Western Civilization in the Contraction Mode

7/28/2019 Western Civilization in the Contraction Mode

1/34

UNI\roRSITI SrIII'IS MAlAYSIiiSchool cf Comparativc Socia1 Scienccs

I1:-"!- '1.11,"&l.-"-ogl"I,jg'l-,o!.[q.qi-cs

l{ESTEmi CIVILU/.TION fN T}E CONTRiCTION{0nE*

1. /.spects cf thc medioval systcm as a soci:',I forrno,tj-on2. Ol the decline a^nii all cf th e mctiieva.l- systcm3. The post-rnod.ern pcriod.i sornc s1:ccuJ.ati(-,nson sr:cirf forrnertion,dcclinc atcl" fall4, Conclusion

W Jolra.n Galtun6;Chair in conflict ancl peacc rcsearch, Uni'rrcrsity of 0s1o1Institut univcrsitairc dtetud"es du clcveloppcment, Gcncva;Scl iool of Cornparative Socia1 Scicnccs, Univcrsit i Sains i , la laysia;Goals Processes ancl Incl ica-bors of Dcvclopment Projcctr UNU

PenanS, ,rugUst 19?9


2/34

loAw*s*--tAo--ggLlg",e-t-:ysjg'_.?.8--e.-sgc_p1--{_9ry:t.iop., l ihat were thc-l,1id.d.le Agcs ali about? Can lve talk about a

me&icval system? The ass'mption in what follows is that it is meaningfulto d.o sor at lcast i f t l ie pcrspectivc is suff ic icntly maero-histor icalnot to worly too rnuclt about details. l,ftrat we ar.e looking fo r would bethe ideal typical ( in 'uhc Wcbcr ia.n scn-se) rathey,than thc var iat ionslthe sweeping characterizations of, v;rst regipns ln space and. tinre rather' :tha:r thc minutiac of a minor space-t irne region.

To start at.a basib point in the systcm: sor lc words about hov;. ' , : ' :su:plus lvas prod.rrccd", end ty whom; and how it was spent, md Lr y whom.The medicval syctem was an agricrr-ltural systernl irei.th,qr cral'ts no rtrade d.ominated.. orcr 9V" of thc population werc tiecl to the soi} ,most of whom nevcr departed. moqe .tjran one or two miles frorn thc placewltcre thetr, isut" bornnl Tlr" bapic turit of agricultural prod.uction wasthe qjutgl - a largely sclf-sufficient , oftcn big, farrn - some of themhad. he soi l t i l lcd. bv frcod.men. ')tied. to thc scil, bound. to th c larid. o{ th e mastcr. Thc co.Iq4i backgrorurr.i.of frecdmen and. smaLl pcasa,nts - the smallest ff:a.rrrnlrrhr-.rf the falfenl lcst Roman'cmnire - consti tuted. some of thc ravr nater ial out of which' . . ' 'thJs new social enti ty was formcdl similar formations arnong he

:, : ltransalpine barbar ia,ns consti tutec anotncr and. cquallJ, imporbant input.J. .Similarlyr thc aristocracy was a, blend of the Romana.ucl irc Gc.rmanic+- aria thosc without or r';ith vcry littlc J-and.wcrc blougiri und.cr thcland.onnerts prot6ctibn, ideally .guarantt:cing ,a minirnurn s:curity againstserwices. lnd'#d'p"otl" t ion one way, iabor prod.ucing good.s nrrd.. , . :servicep. lhc ,qther'; rrJ&she ;'gencral 'fonnula f or thc rcpgg1,aljy_Slee,as lator ( trgm thc ninth centuryy in'Francc - in the rval.-c f thcbrcakdown of the Carolingian cmirirc;5 ro " thc feudal systcm.' ,no :cxcha4ge w?s J,g..R\ Trad,q -wosrnostLy ullneccssar5,-r so w.rs monby - thc'exchapge l'1as.,in kin{f a. balter,-sf,ri.ghts and, d.utics tc.r good.s'Ancl'. ' ' : |lervices"o. . , . . . , , i_ : r ' :


3/34

L- '

Ihe fcqd.qr,l LJn,thenn is scr:n as a: l claboration of thcnranor ial systcm. It is thc rnan.or ial-system at p. hi4hcr lcvel, sb tospeal


4/34

3-j .n t i l l ing thc soi l for thc l-an' ioivncr rather thir ,n for thomscfrrcs (sothat thc laurd.ovrncrhir.d- nc,ugh -bc,coltsrrrte o.nr1cnough tr) Paas on toJri olr nn '' l e , t t . '' l o i r^vv. . - rpe eof io a fuI1y equippcd. f rsol i icr t f ) . To ohm 1and i rnpl icsthc r i - -ht tc, i l r rc i d l ovr : , . thrr a -ni err ' lbrr ra. ] srrrn ' l r ' , * 1 i t , " l . f , n] o: r r . t r r - th, . ,rrv rrsrru uu u,iu+se !vv- ' , .- *r ' ' iCul 'Lural SuIplL- \. , c ,!J / , vrec,-- .dserfs d-id. not havc this rigirt. Thcy were cxploitablc d.ovrn o tire Ic:vclof rcproduction ;urcl belovl. And. hc tcrm rrprotcctionrr should. bettcr bcrcad. tfe:*or t j-olr r r . rTou acccpt nlV protcction, or elsc!ft In the icleal izcclform thl fcuclal systcnt lJas 3 ncatly bala^rrcecl icrairchical systcm ofr igir ts and dutics cnsur ing human cxistcncc at thc bo+,tom (trsatisfactiorrof basic nced.s?fvrc would say toclay) a-rrl not morc appropriation tovrarcls| / .^ -thc top (rr lu- .mry consurnptionrt; lc would say t.rJa; ' ) than vrhat is:

. - ; .cororncnsurate. i t i i th.; :bol i t ion of miscry for t i ru scrfs. Bi l t i : rpractice thc systcm could. casi ly ir :gencra.tc into a systorn oi d.ut icsc,nly at thc bottc:n, a.rrc l iglr ts cnl-- , ' : i t t i rc top, Tl ie ftrssialy ' tser istsys'bem rot: ' Iong- lasting, at l , :a-st t i l l 185Os) :-s oftcn quotccl as ar l

't 1cxample oi ' the lattur l " parbs of thc tr trunch systcm as closc tcfcud.alism in id.calizcd. form.

.f+.:!+p.q: from bcins a sys.tcm of cxchangc for past serviccsit bccarnc a systcr,r for futurr: scrariccs; frcn bcin.g; a systcrn sct upbctwccn concrctc pcrsons i t loccamca systcnr: :c lual ly affcct ir rg thcird.cscerrd.ants. i ' iot only was the off-spr ing of a serf also a scrf, of avassal a vassal ald so otr ; not on\r ' . tas thcre rt l ikc father", l ik,: sonrr ,but thc relations botwccn thc fathcrsi r.rasrrirrorcci in th c rcLaticnbctween thcir sorlSo Tltus, like in 'r;hc mathematics c, f n.r,t-ural numburs,aur infini 'bc serics w;i.s colstructc{l throu6h thrr property of thc basicrel-at ion ancl thc transfer of tha* propcrty to thc succcssor - inpr inciplc in perpetuity, f 'or ctcrrr i ty.

.[g*sp-gcg: thc system sprcad, thi: fcudal rulcs becamerolat ivcly stand.lrdizud. ovcr ' ' rast rcgions in sf 'acc, through thccrbonsion in t imc and spacc'of d.cf inod statuscs altc l rolcs in social

t1spacc. ' - F"rornhc simplc mir ,nor ial bcginnin6 to thc rnost claborate i tcoulcl be founci. al l cvcr E\!:cpo in onc perr i ioclor thc othcr,: ivfth ' th"


5/34

4i '

cxccptions of the e:r trcmc north (vrhich ncvcr cajrc f l l r thtr r thal to i tsv, ' :rs ion cf thc manor ial systcm?)r to of t lLo southwcst un.i , i r thc l,{usl inn1q 16 _ 17^^ 'r ; *r . -+^ ,r ^t th C SOUthOaSt Undcr R,:ant. i ir , ,y,r,at lpnaTe, - oI Tnd SoUTnoaSt Un*-* u16;111 aJI( t tn l ta_ty"Tn r lo in. i f Fln th, : f : ' r rd; ' r l sws*om dof inr- .c l r. Er:rc,n(,- i . 1,or , . ' l t r ' l r r r rno v; i thr /v t a {vwr uu.!vv\, Y. rhlghly pcruca.blc l-:ordcrs a:rrl wi-th ar 1cgal systcm (rc,,rar. in form,m-tlicva] in conten+,) sc:"vini; 'b o dcfinc social sl'ac,) th-rou;;h longpcr iois of t inrc anC in vast regrons of spacc. Thc'sc rniho ravel lcd., iur , lthey wcre not nurncrous, could. fc:c l at ]rome: they wou1.cL'not o mubh.^ \ ' ' ' : ; ^ 18vJrong f t trcy a.:pl ied the social rules val ic l 'whcrc t iLcy ca,rc frorno

Thus, it makcs scnsc to talk abr,ut a J1rgl-!cJ{'4-_gtrjcq f wetakc tlnt tcrrn to clenotc both thc manoria] a:rd feud.al and. see thc formcrirs a rudi.nentarX, bcginning of th-r lattcr . f t v lrs " irar :cclon,:xpLoitat ic,r rc, f naturc e'ncl he scrfs - ty "cxploitat iunrr moaning making usc of 'bcyond- limits, in bhc firct ru n l-irnit:; rgr.irrst brcakrlorarn ct ty naturc( inclr rd- ing hrxnm aturc) i tscit ' ;19 in th' sccon,: 'Lrn W man-mglc nonnspossibly cstabl ishinl; lcwcr thr t:shclds (:-n gencral thcy tcnclccl tocstabl ish highcp thrcshokls, howevcr)o l 'he 5;.sf,s,r r3s,as mentioned.,.Jggl. Thcrc was ccrbainly cxploitat icn, as rvi l l bc delved. into latcr ,but there was not r'rhat today would. bc calicd 1p;b-c-q11,atgr-ona!xploitation.A similar fcuclal sJ 'sterncould bc cstabl ishcC in cunothor plece, but thclocaf serfs woulC bc e:ploitet1 i; ; l thcir vassals rvho n turn would beexploited. lry -t_b-q:g -ordsr ffif, so on. Ebcploitatir;n frorn onc pJace toanothcr Wa s trai:smitt,;d tluough inj-tatj-on cven up tc', isc,m.rphism, butnot thrc;ugh intcracticn betwccn systcms. l{ay bc cne could say tlrat thetransporta-bion of surplus was orrllr yE;y;ica] , unwar,fs in thc fcudalpyfamiclr i ld as thv higher links i^rcre wea.kmost of tho sur;rIus wasirrc 'babIy consumccl ;1ood.s)or c


6/34

i - .cithur rcsource. Thcrs was ncithcr cr ternal naturc, nor oxtcrrralscr fs to rc ly urron i f ' th is shorr lJ provc insuf f ic i t : r r t , / , kn ip" l r t mi :"htbc givcn, c : 'cs tabl is i i , . r f ic f wi th scrfs.: l -s:r .rhcro, but thcn thatelscwherc t- ,""*n" a systcnr with i ts prc)bl.ef ir f balancc betwecn rcsourcc.har,se nC ,consumptic;n of varicus kincls, Tru.e, systerirs could bc 1inkodtogethor at a, irighcr levcf as vrhen a king, thrcugh cor:qucst or marriar,;cfor instancc exbond.ed his tervitc'rT-. BLrt it r^iashartLl;.the rule th::.t

AAsurplus trcrnspcrteC upward.s ( to thc kini;) tr ick: lcd. , lor .rnwards.zl.fn otncr r ,Jords: not only tr :adc, but also plunelar for tho

irurposc t f ir r ini ; ing i rontebooty (wo'nen, cat t lc , l ;1aves, precious nrctals,-r 'l;3ood.s n Scncral) :vene at vcry low l-cvo1s. TraJc w.:us rainly intcr-torm'f r r11 r. - hrr* *l rr , *-..ev "utrls r'Icru rnarSir:ai in thc mudicval aystarn. fhc tc,wnsnr.rr" l r ] :vn l in - . . / ' - . .h ; ^ ' " ' l + ' 'h^1 , . -^ .1!uu-ru. .c. {u j . i (u] i ;L}, r6, r4v*srurc! r , .prvql lc 'bs fo i lcraf tsnanrshi ' ; t , Luxury i tomsand cxctica Cemand-ccl Ir y thc l-:urclccLarilt^,criLcy (lncl ' incrcasin,,;11ro-em:::rcicd.q, ' them), Thur, a oLass oJ' iru-ry[c.rs (t ivrn; ircirj-ncl t ireir

^alhrrr . ?rn l . in , t + l ' . - ^ i+"r , . ,^11- . "n .rr . l in r r . , i * ) ' n ; + '"_*tli: ir rci]l.nr: Tlic crrJ/ warr.s-- cxpilndrnG ti'r]-!rr r-t/ r,rr)'rrbh)*- clced.o'rtan existohco and. grcw i.ncreer;in6i1y l'ue:-1ip'. Thcl' vrcrc marginal tr, tl iccystem, t l icy t j " ic lnot i ' i t in tc th , fcul : l l r i : r : r rch ics: t al l , t i rc i rI .r ir" in t .r . ' r i r r lrr '1 .,- irr .e i, I l rnt { lr .-rr , l id . lVaS Simi f lf t , , WlU.,t t , leS J.ne l t r lrJ6rrr LYaiJ L{uiJMrDa "ttLsv UIIUJ ulg,Yc;D -)I l l l l I2 f U" Wl l r- iL f/ l i ta lt U JJsociel outcas'bs'6uci- ,a" 'Airbs dn.l Jcr^rs. Onc r ,r i ; i r t ar l i l : thcir r lcrccrutci ists bccausc l ;kr t thcy d- iC wes curr trary to th.;, lc i l in i ,ni ethcs, t i rcclornina^nt csmol-oi5r at i;l ic tirnc, lr ith it s crrirrharsison tiic locai ancl th cinwarcl*foghinU - an d bccirusc 'iuhcywdrc scciaf cutcasts tircy could clowirat nas crtra-parad.igmatic (an,1 yct clcmanclccl, ikir thr: brcthc] j.n a\jrui ' i ta:t cultr t lc ) :utcl hence, possi b1; ' , c icst ncC 'bc bcccnc thc basis fora nevl d.ominiurt c,-rnsmo1o5;yurkin3: in rhe ccrri.J.ors of ldstory. Butthcir road. tc,r.Iards thcir incrcasi:'rgly clovrit.>cl status in thc rhre.d-ernn,rn. ir ,r ' l1- f in^ 'r ' r7 fcrmal- j .zcd thrc,u;, l l thc Frclncj- r , .vcl-ut ion - was lonc.- 'v l f vu - r l l t t rL l --Lr/ vs v rrr UL,{LJ : UIIV I. t ' (J IL ; l l ,a:r tt tor tuous ind.ccd, pcrsecutcr f i :y ar istocraclr ern.lc lurgy al ikc," ' , ., l i r fondini +.1', 'rm!:ar ' l r rr .c t l rnrrr :.nh.'r n^rr i r- t r :rr . q1r\:+-.,m rr f ,rr i ' l lc . '*rrnrr ' l '' . ! \-rUrlutr l1 l)ul lvl l lDgJvUDUlr l tutJ1r.- ! '(y'....,*; )) ,c la.ss".div ic led.within and in harsh cornptt i t ion v;i t i : cach otircr . ' - ' thecr:ntcrs forbhc clovclopn,r :nt 'of thc bfgglcr syston wc:lrc wo: onc in.s--


7/34

o-

I.lorttrern ltaly, on e ir r tlru L,-.,i,1c;untrics. Thc formcr lrcrc condenrnod?A*. r , r r i , . , r f * .or . n ncgr iorl cf br i l l .? .ncui - ' t t ] re lat tcr evcntual ly becarnc a F .et2\part of thc center c.rf thc rnoclcrnr crpansj-


8/34

7-

would bc r"athcr crmatc f ' i ,r rns cf social 'bohavior .3O Blt i t can afs,.r brrdntro t r i+h hi r "h r ,mn*. i nnr ' l n i*nhurru vjr uir rrr.(, f l L., ,- Q,ccojnpiufr:y'in5 th e tra5ic alid joyfulcvcnts of l ifc; cieath; inii clefcat on onu itcri lcl, bir i l i , inarria;gc anclvictory cn tl.rc othcro3l Ir. this tlrtrc is nothil l; gls6yororclina,4,,o Whatwas cxtraorclinary with tirc rniddlc i,4cs sccn from cur sttindpcint r.;ou1Lhelvc bccn th.: am.ounJ. f cnnbrc.id."r1'ancl rrl;rotiqralisrn, n...ar.jLLrcdc, t cnlJ,i r r n^-^ ' l a .v i-F. ' ^,11 n.i*n:r Jvr* r' l . :_ in tuf inS 9f hqrr.r r : , r r r r nrz,f in .. i , . -rJ . uutl t l jJL j* . I t, J iu iu ).)Lvw-1, rJUL c' .J- i i r l 1 ,f l t rurTrS oi ' I tc ., . ._,.* , j y .r . ,r- .p*ted,aitd in t imc bud.lrct tcrms - thc erJrrountf t inre (pcr aayr pcr rucck, pcry.arr por l i fc) spent in r i tual , f l ,oul ' r1ir r f ,r4clcclcJ:rat ion. Tl lat thiscxj.)rcssivc rnod.cwas roirl- to thqml rl,oru ri:al than vrlu.it lc woul,.Lcallbhc instrumelttal noi l-c (ce i. br in, jn;J c; ; t t lc nnanure bo t1a cxhausted\ ,t'relds ) j.s c,i-:vi,-rus. .i lrd it rfiattcrs in tae ef f r,rt to under-l:tiLnclw\ythc lliddlc /i l jcs clir l no t ]ast f,:revcl - for r:nc thin5 bcoausc tii issirrp)y cha:rne ecl so rruch sur::l-us arrrl :ctivit.r' irr othcr, clircct.i ons tllr ,:rsystcrn mai:r tcnancc in our sctlsc.

vcry sir - r r i f icantry, this afso appr iccl to thc mcre val ia:r ttr trncr. i *cr *ha *nf )uf Dur uu. u l ru r ,ut l ry lsJncr l t, the be; t t le , thc crusar lco A1l ,of -Lhis wasor:{-: ' : ' ! izad,ir.r'c;ufl.d- }n t pcrlra!,s wa s thc kcy vaLuc of thc ,1,:dic,valqtrrr tr 't ;r : l 'n l t tT - - mr,: l tr i r i ' , ln ' i r rr r .r l :r- i l r .rr r i .h * n4nqir i --n;r .., , ,y , r , f -' .y 'vvfrr . :: t :" .! ,1 rrruurr i r ' . . tL \)LLLtJ \-r i49 wJ;J J JIr IIU t U-----***static:n, j l l i f 'e. ' I i re station i.Jasgivcn 1ry roir th or rsi a rcward- forseruj,ccs rcnccrcd a:rc fcr th c tray in which thcy wcro rcn.lercd. r.ft-,sc)r\rc thc: Lc',rrl (i n ircavcn) ;mtJ- hc lessor iorcLs r- n ,.iari,l l wal tc, actout fu11;', cvcn morc tha^n fu I 11'7 ctrtcts ctatic,n -, j_n a u:,i- for al1 tc,q,141 .rttr-r :,r1ni nn { nr,r1 nncci } ' ' l r r -r 'r ,,,r- t l ) tL ." - . ' , - .-u \ , \ , . r rs (-r !rrrv \ ( .o . r \ ' - i ,v,){ ,r ,JaJ, rv!rqirra,,. r \,rarrrorrrv.r tS, l :ett lcS a:r i ].l:crul iadesJ- scmcC thcsc pur i ' )orcs, 'L l icr ' , , ;byc( j incnt in, ; -b1, . rfcucla l rc lat i , :n-sli i l ,s - siipall ini, to c:vclir1t, tl y il I Jirrovrv;h


9/34

I ' i r 's t , . ' t i l r r : rc .wcrc t hc t l t rcrcr st tccc[ js, . ) r r j t r . 'b ] ruI (orrranEnpircin t i r l l , lcst I t i ' re i | -za: r t ir rc Dr1; i rce th l R. ,man Enpirc in tLu East c, r::3Jllcr SouLlicast; thc l, ' iuslirn C,-rf; -,h; : . ' tc i-rr 1;h.: Sc-uthvrr:st (ncst cfSpairr) I 1;1.1c ,rro,l ir, ,: in:r.n o(,rrsl,r'uctiot 't a"lrr. i bri i luccctr; jor', t. iLi- [{c, ; iGcrniau-Roman &,.rpirc" I l,1 blLrcc o.r. ' dlturr 1t:d, irl variorr-s ncricclsl d..si;1'r',1; iarrcr- .nbit ic'ns f iu' l l , iycrn.l vrr,Lrt th;/ ir.ctually ' lchj. i:vlJ,-'- Th u ByzanLinr:

iT[ , , , i n, ' r - ' rc F- \m. - ., th c l , lus] r tn 0e."1] r l i ; iLc wi- ! is ar ,n ' jx i l rcsf i ion o{ ' Is la l i in,.,,,-vL!. l rl ' .Ll . - cxDarrs iot t is t i l t>dc inC. icr t in : . ; th i . !b f r . ; .1. ; r l nay l ; , - ,c i iurr- i ; r ) f , -oJrc1ic, : l1c,t l 'Lc, n;)f 'rr Cnristian-clc'rninlltcil par.rt f th - I, l" lt rJ o :.r. , ' : t l tc '. ' .r.,dl Car/rf irri; i 'JlNers a c lear succci isaj r systcm, a1 : ; ' - ' inspi r ' , -d. ' )v *uhi : c; t&11. rnf l3 f rcrn thcjriusli-nrs, l 'ncL tircn thcrc vtas t ir'c Par] . , : ,cy, alsc r,lc,"]- 'ulrr,. r;hoilb n,ost o1 'thr : ncr . . i r r l- in sci i rch crf . . - , . r j -car r l ic fc. r i t " , - , ] f .37

Thi ls ;o int , ;ot r ra l - ly al l thai; hls ' i ruen sai . l sc far , c lJr n() lvt ta: surnmarizcd iu id bct tcr a l r i rcciatc i l by int r , , rcLucin ' ' r ihu . ,Liros, coC.r . . : ,c( sr ,-, i ' f 5l - L; ' eli ' , ' . ' '-i-; ' i l-. 'h;lclLlr:,1'.;a)1u t cr: : r - irLc t l.r' . ; icturco l ' ] : 'i lsjstxri ' ,)t ion j.rj that tri ir ' ' ,u,j l i '- 'ut t lc ; crio.L :. l-t,lri l i b--, )r'cl.t-rclitt , ' l ; t :ry rr,.' "+ ^ ' ^ ^4 ' . ;1"c(1 l r , r r ' , rLf Cj r , t .1; . . . , :r i r^c1r. t l r1r ._;. , . - + . ; prwvrBur wLaD wurr,>4..- fcc l r lr , l r ' , lL f . Cj l '1} l : . . . ' - , i r^c lr . t l r l l ' r "v" ir ' ' nr"- ' ' ' ' ' , . t( ,t c l . l acc e r^/ i :sc()r rs i lcrud : , i t rcnnal , urrc i r l - t i rd.cnl - r r i i l ; t i f ia l l l . , i f t i r ' , ruv, tcrc a 1' c iurn to the ircinLs r-rf sl 'cial :u:r.1 l. io,. jrairlt ic cri.,.; in. T.Lrc,e wlL,.,, - . . . ,^ .1 - . - .1 ^l-^.. ,"^,- l _ 'hrrr .- , tr ,- .2.q :. .nr l -hrrr l ncm,' ir , r l i r l nrr f nr,r : f r . ] .}m nt" i ' VIOU-I , l.rUt/V\! ( ! l r l Vr l . 'J1,.,\ ,L l t -"_Aa*- l --4,O. cJr 'L Urqquvtl ru l r l \{ IL( l l \rU v\rr laJl :r l t c4.L-hr'"'c to llt: scon as outcaJsts - just lik.: oubcasts f'oi: o'ti icr rcar.sonr::/I rar .ra l, iusl im6) wor; lC r:c put i i ' . to thusc rolcs. If t l rcrc wcrcJvlIJt L / l - DrvDt ' - 1 . ,* , rr !u \ / u l lvDdn-'er.nrs ,f :;xjransi.:n rt thc to: , of c-l 'rr"rrch utd.monar'chJrr in -Uh,-'papal. rnJ i rn, :cr i , i ; : lmct ruct ionc o t f icn t i -u,s ' ucrc aty| ic. l l * arrc l vr : ru prob: . , r ) l ] -marr't i-i lalizcd from -bhc mcC.iclr: lI rj;rsjLJrnas sui-lcrstruct'rtt; l i , loftycc)nsjtrlctirrns in tl i in air. Thris, th, : rc may be thrcc llalrs r,f mar3inali:;-i ; rpcol l lu - l :1 r lacin. ; thcn: ou t l : r i s i . i ' l , - t , f norrnel " , ; ,s i r :Ly' (as ul t inatc l ; 'inpucnccl bc'.1;hc]r1t.-11;jf.g.g.),hy 1:ii. :,cina; tl icrn l.relr-,r. i s rr:cll- otrtcastc (t i rcuthincall-y alicr:1 tlrr, buCr.i i. lrs arri l- r' t l ;}urs), .?lJ': i - ; r ' l l . rc: .n; t l ion abov+;( trtc saint s in et secul:rr cultuz'r:, n)ucl, i-,rLii: i-rcd lrb not imitatcd.).

Sc , -bhc ocsn, lor,y i 'Ji is i l lrlur'-i lrr'ccte'l , r' l l ly occirsj olrallyincludi r r ; t l tc , - ,uts ic1c, Pa;el an, . i . ,u l rc: : i l l co: r ; t ru.ct ion" l ncvi , r t l ic lLoss


10/34

>; ..

ccn. l t l mai(( j soni io 1s l tarv l i i : f 'soi i r l l i f . i , r i ; i i " , ' ; i id. ic f i ) t t rL in_'bhc r; i r iL ic :v i i lcl.st i: rn cvu? i:Lrriu L'- i. i t ir :rcc;s i n 't ir .rr: :uid r i. t iarcc - lvl iclt is nct thc sa.ncr , i l C) l : ; :Lnsl , rn. . r i l l . . . SIS-tum w[]S ni- ' ; prc i l iCL-bci : on -Xpiuls irn lrkr . . : t ; - lcl l rcLLccCssl; r , '! rc1 L: ' . lCci) i fs j . s i j 'Ct r l , lSo ' I l tc Ca" ' iL l l of th u f ,ej t l i tnc,stcornpati lr lc wiih t l: . r: d.: , i . 'r ir l i-u'] cc: lf :)oLrri l [ [ . IouL]. Iuvc tc, .-.r, 1c-.oat i l lcl evcit/ . , \\r'Ll-:rrrv,.-Lyl sc.rf-.su-ifici.;nt: .b.ir,-,1i1tr,i j;!- t- i9_q;-.!:!.cfr..r i,.; inal.ly, tl isi l t-cr .I r r lb r ' . i dcel: dlscontcr i t wit i i -blL,.- Ri,.rn.:nr l ipcr ial c( lr5tn- tct ion -i l ; :r,.:rj i-c'b ot-' r' Iursia b.in ' c; i l lr 'm,:. i ali i .stocri,-r'bic hiLcli, ' jro'Jli i ancl l i i l: ; i - l ; t , r i t l . ( r r r t i l t ; :Lur l .t l ' i r . ,t t i r . i l lc i , ;c l ; . 0r . ' r ror ;pc, t lc l rn. ; i : , ' , t i t ; carui i I . ofs(rcLl .1arr)uwcj t i , ;ost cerni : r [Lt ib. i- tJ i t ] r 'b : l i l ; c t , l r r r I , - " , ' , , r , / ' r ' " r1, i ls : , i r ; ;vo t . . 'l . ;c 1.'Di)l: ' l ;1, .cl.:ur.towncre Jirt '-r' f , i ic v:Lr;l: i l lo (lTitt) dr:tc;-; i; t irn c- ltr-rl jcrc lc,Lnrvl , t r . ls t lr - , ' n i^ / ront : mct ' i . l t r . r ' f , - ) r : -11r,1. : rst -x)C. i . i t ,_ ; - i l r : , , r : .1 i . :va1: r . . r ; tcr , r ,nri l l r - , l r - l r i " r- , i r , , . i lar- rr i . , , .r , . , .1 ' .r 1:. . l . , ru i lL .J()s;- i .1. : .J t i l jucccs:scI" $)- j tur i ls as! 1 , ) . LLVIL i?"u rTnal . r to Pr, ' . . 'c l ' l+! tu l :c 1i ,c. : : . i , i l i i .bh- loca. l i l ; "s t l ic ; . , , ,s t : caI . T l : iu . r ,- i ; l tu niurrr r ia l sys; ' i ;cm'rJ&s rr a lensc mcr: . - r i rsJicva" l . t l i . .n t l tc fcu, ' - tL1s1,1; f , '1-. r l ro leb-1. : r s l :Lor: fd rat i r r : r bc scen as I .JpC's i ' d , - ,J-ggabi : r ; loci : i 1) t r l^ IeaL1; r14,11, , .1ar ' lcc; i r t i i l r - nr , t r - 'n ly 1, . j . - l i -b i r i l i r 'v i , tnron l i i , , ;hcr , ;chcl_r , rn: in t , rchi l : . , . ' : rrc, t } ' r ' i l l i i cvcn clcpe::. lcncu c: t ihcr:i for r:s.urio! ;e Uitimzr-tc1c,, i tr i rnr l ' i m . ir . , c !rr( :- l-om r. r f i - i l in i . iS tf :UiSC3nd-Cii ta l COnViCtiOnS Al*h i . . . , n. , - r . , . . . ' . . r .1 C, t t . - . tc, St . P. . . tc? o. ] r : l i rom hi r r , br ; r f cstc l icrrr ,, I r r ' " t rr !! i , r f . r .r \r i vva I Luut af ^ rr r ' l t r r l l r J' l ,L J j r /uuualvsuccci l i t j . ( ,r t ,- , i r .r ;rec antl ' l r j .s lropsr39,,o,, l - lcss c1.,1r1y.- tc , thr- ; ccrrmtlur-r 'monarcr^s . l l lcclair .- ,uC o rulc ( ;f t 'n mv."ninJ' lrui j i r l in l : uV,)r s( ,m\j t l ' . iJ i [or , . Ic r i , ich thcy lr ;rd l i t t lc cffccbivc con'brol j i r : ' ' t lu; lr icc . ,1 'Gocl ; I 'SIi ; ra t ia dci,

Jusi as papal iurd. irnpc::ial consbralctionrjl r.Ju.",-ut in social. :: ' .pr icc 'ccul ,1 h. ; cornpat j . l l ls u i -bh . r , ccrn 'c: l ' , " : t ivc .66j - : r1 cosr i ( lo i ; , ' r f )ar t ly.a , . - , * ,n. t - . . i - . - -F ' .c small r - rn i ts ,ncl ct r$ur in. , ; t i ,c i r s.bcbi1 i . ty, part ly ?ry' : \ 'vvvvrrt r ur:

havinil tl ie rual si)crcC a"nr-l ccuiirr j)ohrcr locatcd" rouch Lcr,IO:. owrr,cxoursionr i uay intc; gjco;;raphic;r1 spaco could i. lsr ,bi: cornpai ibl-o with;rnon-expsJrsionist ccsnc.l-oryo ThLr l; , therc i.s nr :rccr l to sce thc crusa4os,

A(\for instancc tl ic f i lst f , ;ur or f ivc, inclucLin- ' i i r : t l tcc,;fcts crusadcrfr"ias atypical o i ' thc I t l idd lc , ' , . ; , ; : ;o T l rcy vrcu lc l r :rvc l:cerr i i t l ,cy wcrc usc. l


11/34

fc ' r colcnj -zat i : rn, f , ;T br ir r ; r i r r ; , b i ic l< i rr est , : rJ l l sh in i ; a r ic l lcr fcscl r rcc' . : t ,lu , f cr ' lh.: r. ir.:t l ic..ral : ; 'st -m" ii. ' . t , no t rrrrl i-]tc tl:c I l iniL d,1.:r-rstytrxpcd-it ir:tts t . ; lf 'ri ctrr4l t i rc-,r i l ic' i. i 'rct s, . , i rr/c s'Jclt frur.r-,riscs6 Thcy sh, ulcrrath.cr bc scc: r as a vcry co; t I j , 'sr :c ia l r i t r . ra- l - that cc, rr l i l b t - : cor t rJcr ted-int,-' .nr:nc,Tr TtoL as aJi cc..rrrcni, j ir,s'uru.mintality. Tlicrc wcrc thcse trhc1t


12/34

44

:Jrar. : iaJt--G


13/34

ta

2.i l i ry d i t i sucl a sy: ; ' t ; : , ; , sc Lvid-cnt1l . " ' t lcs i ; ; r r i :d for ' : t : rn i ty,ncvcrLiLslcgt j l ) rc.k , 'Lr . , r r rn?t . . l . i l r r r t r t 1 i -"1 c i ts r \ . :s i ) t l rc- . in c: {c. js l , ivc

' jxpat is ioxisrn; er , ;er incr . - rs i r r5 lcscreasingl ] ' r le fc] rL: r . l r fc r)ur inL: tursc Ont l r - ccnt r : . ' . ry | i 'b cr , t : 'bractc,c i t : , a s. ra lLcr Eurcl lcI o i )u i1 i t - ' th t : r , l : . rarrd ingI l i l r i r : rq +, . - r - i ' , , ' ,Tor l ;h-" '9 ,u i t1r srr , r r ; k i t i l o f ' l - ,a1, :ncc l; i i l t t l ic l lusl in is : rn i ll \r l l i )u vr/ u l I ' - rr l l vIIt L l IUl l pLr i . lr .; ;-r^,^.r ' ib.^ ^ r i1|1p ;,1.i1. '1-,1.- i t -i ^ *r . 1 , . , f .CUn,] il t I ICXCOSSiVIt :L ,J )J 4:J lv I I rL ,Da rl ls c : i r l i ru l t Lv ' ivu /t la t lD u \1 ;) \Jin^n*n^ n*4.'^:, c.,.t1 . errc L. ' .m , '1 .J11..o t i t f . ] ?J lr . l_ e J tr ] . , , , f , ' , .b j_ fr . ; i . :S r-, t . In I , -SurL i f .CCSt * '-')' r ;c11 bcyond' rhe i imi - ts cr f sust ru in: r ' l . t i lj - ty . Tr sei : 'b j r is orr . : rn i r :ht ar la inf i ,cu; c;n - ; l : , ; .p i tb- lLrn of spcnLl - i - r ) . -ho sur i ) l - ;1 i t t ,xt r . tc ' !c, ' , - es at tor i ; ; tcc1, l "epicteC i-rr Figure. 1.

' I j r . . ' : r i r .s ic point r l . :cu i th, - : :c n: .ys (, f C|endi : , : .1 t , r \ j i :u t . r IuGfr , - rn the l . rcr jur l t i rc int cf v i . : r . r1 is l i ; t l : ic rn i lch 'bhcir i ) : 'cc i : jc col l tcnt t" r L'" +1"-- ^""L, ] servr . i t t , cr .nvort suri i lus in' l , ' I ic t r r : r , . . ,s hor^ l hcl 'Xt U l tr .W tLLWtl Vvi i l ' l UVa v(, uv v{. i1vuI v i :kIJ-IqD IrI l r I IJII( .f t . iJ r l l rW u, / \ , ,c ' f l t l r j r ( t r r r i id . n, ' t cntcr) t l r t : ucr , i lo f i r i -oc] ,cI r - r l ; l : i r : l - . . f t , . r 3U ig t i runr i ; tcr ier l basis rr f ' f l rh. ic l r 1;hc rh, . , l . - systc, . i L ive : ; . - . t t1 ' r , l r t : ' r isr lLr i i i ,i ' . i rr l , l ,l r , r t is I r : ra jor ch&r i lc t i r r is t ic c; r ' + ;1 i . -r . t , ; t l , i . . r '11 ; rstun, th i ' t t ,hcrc w: . .1;nt , . [ccd- l iJ ,ck f rc l , r b] :c,n i- t i t ; th . . c i 'c i , i . T i ] , - r , r iss i -n i ; i t r rc, iJ: j -n th, , c l r [ ] r l ,' r .n l . r , . nr , .sr* . - ' rnort -u1t r ;nrr^. ; . f t i .crc. r i : ( . i t -h. r r i . t ' r l . .cs l ! . , i r1; i -g t l ru i l . l -,ru urtv l r tvDU Jr.l1 ': : lorc fcr* i1c, nor r loc; ; i t l r t - f


14/34

Fiitlrc 1 :

IIIIIIIIiI

a,/Err r -]r .- t \i "*^ ' - ' " - l

Tiic Declinc arrd. Fall

Succcsscrsl iusl imCa-ii-; hat cD--^-*i -n'!3r vrcrIhpi rc

-l i lypcthctical fJor'l char-t

va l r assvrt ic lh thr ' ,ugi r i :at t ic

l iature \ rf l:, lor:ic.l l ],rcikd-,-r-,,:rrr ' : t -st -\ - -tI>\

--:..'.'---)r'

,/ ,/r/ \ ./ \,/ tsr-tt1"" t. , ( i,r i:c'vcrishcd/t.,""".rn""4"'i d suilTrcr"rric .',t i t r .----,/rCrus::U"= ,i 'r, I

,/ t -o-- \ I 'i,----JJl.---^r .- i.i+T \

/ r f . - ' - , , ILi j r I r'r' r' L ' I{T.,r,.rnarnctrt i A suit}cr'.fie /'Ll/ Crus::C"=,ri ', , I,/ ut.---t ' I I./ ^ \l ,'i,-lf.--1.r.;--cr s,Fit" -, ,--jf1c-L--l-- +J -t t .:ic-bhcrt.sric:l' I\-.-.- I /\ ! ltirt't= t:-fl: r-l' -)i \ ./ F.a"t", \' . i \. . --1 ,r. , -* *. i . \ ; \i D:cc sivc social \

\ r#;;;:, t urbr':id""Yr-:11ii':l:'t./\r/

IcnI

)c sr,tc c,9' i1l-- Ir I J - . . !il, r-t u -i

Ccntr ipct: l nre-r,rial ii,-ncn-;rodtictivc

1l ' '


15/34

.i{gir. .l.cl,r.,,.,.+:J.h,.. .,t.c_.i.rcv,i1.sy5-t_q1.a.q-i;? }.tori1'-}riy spcdcini; ,-_r.str,) q? .l cr r t " r .s scr f 's i ,n, l - nej ; r r r . : l is tcd; t i i1 ccr .1 ' ,1, r -ct " Ih and-; lc; r ic , i l r { { tb, tct t\/ l !r r ,, . lucl inc rui , .1J;7 ' sct ' i - te c i r , r r { rc i l .v i t l : t r l t iJ . I ' r -ar l ; r t r ) ' t , t i t ,h th; 31:c l : Dcat l i ' /n . )q( : i , l r r . l . ,n i rnr1 l : in . ' , 'b i r . : i ) r ) i )Ul : ; - i ; i l . f .tO t l r .C tLU. ] r , .f at tCr: t {O,4" JUf inC .LV, ;C,

, . n .r. rt i nnr r


16/34

1tDr : con.Lit i, .,ns corrl,L th; s.ystcr. : iuvc 'l ieun s,"vstl? , . rrcLait lLin thc rrnsrrcrsoorris tc travu to br:: -tj:. g!!lls.c. S,1. +.o. S1Sg]l-3S. lr1l. .f.a.t.f_ l-.-b]lr. !-..t +Syj*!i/!tum_l!::s_ _t-i i. ;nii i1ivp-L :X.s!y,ni, n-r-i; i lr-r,r i , ; r , t j.cular f lctc;r vrit[ in thetsystunr. It iS ,-'ossi'b1c tc. , mainterin a rnatcrJ-al 11,' nr;n-.r,rr-d.nctivc cli-bc


17/34

to

t i rc,:1itos had sh,.)wn [or,] rcstraint oncu thc rr :sour.cc basis itsclf : .r r .sl . e tr^ rrrr : l t : t r ' l n ' r , i r rrc i , 'n Fr.)r1 . , i n ,rr l ^v * .t ; . - .^^vr , v4 (d r - v^rr, . .va\ es uLurrr l ' { r ' . , , . r , ; , , ,"r t ic , ir l i th Jrv in l i l in l :irrcl,mcs bcca',usc c;f rl-i:strr, lction of t lLo ri)s()uf.ce basc i-ecrc:rsinf,r cotts;:r'c n01, nccrlcrL to -ltrini ': t i te slrsf ,cm il 'r'n111constiurt costs rrri l l i ir ' . Tirs- , / . :+-.rr nr,rr ' l L 'nr-.- ] : ; l ryg l :CCn Sa.l V.-r . , .c(: l l r r i r , , . ,r^rrrr in.,? t l lc fCS.)uI.Ca) Jta:, .c f -c. r'v rrr . l . / I \; v trr , j vr lv r u* ..Jui v\, , ,I t l , : . - .s+"k:crin.; it conlrt i,-n l, .rrrrl t ltc l;Jrs'bt n ri:t:t l-nc:]fr,rl)lc. ; ri 11,': in, ' J;r '. 'rs: bixr suiir: l.u.l crtrr.otul- vrrs 'rwastlrr-r-t ' lV r.nr*it l. l : .r.ds)o nct ;1r, ,q;het lJ-rr'.cknt o th c rcs.--, i r . : :ccbesc., f t l r : s nr-;t r-rscd to l-lu1rcet-ufe -b o i,rcvi.1oI ' r tr f ' , , r .* i ' l iz , .r- cf i . * ,ct l 'u tr , ' , r l r r , :rn - i ,O r) fL )V| ! l . ' fOf -UIi . , SOff!- jo T[C nr-Cl- iCV:.]J |JLv r, '1 j . -"1 : , ','(- ,r0 cf glJ.9e:a.s.u! ", ii'. tr,urnuilcnL, r;ra;' t:Lv n(;:rnt :


18/34

17

3. The Post- f lodern Per iod: SomeSoecuL at i ons0n Social Formation" Decl ine And Fal lI t is the bas ic tenet of th is uhole exercise that i t makes sense

to ta lk of a h.lestern (or occidental) c iv i l izati on uith a eentr i fugal ,expansionist and a centr ipetal, contracting side to i t , osc i l la t ing l ikeaI tcrnate current in t i r re ; s l rou l in i ; the expansionist s idc u l dur ing Ant iqu i tyand the i\ lodern Per iod (part icular ly in the form of the RomanEmpire andof LJestern Imper ial ism), shor,.r ing he contracting side dur ing the t{ idd leAges and rr lhat ue here, r , ; i th a rerm both neutral and tr i te sha11 refer toas the Post- f-v loder per iod, Thus, uJeassume a contradictory cont inu i ty ,only that the balance turns ou'c d i f ferent ly in the d i f l ferent per iods.l loreiover, ue assume that t lrese contradict ions are refl-ected in sharp socia]polar izationsr u i th the dominant qroups :nd the ir imi ta tors adopt ing thedominant side of the cosmoloqy ot ' a q iven era - by def in i t ion - and u i th the^ tL-- ^ : l - L-:-- ^l^^t^f, L, , ^ , ,1 .^ -- . . -^ rL ^ 1^ . -^at,l^^ ^^l +L,^ a-rn . i nr ' l iz :rr ju ul IEI Jf UE UcIl lg dUUIJ LtiU Uy UU LU ! UUP- t u l lU IUUr-r dl lKJ . l l9 d l lU Ur lE l lL* -

r narf l rr rdnn l- in^ i* Fan^"rn +h,.'/ -n c m:r^ in- l n:r* lri honnminn marninnl- PoLv l ' /


19/34

,18i

incorporatedr ' i r r . rB havo been through th is bcforert . I t can be l ikened toindiv idual cr :nsciousness of one r s orrJTr asts many perople secm r-o rel ivecLrfesponcJing seasons in car l ier years, anC thus have ar mu,Lt ip lc conscic iu: r r j : ' ] : .A sumntcr br ings to l i fe memorics and sent iments f rom L-. r f l ier summers, andso on.

So, the bhcsis is th; r i , l : i rc lL lest is headi rg noL ior thc Ner, rwl. iddlen ^-^ -,, ,1. 6^ - - pn.;f-rar11J.rrn nnrind r,r i f h snrrn in^..-r-- f ^r----^t ' - f iSt iCS,L lUJt UUU I U! . i ruJU-r.ruuurrr pu!rUu, U! Ut r ourlU Il i rPUl uul lu Lrr(lLoLLLi r , conrnr:n ui t l r the lYl id, i l rL Aq. - ;s" This thcsis shoul r i be cuntc: r , rFfatcdrrrremot ional ly r , l i thout immediateJ-y lapsing in 'co vis ions of the nt r- ist neqat i .vcasnncf .r nF lhr, ;v l i f ,41 -, A-,, ,r . . +t-^ q-rra lnr.. f l - rrr rrnSti lCnCe .rnd r j iSCCSe inv lJUUUr ur urru rrfuu l t . dguri Lrrc J - lu .r fu ! , . t t ' r Pv

1 fL .- . i^^ye, , r j ra. r , u, ,s ry, roto i ' lcJ and euperst i t ion, thc di r t and the foul smll1s -- 'To th ink in such terms is to conmit thr ; fa l l t icy of l r r lsp lacr j r l concclctencsstto c, rnfuse simi lar i t i .cs r ,L i th ident i t ias, lv lor t . 'over, ib . J-s also sr. ; ] -1 ' -d; f l r : : - r t inr ; l l a nruch InL ' l reprom s ; . i r ,q at t i tucl r - . r . r i -t r in Lhis appro. rch r, loul - t lhrr t .n , vnl nr . r l -hn i - - rossi i l i 1 e.s r l i th j .n t .he l imi ts sLt f or thc F' ,st -ntoderTrper i od.

LJhat , then, ui I I bc somc of ihc character is l , ics of the neu socia l. : ider? Lcst any re:der bel icv. -s thr authors brr l j .eve thcy nre rcadin ' i l r ;futurc in a crysta l bal . le or have concDatc pre-knoulcdge, lct i t be saidonce and for al l that th is j -s aI I i r ighly conjecturaL" f -or one thi .ng:t l re uholc thecry is empirical ly hcsed on only three phases, on Luo turnsand three st rckes of a spi rr l in ,3 pundulurm. In , : sense th j -s is cnough i f" - reknou Lr i : lare deal ing ui th a pendulunr - but Lre certa in ly do not knor, rthat , ue merely use i t as heut ist ic i "So, uei .ng that heur: .ct ic, tuhat doure usec[?

[ rJe see today a system in a der:p di]emma. 0n thc one had it knousthr t ihc i :xpansicrn is t ohase. r , r i th l : lcs l i ; rn inp-r ie l ism hcs comr: lo ; 'n ;nd.An urrur expanding m. l tcr ia l l ' r , non-product ivc, c i - i t r i u i th uvcr cxprndinq:pp, ; t i tee seens to brr :prrc l icr l "cd cn rnrernct j -onal - as: runrpLi r :ns no longt . robtainarble. External reservci rs c. . r f 'n . : tu- ie, c; - rp iLaI , Labor anJ so ot r u i - l - Ibc 1, ' - ;v, not more , t r , r l i l -ab1, - . 0ont ract ionI f i ' . ) . inr3 I ;eck on oncr s; o ' .ur tresources, seems incvi table - :s is today al ready discussed ser iously f 'ort l - rc case rr f energyn Somc kind of lL icstcrn local i -sm is ci l l lE: r l { 'or -


20/34

19

t :xcursicns bcyond, haul ing rJ: jourcJS or ch: :e i l l laoor onr. r , ray or t l rc othcr/co hv hr inninn them fn th,. rr in.- ,.c- inn in fho tr to-+ ^r l- ,n;^r i^-\u Y uy r,r4rrgrrrg urrYrrr LU Ltr! PIUu---rr '! r u,oSt9 Of Ofl .nql.ng t.lUi r rn i :n l is inn fn fhg DI3CCS UnCfr . , naLUfr- ' r1neJ -tbof r1 'e Chpep t rnCj abUndant): "" -sc. :ms to he out . To +-hc cont rafys i -h.Jre nay bc expansi rrn ist , iorccsoutsidc the t raoi t ional !est t ryt r iq :o rcvJr je the Sumee uxploi ' " inq thelLJect as the LJest once explo i icd ihcrn. Af ter a l l , the f , lus-L. i rnsronqucrc:dand kept fcr a lcnrr- t imc J qood pcrt ion of thc Ulestcrn Fiom.rneinpi . ra i andevcntual -1y (1 453) conquered thc Iasterrr r ;npi rco Just as i t uou]d not bcruled ouc that one of l the l -asr- ef for ts ol tL.Jestern nper ia l ism uould be alet tcr-dcy crLrsade to i - ibr : laLc Arao and I rarni i :n oi lu: l - Is f rom che l ' lusl inrsl t .r(1 ikL: J, : rusalcrn in the l - : te mr: i l i i jva l" crus:dcs) on- shoul -d nr-r t ru l ,e out i : li l lus l - . rn count i : i f -at t i tck" / l f tcr : , r l I , thry are al .so ctccidental and exDosed to' ;hr : E;antcsocio- Iogic ancj n, r7 untc; r , - jn r jxp, : rnsionj .st ph. , rs; i . : l - b l re s: r in i i t imr:i rs t i icstarn civ i l iz . . r t ion in thu norL naf rouJ st ins, , r :nters cont . r ; tct iL-rn ( tn, .c, :unl ' - r -cycl icel hypoth. ; : is ) .

.The deep di lemnre r ' , f . : r rcd to abor. re can f ror ! ,be formu- l - : r t " rd: isi t p lssj f 'Le for thc l r , 'esl to f . : r I l b : ,ck on i ts Duin rLsol rrccse Uestcrn l -ocr- l isnrn oLhcr Li lordsr YCt dcvcJ.cp a v i rb l r - . u, :y oF 1j - fc? Cf , rv ious. ly only i r ' . ;omcoth, : r f :c lors a lsc changt : . I f - , , . 'c tssumg l l r i r t both s izr- . . -n iJ ; r ,p i l r+. i tcs ofi t mi : i . , , , I ' ia11'ynon-product ivc; l i tc rcmEin Cr. tostanL, h: re : ,1r ,, i r0U,- th lysp:c i ' rk in, ; tuo sct ; r : r iog.

F i rs i -e onu nr i lhL t ry to br in, ; rnrrrc l ressurc on the int t l rnalprcrJ.et ' r r i : t? i ,nr j on neture" This ucuLd bc sonc kind oi mcr j i . -v. l - sccn; . r iops- inct : t .hc medieval syst . im sec. rns to have bsen based on prucjscly suchf actors - accordinE to thrr pf escnLat ion rbovc. I f ue rul -L crut thepossib i l i t -y of l onc part of thc Lt . ;s l coloniz. inq ;nc. , hc, r (at . 1. ,ast . f or t l - rel i rne bt : i -ng there j -s i , r balancc in the Nort .h America - lJestern furLrpe -[ . : rsJ:etn furopt -r t r i . :nr , r Ie thr t . t , , r r - ru] .cJccrnt o lu lu th is ouL crn a arand sca. , ]e)thc rcsul t uould have to be ar cont ro l - i -rF the presunt pr 'c. r lc t r , r ia to thcrr /o lkcrs; rnd uhat remr: ins of farmcrs t : : del iver t f re qct -rdse and of the clerkscrf v3r ious k inds to del lver thr : services. I ' la ture uoui -d have to be seueLrzrdevcn further as a' resourcc b lsc prcbably inctudi .nq e>. ton; ivc use of nucf e: rrpcl r !ur . The systen -uculd hinc-rc on i ts : ,b i l i t y tc cont rcL thr : prot r :sts f rornnl r ' ;urc rrnd f rom Lhe int . rnr l prc lct , ' r i , r t r p rrb ly by noL cxplo i t inq thom


21/34

zu

int : : exhaust ion, part ly by rcstor ing them through neu. r echniquus cri,n-* ian ^cLsu,L. r ,urrr , , vr f t3LLl tG .1nd hL. rmnn l ikc - r t ! through nuu. r orr. rs of cont rc l ,

l " ikrr 13cosystcm and biochcmici :L. . t tLr ' rc l - ic cngi .nt ; , j r ing.Sc,cond, t i rcrc i .s 1-hr. t ppnDach through hc;u f i rV. ; l o f product iv i ty

r ,L l l i l r uhh. ,ord o1", through aut r . -mnl ion/ rob, ,1- izr t ion, This n ight r i rorr . r utrr f d issr l - i .s f :ct ion ui1-h i .hc sci )nar ic a l - rove3 i i the r I i 'u . rs ar l - , to bcnrai ; t i in- : l in Lr t f r drrm' l i r r . rnJ r ,c[ )p ' : , then t i r . ' rc hrs t r . l ' ; r ; iupur-cxplo i t . t i rn; - r f thr : in l ; : rna-1. Frr 'o l . ' r l . :Diat :nd n: 'Lure ulh ln i ; -xt i - rnr l pro l t - ' l ; : r i ; r l :ndn: rLUr! : : l : r , no -IOTr;Jr , v. r i1, rb l . , . : i , . :c . luSD of inclcr ' .s in1t s:1f - r , ,Lr i rncc l ; f ' t - i rct )


22/34

1n $, -ry ing so ue nrL nut insist in. r on i .x, rct rupl icr t i nn oF aI lc. l -cmr:nts in a medicval systcnr econt r rc i - in t_r n: r ' tJcrcosrnol r-gy. 3ut bcf orer ;peninrr f l r - : r such vei l ia t i , ;ns JL: t us s(r i , t lherc th i lor : ic l f i -h. . l -hcory uoulcl.1 . : ; l us - bui ld inq cn uh, t t ncs been said ' . l t rcur-m;Jicr ; r l cosni l logy.

l : "1- t_. r3| l_ l t t_p_g thc 1. l i :s l u. r , - ru. l - rJter t sccing i tsc- l I f I 's on' : pc ntin i : rc ie l spac{- i , onr, j i rmr. lno anye not as thr ccntef lo bc in i t : . t , ld or bccr: r rv r r - .J byl by tht r , - rord, cr bv lh; suord, cr l -hrouqh unur lu:1 crchrng' . "Fcr th. ; t r lcst , nol . to:ee i tsc] f . .s th i r c i rn lcr ls d i f l f icu l t 1-r :dav boci tusethrr [ ] r ' : . , l9 l rnb lc: r - is i rn i t , r t . td j rJ l rsturn 3l l : r t ;c cosrr ic lc,Cy, ig s in:pLy' : gt ,oLJt l t rF t i . ; ihc real ' lc , r l -d. Scmrt tnLrs; i t , -vcrr l r ; t1tp. 'ne , . , ' , - , t , ' ,h : , r . : l - -66f ; f r iz . r t i , : ,n, ! , i th , rut the l . i icst l r i :v in1 tc. , dt t rnyth ing. i lur prcciscl .y as 'r c jonl ; i lqLt ' -ncr- l f ihis l iJosternizat ion, non- ldest beccrrnes pouJcrfu l sn{rugl . } to c 'n =. t . . . , l " thi rJt :s- , Lhus undernrining the b, r : is f r r r the idest : r i ; a cuntur . tb le l - r , dr- :mina1. .t l thcl rs by lhe suord, thrcuqh rrncluaJ. exch: rnge - nnd u-1. i r rat . i :Ly n ' : t cvenabl ' , t : do so by the uJord. In th: Cialecl ics of histcryo ar.snon-t !esti r : rnsf l r : rms i tsel f in to u lest , Uest u i I I l t i ,vr . : Li t i r : i rsf , . l r rn tsul f in tL. r ncn-\ i lc : ,1 . rnd uatcho probibly ui l r r cLecp rcArets, i r . ru lhr i . , rn i , r nun-uJu, , t .c i r r i : inues imi tat ing the f or incr l .1est . ID 1-f , ls ppr, .cess t l t i f 'orrner non-.Ui lst -r rety t : . 1


23/34

-LL

Thi ldc a mure hoLisi , ic andconcern ul th tot t l i t ies. : ru i i Lu, i th t ,hei_rui th rn incr re lat ions th: t t , rken rtu, : r : f 'ca iuse major dj -sturbances.

r- l j . rLocr ic epis i ,c lnt r r loqy. l jorer ;u i t racJict i rns rnd chrn3ee Icsicorr text and used inst rurnent . l l ly mi y

FourthS neui m-3n-m3n r i j l -3t j -L)nsl . i . io d oubt rhctor ic uoul_d becgal i tar ien, lnd equal ly obvi i - .uslys rr : i l i ty ma y agi - i in bc vcl t ica l , butp i ;ssib ly in a more cor lcct iv ist ic set , t ing. 0ni : iL-ray f sr lu. r r ing th isapparent ci rc lc urru l -d bc t r r q ivc s,pec: ,a l st , : tus to he nl she uh, r is mr:stegaJ. i l : r r ian, most sol - j - i l r ry, c; r1r . . lb1r: f d lspl ry in3 m. :st spi r i l o f ' s . , rcr i i . ice ,, ,Jf uorking hrrdost f : r the comn(. r) uea- l - . -9glr l lnmr hippiesrcr ' r rc i r f : .Ler: ;cr ctherst , ar i - l the most obvi ; . rL ls exampLes cf 'hou urhat hcs be, ,1 scid sof . r r c. rn be i tnpiemcnted in a st rucl -urc uj . th scne viabi l i ty ancl lh, :y aIs- .provide us uith axarmples cr f thc rcprcduct ion of vcr t ic^, l , i ty thr : .ucn rnei racl ' r . , r - r l - ! ; f f rsent ioned. They iend to be col luct iv ist , urr i f r t r .mi : ; t - - - , r rdas the membefs are incj iv idui l is ts ui th : ; t r : - ,nq e' rg i l i t , . r r i , - rn r : .n ing, ccrr : in , ;out both of the presen+' snci : r1 fc, nr . : t ion ancl o1" i ts int3r 'n. r l - prrr - rstn l 'JvsrnPntsr the resuLL is e-. is:L ly author j - tnr i ; rn i -sr i , uvin t r : t : r l iLar i r r is , i r .0nly i f the membcrs ar i j imLruird ui t l r -r vcr l - ic , r l : rnd cr lJr :ct iv is l - co:nr i r l i ,gyembeddcd in sr--rn;eeu type of ide o loa. ical s! r thzsi : ; r . - r i l l th is s t ruci .urelrnd process bec' lme nar. 'Lra l /norrnalB no ext : rnal - ccnt ro l , l i l l hc nci :d. :d,thc ccnl r l l is a l rerdy therc; , i .n tcrnaLly. r ' ' l rus verr t ic . . l . i i .y rr ( ru lc ns ar; r f l -eci i r rn oi the l l ic jd l . 'AgtJs. l lut i t c t - r t . t l .d . - r Is l i . r i - r t r - ,ns. t -* ; i r , rn f ' r - . r r , ,Io lJ. r fCs 3 niuch more hcr izcni -a] - Fcrmnbiern t . r l - t rcf rurul -c j thea f i t i r r t i , f r i tc l . ,Jct r rnplcte nc! .1t iDn of expansionist c i rsnof r igy th. rn muster;c1 by 1-hu l ' ,1 ic lCleAgcs.

. | ! !sa man-nature: rc l , r t ions ui l -L probebly bc much mL-rre ynbiuLic,-1 os parasi r , ic - a l thouEh. !hev r.n lo not in i - l ru medidvql systcm. HencceLct us t ry t r , ; mol i f y th is st r tcme nt . . Ths ldcst is not qci nq t r : fcrrgct orfor i :gn al l r f l i ts sciencc anci technorogy, just . l ikr : the medicval - systemcicJ nnt forg; , r t f loman 1au,-rn,_ j so[ r , : t ] f thc inst . i tu t i r ns (of seience andtechrr l , rcy thuro u. ts nt , t much). Hl r t rce ruhat . u; :s ir -ntccj , t t air lul . miqlrt bcl i l


24/34

23

LJasi - t ) rncl makc i lmpl c use i r f phrr l . r - ;synthr :s is in orcJer to l , - r f46; rJt a maximumoF pror lucts for consurrpt i ;n b; r : , r - 'con a minimLlm rt i t ' rgr i - input ,sr t (such ; rssl iJ. r sceds and u. l : , ter) has a re le l icn cl -osrr t o th; t cF r uastcf lu l aqro-tcchnic ian t i : nature th. rn the rel i , r t ion nier ta in ' :d by.pr i in i t ivc ' rTr i - r r . l -ol at Le: :st so i t is assumed hcre. Houlsvct , oncJ r ' t i , r r ! i t Ls qui . tu pr-rssi -bIethat bhi - ; cf for l to qet :c1ua11y much rrr mqrq r- lut r : f lcsc r i l tu le t r j . l beonly a t ransi t i .on ph, rso - . rs indicate d ' .bovl : - ,and th. r t i l f t ,c i . th: : r , r j l lc{ ' ] i r rear rncre t rue ncAat ion c l f c;


25/34

24

man rr i th e beard, a l l prcsic ieC over by Lhc l lestern Cor-1 In short , r , - r iJ .thc l l lL jst see thc rol l " -b lck r . .s an invi t l r t i r ;n tc j , r i i r thc humln r: icL: on r :qur1tcrnsr or as some kind oi c l esL-,o l f , of bcinq dr j -vr :n back f r ; :n Llhr t isr ighbly t l - re i rs? [ / i1 i - the rcl iq ious cxprcsgj -r ;n l ; c univrrsr : ] - is t i rut sTmrr i r t r ic ,or l-r ighly asymrnet r : -c but p; r ' t - rcuj l , r is t - . i i : r 'us in ihc iJ,st rn ly -- 9 j -vcrrthet the universal - ist asymmetr ic c;mbinat ion is out (" rnd thi. p-r t icu lar istaeymme11Lc makes no sense)?

Agai-n, on. might perhrpc h),pr , thcsize t f - r i : t r jbr l Gocj i :s at rar is i t , i r :n phaso i , r r a sulk i -nq cxplnsiLrnist c iv i l - iz : t i rn, and r :curncnical_univcrsal ism as the mL--rc nal -urc: r rnsuler as a ni jg i r t i :n of tht : [ /cst -crnexpr-rnsionist Ccd. 0bviously, th is cJspcntJs on sin i lar t r , :nsi t ions in theI I )an-rn. l r l ncl ml 'n-ncturu const -1, -LaLi r lns; lht 'y u i l l " - r1- l threc: l -cnd t r t bct .unt ]d l - r - . r 165 other, e i thcr the ncdievat hicr . t rchy uJ-th n i r ' "urc i ' t 'u l - reb, : t iorn, Gcd cn the top and man in-betueen, i r : r prn lhr , is t ic , a l I -snconprs: , in !n i , r . lur t ' ; -Gi rd-mln hi rmLrny, rr . ith nr . i1r- l fbove ihe otherso

Civen al l c l thig 1"he sh;pc :nt - i cont :urs uf f utur .c l /cstorn soci -c l ,ycen be draun - as a pr;d ict j - ' :n . I t ur :u l - ' - .1 c Iocal rzcC :nC Cecent rr l_ i ;cdrcl : : t , ive tc the present pat tarni c i t i r :s ucul i d. -crc:se in s izc, t r :J, : Lrcul idccf r- rse in vclumt , ba-r tat uoulcJ br . ; , n th. incrc.sc ano moncy on thcdt . ;Cl r : , tSce -1,911 S; l l . - rc l i .nce Ll , ru lJ b. , L-; ih . , j -ncrcrsr : , ln ath; r rctd3,th l . j r . j fncr : , l . p t rccuss Jccornp-rnyin, ; l -hr- dcc.L ine ci the Ri . r i l : rncnpi r . r ' :ncl rncenerqtnce of the medievel systcm uoul-d br- rLpeatdd. i t is vcrv hard toscc thr t i t crruLd br. ot l reru iscx cxtcrnal , ,xplo i t - - t icn i r . inq i_. : i ,hcmaintcnance of thc ci t rdels r t 'ccr t t ra l is i l , thc c, ro i t : ls of ecrn: r , r ic andp, r l i t ic : I pcuJLr cannot bd mri i r l ' t in , :cJ. l ' iorc inrp, : i tentJ.y, h, -u" .v i : r ; i r r ,mthc pt t in t of vieu of o cont r lct ing cusmi_ r, r r1y hc n ! : ,J- i ;pt - r1.s ; tnrr th i :r - i r . rbr i i l l i iL is rr r r - ru l l Look; rbsurdj as absurd: rs: r mini -c: ,p; iLrrJ. ( t lonn?) or ahiqh 1, -rvcI of l IocaI scl f - re l i , tnce in f i . ru l i t r :dr tool< to nany today"

t / i th in th is sct t inq thcrc u. rould bc rnuch L-. ;ss crnpl ra is is on anytypc l l f extcrnt l accumul , : r ion that can b, . : ident i f icd i l i thr tprggrcssrr .Rather, ue ucu.Ld i tssume a trrnsi i i . r , ,n f r t rm uh:r t Scrckin ts j ras sensrte t l

- / .l - r iu i i t f { , i - r1, / rdcr l is t ic modi- ,s (j l cx ist lncco At lcast in i t i r l ly tht . ;1, : r , rou. l -cbc I h iqh l i rv ' r . rJ of pur i t : rn ism, cvcn csccLic isrTr - nLr duubl port ly rr rouc1nt


26/34

25

abcrut as a deod oF neccssi ty beccuse oF thc duplet ion end non-avai l rb i l i r ,vr; f nr . tur l r l rcsources. Sr:nr : natur : : l cat , r : ; t t , ;ph, ;s brouqht i rbrrur t by hum'rninter fcfence in dcLic; ' t t . - r b; - .Lrncaise s(. rmL. if l them rcl - t , ing t ' : ci l , sr : f l ,c i . ;nucl -car uncrgy, uould prc,c ip i t " tc t l r is typc c; [ : r1. . i : l , r . rc l r .

There ui l l be much st rcni l ; r : i r r t i -scient i f l ic t rcnds than r, - rhat sul i i . r r r " 'sscd so far - beclusc thc s j -n_;1emi-nducjnessof l ludurn pcr i :d Ucst ,er 'nscionce tu j . l I h i t thc uh, ; . j .c r : ; ;puf : r t ion mucl r harCcr. 0thcr i r ; r rns i r f l t rnCcr-s;Lencl inq u, i1I be i r i rp i rLud; rnLl invcni . . ;d -. r t rcnd that nl - rcacJy: ; t , . . r t rd, r tthc en.J: f ' tha 1960s. L ikc l . l -L sucl - r t rands i t is nct Jinc r- , thurc i , ' i l .Lcont inue t ; be ups and dounsr iut the ovcr; r l1 tu-ndcncy ui l l - bc cIe; r r3tuurefds: chrnqe l i bcsic dpisLum! l "ogy.

Ncr, l , pressed into sm: l ler uni ts I i l< . - th is, r i :1 iv in1 m:rn--r iaL: - inCrncrnn. l ic r .xprr icnces of 1500 yr ia i ! lcr t t , . i i r , . t , i I l Lc t l rc. ; t r t rcLur, : of th. rsoci r l r : r r jer? 1t coul r j ue11 ba. : r rcput i t ion of ' thc; ment- ' r i i l - sy3rt r rm gruut ingint r , l pyrrmidal f i :ur i l ism uhi r 'h t ' . r i ru l -cJf ren f -- rc gf r- r r r , :J t i . , , rs ' r f L: ,J i ' r - r l is tnr ' ,r: r r r the neu/ f lederal , ismn. I t ccul rJ a l -sr ; bc C f . torr 5, .1 i2: rnt r l cr : rnnrunc.r^ f ^-+ . i+ *; ^ l r+ . . , , -^ F, - , -^" ,^+,ed that the CDntradiCt i r ,n betU{ j0n thcserr I c:UUt IL l l l l t- / I lU EVgl l UE ' i , \FL.'Lturo f . ; fms (thet ta lphat rrno'?bct : - , " s l ructurr ,s) ur ;u ld lJ- i ' t r ' rnq lht= 1-hing:th: - l1- u;u l -d gj -vc l i lc and dyn rni inr t . r ihc Pi r l t - - rn l , 'dr , rns r . rc i : : l - f lorm. : t ion.

And that cont radlct i ln is a l ruody exprcsoed i rr toh beginni r rg u: i Lhirscct r i ,n on cosrnrr logy lhel ry appl i rd f .o the FLrst -rnodern saciety. l ,Jh; l t u;have descr ibed :s thc, c ' :smoJ-ogy of th- nre i l i ;vaI sysl -cn is nol- r cL;F i r . l -Ltcneoat ion o l 'expansionist cosmcr l , :qy. Ixpansi .onism is in nei :d of an; ] , t , r t rcni .of vcr t ica l iLy, '1c, -rnt ract ionismrr is nr: t . Thc medir :va1 ;y: tcm u. rasa^.^+* ' .^+:^^ ^..-r . inn ' rn,. , iF. lc ,. ; i r t n ltUf 'C t., i f ,91, Via th e :j i j1 .f t :n{^Jl . l rL t lULf ' - l l PUdnf l l .J UFrUi l tJ>9 .l I . . .e, r innr, , ,n i r , rn- \ ,bc th is t . r : :s 1_hr,ccsy' " t :y of doing i t , r tot only br ,c: ,USci f - prusrrvcC vurt icr l i tye but i r lsr br :causc iL prcservutJ l , lgrrurcrr bysqucezing the bot tonr lcvcl - so herci? r , rJouldthL. l c.mpJ. . . tc nug rt i t :n r , : i ihhr- ; r izr ,nta l i tv , evcn ui th mudr- :; r t i r - rn, L, r iL l r . r !ust -ra i r r t Jr :un tu uhrt is t r6 j ; rycal l - t rd I 'minimum 1e,vcl - basic nrc. ' ; . fr r but not belorr . r s inply Le torr c;st1y,g ivcn a rrduccd fesourco bas' ;? Dces th ' - r t me:n that i t coulc. l onLy bsnnrnf ic.d aFf :n - dr-m-f i r r1.- ..r .nrrnhi^ r irre l in.r n--,. t,t - .h . , , f , - . ; t n_C,-.;" :- -i y!c,uurJUU rr LLr I U! l l ' l r iuau !u:l r-r !! :F ' rr .:v uuul rrru, LJ!l ruLl rr ! l r .r ,JuL l lLby a majr : r ur '?r or catast r , .pht . , "n- 'n-maCc'- l r nr t r l :u f - by scl f - - inprtscl :


27/34

26

Lr!UIIl l I l lL-] I EI Ufl

knot rr , but soonerLJ: ; do ncl-

Lct us norr . r urn i ;o r ,ncthgf arsp( jct ! uh, r u i . 1 l bc bhc carr ic; ist . r i Lho Pcst -m, ldern per i . . ld? Thrr LJ3ot r


28/34

- - 27

ernbarking ' ln sc. r , ( , ' jh ing vcry neui :1 ' tcr thc cr, 1. rps. : : f tha Re'nrn cmpi r, i i :thc l l ;s t no doubt sr ,ugl ' i t anJ c; l t : ; ' rme r:1 '1-h, r i r insl r r rat i r ,n 1 ' run a pre-Ronrart ucal isD, Less b, :n l ot . r c. rnqucst , r i l [ i ] ru on . :u l f -suf l - c ient sust rrnanci r- u l - rc c,Jkog. r ; r th: r lhan th; E] . } i2 ' . , r cmpirc. Th: l those uho star tuci

^""+'- - ^Fl irn f ho nnl l : r r .qrr c, f thc mcdieval one di t l s i ) urc l


29/34

28

al l " ber:n t r iecl , that there ur . - ,sni ) r . : r : , ryut exccpt by breakrng thc par; -d iqr i .l r jhat thcy arc ] r i i k i l rg f rr r is not r : ; rc ci i t i , ru. . ; oF thc prcscnt systcn -thcy d, r nct need that - they ar: l i rcking fc, r a.n a l tnrnat i \J, - t ccnvlncingenrrugf r" A.Lmost paradoxical ly ' thcyi . r r r l fL .Locrk or radicaiJ.y di f l ferentsi ; lu l . inns for they u i l l he quick 3n.J txF,ur iencrC uf lurUgl r ; sensu t f r: s inL: l - I, rf docay in revis ionism r. ; i th in. : l systcrn that h ' r : ;1 i rs l . thoi r r l Icr , ; inncc.I t is in thc.s, . r groui ls thc mL,sl spaclacul ar rrcr-rnvurei . :nsr?i l i l - l - t r i


30/34

29

inC ident i f ly u i - th the rani r issance , . - ind rcr , :ar l ' - ; cuf t bro l


31/34

-\

3: t

+. Conclusion

In ccnclusicn, sornc bricf rcmarks abc'ut c'.ro r,r;-,c,rt.rntoi- r j ;ct ions tc -bhis tyyc of i : . la lys i t ; - - ona t i . i . t i t i r tcc,dctcrminist ic,thc othcr that i t opens for vr ishfir l t i r i i rk i t- r ' " Thc r :ucorrr l ' l l jcc t ioni r l rc l ; r t iwr , l r r r . r r : ' i lw di s :nr ' :nn, . , .Ivr i th.Lr vL./

Clcar iyr i l )L l rc l i l iduclogical th inkin, ' , ' 'nr i11 tcnr l tc, pnint tho1; rcs;nt a l l dark a l : l thc futurc al l wl^ i tc - as . : l ncl ;at ic i ' r , , f thiprcscnt - c i 'b l : .cr . ior : thc scl -ccted fcru (Ci rr ist i im ur;chcbc-, Io;y) t r f r . r rt irc cLo'rmt::c' i]dcn (, ; : r. rxist ;sctratololy), or fc,r ih, : , lvr, or-rnll l irl(ido Tlrorcis no cf for t hcrc tc; ra int the fut rr . rc cl I wLLi l ;c. I t r i t i ly l )c objcc; tcdth:"t what is seicl rbc.ut thc pr,-sunt cvcrun,-,Lrasrj.zcs ^;.13t i ' l)cs ivr'(,n,; (t t r.cxt r r lo i f , . l t ic ,n, rr f ver i ( ,us kin.Ls) an. l rurd-crcmr, iu '.s izcs r i r : : . -b" ( . -s ! r i ;1t (*"ncrrnnrr l -r i ^n h nrrml ,r . ' ^r^ '.1 .. -J I trAS:t ii l : t . lSC:]Uf L; rrrr .1.. r- r . ' \r L..yg 3vcry broad rang., cf nccds satisf icd ).

But thc Post-mod.crn ncr iccl is nt- . t sccn :rs a nuro utoniao6;uitc to thc contrar :r : ' thc view i:; that in t i , i , i lest;:r r r cosrrrr - r Iogy, cthf 'or thc cxprnsion 3ncl thc cc-ntr :"ct i . n r r r . :C:se thiru is sr 'n.thin{ i. , -1.. , 'r . .-^ -. r i -+.\ .^-. .^+.1,1 ^1"-vs l . ,n i n. . - i r r 1" nr . c ,cc ieluntal is int


32/34

31

this r'ray cf thinkin.l as lonias ui9_g..lJq9:llr.,g_lgr-.r,i-n-s-,a...c-oF&Lcj1a.r9-{'kggq_1L.t}:-"_l:,L1"":.!*11-_:gqgl'j-qy.l+!.. iis lons as this is thc cascthcrc is not onl; i ,n;y unawarcncs; cf how I.un progr,:unrntcl y n1vci-vili-zation iyrrf Jrolir unawarcncs$; bu t thcrc is our nutua.l r-cinforoo-mcnt cf or.rr ini1ivid.,. .:.a1 roJrarns by socing othcrs bchevi:ti1 , actinq,talk in., fair ly,nueh in the sa,rc l ,r . j ,y o; :s to consti tutc wl,at i :s r rc-rrmal,:,nclnetural-. .Ls lcn; as wc ar c c;llcciivc]y ulicon:icir_rus of suchprcgraJns wc :Lrc doomecl o fol l-cw thern, . ), hluidful of pr ,; tcsters, ofdoviants, r .rhc, evo o1;encd he col lective bl:uck box, gccn tire ir rogram,burned it off and. cvcl'r switchccl. on iuothcr crrc for {hsm..6lvcs clx: ltehrrndlcr l as cxi lct ly tha.t; cLcvi::r t=, *-1 l ,c ;,rc l)er ly mar,.; inal izt: . I . Justas incliviclual psychc-analysis cails frr .1. cry ccm;jl-ct,; ar^lerc:rcs; cfho'nlparticularly carly childhood ,Jxperr-ences havc formc,l -bhc unconscic,uslayers of th . :1 lorson, : i l i ty ( t t rc d.ccp;;rc,1;r lm of tLru fc:son), 'ulhat i ;ca11ecl or herc is somekincl of cc, l lcct ivc socic>- iuralysis, cxplor in;togcthcr t l re naturc of the decp co,1c ,r f that civ j- l izatirn. Thc :- lrc '- : Icmir ; that th is wi l l ; , robab]y rxly happcn,'-ncc thc s l .s ter r is thrcwn intothe couVulsions of rclat ively dcep cr is isr and a cirarecter ist ic of theci iscs is t lut the r,:urge o1'options clecrcasesc In cthcr vrord.s, thetfagonizi-ng rcappraisal-r rwi11 corncv;lren t is too la.tc - wl ' r : woulC careabout a hld.cl.en rogrJn wlien things arc opcratin6 snocthl;r!

But cvcu if this colfcct ivc socio-amalysis sirouLcl ake i, lacc'r* a r lonn' lorrn] i t is r rn ' i ikc ' lv that t ire COnCLUSiOnS WoU]d be r : : ral imOUSt +v rr w^rr^vrJor unarnbiguoLrso ftcploitcrs, ex1;1,-'itc:l eurrl-margi.n;r1iz,cd wculd not vicwthc systcm the sa:nc way. Thc clcarcst view c;f ' thc syst\rm night bcfrom thc outsic l-c - ' i t might rrar tLj 'coincic ie with argr onc of thc thrcepossibi l i t ics. just mcntionccl i .n 'b


33/34

32

hc, h,. '1 r ,r 'd *hrnrrnr lr n ,-1r,,.n,,r i nqi r" i r* r .,ty+.' i nrr+.nJrr i f i+ 'i .1 .-1in1rluu rl9r lJvq Urs J4( j II q Llvgl rva arlDr5rrv t uLrr vLvvLaL LJ f I I v !D i rr4rrvuthrou,q:h a high lcvvl cf conscicn' t iz,- , t ion and. personal n,,bi l ization., r soci,cttr r n d.ccp trr ,ublc mi, ' :ht cLo - ikcwisc. notl i mi,, l r t cr .rnc r thcconclusion tlnt thcy wcrc orl & Nrrrlrr- roilclI m.l retoc,lr rui,rolirc"rn ri:thc:rtharr unclergo somc firinur rcvisions. Tjrus, c(insoiousn{lss:l woufil no t h.:lpthern in nroCify in6,".n cxist inL'prc/ lr i - 'm in an; ' rnincr l iaJi thc. cr is isnossib]rr ' l r : :r l ' in r . ' to Cr-rnSCiousnoSS-fcrTntt ion, iou lc1 , ta j rc t ' tc ,o 1atc .,! Uv+ v+C/But it ccuLC mcan rnore ardarcncss in thc forrnertion of thc ncxt progr.rn,mcre ins i ;h t in t . . , t i rc pcss ib lc opt i ln" ; .

ff l r rr- ?.rr , r ' ln nr '* *h 'in lr 'r l c'-r ' fr ' . i , r *hr- l- 'Flr .- r ; .1 . , : * anrr "l .nrr-nr I IaDt iv \ : u \ f r Ir . u urrf l t^, _t!-" .:. '" ,Y I, i , ;,.*Xt ur ldv L I I ! rvuru ryJ I ' | J I I tvrhas a cl icr icc bctuccn cxj jansi( ,n:ur ! i contractj .cn: i t is s i : ,c,vcrcrbcndcdthat the latter is wr it tcn cn thL r .Ial- l- , Btr t i t dtrcs harrc a chciccbctwccn a sclf-ccntcrcd., cvcn &utarchic v.rsionr md a sclf- rcLiantvcrsiun that woul-il-cntcr intc: cxchini;e c;n uquai terrns uiti l c'tl icr fartsr i f ' thc wor l-C.;ani l i t l ras a ch'.. ior l .rctr^r :utr inorc vcrt ical- vJrsic,n,rnorc sirni l-ar to thc fcudal lystcrnr mC ir , noro hr,r izcntal- vcrsionr Xotto bc spol lccl out. ln shor i: 'bhcrc arr cptions fcr thc fu iurc , vr i t l t insoinc vcry brc,acl constraints ir,bout i.;irich litt lc c,3.nbu dcrrc lury longcroIt is ncithcr " '1a' ;1r ;c i t lJ lc r-r 'c,u. l l l t i t t . bc salva;ecl bccausc it was a-r ' r ,Lst i l l is too irannful , t rc cxpl i ta t ivu - b i th intcrn:l ly i i1 1t" , .t t ,1*" 1.".. ,Arra^ '1htr i( .s and axttrnaf h' , rn thc itdcvcl r i t i - r , , ' r t c,) r r l tr j -csovvvlvPvu vvr.slUlJ\/9 ulu v4vvrrrarr .) , +rr Ullu UUI t is uxploitat ivc i ir al 1 rveys .. , ' f n ' : turc , cf c:; ' r i t . : , I rcr iuul.c;-sr Jfthc cntirp;.ryorLcl prolctar latr ,and. { i l t i rnatcly alsc; cf thcrsc wh,: arc saiCto bc lxncfi t 'b ing from thc slrs{grn.


34/34

33]{OTES* L'h is p l .F,cr is al vL{/ f i l l ; t r ' i . r "a. { ' t -1 ' r :h i t , tcr " i ' ,J . ' [ r f r . r t ]Lc ' , , r ; r i r r - 'b i ;o1, cnt i t lc i l l icrc-h istc, ry : : . r , r " :lcstc: rn Civj 1 j -zat ionr i . ' r 'e i : : r 'cr l ' lJ l '' l l rc Cl -ra" i r i t r cc 'nf i : -ct aru; . )o i los ] : { is , - i ' , . rc l l . , J i i ivc, rs i '1 ,y ' , - i OsI r ' .Cl r , : rptcr 1 rron t lLc Jr"st 215CA ] ; i ' . r : in ' , 'csu. r 'n I { is 'u, ry, :u. .4 S-.m'Renarks i n 'biio Ccning lOOfi a.1t1r;rrrr- j t chi"irtcr XII in v:, lrrnc ,{I I fof Th c l 'k-. :w imbi1li,,c l,tc' lcm ii ir; lo4i, Cnrnbric1,1c Uni',r,;rl; i ty I ' i ' , ;s,1979, i , f " 318. .3,51. In i{s 1--1 ' , : r i ; t i 'b' . ' r : - i j - . 'n i t i$ f l ' , , r i ( in t r : i l er : ab: : ,c i l ; r r - :u ld let , i r r t ' ' ' thc Si : r tccnbi r w. r lc l i - :

Documents

Western Civilization in the Contraction Mode