WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

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WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

Amazing day my dear students! Welcome to the second module of the Contemporary Philippine Arts

from the Regions. I know that you are all very excited to explore what this module all about. With this module

you will really appreciate the various contemporary art forms in the Philippines. So fasten your seatbelt and

relax for we are about to start our journey in knowing the different art forms in the Philippines

The Philippines has so much to offer in the world in terms of arts. It has a gold mine of arts. In the

current days it is called Contemporary arts. Contemporary art forms can be classified into choreography,

musical instrument, literary and music composition, visual design and theatrical performance. These are

hybrid arts that are produce today. The contemporary artists tried to create something new out from what had

already existed and they tend to borrow, combine and explore it. They respond to the call of culturally diverse,

technological advancement and globally influenced. The breed of arts nowadays makes use of a farreaching

of mediums. And this is now being practiced among the regions in the Philippines at present.

This module will bring you to the world of contemporary arts in the Philippines. You will be able to

explore the different forms of contemporary arts in our country. The arts that are proudly Filipino made. These

arts depict our country’s latest concerns and reflective to the changing world we live in.

At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:

1. Give his own definition on contemporary art.

2. Classify the various contemporary art forms in the Philippines.

3. Design a creative artwork showing one of the classifications of various art forms from the

regions.

4. Describe the performance arts in the Philippine regions.

5. Appreciate the various forms of art in the Philippines.

WHAT I KNOW?

Direction: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on the blank provided.

1. What kind of wooden material an idiophone instrument made of?

a. rattan b. bamboo c. coconut d. narra

2. Which of the following animal skin is used as head of the drum?

a. cow b. pig c. goat d. carabao

3. It is a large goblet shaped drum used by the Maranao and Maguindanao

in their Kulintangensembles.

a. Libbit b. Sulibao c. Duwagey d. Dabakan

4. It is an aerophone instrument that is use for serenading, courting or merely to pass the

time away.

a. flute b. gong c. guitar d. piano

5. This is one of the rondalla ensemble that is pear shaped, with a rounded back, a round

sound hole and a fretted neck.

a. octavina b. bajo de unas c. laud d. banduria

6. It ia a prose writing that tells an imaginary story.

a. poetry b. drama c. fiction d. non-fiction

7. What type of literature in which words are carefully chosen and arranged to create

certain

effects?

a. fiction b. non-fiction c. drama d. poetry

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8. Which of the following form of literature is performed by actors in front of an audience?

a. drama b. poetry c. non-fiction d. fiction

9. It is a music of lowland Christian Filipinos living in town centers or Poblacion.

a. music of popular sentiments b. music of concert hall

c. music for mass entertainment d. music for national identity

10. These are songs that celebrate or depict our struggles, hopes, and aspirations toward

a Filipino identity and sense of nationhood.

a. music of the Moro b. music of the lowland folk villages

c. music for national identity d. music of concert hall

11. Which of the following is an ethnic dance of Maranao?

a. Singkil b. Itik-itik c. Pangalay d. Pandango sa Ilaw

12. Which of the following is a theatrical dance?

a. Tango b. Waltz c. Ballet d. Rhumba

13. This is an element of dance that refers to the figures and steps in dancing that enable

the dancers to perform in an organized manner.

a. theme b. design c. choreography c. scenery

14. An element of dance that conveys the message of a dance.

a. music b. technique c. movement d. theme

15. What kind of visual design that creates a piece of art that is independent from the way

it

looks in the real world?

a. 3D b. abstract c. clean and minimalist d. feminine

16. A visual style that is characterized by heavy use of straight lines and shapes.

a. grunge b. illustrated c. geometric d. flat

17. It is a design style that is stereotypically appealing to men?

a. feminine b. masculine c. photorealism d. typographic

18. Which of the following elements of dramatic theatrical performance refers to a person

who supervises the actors, camera crew and other staff for a movie, play, television program or similar

production?

a. plot b. character c. director d. playwright

19. It is a term that refers to existing and happening in the present time period?

a. contemporary c. traditional c. art d. modern

20. This refers to the expression or communication of emotions and ideas.

a. modern b. art c. contemporary d. traditional

LESSON 1. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

WHAT IS IT?

The Philippines has a unique history on musical instruments dated back from pre-colonial period. The

early Filipinos played different musical instruments with distinctive purpose like for courtship, marriage and

good harvest.

Present day musicological studies, following the Hornbostel - Sachs classification, divide instruments

into the following categories: idiophones, aerophones, chordophones, membranophones and electrophones.

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Idiophones

Idiophones are classified as Instruments that produce sound from the substance of the instrument itself

(wood or metal). They are subdivided into those that are struck, scraped, plucked, shaken, or rubbed. There

are metal and wooden (principally bamboo) idiophones in the Philippines

Idiophone Categories

1. Percussion idiophones are hit with sticks, beaters, or clappers (bells, steel drums).

2. Shaken idiophones are shaken (maracas, eggs, jingle bells).

3. Concussion idiophones are played by clashing two of them together (castanets, claves,

spoons).

4. Friction idiophones are made to vibrate by rubbing them (as when you make a wine glass

ring by rubbing its rim).

5. Scraped idiophones are played by scraping a stick across a set of notches or corrugations

on the instrument (guiro, washboard).

6. Stamping idiophones are stamped on the ground, floor, or hard surface. (Tap shoes are in

this category.) it is a stamped idiophone,If the main sound is coming from the surface that

is being stamped on,.

7. Plucked idiophones have a thin tongue of metal or bamboo that vibrates when plucked

(jew's harp, mbira or thumb piano).

Metal idiophone has two categories: flat gongs and bossed gongs. Most of the flat gongs made of

bronze, brass, or iron, are found principally in the north among the Isneg, Tingguian, Kalinga, Bontok, Ibaloi,

Kankanai, Gaddang, Ifugao, and Ilonggot. They are commonly referred to as Gangsa. The gongs vary in size.

These are struck with wooden sticks, padded wooden sticks, or slapped with the palm of the hand. Gong in

Cordillera highlanders is an integral part of peace pact gatherings, marriages, prestige ceremonies, feasts, or

rituals.

Agung Kulintang Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

Gongs have a central profusion or knot, hence the term bossed gongs. They are three of types: first

sets of graduated gongs laid in a row called the kulintang; second larger, deep-rimmed gongs with sides that

are turned in called agung, and third gongs with narrower rims and less prominent bosses called gandingan.

These gongs may be played alone but are often combined with other instruments to form various types of

ensembles in southern Philippines.

Bamboo idiophones abound in the Philippines-xylophones, drums, quillshaped tubes, stamping tubes,

scrapers, buzzers, and clappers.

In southern Philippines, the bamboo xylophones like gabbang, also Yakan, Sama, Tausug, and

Palawan are found. Xylophone consists of bamboo keys of graduated lengths mounted on a trapezoidal box.

The number of keys usually ranging from 3 to 22 but varies among the different ethnic groups. among the

Kalinga In northern Luzon, individual xylophone-like blades called patatag are struck with bamboo sticks.

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Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla

Gabbang Patatag

The Bukidnon bantula is a bamboo slit drum which is fashioned out of a bamboo tube closed at both

ends with anode with a slit cut out of the tube. Its main use is to announce important events and this is found

among different groups of people,

Bantula Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

The Maranao tagutok and the Maguindanao kagul are struck quill-shaped bamboo tubes with notches

etched on the tube, are found only in southern Philippines such as. In this instrument, the player scrapes the

notches with a bamboo stick.

Kagul

Bamboo buzzers are widespread among the Cordillera highlanders.These are made from a length of

bamboo closed with a node at the bottom, with its top half shaped so that two tongues face each other. On

top half is struck against the palm of the hand. These are known by different names such as balingbing,

pewpew, pakkung, bilbil, bungkaka by the various groups.

Balingbing Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

Bamboo clapper, hanger, fashioned from a tubular section of bamboo, split from one end to

approximately half of the tube is common among the Ifugao. To make it more flexible when the halves are

made to flap against each other, each half of the split portion is shaped to make it narrower in the middle.

A Hanunuo kalutang is consists of a pair of sticks cut from forest trees. This is a wooden idiophone

that include sticks, suspended logs, and log drums. It is struck against each other and played while hiking

through forest and mountain trails.

Tagutok

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Hanunuo kalutang Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Ruf ino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

The instrument of Ifugao pattung is a percussion yoke bar made from a tapered piece of wood

and struck with a stick. This is used in ceremonies for the sick, at rites which entail the offering of sacrificial

pigs, or at death rituals.

Pattung Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I LNNCHS –

In southern Philippines suspended logs are widespread where they are known by different ethnic

names. Maguindanao luntang is consists of several logs with varying lengths hung in order from longest to

shortest. One performer will struck the pointed playing ends of each log creating a melody against which

another performer beats drone rhythm on one of the logs.

Luntang

Photo credits: Suzette D. Mor il la Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

The Bagobo and Bilaan have similar drums.

Bagobo Bilaan

In the Philippines, harps are principally made from bamboo and some are made of metal. This is a

type of mouth resonated instrument consisting of a flexible tongue fixed at one end to a surrounding frame.

The player play this instrument by placing the free end of the instrument with the hand or by pulling a s tring

attached to the blade. These instruments have different names among the various ethnic groups. In the south,

it is commonly term is kubing, in the north ulibaw.

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Kubing Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla

Ulibaw

Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

Aerophones

Flutes, pan-pipes, and reed pipes are among the Philippine bamboo aerophones. The flutes are the

most widespread and numerous which are mostly end-blown with the air stream directed into the open end of

the tube.

Aerophone Categories

1. In whistles, the air is blown at a sharp edge in the instrument (as in recorders as well as police whistles).

2. In blowhole instruments, the air is blown across the sharp edge at the blowhole. When the instrument is

tube-shaped, the blowhole can be in the end ("end-blown", as in panpipes), or in the side of the

instrument ("sideblown", as in a fife).

3. In reed instruments, the vibration of a reed or reeds begins the air vibration. In single reed like

saxophone, for example and double reed like oboe instruments, the one or two reeds are part of the

mouthpiece. In bagpipes and in free-reed instruments such as harmonica and accordion, the single or

double reeds are mounted somewhere inside the instrument and there can be many of them - sometimes

a different reed for every pitch.

4. In cup mouthpiece instruments, the player buzzes the lips against the mouthpiece, causing a

sympathetic vibration in the air inside the instrument. (bugle, conch shell).

5. The pipes of an organ have a sharp edge like a whistle, but the pipes are filled with air from something

other than a mouth or nose, usually a bellows of some sort.

6. Free aerophones (bull-roarers, toy spinning tops), cause vibrations in the air around them rather than

inside them.

In northern and southern Philippines, the lip valley notch flute, so called because of its mouthpiece which

is obliquely cut and curved at a slant to follow the contour of the player’s lips. These are known by different

names among the different linguistic groups, such as the paldong in the south and the palendag in the north.

These are instruments of leisure and used for serenading, courting, or merely to pass the time away.

Palendag Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

Another type of end-blown flute is a nose flute. This is found mostly in northern Philippines where the

Kalinga call it tongali, the Bontok kaleleng, and the Ifugao ungiung. This is also found sporadically in some

areas of the south among the Hanunuo (lantuy), the Batak (lantoy), and the Bukidnon (bulaktob). In Palawan,

the Cuyunin is a gigantic nose flutes with tubes much larger in diameter than those found in Luzon.

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Tongali

Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

Suling in southern Philippines is less common flute and a ring type. The whistle type is called

thumpong (Subanun); and the reed is called saunay (Tausug).

Thumpong Saunay Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

The saggeypo (Kalinga) and the sagay-op(Bontok) are stopped pipes found in northern Philippines.

This bamboo pipe is closed on one end by a node with the open end held against the lower lip of the player

as he blows directly across the top. This pipe can be played individually by one person or in ensembles of

three or more.

Saggeypo


Diwas, diwdiwas, or dew-dew are rarely used today. These are bamboo panpipes. It consist of a

number of bamboo pipes (5-8) strung together.

Diwas


Flauta (Ilonggo, Sebuano, Bicol); plawta (Manobo) and palawta (Hanunuo, Waray) are the most

Philippine transverse flutes that are adaptations or imitation of European versions.

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Plawta

Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla – LNNCHS

Budyong Lungga


Some blown instruments are made from shell or carabao horn. They are used for calling people or

sending messages over wide distances. The shell trumpets include the budyong, lungga, taburi. The Carabao

horns are the tambuli (Tagalog) and kogao (Ifugao).

In modern days these instruments are also aerophones.

Brass Instrument

Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS Chordophones

These are bamboo or wood stringed instruments that may be struck, plucked, or bowed. They included

zithers, lutes, and bowed strings.

Chordophone Categories

1. In zithers, the strings are stretched across, over, or inside a resonator, or between two resonators. The

resonator can be a hollow tube, a gourd, a board, a hollow box, or even a pit in the ground. Some have

fingerboards with or without frets; some have a keyboard with a complex mechanism; many are simply

a multitude of strings strung from one end of the resonator to the other. The strings can be struck (as

in a piano) or plucked (harpsichord).

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2. In lutes, the strings stretch across the resonator and up a neck. They may be plucked (guitar, banjo) or

bowed (violin, fiddle)

3. In lyres, the strings leave the resonator at right angles to an edge and run to a cross bar that is held

away from the resonator (as in the classical Greek lyre that is so often used as a symbol of music).

4. In harps (like the orchestral harp), the strings leave the resonator at a slant (smaller than a right angle)

up to a neck connected to the resonator.

5. In a musical bow, the string or strings are stretched from one end of a wooden bow to the other. Some

have resonators, but many don't. They can be plucked or bowed (with a second, smaller bow).

The Philippine zithers have resonating bodies that are made from bamboo tubes or half tubes with

strings that run parallel to the length of the tube. In northern Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan tube zithers are

found. They have two types: polychordal zithers with several strings that run around the tube, and parallel

stringed zithers which have two strings on one side of the tube.

The Polychordal tube zithers found in the Cordilleras, Mindanao and Palawan have strings that are

etched out of the bamboo body, remaining attached at both ends. Small wooden frets are inserted beneath

the string near the ends. The number of strings varies from 5 to 8 or 9 and occasionally even 11. Other names

by which this zither is called are: kolitong, kollessing, kulibet, saluray, sigitan, takul, tangke, togo, and pagang.


The parallel stringed tube zithers, two bamboo strands, about 5 cm. apart, are etched out to the tube to

serve as strings. At mid-point of the tube, below the strings, a small sound hole is bored and covered by a

small bamboo plate clipped to the strings. When played, the strings are struck by a bamboo stick or plucked.

In northern Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao, and Palawan the instrument with slight variations, is found where they

are known by such names as tambi, bamban,tabengbeng, kudling, tabobo, thambabok, takumbo, and

patigunggung.

Tambi Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

The lutes are found only in the south, in Mindanao and Palawan. These instruments are of the long neck

variety, with two stings that run from the neck to the base of the resonating chamber. One sting plays a drone,

the other a melody. The location and number of frets vary between groups, though all the lutes are fretted.

Koliton

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Kudyapi


The Maranao and Maguindanao kudyapi frets are glued to the body of the resonating chamber, while

the frets of the Bilaan fuglung, the Mansaka and Mandaya kudlong and the Palawan kudyapi are located on

the neck of the instrument.

In Mindanao, one stringed bowed lutes (fiddles) of the long neck variety are found. These intrumentss

have a sounding box made from a coconut half shell covered with a leaf, or a piece of bark or animal skin.

The string is make of abaca fibers, horse hair, and more recently, wire. It is called duwagey by the

Manobo and Bilaan.

Duwagey


A favorite string ensemble called cumparsa emerged in the later period of the Spanish regime,. This

was an adaptation of similar instrumental groups in Mexico (murza or murga) and Spain (estudiantina). In the

early years of the American regime, the cumparsa was superceded by the rondalla.

The rondalla ensemble consists of plucked string instruments like bandurria, the laud, the octavina, the

six stringed gitara and the bajo de unas or bass guitar.

Rodalla instruments Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCHS

Banduria is pear shaped, with a rounded back, a round sound hole and a fretted neck. This serves as

the melody instrument of the ensemble. Octavina and bandurria are tuned an octave below the laud. These

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instruments furnish the inner harmonies and contrapuntal elaboration to the melody. The guitar’s main function

is to supply the arpeggiated or chordal underpinnings of the ensemble while the bajo de unas is tuned like the

contra-bass.

Membranophones

The single and double headed drums are found throughout the Philippines. These are variously

shaped–conical, cylindrical, goblet shaped, barrel shaped. The animal skins (snake, deer, or goat) is used as

head/heads of the drum. These may be beaten with sticks or by the palm portion of bare hands. The drums

are seldom used alone except to announce tidings over long distances. They are usually played with other

instruments, particularly gongs, to form different kinds of ensembles.

Membranophone Categories

1. Tubular drums are divided into cylindrical, conical, barrel, long, waisted (hourglass-shaped), goblet (with

a stem at the base), and footed (with feet around the edge of the bottom).

2. Kettledrums or vessel drums have rounded bottoms.

In the frame drums, the membrane is stretched over a frame, usually making a wide, shallow instrument.

(Tambourines are in this category.)

3. Friction drums come in a variety of shapes. Instead of beating on the membrane, the player runs a stick

through a hole in the membrane.

Sulibao and kimbal of the Bontok and Ibaloi people are longitudinal slightly barrel shaped hollowed out

logs with deer skin heads on one end. Taller drum (ca. 80 cm) is called the kimbal; the shorter (ca. 75 cm) is

called the sulibaw. Drum head is small measuring about 6 cm. in diameter. These are played with palms of

two hands. These drums are combined with gongs and other instruments to form different types of ensembles.

Libbit Dabakan

Ifugao libbit, ludag is a conical drum with a deer or

goat skin head. This is played with a gong during harvest time under the rice granary.

Dabakan is a large goblet shaped drum used by the Maranao and Maguindanao in their kulintang

ensembles.

Electrophones

These are the newest category of instruments. They have only been around since 20th century. They

produce an electronic sound. There are two main families of electrophones: the electronic instruments and

the amplified acoustical instruments.

Sulibao


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Electrical instruments Photo credits: Suzette D. Morilla Artist: Renato M. Rufino, Teacher I – LNNCH

LESSON 2. LITERARY WORKS

WHAT IS IT?

Literary works are written works meant to be read or delivered in a play. They can be written in prose

or in poetry form. Literary pieces such as novels, short stories and epics are the most common bases of other

forms like theater and cinema.

Non-Fiction Fiction

Poetry Drama

Genres of Literature

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Fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama are the major genre of literature. Nonfiction is writing that tells

about real people, places, and events. Nonfiction is mainly written to convey factual information. This includes

a wide range of writing; newspaper articles, letters, essays, biographies, movie reviews, speeches, true-life

adventure stories, advertising, and more. An example of nonfiction is the humor autobiography book by

Roberto Ong also known as “Bob Ong” which was published on 2001.The details about this book was the

childhood memories of the author, back from his earliest days as a student until his first few years at work.

The materials he used in his book are those familiar to this generation of Filipinos. He uses humor to point out

various absurdities inherent to Filipino culture. This book has a film version that was released by VIVA FILMS

on February 19, 2014 entitled as “ABNKKBSNPLAko?!” The Movie starred by Andi Eigenmann, Meg Imperial,

Vandolph and Jericho Rosales.

Humor Autobiography Book published by: Andi Eigenmann, et. al, Image source: https://www.scribd.com/d oc/251150865/ABNKKBSNPLAk o-Bob-Ong-Book-Review

Fiction is a prose writing that tells an imaginary story. A writer of a short story or novel might invent all

the events and characters or might base parts of the story on real people and events. There are basic elements

of fiction; these are plot, character, setting, and theme. The different types of fiction include realistic fiction,

historical fiction, science fiction, mystery, and fantasy. An example of short story entitled the “Kite of Stars and

other stories was written by Dean Francis Alfar and published on 2007. This kind of book collects sixteen

wondrous stories of fantasy, science fiction, horror and things in between from the imagination of award-

winning fictionist Dean Francis Alfar. Another example is “Bata, Bata..Pa’no Ka Ginawa?”, a novel written by

Lualhati Bautista, one of the foremost Filipino novelists in the history of contemporary Philippine literature.

This novel was written in "Taglish", a mixture of Tagalog and English, instead of pure Tagalog as a stylistic

device for her works. This novel is about the role of a woman, like its author, with Filipino society wherein the

males were, in the past, assuming more dominant roles in society. This novel became a film, where the

Philippine actress Vilma Santos took the role of the character Lea in 1998, together with Filipino actor

Raymond Bagatsing. The transformation of this story from novel to film was under the direction of Chito S.

Roño under Star Cinema.

Short Story

Book published by: IBook published by Dean Francis Alfar, Image source https://www.goodreads.com/book /show /2102407.T he_Kite_o f_Stars_an d_Other_Stor ies Lualhati Bautista, mage source: https://www.revolvy.com/page /Bata%2C -Bata…-Pa %27no-

KaGinawa?stype=topics&cmd=list

Novel

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Poetry is a type of literature in which words are carefully chosen and arranged to create certain effects.

A poet uses a variety of sound devices, imagery, and figurative language to express emotions and ideas. Love

is the most favorite subject among Filipino poets, regardless of gender. An example of poetry book is

Pulotgata: The Love Poems by Danton Remoto which was published on 2004. According to the book review

written by Ralph Semino Galan of UST and was published in the Inquirer, “Remoto delves the depths of the

human heart through lyrics in both English and Filipino that sing of the anxiety and the excitement, the agony

and the ecstasy which accompany the act of love”.

Book of Poetry

Book published by: Danton Remoto, Image source: http://dantonremoto2010.blogspot.c om/2008/06 /review-of-pu lotgata-love-p oems .ht ml

Modern Filipino books aren’t far from promoting such cultural values, as books continue to make use of

symbols and allegories to depict the daily struggles of Filipinos in dealing with family, friends, romantic

partners, and society. Whether told in a comedic or heart-breaking way, contemporary books never fail to

surprise readers and leave an eye-opening realization or two. And because of their impact on readers, some

of these books even made their way to the big screen.

LESSON 3. MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS

WHAT IS IT?

Musical compositions are not written but notated (represented by musical symbols) and these

symbols must be learned. According to National Artist Ramon Santos, PhD, “contemporary music in the

Philippines refers to compositions that have adopted ideas and elements from 20th century art music in the

west, as well as the latest trends and musical styles in the entertainment industry.

Philippine music is rich beyond compare. Most Filipinos, may do not know this wealth. Our young

people love to hear music not only Philippine music but also music from other parts of the world. There is a

pressing need to bring Philippine music closer to our people that draws strong identification of our own music

and truly one vital factor in bringing our people together or unifying the nation.

Exposing all Filipinos to their own musical traditions is properly the task of the government, our music

educators, musicologists, community leaders, concerned media practitioners, performing groups, pro-Filipino

radio and television stations and recording companies, heritage centers and libraries, and cultural

organizations all over the country.

A survey of the whole range of authentic Filipino musical expression reveals at least eight major types

according to cultural sources and influences:

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I. Music of Indigenous Southeast Asian Filipinos: Harmony with the Creative Forces of Nature

This type of music is the music of the indigenous, strongly animist, though nominally Christian,

nonMuslim peoples of the highlands of the Cordillera (ex. Ifugao, Kalinga, Isneg, Ibaloi, Kankanay, Bontoc),

Mindoro (ex. Hanunoo, Buhid, Alangan), Mindanao (ex. T’boli, Mansaka, Tiruray, Bagobo, Manobo, Subanun),

and Palawan (ex. Batak, Tagbanwa). Sometimes these people are called Lumad. Their music generically may

be called by the same name. An example of Lumad music is that of the Kalinga tongngali (nose flute) or T’boli

hegelong (lute).

Our indigenous peoples are the closest to nature. Life to them is an indivisible whole. The art, myth,

ritual, work, and activities of everyday life are all integrated into one. Spirit and matter, God and nature, the

visible and invisible worlds interpenetrate in many ways.

Among all Filipino subcultures, indigenous art is the most integrated with everyday life, multifunctional

and participatory. To the Lumad everything is alive like rocks, rivers, wind, fire and air, though to lesser degree

are permeated by the same vital energy that animates biological life.

This music of our indigenous peoples traditionally has the widest repertoire of sounds in the

Philippines. Uniqueness of indigenous music has attracted the proponents of new or experimental music in

the West, which is currently fascinated in exploring the entire universe of aural phenomena.

II. Music of the Moros or Muslim Filipino Cultures: The Courtly Elegance of Islamic Unity

Islamized Filipinos of Mindanao, Palawan and Sulu namely the Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausug,

Sama, Badjao, Yakan, Sangil, Iranun, Jama Mapun, Palawani, Molbog, and so on. The music may collectively

be referred to as Moro music (ex. kulintang music).

Almost all urban Filipinos are aware of the so-called OPM (Original Pilipino Music), but very few among

them know much about the true OPM that continues to be created in the regions. This kind of music is of the

highest artistic and technical excellence, such as the music of our Muslim brethren in Mindanao and Sulu.

There are two outstanding practitioners of Moro music, Samaon Sulaiman of Maguindanao and Uwang

Ahadas of Basilan, have already been awarded by the government the highest artistic recognition in the

Philippines, the National Living Treasures Award or Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan which is equal to the

National Artist Award. The master in the use of the kulintang and kutyapi of the Maguindanaons is Samaon

Sulaiman. His extensive repertoire of dinaladay, linapu, minuna, and binalig has demonstrated not only his

own skills but their culture. Uwang Ahadas made it his life's work to preserve and promote Yakan culture

through the traditional music and instruments of his tribe. He has mastered tha gabbang, the agung, the

kwintangan kayu, and others.

Among the most creative in the arts are the Muslim Filipinos. Their religion cultivates a mystical

surrender to God’s will. The music of Muslim Filipinos in Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan, blends West Asian

mysticism with indigenous Southeast Asian animism.

III. Music of the Lowland Folk Villages: The Way of the Fiesta

The music of the so-called Hispanized lowland Christian and village peoples of Luzon, Visayas,

Mindoro, and Palawan.

The culture is essentially Southeast Asian, fused with a strong animistic core, though with elements of

Latin culture (Mexican, Italian or Hispanic). Lowland folk are composed mostly of farmers, fishermen, artisans,

vendors and traders, and common folk. They also have a deep faith in God and they serve with utmost

16

devotion. They have the key celebration which is the fiesta, which revolves around the Sto. Niño, Virgin Mary,

Jesus Christ or a patron saint.

The devotional orientation of the lowland folk is a valuable resource for creative yet painstaking and

repetitive tasks that require great patience like weaving, embroidery, carving, and metalwork. The music that

are often referred to as folk music examples are pasyon, balitaw, daigon.

Some common examples of Filipino folk music are Putungan, a Marinduque traditional ritual for

welcoming important guests, Pamulinawen, a favorite Ilocano song in polka form about a hardhearted

woman’s deafness to a lover’s supplications, an Ilonggo-Kiniray-a song medley and Rosas Pandan, a

Cebuano balitaw which celebrates the beauty and charm of a village maiden.

We may also observe carefully the intriguing contrasts between the expressive forms of the Ilocano

and the Visayan, as manifested in their folk music and dances. The Ilocanos like their music notes close to

each other. Visayan music notes are quite far apart. While Ilocanos love closed, inward movement, the

Visayans cherish open, outward movement, as seen in the hand and arm gestures of the dances.

IV. Music of Popular Sentiments: The Sanctity of the Home

This is the music of lowland Christian Filipinos living in town centers or Poblacions. The beginning of

what we may consider Western type of music in the Philippines began in lowland Christian town centers,

probably around the late 18th century. Instead of being extemporaneous and oral, music creation is now done

on paper by an individual author whose name appears on manuscripts or printed music sheets. The music

may be individually authored but community opinion matters.

Typical examples of this are Constancio de Guzman’s Tangi Kong Pag-ibig and Babalik Ka Rin (both

danzas) or Santiago Suarez’ Bakya Mo Neneng (balitaw) and Dungawin Mo Hirang (danza), where the

supposedly climactic second to the last note of their melodies hardly creates any tension and quite unsatisfying

to musicians used to the powerful climaxes of 19th century Romantic music. Nowadays singers tend to raise

this note and prolong it to heighten its dramatic impact and call attention to the singer’s vocal and technical

skills.

The culture of the Poblacion, which is not quite rural yet not quite urban, is the wellspring of this

cultural heritage. At present, the Poblacion dweller is the dominant majority in this country. Thus, his culture

may be considered the popular culture of the Philippines.

Some enduring legacy of songs composed in the 1940s or earlier yet continue to appeal to the popular

sensibility, whether old or young, such as Constancio de Guzman’s Maalaala Mo Kaya and Pamaypay ng

Maynila, Mike Velarde’s Dahil sa Iyo and Ikaw, Santiago Suarez’ Bakya Mo Neneng and Sa Libis ng Nayon,

Josefino Cenizal’s Hindi Kita Malimot, and Juan Silos’ Bingwit ng Pag-ibig. The same melodic style and

emotional content have attracted Filipinos after the 1950s, like Matud Nila, Usahay, Saan Ka Man Naroroon,

Gaano Kita Kamahal, Dahil Sa Isang Bulaklak, and Lagi Kitang Naaalala.

Most of these songs are of a sentimental nature since they emanate from a culture centered on social

connections. Filipino popular culture retains the devotional orientation of folk culture but being more secular, the

object of devotion is now the family and one’s social network of friends and acquaintances and sanctity of the

home.

In social gatherings that foster friendships, camaraderie, fellowships and community unity, however,

the tango as a ballroom dance together with the waltz, slow drag, swing, cha cha and other social rituals like

the rigodon de honor and cotillion continue to function as an important part of this subculture.

17

V. Music of the Concert Hall: The Autonomy of Music

This type of music is the music of highly individualized composers who are formally trained in

Westernstyle conservatories or colleges of music. This music is also known as “serious or classical music”

examples are Nicanor Abelardo’s Mutya ng Pasig, Francisco Santiago’s Taga-ilog Symphony, Lucresia

Kasilag’s Divertissement for Piano and Orchestra).

Most Filipino intellectuals usually come from the academe. And it is the academe that largely sustains

a Filipino culture of reflection or one devoted to the cultivation of the intellect. Higher institutions of learning

such as the University of Sto. Tomas, the University of the Philippines, University of San Agustin, St.

Scholastica’s College, Sta. Isabel College and others, train composers and musicians dedicated to the

creation and performance of what is known as serious, concert or classical music. Music becomes

autonomous, independent of other human concerns or aspects of everyday life, and is valued almost solely

for its aesthetic qualities.

Concert music is appreciated for its own sake. Music is always part of everyday life, like putting a baby

to sleep, work, healing or rituals. It is cultivated as a separate human activity and has its own space like

concert hall, opera house, etc. and is performed in its own time. Listening to music becomes a reflective,

contemplative or intellectual activity.

VI. Music for Mass Entertainment: The Consumerist Lifestyle

This is the music of highly urbanized and industrialized towns and cities. This type of music is produced

mainly for mass entertainment and it is what we know as “pop” music. When we talk of the music industry in

this country, it refers mainly to this type of music examples are Ryan Cayabyab’s Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika,

George Canseco’s Ngayon at Kailanman, and many others called OPM by their producers.

Pop music needs no introduction. It was inculcated in us by the American music industry through radio,

television, movies, and other electronic media. Its most energetic adherents are the highly urbanized youth.

Though it is called OPM, Philippine popular music is mostly American in form and style and only its words are

in Filipino. This music is the least indigenized or “Filipinized” of all the foreigninfluenced music traditions in the

country. It is more accurate to call it music with OPL (Original Pilipino Lyrics). Notable exceptions are the

works of songwriters who have, to a certain degree, Filipinized the pop music idiom, like Freddie Aguilar’s

Anak, Florante’s Handog, Gary Granada’s Salamat Musika, and Louie Ocampo’s Ikaw.

Pop music’s origins are traced from the North American culture of entertainment and cultivation of

instant pleasures. This music is variously called pop, mass media, entertainment and commercial music. Pop

culture is the culture of the 3Ms – Mickey Mouse, McDonald and Madonna. Pop music is also a culture of

celebrities and superstars, its hype leading to the adulation of pop icons and the proliferation of clones.

VII. Music of Social Concern and Cultural Freedom: A Force for Social Transformation

This is the music for social criticism and cultural liberation and is variously termed alternative, protest,

progressive or people’s music examples are Joey Ayala’s Wala Nang Tao Sa Santa Filomena and Heber

Bartolome’s Tagulaylay.

The music of this genre has always been in the process of experimentation, change, and growth,

since the American period when socialistic ideas began to emerge in Filipino society. It is being actively

shaped today by socially committed poet-musicians who are consciously using songs as a force for social

liberation, advocacy of social justice, and in the struggle for human rights. It harnesses music as an instrument

of social criticism and change, taking up the issues of injustice and oppression, neocolonialism, cultural

erosion due to globalization, plight of indigenous peoples, and other social causes.

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Music is used as an instrument for social criticism and change, and a vehicle of proposals for more

humane attitudes and values, an equitable social order, cultural creativity and diversity, sustainable

development, a heightened ecological awareness, and alternative ideas and lifestyles. Some of the wellknown

artists who have creatively contributed to this tradition are Asin, Patatag, Inang Laya, Heber Bartolome, Joey

Ayala at ang Bagong Lumad, Grace Nono, Kontragapi, Pinikpikan, Buklod, and recently, the Makiling

Ensemble.

Nicanor Abelardo was one of the earliest musicians to compose music for social criticism in the song

Kenkoy, with words by Romualdo Ramos. Kenkoy was composed in the 1930s to satirize the first generation

of Filipinos who began aping American ways in superficial and ridiculous ways, often at the expense of their

selfrespect and dignity. It was inspired by Kenkoy, a whacky character created by Tony Velasquez in 1926,

who is a colorful embodiment of “veneration without understanding.”

VIII. Music for National Identity: Being Filipino

These are songs that celebrate or depict our struggles, hopes, and aspirations toward a Filipino

identity and sense of nationhood. The Filipino struggle for freedom identity and dignity has a long and

continuous history since the 16th century when Spanish colonization began. The Filipinos were the very first

Asian peoples to wage and win a war in 1898 against Western colonialism in Asia. We were also the first

Constitutional Republic in Asia. A commitment to one’s country and pride in being Filipino, though only

discernible among a minority and is as alive today as it was in the past, and this devotion has always been

well-served by the musical expressions of the nation, particularly the kundiman, a song of devotion to a selfless

and noble cause. It is the kundiman that has always embodied the Filipinos’ intense and lofty patriotism, as in

the songs Bayan Ko, Jocelyn ang Baliwag, and Sariling Bayan.

The kundiman is a tenderly lyrical song in moderately slow triple meter with melodic phrases often

ending in quarter and half note values. It is mainly a song of selfless devotion to a loved one, the motherland,

a spiritual figure, an infant, a lofty cause or an object of compassion. These Filipino music cultures are not

only alive and contemporaneous they are distinct from each other in terms of concept, form, and style. Each

represents a way of life that is uniquely Filipino and is expressive of a subculture’s experiences. Through

understanding these music cultures enables us to understand ourselves better.

We can divide our music cultures into two groups, the first three types of expressions belong to one

group and the last four types to another, with the third type straddling the two groups. Though possessing

unique characteristics, those musical expressions grouped together have many things in common.

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LESSON 4. CHOREOGRAPHY

WHAT IS IT?

Humans have been dancing to express themselves and there are many types of dance we know

today. Each form of dance has its own style, but all of them are united by their common goal of artistic

expression and the celebration of the human body. Choreography is an art of dancing that is composed of

series of dance steps and movements to create story. It is integrated with both dance and music. The

choreographer is one who creates choreographies by practicing the art of choreography, a process known as

choreographing. Choreography is used in a variety of fields, including musical theater, cheerleading,

cinematography, gymnastics, fashion shows, ice skating, marching band, show choir, theatre, synchronized

swimming, artistry, video game production and animated art. Choreography applies to human movement and

form. Choreography is also known as dance choreography or dance composition in dance,

In the regions, there is a minimal number of contemporary dances because the traditional dances are

still widely practiced. However, the choreography of these traditional dances have varied through generations.

Modifications are done to adapt to contemporary times. Contemporary choreography are mostly seen in the

productions of street dancing for regional and municipal festivals.

3 Types of Dances

1. Folk Dance/Ethnic Dance – are social dances that portray the beliefs, interests, habits,

customs and practices of the native. Examples are Singkil of Maranao and Pangalay of Tausug - Dances from

Mindanao, Pandango sa Ilaw and Itik-itik.

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Singkil Dance of

Maranao

Pangalay Dance of

Tausug

Image source: https://search.creativecommons.org/

Pandango sa Ilaw

Image source: https://search.creativecommons.org/ 2. Ballroom Dances – are dances of public entertainment usually performed in pairs in

ballrooms, nightclubs, auditoriums or in public places. Examples are foxtrot, cha cha, boogie, tango, rhumba

and waltz.

Itik-itik

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Foxtrot Dance


Tango Dance


3. Theatrical Dances – are performed for the entertainment of the audience in a theater. Examples

are Ballet, Modern dance, Musical comedy dance and Tap dance.

Ballet


Cha cha Dance

Pasa Doble(Boogie Dance)

Rumba Dance Waltz Dance

Modern Dance

Musical Comedy Dance

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Tap Dance


What is Contemporary Dance?

Contemporary Dance is a performing art that involves rhythmic body movement within a given space,

choreographed based on musical beat. It is performed either in front of an audience or by everyone on a

dance floor.

Elements of Dance

1. Theme – is most basic element of a dance. It conveys the message of a dance.

2. Design – is a pattern of movement in time and space.

3. Movement – the bodily actions of the dancer that include his steps.

4. Technique – the skill of movement executed by the dancer.

5. Music – the auditory background to which a dancer moves.

6. Costume & body paraphernalia – properties worn by the dancer that help reflect the message,

customs and beliefs.

7. Choreography – the figures and steps in dancing that enable the dancers to perform in an

organized manner.

8. Scenery – the background or setting where the dance is performed to make it more realistic and

enriching.

ACTIVITY: INVES-DANCE

Investigate the history of hip hop. Compare hip hop with other dance styles popular with teenagers in

other periods (for example, the twist, rock 'n' roll). Discuss how hip hop reflects today's teenage society.

23

LESSON 5. VISUAL DESIGN

WHAT IS IT?

A visual design is a composition or layout of lines, shapes and color to form patterns on paper, textile,

or any piece for that matter. It can be found in either two dimensional works like painting and drawing or three

dimensional works like installation and sculpture. Integration of arts in visual design happens in several hybrid

art forms like installation videos and the like.

Visual Design Styles

1. 3D

This three-dimensional artwork gives the opposite illusion of a flat design. This is also characterized

by the illusion of volume and mass, therefore looking like it occupies space. It is commonly used to create

skeuomorphic designs, the idea of creating something to resemble a real-life object. Characteristics

• Illusion of depth / volume

• Employs lighting effect

• Employs shades of one color Combines well with:

Abstract, fun and playful, grunge, illustrated, masculine

by 3dRadianc

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-sty les

2. Abstract

An abstract is the style of creating a piece of art that is independent from the way it looks in the real

world. Abstract design style is achieved by a combined composition of colors and shapes usually based on

the individual interpretation of the designer, the client or both. Characteristics

Ambiguous representation of an object / concept

Invites individual interpretation Combines well with:

3D, clean and minimalist, fun and playful, geometric, organic and natural, professional / corporate

by cecece

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styl es 3. Clean and minimalist

Minimalism is a style or technique that is characterized by sparseness and simplicity. It is the opposite

to lavish and highly-decorative styles and leaving its most basic form to communicate the message. Characteristics

• Uses small number of colors

• May be achieved by using fluid or straight lines (line art)

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• The opposite of abstract Combines well with:

Abstract, feminine, flat, geometric, professional/ corporate, luxurious

by amio

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styl es 4. Conceptual art

A conceptual art is a sub-category of illustration, and is a metaphorical depiction of a visual idea. This

is considered as the fictional section of illustration, as it doesn't necessarily feature likeness to the real object

it models after. Characteristics

• May contain some elements of reality

• Features designer's own interpretation of the object it models after Combines well

with:

All styles

by pmo

I mage source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styles

5. Feminine

This is basically the opposite of masculine design, feminine style is usually characterized by details

that stereotypically attract female attention such as soft color palettes, florals and cursive writing. Characteristics

• May employ cursive, fluid fonts

• May incorporate pastel colors and/or shades of red (eg. pink, purple, orange)

• May feature a woman's face, flowers and fashion components (eg. lipstick, shoes) Combines well with:

Clean and minimalist, flat, illustrated, luxurious, organic and natural, typographic

by MWart

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styles 6. Flat

This type of style could be considered as a subcategory of the minimalist look: it employs minimal use

of colors and shading for a visually-pleasing aesthetic. Characteristics

25

• Uses small number of colors

• No realistic shadow effect Combines well with:

Clean and minimalist, feminine, geometric, luxurious, typographic, vintage / retro

by thisisremedey Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styl es

7. Fun and playful

This is a design style that inspires fun and usually gives off an informal, rather than rigid, impression.

Commonly used to create cartoons, it can be non-realistic or semi- realistic artistic style of drawing. Characteristics

• May feature caricaturized person / animal

• Colorful

• May contain elements of fantasy Combines well with:

3D, abstract, illustrated, organic and natural, typographic,

vintage / retro

by Sava Stoic

8. Geometric

This style derived from the idea of geometry, this style is characterized by heavy use of straight lines

and shapes. The typical geometric design can comprise of rectangles, squares and triangles.

Characteristics

• Incorporates straight lines

• Features symmetry Combines well with:

Abstract, clean and minimalist, flat, professional / corporate

by shaka88

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styl es 9. Grunge

This is sometimes considered as a subcategory of the vintage style, grunge evokes the darker, gritty

and cool style of the 1990s. It is typically characterized by distressed/rough or torn appearance to its designs.

Grunge is also commonly associated with punk and gothic styles.

26

Characteristics

• Generally uses dark colors and monochromatic color scheme

• Generally invokes the feeling of darkness and danger Combines well with:

3D, illustrated, masculine, typographic, vintage / retro

by Marrieta

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styles 10. Illustrated

This illustration style is derived from the interpretation or visual explanation of a text, concept or

process. There are plenty of subcategories under illustration, among them conceptual art and photorealism,

which are also explained on this page.

Characteristics by ultrastjarna

• Generally has 'raw', hand-drawn look

• Look dependent on designers' drawing style Combines well with:

3D, feminine, fun and playful, grunge, masculine, organic and natural, typographic, vintage / retro Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styles 11. Luxurious

A luxurious design style evokes the idea of indulging in extra comforts or pleasures additional to the

necessary standard of well-being. The use of rich colors such as gold helps achieve this idea of luxury.

Characteristics

• Often uses the colors black, gold and bronze

• Achieves the idea the brand is impactful on its own by employing simple, minimalist designs

• Uses either old-style fonts or simple and modern fonts Combines well with:

Clean and minimalist, feminine, flat, masculine, vintage / retro

by Brace

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styl es

12. Masculine

The masculine design style is stereotypically appealing to men. Details in masculine design may

include simple lines, monochromatic theme (black and white) and "rugged" texture.

27

Characteristics

• May employ hard-edged, thick-stroke fonts

• May incorporate rugged and gritty images

• May feature blue or darker colors Combines well with:

3D, grunge, illustrated, luxurious, professional / corporate, vintage / retro

by Executo

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styles 13. Organic and natural

Organic design is a style which takes the flowing natural forms of a reality and characterized by

continuous lines and dynamic curves. Organic style can also feel rustic by adding weathered and texturized

effects.

Characteristics

• Generally incorporates natural elements like leaves, flowers and fresh

produce • May be combined with illustrated look for the raw, organic look

Combines well with:

Abstract, feminine, fun and playful, illustrated, typographic, vintage / retro

by lamadesign

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styles

14. Photorealism

A photorealism is a form of illustration where the designer closely matches it to the original image or

photo as much as possible.

Characteristics

• Features refined details to emulate the original image as much as possible •

Usually achieved by, but not limited to, pencil sketches Combines well with:

3D, feminine, grunge, masculine, organic, vintage

by 3dRadiance


15. Professional / corporate

This professional design style is usually characterized by muted colors, and minimal details to

represent conservative ideas. This style is typically employed by organizations who want to make formal

impressions on their target audience. Characteristics

28

• Employs straight, classic font types

• Generally incorporates simple shapes or objects

• May invoke formal impressions with use of negative space and line art Combines well

with:

Abstract, clean and minimalist, geometric, masculine

byTRYBY

Image source: https://99designs.com/designer-resource-center/visual-design-styl es 16. Typographic

A typographic style utilizes the modification of fonts. It is the design of the written words to evoke

response in its target audience. For logo, fonts need to be uniquely modified.Characteristics

• Font style is generally the focus of the design

• Typographic design may incorporate objects, but the text usually conveys the main

message Combines well with:

Feminine, flat, fun and playful, grunge, illustrated, organic and natural, vintage /

retro

by stevenmink


17. Vintage / retro

This vintage or retro (short for "retrospective") is a style that is derivative of trends from the recent

past. Some popular vintage styles include Victoriana (inspired by decorative styles of the Victorian era), steam

punk (an ode to the industrial revolution of the late 19th century) and Bauhaus (the minimalist style movement

between the 1920s and the 1930s).

Characteristics

• May incorporate rustic, nostalgic elements to invoke the past

• May use illustrated ornate ribbons and wreaths reminiscent of the 19th century

• May incorporate visual clues such as old letterpress, hand-drawn typefaces and

elaborate decorative arts Combines well with:

Flat, fun and playful, grunge, illustrated, luxurious, masculine, organic and

natural, typographic

29

by Evillitimm


LESSON 6. THEATRICAL PERFORMANCE

WHAT IS IT?

Theatrical performance is the staging and execution of a production like drama, opera, festivals, and

the like. This pertains to a public presentation of a dramatic or musical entertainment. It involves a lot of

teamwork that includes the producer, the director, the cast, and crew of workers. Technology whether

traditional, digital, multi-media, innovative or alternative is a vital part of any performance.

Contemporary theatrical performance is experimental, innovative and interdisciplinary, going beyond

theater and other art forms like puppetry, cinema and sculpture. It also goes out to other disciplines like

psychology and the social and political sciences. PETA’s Rak of Aegis, is one specific example of

contemporary theatrical performance. This is a musical tribute to the Filipino 90’s band, Aegis. It used the

integration of music, theater and dance to create a hybrid piece of art.

PETA’S Rak of Aegis Image source: /www.google.com.ph/search?q=PETA’s+Rak+of+Aegis&source

The performing arts may include dance, music, opera, theatre and musical theatre, magic, illusion,

mime, spoken word, puppetry, circus arts, performance art, recitation and public speaking. It is a specialized

form of fine art, in which the artists perform their work live to an audience.

Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically actors or

actresses to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place,

often a stage.

The elements of dramatic theatrical performance are:

1. Plot – is the main events of a play, novel, movie, or similar work, devised and presented by the writer as

an interrelated sequence.

2. Character – is a person in a novel, play, or movie.

3. Thought – is the action or process of thinking.

30

4. Language or diction – refers to the writer's or the speaker's distinctive vocabulary choices and style of

expression in a poem or story. Language definition, a body of words and the systems for their use

common to a people who are of the same community or nation, the same geographical

5. Song or Music – refers to the speaking, dancing and singing part in the performance.

6. Spectacle – is an event or scene regarded in terms of its visual impact.

7. Director – is a person who supervises the actors, camera crew, and other staff for a movie, play,

television program, or similar production

8. Playwright – is also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes plays.

9. Theater Space - (with a focus on Proscenium, Thrust Stage, Theatre in the Round, Black Box Theater)

The Four basic theatre stages are the following:

1. Proscenium –is the Proscenium Arch was the most common form of theatre building in the 18th, 19th

and 20th centuries. The “Arch” acts like a picture frame through which the action can be seen.

2. Arena or circle stage - in theatre and performing arts, the stage is a designated space for the

performance, the audience is located on all four sides of the stage.

3. Thrust Stage – is a stage that extends into the auditorium so that the audience is seated around three

sides.

4. Created and Found – is a stage can also be improvised where ever a suitable space can be found.

Examples may include staging a performance in a non-traditional space such as a basement of a building,

a side of a hill or, in the case of a busking troupe, the street. In a similar manner, a makeshift stage can

be created by modifying an environment.

According to Nicanor Tiangson, most of the Original plays of today were written for literary contests

or evolved through workshops or created for semi- professional companies, student drama organizations and

numerous community theatre groups all over the country.

LESSON 7. CONTEMPORARY ARTS

WHAT IS IT?

CONTEMPORARY AND ART

To fully understand about contemporary art, let us first define contemporary and art. Contemporary is

existing or happening in the present time period. It is also a fluid term and its use can change depending on

the contexts. Art is a highly diverse range of human activities engaged in creating visual, auditory, or performed

artifacts or artworks that express the author’s imaginative or technical skill, and intended to be appreciated for

their beauty or emotional power. Art is also an expression or communication of emotions and ideas,

exploration and appreciation of formal elements for their own sake, or to serve as representation. It can be

situated in historical, stylistic and cultural terms. Art, at its simplest, is an act of expressing feelings, thoughts,

and observations. Art is always examined through the interaction of the principles and elements of art.

Principles of art include movement, unity, harmony, variety, balance, contrast, proportion and pattern.

Elements include texture, form, space, shape, color, value and line. The various interactions between the

elements and principles of art help artists to organize amazingly pleasing works of art while also giving viewers

a framework within which to analyze and discuss aesthetic ideas.

WHAT IS CONTEMPORARY ART?

31

There are plenty of definitions given to the term “contemporary art”.

Figure 1: Graphic organizer on the different definition of Contemporary art.

CONTEMPORARY ART AGAINST MODERN ART

The difference of Contemporary Art and Modern Art can be traced in history. Sometimes these two

terms are confusing since being modern is equated with being contemporary. The terms modern and

contemporary refer to greatly different periods. Modern art is not the same with contemporary art. Today

Modern Art is considered as “traditional” compared to Contemporary Art. Contemporary Art is the art of present

that continuously processing. The difference between modern art and contemporary art is the time period in

which they have existed. Modern art exist in 1800s and continue to grow for more or less a century. It slow

waned in the middle to late 20th century when postmodernism came to light. The postmodernism then gave

birth to what we know now as contemporary art. Many people believe that contemporary art is more socially

conscious than modern art because social issues have been realized in the recent decades like the popular

subjects of feminism, globalization, migration and environmental issues. The distinction of the two terms could

also be a matter of perception and reception depending on the contexts.

WHAT I KNOW?

Direction: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on the blank provided.

____ 1. What kind of wooden material an idiophone instrument made of?

a. rattan b. bamboo c. coconut d. narra

____ 2. Which of the following animal skin is used as head of the drum?

a. cow b. pig c. goat d. carabao

____ 3. It is a large goblet shaped drum used by the Maranao and Maguindanao in their Kulintang ensembles.

a. Libbit b. Sulibao c. Duwagey d. Dabakan

____ 4. It is an aerophone instrument that is use for serenading, courting or merely to pass the time away.

a. flute b. gong c. guitar d. piano

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____ 5. This is one of the rondalla ensemble that is pear shaped, with a rounded back, a round sound hole and a

fretted neck.

a. octavina b. bajo de unas c. laud d. banduria

____ 6. It ia a prose writing that tells an imaginary story.

a. poetry b. drama c. fiction d. non-fiction

____ 7. What type of literature in which words are carefully chosen and arranged to create certain effects?

a. fiction b. non-fiction c. drama d. poetry

____ 8. Which of the following form of literature is performed by actors in front of an audience?

a. drama b. poetry c. non-fiction d. fiction

____ 9. It is a music of lowland Christian Filipinos living in town centers or Poblacion.

a. music of popular sentiments b. music of concert hall

c. music for mass entertainment d. music for national identity

____ 10. These are songs that celebrate or depict our struggles, hopes, and aspirations toward a Filipino identity

and sense of nationhood.

a. music of the Moro b. music of the lowland folk villages

c. music for national identity d. music of concert hall

____ 11. Which of the following is an ethnic dance of Maranao?

a. Singkil b. Itik-itik c. Pangalay d. Pandango sa Ilaw

____ 12. Which of the following is a theatrical dance?

a. Tango b. Waltz c. Ballet d. Rhumba

____ 13. This is an element of dance that refers to the figures and steps in dancing that enable the dancers to

perform in an organized manner.

a. theme b. design c. choreography d. scenery

____ 14. An element of dance that conveys the message of a dance.

a. music b. technique c. movement d. theme

____ 15. What kind of visual design that creates a piece of art that is independent from the way it looks in the real

world?

a. 3D b. abstract c. clean and minimalist d. feminine

____ 16. A visual style that is characterized by heavy use of straight lines and shapes.

a. grunge b. illustrated c. geometric d. flat

____ 17. It is a design style that is stereotypically appealing to men?

a. feminine b. masculine c. photorealism d. typographic

____ 18. Which of the following elements of dramatic theatrical performance refers to a person who supervises the

actors, camera crew and other staff for a movie, play, television program or similar production?

a. plot b. character c. director d. playwright

____ 19. It is a term that refers to existing and happening in the present time period?

a. contemporary c. traditional c. art d. modern

____ 20. This refers to the expression or communication of emotions and ideas.

a. modern b. art c. contemporary d. traditional

33

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Books

Benav ides-Perez, Angelita. Philippine Contemporary Arts: Expressions and Experimentations. Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc., 2016. Datuin, Faudette May et. al. Contemporary Philippine Arts f rom the Regions. Rex Book Store, Inc,, 2016.

Artist Ruf ino, Renato M. Teacher I, Lanao del Norte National Comprehensiv e High School

Web

http://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-artssca/music/philippine-musicf ormscomposition/

https://creativ ecommons.org https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=orchestra+instrument+pictures&rlz=1C1RLNS _enPH797PH797&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&f ir=pdr0aHYA5brDCM%253A%252

C9Xr9jwQXwtDPMM%252C_&usg=AI4_kRneIQVf tlSv EHdUzNSzHGPJMwZSg&sa= X&v ed=2ahUKEwilwLf jwMTeAhXRFYgKHTphBv cQ9QEwC3oECAQQGg#imgrc=kU mL_EcxZhg6nM:

https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1RLNS_enPH797PH797&tbm=isch&sa=1 &ei=ATkW_7SEYbI8wWztay gCg&q=electrophones+instruments +pictures&oq=el&gs

Documents

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?