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Lecture 2 Outline

What are you made of?Cellular(pardon my french)CHEMISTRY

Cellular Nature of Life- Cellular Components

Chemical Nature of Cells–Fats–Proteins–Carbos–DNA

What are you made of?

– OXYGEN (65%)

– CARBON (18.5%)

– HYDROGEN (9.5%)

– NITROGEN (3.2%)

– the rest (3.8%) is Salts and Minerals

The Basic STRUCTURE of all Plants & Animals is made from CARBON……but so is COAL

2 Tons of Coal Venus Fly Trap with Fly

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What makes Non-Biological systems different from Biological systems?

2 Tons of Coal Venus Fly Trap with Fly

What makes Non-Biological systems different from Biological systems?

• Movement & Growth • Reproduction (genetic blueprint)• Acquisition & Use of ENERGY• Acquire and Organize materials• Respond to the environment

Cellular Nature of Life

• Microscopes made discovery of cells possible–Robert Hooke (1662) – built the

primitive microscope

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Cellular Nature of Life

• Cell – fundamental unit of life• Smallest entity with

characteristics of life (growth and reproduction)

• Cells acquire and use energy• Cells acquire and organize

materials

Cells come in all sorts of shapes

and sizes

Basic components of

all cells

M i t o c h o n d r i a

N u c l e u s

R i b o s o m e

E n d o p l a s m i c

R e t i c u l u m & G o l g i

C h l o r o p l a s t

C e l l W a l l

P l a s m a M e m b r a n e

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Chemical Nature of Cells

• Building blocks of cells are complex molecules based on carbon

• Nucleic acids

• Proteins

• Sugars

• Lipids

Basic Building Blocks of Cells

C a r b o h y d r a t e s

& Cellulose

Lipids,Proteins,Carbos

(Nucleic Acids)

(Carbohydra tes )

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Nucleotide Sequence is Crucial

DNA & RNA areNUCLEIC ACIDS

-Informat ion Conta in ing

M o l e c u l e s-Made up of Nucleo t ides

-Think of nuc leo t ides as LETTERS

(A = Adenine

T =T h y m i n e

G = GuanineC = Cytos ine)

Biomolecules

Conta in

InformationM o n o m e r s

P o l y m e r s

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From Chromosome

to DNA

c

PROTEINS have

STRUCTURE

3- D H e m o g l o b i n

Biomolecules

Conta in

Information

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Proteins perform many of the Dynamic Functions of Cells

EG. Prote in involved in Energy

Produc t ion i s the wor ld ’s smal les t MOTOR

Proteins also:- control Chemical Reactions in cells

(Enzymes)- provide structure for cells

(Cytoskeleton)- are information receivers

(hormone Receptors)- are tiny motors!

LIPIDS are the basic components of all CELL MEMBRANES

L i p i d

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LIPIDS are what we commonly refer to as FAT

L i p i d S a n d w i c h o r B I L A Y E R

Cell Membrane of Cells in the Small Intestine

Microvilli (5X S.A. of the skin)

• Materials enter and leave cells through membranes–Diffusion

• At temperatures characteristic of life, all molecules move

–Osmosis• Movement of water across membrane

Simple Diffusion

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Facilitated Diffusion

• Uses proteins in cell membranes that regulate movement of substances across the membrane

–Transport molecules (eg. Nutrients in the intestines) that cannot pass directly through bilayer

Chains of SUGARSform Polysaccharides and Cellulose