WHAP Review: Unit 4Early Modern Era

1450 CE – 1750 CE

The Big PictureEastern and Western hemispheres joined >

world trade networks connected

Balance of power shifts to western Europe

Land-based empires are still important as they expand over nomadic groups using gunpowder

Transformation of labor systems (slavery expands)

Drastic environmental change (imported domestic animals, new crop exchanges, land cleared, disease spreads)

Early Modern EuropePolitical Consolidation of strong centralized states (Absolutism)

Enlightenment (Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire)

Constitutionalism (England, Netherlands)Thirty Years’ War (beginning of breakup of HRE)

Economic Capitalism (Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, 1776)MercantilismCommerce > wealth independent of Church

Religious Protestant Reformation (indulgences, Martin Luther, 95 Theses, 1517)

Deism

Social Economic independence > rise of cities, marrying for love, nuclear families

Intellectual Scientific Revolution, printing press (Gutenberg), Mercator projection map

Artistic Humanism > Renaissance (Italy: da Vinci, Medici family; Northern: Shakespeare, Cervantes)

Near (Geography)

Italy (Renaissance), Germany (Prot. Ref.), England/France (Enlightenment)

ExplorationMing China – Zheng He

PortugalHenry the Navigator – school Bartholomew Dias/Vasco da Gama – round Africa

SpainColumbusMagellan – circumnavigate Conquistadores

Cortes – AztecsPizarro – Inca

Colonial AmericasLatin America North America

Political Viceroyalties – authoritarian power with no assemblies or representative gov.

Governments more independent from king w/ some representative gov.

Economic Encomienda system (feudalism)Slave labor, mit’a (continued)

SlaveryIndentured servitude

Religious Catholicism

Social Single men (marry natives = racial mixing)

Caste system (peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattoes)

Amerindians incorporated aslabor

Families settled

Amerindians pushed away

Intellectual

Artistic

Near (Geography)

Governed by Spain/Portugal Governed by England

Ottoman EmpirePolitical Founded by Osman in the chaos after the Byz. raided by Mongols

Leader: Sultan; aided by vizier

Height: Suleiman the Magnificent (16th century) – almost conquered HRE

Economic Control of trade = very wealthyEconomic decline in 17th c. (too large, relied on land transportation, increasing corruption, fixed tax rates + inflation from New World silver) > peasant revolts

Religious Islam (Sunni)Istanbul = cosmopolitan city

Social Warrior aristocracy – controlled new lands for the sultan

Devshirme > Janissaries = served Sultan as bureaucrats or infantry who controlled firearms > increasingly demanding of the Sultan

Intellectual Muslim clerics insulated empire from western influence (Europe = backward)

Artistic Suleymaniye MosqueArtisans = guilds, high craft standards

Near (Geography)

Changing balance of power = Ottomans lose control of Mediterranean to Philip II (Spain) at the Battle of LepantoModern-day Turkey

Safavid EmpirePolitical Founded by Ismail (nomadic Turkish group like the Ottomans)

Leader: Shah (“King of Kings” – shaped by the Persians)

Height: Shah Abbas I (early 16th c.)- Slave infantrymen from Russia – trained in firearms- Brought in European advisors to fight Ottomans

Collapsed in the 1720s – victim of Islamic infighting

Economic Capital: Isfahan (far inland – disconnected from rising sea trade)

Inflation from New World silver

Religious Muslim (Shi’ite) – Twelver Shi’ism

Social Tensions between Persians (head of bureaucracy and slave infantry) and Turks (warrior nobility)

Intellectual Persian (over Arabic)

Artistic Persian carpets

Near (Geography)

Clashed with Ottomans – Battle at Chaldiran – Safavid qizilbash (red turbans with swords) vs. Ottoman Janissaries (with guns)Modern-day Iran

Mughal EmpirePolitical Delhi Sultanate > politically fragmented > Babur (descendant of Genghis Khan)

founds Mughal Empire

Height: Akbar (late 16th c.)- Tolerant of Hindus - Efficient bureaucracy, with local rulers still in power- Revived sense of political and cultural unity in India (not since Gupta Empire)

Economic Trade with Europe – private Indian vessels (many controlled by British and Dutch)Cotton, indigo, silk

Religious Spread Islam by fighting infidels (Hindus) – except under AkbarSikhism – mixture of Islam and Hinduism – rebellions weakened the Mughal regime“Divine Faith” – attempt by Akbar – Islam + Hind. + Zoro. + Christian + Sikh

Social Powerful wives of leaders; otherwise life for women is still terrible (sati, purdah – seclusion of upper class women)

Intellectual Persian language in Indian literature

Artistic Taj Mahal (built for wife of Shah Jahan)

Near (Geography)

Russian EmpirePolitical Princes escape Mongol control by 1450

First Tsar: Ivan III (“the Great”)Centralization of power: Ivan IV (“the Terrible”)Transforming Russia: Peter the Great- Professionalize military, build navy- Cultural reforms (Westernize the people)- Bureaucratic reform – Table of Ranks

Economic Feudalism (nobles = boyars)Peter’s failure: did not build an international export-oriented economy

Religious 1453 – fall of Constantinople > Russians are carriers of Roman tradition and Eastern Orthodox Church

Social Dynasty: Romanov family

Intellectual European culture spreads, but not Enlightenment

Artistic

Near (Geography)

St. Petersburg built as a “Window on the West”

Early Modern ChinaMing Qing

Political Overthrew Mongols (Yuan)Height of Emperor’s powerConquered by Manchu (Qing)

Height of the “Theatre State”Two strong emperors:- Growth of empire: Kangxi- Prosperity of empire: Qianlong

Economic Strongest commerce in the world (16th c.) – even though merchants were low and Europeans were confined to one port

Intensive agricultural methods + arrival of American crops = high yields of food and pop. growthAmerican silver good for economy (had goods to trade it for)

Religious Tolerance of Catholic missionaries (Jesuits)

Social Urbanization Separation between Manchu and ChineseChinese men forced to grow a queue as a sign of submission

Intellectual Revived Confucian exam systemZheng He (exception to isolationism)

Maintained Confucian scholar-gentry

Artistic Porcelain Philosophy, literature, and history (emperors printed at own expense)

Near (Geography)

Capital: Beijing (Emperor – forbidden city)Middle Kingdom – need little from outsiders

Conquered from Manchuria (NE China)

Japan (Tokugawa Shogunate)Political Hideyoshi – general who unified Japan (1590)

First central government (1603) – Tokugawa ShogunateBakufu – shogun ruled “on behalf of” Emperor

Economic Unification > growth Increased agricultural production

Religious Shintoism + Buddhism + Confucianism (esp. elites)Persecution of Christians (after a few years of freedom for missionaries)

Social Declining power of daimyos (alternate attendance)Influenced by Confucianism – “lowest” class: merchantsSamurai – no one to fight – fall into debt of merchants

Intellectual More open (than China) to European technology – slowly restricted European trading access (like China)

Artistic Literature aimed at middle classes (kabuki theatre, “floating world” plays)

Near (Geography)

Confined to island – begin to look outward at creating an empire (attempt to conquer Korea; eyeing Chinese mainland)

CCOT: China (p. 336)Change

Little change (Until 1949 – massive change)

Intellectual – high innovation/curiosity in some dynasties, but not others Tang/Song – gunpowder, printing, paper Early Ming – Zheng He’s voyages

Continuity

Political – dynastic cycle, Mandate of Heaven, Emperors

Religion – Confucianism + Buddhism + Daoism (exception: Qin Dynasty), ancestor veneration

Economy – wary of outsiders/trade, low status of merchants, Middle Kingdom

Social – high status of scholar-gentry, patriarchy

Compare & Contrast: Islamic Land-Based Empires Similarities

Religion – Islam Political – founded by various nomadic Turkish groups;

authoritarian leader with religious power (Ottoman – Sultan, Safavid/Mughal – Shah)

Economic – all negatively affected by New World silver (inflation) Social – tensions between different cultures

Ottoman – warrior aristocracy vs. Janissaries Safavid – Persians vs. Turks Mughal – Muslims vs. Hindus

Differences Religion – Ottoman (Sunni), Safavid (Shi’ite), Mughal (Sunni, Sikh) Economic – varying degrees of trade with Europe

Ottoman – center of trade Safavid – capital too far inland Mughal – Indian Ocean trade (relied on European vessels)