600
Between 300 and 400 Between 500 and 600
How many muscles can you name without consulting your textbook? Compare your list with a partner and see how many you can come up with.
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3.2.4 Synovial Joints
(A) Characteristics of Synovial Joints
Complete the diagram of a typical synovial joint below using the following labels.
6
5
14
3
7
2
1 articular (hyaline) cartilage
2 articulating bone
3 joint cavity
4 joint capsule
5 ligament
6 periosteum
7 synovial membrane
Where is the synovial fluid found, and what role does it play?
Each synovial joint has a joint cavity (the space between and around the articulating bones) filled with synovial fluid. The synovial fluid cushions and lubricates the joint, thereby reducing friction.
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ANSWERS
(B) Types of Synovial Joints
Synovial joints vary widely in structure and movement capabilities. Complete the table below summarizing the classification of synovial joints based on shape.
Joint Type Movement Examples
Hinge (ginglymus) Movement in one plane only Interphalangeal joints of the fingers
Pivot One bone rotates around one axis Atlantoaxial joint of the neck
Plane Gliding action is the only movement allowed: forward–backward, side to side
Acromioclavicular joint of the shoulder, facet joints of the vertebrae, wrist
Condyloid Flexion–extension, abduction–adduction, circumduction all possible
Metacarpophalangeal joints (except thumb)
Saddle Bones are set together as in sitting on a horse Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Ball and socket Movement in all planes: greatest range of movement Shoulder, hip
On the figure below, circle and label at least one example of each of the types of synovial joints described above.
Condyloid (Knuckle)Found in the joints between metacarpals and phalanges – except at the thumb.
Hinge (Ginglymus)Found in the elbow.
PivotFound in the atlantoaxial joint of the neck and in the forearm during pronation–supination.
SaddleFound in the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb.
Ball and SocketFound in the hip and shoulder.
Plane (Gliding)Found in bones of the wrist and the acromioclavicular joint of the shoulder.
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ANSWERS
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not a feature of the anatomical position:
A) The body stands erect.B) The body is facing forward.C) The arms are hanging at the sides.D) The heels and feet are together.E) None of the above.
Answer: E
2. Which of the following planes bisects the body into right and left halves:
A) transverseB) medianC) coronalD) midsagittalE) both B and D
Answer: E
3. To perform a biceps curl, you must _________ the palm and _________ the elbow.
A) pronate; flexB) supinate; flexC) pronate; extendD) abduct; extendE) supinate; invert
Answer: B
4. Bone marrow is:A) located inside the bone cavityB) yellow in childrenC) red in adultsD) typically found in short bonesE) all of the above
Answer: A
5. Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal muscle:
A) very fatigue resistantB) under voluntary controlC) attached to boneD) can benefit from fitness trainingE) none of the above
Answer: A
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks for the following statements using words from the word bank below. Place the corresponding letter from the word bank in the blank spaces provided.
1. Your nose is medial to your ears.
2. The point at which the median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect represents the body’s centre of gravity (or centre of mass).
3. Lifting the arm away from the side of the body is an example of abduction, and returning it is an example of adduction.
4. The epiphyseal growth plate eventually ossifies and becomes the epiphyseal line.
5. A muscle’s origin is also known as its proximal attachment.
Word Bank
a. abduction e. distal i. lateral
b. adduction f. epiphyseal line j. medial
c. anatomical position g. extension k. periosteum
d. centre of gravity h. flexion l. proximal
True or False
Indicate whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). If the statement is false, provide the correct answer.
1. Your abdomen in inferior to your thorax.
Answer: true
2. Movements that are lateral occur in the frontal plane.
Answer: true
3. Spongy bone is also known as cortical bone.
Answer: false (Correct: cancellous)
4. The gastrointestinal tract is made up of smooth muscle.
Answer: true
5. In a condyloid joint, the joint surfaces are usually oval.
Answer: true
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 3
Name: ______________________________________
Date: _______________________________________
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ANSWERS
Think and Link
1. Describe the anatomical position, and discuss its relationship to the directional terms used to describe the human body.
The basic anatomical position is used in all anatomical description, specifying the locations of specific parts of the body relative to other body parts. It describes the following position: standing erect, facing forward, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward, legs straight, and heels and feet together and parallel to each other. The anatomical position is universally accepted as the starting reference point for describing the human body.
2. Explain the effect of exercise on bone.
Similar to muscles, bone also responds to the presence or absence of different forces with changes in size, shape, and density. When bones are subjected to regular physical activity and habitual loads, bones tend to become denser and more mineralized than the bones in people who are less active. This is revealed by the right-handed tennis player whose right forearm bones are denser than the left, as a result of using them more frequently. But just as forces acting on bone can increase bone density, inactivity works in the opposite direction, leading to a decrease in weight and strength. Loss of bone mass as a result of reduced mechanical stress has been noted in bed-ridden patients, inactive senior citizens, and astronauts.
3. What are the main characteristics of synovial joints?
Each synovial joint has a joint cavity (the space between and around the articulating bones) filled with synovial fluid. The synovial fluid cushions and lubricates the joint. A joint capsule surrounds the joint space and helps provide support. The capsule is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes the lubrication fluid. The joint capsule may or may not have thickenings called intrinsic ligaments that add support. Outside the capsule and not connected to it are extrinsic ligaments that support the joint and connect the articulating bones. Some joints have special features such as articular discs, fibrocartilaginous labra and menisci, and intracapsular tendons.
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ANSWERS
Analyzing Body Position and Joint Movements
For any two of the images (A to K) on the next page, answer the following questions.
(1) In two sentences, briefly describe the image and why you selected it.
(2) Identify the predominant plane movement(s) and four specific joint movements observed in the image.
(3) Select a segment of the body in the image and identify two bones (name and type), four primary muscles, and two synovial joints that are involved in the action being performed.
Answers will vary.
Selected image 1: A
(1) I chose this image of Blake Griffin because he is one of the most athletic and dynamic dunkers in basketball.
(2) The frontal and transverse (horizontal) planes are the predominant plane movements and there are several joint movements present, including flexion of the right elbow and knees, abduction of the legs, extension of the left arm, slight plantar flexion of the ankles.
(3) The segment of the body chosen was the lower body. Bones in the lower body are the femur, tibia, and fibula, which
are long bones, and the patella, which is a sesamoid bone. Muscles surrounding those bones are the quadriceps (vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris), the hamstrings (semitendinosis, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris), the gastrocnemius, and the tibialis anterior, among others. Two synovial joints are the hinge joint of the knee and the ball and socket joint of the hip.
Selected image 2: ________
(1) __________________________________________________________________________________________
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(2) __________________________________________________________________________________________
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(3) __________________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: __________________________________________________________ Date: _______________________________
CHAPTER CULMINATING ASSIGNMENT4
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ANSWERS
Your own image here.
G H
JI K
C D E F
A B