WH ch22 rev.pptsterlingsocialstudies.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/6/6/8866655/chapter_… · • emigration – movement away from onemovement away from ones ’s homeland Unifying Italy

Chapter Review

Chapter Summary

Section 1: Building a German NationSection 1: Building a German NationGerman peoples began to demand a unified state after the defeat of Napoleon. Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, achieved this goal through conquest cunning and Realpolitikachieved this goal through conquest, cunning, and Realpolitik.

i hSection 2: Germany StrengthensAfter Germany united as one state, it industrialized very quickly. The nation pursued sound economic policies and l t d th l f i ti t i i d t K i Willi II elevated the role of scientists in industry. Kaiser William II

asked Bismarck to resign and ambitiously expanded both Germany’s military and its social welfare programs.

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe (1800–1914)

Chapter Review

Chapter Summary (continued)

Section 3: Unifying ItalySection 3: Unifying ItalyLike Germany, Italy was once a collection of small states. Nationalists worked to unite the country through conquest and agreements between 1858 and 1870

i i li h ld i

and agreements between 1858 and 1870.

Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old EmpiresBoth the Austrian empire under the Hapsburg monarchy and the Ottoman empire consisted of patchworks of diverse

l d ti liti A ti li t d d th ll f peoples and nationalities. As nationalists sounded the call for self-rule, both empires declined.


Chapter Review

Chapter Summary (continued)

Section 5: Russia: Reform and ReactionSection 5: Russia: Reform and ReactionDuring the 1800s, Russia was slower to modernize than other European nations because of its autocratic rulers. Each time a tsar called for a reform to improve life for the lowest classes tsar called for a reform to improve life for the lowest classes, the reform was rolled back. Russia remained mired in unrest as the twentieth century began.


Chapter Review

Channel Awesome

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe: Game ShowNationalism Triumphs in Europe: Game Show


Chapter Review

Chapter Review

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe (1800–1914)Nationalism Triumphs in Europe (1800–1914)

Know It, Show It TestQuickTake Test


Section 1

Id tif l t th t t d G

Objectives

• Identify several events that promoted German unity during the early 1800s.

• Explain how Bismarck unified Germany• Explain how Bismarck unified Germany.

• Analyze the basic political organization of the new German empire.p

Building a German Nation

Section 1

Terms and People

Otto von Bismarck a leader from Prussia who • Otto von Bismarck – a leader from Prussia who succeeding in unifying German-speaking states under Prussian rule

• chancellor – the highest official of a monarch

• Realpolitik – realistic politics based on the needs of the state

• annex – to take control of, usually referring to land


Section 1

kaiser emperor

Terms and People (continued)

• kaiser – emperor

• Reich – German empire


Section 1

How did Otto von Bismarck, the How did Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, lead the drive for German unity?

German-speaking people lived in several small states in the early 1800s.

This changed when Otto von Bismarck became chancellor in Prussia and decided to build a unified German stateunified German state.


Section 1

1 He dissolved the Holy l ’ 1. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.

2. He organized several

Napoleon’s invasions into German-speaking 2. He organized several

German states into the Rhine Confederation.

states produced changes in these territories.

3. He made trade easierin the region.

German-speaking people fought together to free themselves from French rule and began to consider creating a united German state


creating a united German state.

Section 1

Creating a united Germany was difficultCreating a united Germany was difficult.

• It required dissolving the small governments of q g geach German state.

• Instead, leaders created a weak alliance called h G C f d ithe German Confederation.

• Prussia created an economic union in the 1830s called the Zollverein but Germany remained called the Zollverein, but Germany remained fragmented politically.


Section 1

This changed when Otto von Bismarck rose to power in Prussia

He became prime minister in 1862 then rose to

power in Prussia.

in 1862, then rose tochancellor.

Bismarck was determined Bismarck was determined to unite Germany under Prussian rule and used a

li f “bl d d i ” policy of “blood and iron” to do so.


Section 1

• Realpolitik was Realpolitik was an ideology that favored power over principle.

Bismarck mastered Realpolitik and strengthened the over principle.

• He then led Prussia into three wars.

Prussian army.

• These actions all paved the way for German unificationGerman unification.


Section 1

Otto von Bismarck took methodical steps to pincrease Prussia’s power and territory.

f d N t h H di l d He formed an alliance with Austria,

Next, he attacked Austria and

d

He dissolved the German Confederation

d l dthen seized provinces from Denmark.

annexed several states.

and replaced it with one led by Prussia.


Section 1

The unification of Germany under Prussian rule occurred mainly between 1865 and 1871.


Section 1

The Franco Prussian War broke out in 1870The Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870.

Bismarck stoked the After a furious N l III Bismarck stoked the

rivalry between the two states by editing a telegram to make

Napoleon III declared war, Prussia and other German t t il a telegram to make

it appear that King William I of Prussia had insulted a

states easily defeated the Frenchwithin weeks.

had insulted a French ambassador.


Section 1

d i G d illiLeaders in many German states urged William I of Prussia to take the title kaiser.

• German nationalists celebrated the beginning of the g gsecond Reich, the second German empire after the Holy Roman Empire.

Bi k t tit ti d t t h • Bismarck wrote a constitution and set up a two-house legislature. However, real power remained with the emperor and chancellor.


Section 1

Section Review

Know It, Show It QuizQuickTake Quiz


Section 2

Describe how Germany became an industrial giant

Objectives

• Describe how Germany became an industrial giant.

• Explain why Bismarck was called the Iron Chancellor.Chancellor.

• List the policies of Kaiser William II.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

Terms and People

Kulturkampf the “battle for civilization” in • Kulturkampf – the battle for civilization in which Bismarck took several measures to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the Churchto the Church

• William II – the kaiser of Germany beginning in 1888, who asked Bismarck to resignin 1888, who asked Bismarck to resign

• social welfare – programs to help certain groups of people in a society

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

How did Germany increase its power

After the Franco Prussian war ended Germany

How did Germany increase its power after unifying in 1871?

After the Franco-Prussian war ended, Germany became the dominant power in Europe.

It increased its power by becoming an It increased its power by becoming an industrial giant.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

After Germany unified, it became the y ,industrial leader of the European continent.

• Germany’s iron and coal resources, as well as its disciplined workforce, helped make this possible.

• The nation had a rapidly growing population, which fed industrialization.

• Germany had also laid the groundwork for progress in the 1850s and 1860s by founding large companies and b ilding ail oads

Germany Strengthens

companies and building railroads.

Section 2

Both the government and industrialists supported Both the government and industrialists supported scientific research and economic development.

S d d l l• Scientists were encouraged to develop new materialsand were hired to solve technical problems in factories.

• At the same time the government pursued sound • At the same time, the government pursued sound economic policies such as issuing a single currency and raising tariffs to protect home industries.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

• He wanted to keep pFrance weak and sought strong links with Austria and Russia.

Bismarck pursued several foreign policy goals as the and Russia.

• He did not want to compete with British

“Iron Chancellor” of Germany.

naval power.

He wanted to ensure On the domestic f k complete loyalty to the

state.front, Bismarck was ruthless.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

Bismarck began a campaign against the

He distrusted Catholics because he believed their first loyalty was to

Catholic Church in 1871.

the pope instead of the German state.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

Bismarck launched the Kulturkampf, which lasted between 1871 and 1878 and 1878.

He had laws passed that increased state power increased state power over Church actions.

When the faithful rallied behind the Church, however, Bismarck retreated.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

In addition to Catholics Bismarck targeted In addition to Catholics, Bismarck targeted socialists.

He worried that socialists would create a • He worried that socialists would create a revolution among German workers.

• Bismarck dissolved socialist groups, shut down g p ,their newspapers, and banned their meetings.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

When these measures failed, Bismarck sponsored laws to protect workers and thereby woo them

away from socialists.

Germany became a leader in social reform with its health and old-age insurance.

Still the socialist party grewStill, the socialist party grew.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

William II succeeded his grandfather William I William II succeeded his grandfather William I as kaiser in 1888.

• He asked Bismarck to resign as chancellor saying He asked Bismarck to resign as chancellor, saying “There is only one master in the Reich, and that is I.”

• He believed that his right to rule came from God.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

William was very confident and wanted to William was very confident and wanted to leave his mark.

d d i l lf• His government provided social welfareprograms and services, such as public transportation, electricity, and excellent public schools.

• He also developed the already huge German military hoping to win an overseas empire like military, hoping to win an overseas empire like those of Britain and France.

Germany Strengthens

Section 2

Section Review


Germany Strengthens

Section 3

List the obstacles to Italian unity

Objectives

• List the obstacles to Italian unity.

• Understand the roles Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi played in the struggle for Italy.Giuseppe Garibaldi played in the struggle for Italy.

• Describe the challenges that faced the new nation of Italy.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

Terms and People

Camillo Cavour a politician who worked to • Camillo Cavour – a politician who worked to unify Italy

• Giuseppe Garibaldi – a nationalist and ally of Giuseppe Garibaldi a nationalist and ally of Mazzini who wanted to create an Italian republic and worked with Cavour to do so

• anarchists – people who want to abolish all government

emigration movement away from one’s • emigration – movement away from one s homeland

Unifying Italy

Section 3

How did influential leaders help to

l h d d l l

How did influential leaders help to create a unified Italy?

Italy had not experienced political unity since the Romans.

That changed in the 1800s however when That changed in the 1800s, however, when leaders such as Giuseppe Mazzini and Count Camillo Cavour worked to build a united state.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

Th b t l t It li it i There were many obstacles to Italian unity in the early 1800s.

• People identified mainly with their local regionsdue to frequent foreign rule.

• At the Congress of Vienna, Italy was partitionedby Austria the Hapsburg monarchs and othersby Austria, the Hapsburg monarchs, and others.

• Nationalist revolts were continually crushed by Austria.

Unifying Italy

Austria.

Section 3

Giuseppe Mazzini, a nationalist leader, founded

• It was a secret society

pp , ,Young Italy in the 1830s.

whose goal was to establish a united Italy.

• The ideas of nationalists such as Mazzini soon spread.p

Unifying Italy

Section 3

Victor Emmanuel II the monarch of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II, the monarch of Sardinia, wanted to join other states to his own and increase his power.

He made CountCamillo Cavour

Cavour was a skilled politician who reformed Sardinia’s economy and Camillo Cavour

his prime minister in 1852.

Sardinia’s economy and ultimately sought to throw Austria out of It l d Italy and annex more provinces.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

S di i h f h C th Sardinia helped Britain and France

In the aftermath, Cavour got France to agree

Cavour then provoked that war and

ffight Russia in the Crimean War.

to help Sardinia if it ever went to war with

defeated Austria with France’s

Austria. help.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

There, a nationalist ,leader named Giuseppe Garibaldi put together a volunteer force of

Now that Sardinia controlled

a volunteer force of 1000 “Red Shirts.”

Using ships and weapons

northern Italy, Cavour turned his attention Using ships and weapons

from Cavour, the force invaded Sicily and won

t l f it

southward.

control of it.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

Cavour feared Garibaldi would set up his own Cavour feared Garibaldi would set up his own republic in the southern part of Italy.

However when Victor Emmanuel sent Sardinian • However, when Victor Emmanuel sent Sardinian forces to confront Garibaldi, he turned over Naples and Sicily. Victor Emmanuel II was c o ned king of Ital in 1861crowned king of Italy in 1861.

• Italy won the province of Venetia during the Austro-Prussian War and won Rome during the Austro Prussian War and won Rome during the Franco-Prussian War. It was finally a united land.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

Italy became a unified state between 1858 and 1870.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

• Regional rivalries and eg o a a es a ddifferences made it hard to solve problems.

Italy faced many problems

• The north was rich and had a tradition of business and culture, whereas the south

once it was unified.

was rural and poor.

• Further, popes urged Italian Catholics not to cooperateCatholics not to cooperatewith the Italian government.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

Turmoil broke out in the late 1800s as the left Turmoil broke out in the late 1800s as the left struggled against a conservative Italian

government.

Socialists organized

In response, the government extended suffrage to more organized

strikes and anarchiststurned to

extended suffrage to more men, passed laws to improve social conditions, and set out to win an overseas empire in turned to

violence.to win an overseas empire in Africa.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

It l d l d i ll ti l l Italy developed economically, particularly after 1900.

• Industries developed in northern regions and l d t itipeople moved to cities.

• Though a population explosion created tensions,many people chose to emigrate which calmed many people chose to emigrate, which calmed things at home.

Unifying Italy

Section 3

Section Review


Unifying Italy

Section 4

Describe how nationalism contributed to the

Objectives

• Describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg empire.

• List the main characteristics of the Dual Monarchy.List the main characteristics of the Dual Monarchy.

• Understand how the growth of nationalism affected the Ottoman empire.

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

Section 4

Terms and People

Francis Joseph Hapsburg emperor of the Dual • Francis Joseph – Hapsburg emperor of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

• Ferenc Deák – a moderate Hungarian leader who Ferenc Deák a moderate Hungarian leader who helped work out the compromise that created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

• Dual Monarchy – an agreement that made Austria and Hungary different states with their own constitutions and parliaments, but with shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs


Section 4

How did the desire for national How did the desire for national independence among ethnic groups weaken and ultimately destroy the Austrian and Ottoman empires?

The Austrian Hapsburgs and Ottoman Turks l d i ith di th i

Austrian and Ottoman empires?

ruled empires with diverse ethnic groups.

As nationalist feelings grew among these groups the power of the empires declinedgroups, the power of the empires declined.


Section 4

During the early 1800s, the Hapsburg rulers of Austria tried to prevent change and of Austria tried to prevent change and

ignored liberal demands.

They even tried to prevent industrialization,

Nevertheless, factories sprung up by the 1840s ,

fearing that it would change the empire’s traditional

p yin Hapsburg lands and caused changes, including empire s traditional

way of life.changes, including the growth of cities.


Section 4

Austria was an empire of very diverse people Austria was an empire of very diverse people with rival goals. Nationalist feelings grew during

the mid 1800s.

Nationalists made demands of the Hapsburg l Th d lf

A nationalist revolt broke out in 1848 and the

rulers. They wanted self-government.

A nationalist revolt broke out in 1848, and the Hapsburg government crushed it.


Section 4

The Hungarians wanted the right to rule themselves.

Francis Joseph, who inherited the Hapsburg throne amid the 1848 p ising made some 1848 uprising, made some reforms including the formation of a legislature.

This did not satisfy the This did not satisfy the Hungarians, however, because the body was led by German-

speaking Austrians


speaking Austrians.

Section 4

A moderate Hungarian A moderate Hungarian leader named Ferenc Deák helped to work out a solution.

After Austria’s defeat in its war with Prussia, out a solution.

The Dual Monarchyof Austria-Hungary was

Hungarians pressured the Hapsburgs for

formed in 1867.a compromise.


Section 4

The Dual Monarchy of Austria HungaryThe Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Separate Sharedp

• Each had its own constitution.

• Francis Joseph ruled both,as emperor of Austria and

• Each had its own parliament.

king of Hungary. • They shared ministries

of finance, defense, and , ,foreign affairs.


Section 4

Hungarians were Despite the compromise, nationalist unrest

ghappy, but others were not. Slavic people still lacked a

continued to increase in the empire.

people still lacked a voice in government, for example, and nationalist leaders nationalist leaders called on them to unite.

Unrest from nationalists paralyzed governments in the early 1900s.


Section 4

Europe was a patchwork a patchwork of different nationalities between 1800 between 1800 and 1914.

Nationalists pushed for self-rule, which brought about the gdecline of the Austrian and Ottoman empires.


Ottoman empires.

Section 4

Nationalist demands Nationalist demands put pressure on the empire’s leaders.

The Ottoman empire faced the same

Many revolts broke out against the Ottomans in the 1800s as nationalist

problem as the Austrian empire.

groups sought self-rule.p


Section 4

Some states gained independence from the Ottomans by 1878the Ottomans by 1878.


Section 4

In addition to trouble from the nationalists, the Ottoman empire faced invasions from the Ottoman empire faced invasions from

Europe in the mid 1800s.

As a result a series Russia pushed toward Istanbul and Austria-

As a result, a series of wars broke out. Russians fought against the Ottomans and Austria

Hungary took control of two provinces

against the Ottomans, and subject peoples revolted. The region b k th provinces. became known as the “Balkan powder keg.”


Section 4

Section Review



Section 5

D ib j b t l t i R i

Objectives

• Describe major obstacles to progress in Russia.

• Explain why tsars followed a cycle of absolutism, reform and reactionreform, and reaction.

• Understand why the problems of industrialization contributed to the outbreak of revolution.

Russia: Reform and Reaction

Section 5

Terms and People

colossus a giant• colossus – a giant

• Alexander II – ruler of Russia who came to the throne in 1855; responsible for some reforms in throne in 1855; responsible for some reforms in Russia, but was eventually assassinated by radicals

• Crimean War – a war that broke out when Russia invaded Ottoman lands along the Danube; ended in Russian defeat

emancipation the act of freeing someone • emancipation – the act of freeing someone, usually from slavery or serfdom


Section 5

zemstvo an elected assembly in Russia that was

Terms and People (continued)

• zemstvo – an elected assembly in Russia that was responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture at a local level

• pogrom – a violent mob attack on Jewish people

• refugees – people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere

• Duma – an elected national legislature in Russia

• Peter Stolypin – prime minister appointed by Tsar Nicholas to restore order through arrests, pogroms, and execution; attempted reforms, but was


and execution; attempted reforms, but was ultimately assassinated

Section 5

Why did industrialization and reform Why did industrialization and reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe?

Efforts to modernize Russia had little success because tsars imprisoned or exiled critics.

As the twentieth century dawned, Russia was a hotbed of civil unrest.


Section 5

R i th l t d t l Russia was the largest and most populous nation in Europe by 1815, but it was also

economically undeveloped.

• Russia had many resources.

• However, it had a very autocratic government.However, it had a very autocratic government.

• Russian rulers resisted reforms that would lead to modernization.


Section 5

• Landowning nobles Russia had a very rigid social structure in the

• Landowning nobles at the top resisted change and reforms.

early 1800s, which was one obstacle to

• The middle class was weak and small.

• Most people in Russia progress. • Most people in Russia were serfs, bound to the land.


Section 5

l d i i h b lTsars ruled Russia with absolute power.

Whenever the tsars made liberal reforms, they eventually canceled them to maintain the support of

the nobles.

While the governments of other European nations changed, Russia remained an absolute monarchy.


Section 5

Alexander II inherited the throne during the Crimean War in 1855

• The war began when Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands and ended in Russian defeat

Crimean War in 1855.

lands, and ended in Russian defeat.

• The war showed how backward Russia was.People demanded change.p g

Though peasants remained poor,

i i In response to pressure, l d d h emancipation was

a turning point that led to the drive for

Alexander agreed to the emancipation of the serfs.


more reform.

Section 5

The Reforms of Alexander IIThe Reforms of Alexander II

Emancipation of the serfsEmancipation of the serfs

Establishment of local government in the form of zemstovs, or elected assemblies

Introduction of legal reforms such as trial by jury

Reduction in military servicey


Section 5

The reforms did not satisfy the Russians, who wanted y ,a constitution or more revolutionary changes.

Socialists tried to convince peasants to rebel, which didn’t work. Radicals became angry and assassinated

Al d II

Al d III t k th th d b k d

Alexander II.

Alexander III took the throne and embarked on a crackdown. He increased the power of the secret police

and exiled critics.


Section 5

i f• He forced them to live

Persecution of Jewish people also increased

in restricted areas.

• Pogroms against the J i h l b under

Alexander III.Jewish people became common.

• Many Jews left Russia Many Jews left Russia and became refugees.


Section 5

Russia finally industrialized during the late 1800s.y g

Nicolas II, son of Al d III f d

Despite this i d t i l Alexander III, focused on

economic development in Russia. His government

d th b ildi

industrial progress, political and social problems worsened

k f dencouraged the building of railroads and secured foreign investment.

as workers faced bad conditions in factories and urban slums.


Section 5

Russia entered a entered a war with Japan in 1904 and 1904 and suffered many defeats

As discontent mounted, protesters poured into the streets and workers went on strike

defeats.

and workers went on strike.

A priest organized a peaceful march on a Sunday in 1905 in St. Petersburg. The tsars’ soldiers fired on the crowd.


St ete sbu g e tsa s so d e s ed o t e c o d

Section 5

• Discontent grew, strikes Discontent grew, strikes increased, and rural peasants demanded land.

Bloody Sunday was a turning point for

• Nicholas announced big reforms, including a pledge to summon a Duma.

Russians, who felt they could no longer

• However, the tsar dissolved the Duma in 1906. The pattern of reform and

trust the tsar.

pattern of reform and reaction continued.


Section 5

Ni h l i t d P t St l i i Nicholas appointed Peter Stolypin prime minister in 1906.

• Peter Stolypin worked to restore order with t d tiarrests and executions.

• He recognized the need for change, and introduced several moderate reformsintroduced several moderate reforms.

• It wasn’t enough, though, and Russia still roiled with unrest in 1914.


Section 5

Section Review



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WH ch22 rev.pptsterlingsocialstudies.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/6/6/8866655/chapter_… · • emigration – movement away from onemovement away from ones ’s homeland Unifying Italy