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WESTERN WESTERN CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION

C14 - Western Civilization

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Page 1: C14 - Western Civilization

WESTERN CIVILIZATIONWESTERN CIVILIZATION

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OriginOrigin

Began in Europe based on the Greco-Began in Europe based on the Greco-Roman civilization.Roman civilization.

One of the existing world civilizations. One of the existing world civilizations. Started either in 8Started either in 8thth cent AD or 16 cent AD or 16thth cent cent

AD ; after the end of European Middle AD ; after the end of European Middle Ages (5Ages (5thth – 16 – 16thth cent AD). cent AD).

Overlapping terms; “West” or “Western”, Overlapping terms; “West” or “Western”, “Modern” and “European”.“Modern” and “European”.

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OriginOrigin Different definitions – based on different Different definitions – based on different

criteria:criteria: Regions (Europe, America)Regions (Europe, America) European descendantsEuropean descendants Caucasian raceCaucasian race Western ideologiesWestern ideologies Western cultureWestern culture ChristianityChristianity Advanced / Industrialized European statesAdvanced / Industrialized European states Periods (ancient Greco-Roman / Modern)Periods (ancient Greco-Roman / Modern)

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OriginOrigin Generally, Western civilization is defined Generally, Western civilization is defined

as having these criteria:as having these criteria: European descendantsEuropean descendants Western ideologiesWestern ideologies Developed / Industrialized statesDeveloped / Industrialized states ChristianityChristianity

In consistent with the general perception In consistent with the general perception of what people view of the West today.of what people view of the West today.

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OriginOrigin

Religion was not the driving force behind Religion was not the driving force behind the Western civilization.the Western civilization.

In fact, religion was viewed as an obstacle In fact, religion was viewed as an obstacle towards progress.towards progress.

Separation of church and state.Separation of church and state. The rise of Western civilization followed a The rise of Western civilization followed a

series of events in Europe.series of events in Europe.

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European HistoryEuropean History Middle / Dark / Medieval AgesMiddle / Dark / Medieval Ages The Age of RenaissanceThe Age of Renaissance The Age of ReformationThe Age of Reformation The Age of Discovery and ExpansionThe Age of Discovery and Expansion Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution The Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment The Age of French RevolutionThe Age of French Revolution Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

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European HistoryEuropean History

RomanticismRomanticism The Age of NationalismThe Age of Nationalism

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European Middle AgesEuropean Middle Ages 55thth – 16 – 16thth cent AD (500 – 1500 AD). cent AD (500 – 1500 AD). After the fall of the Western Roman After the fall of the Western Roman

empire.empire. Characterized by intellectual stagnation, Characterized by intellectual stagnation,

famines, economic depression, plagues famines, economic depression, plagues (“Black Death”), wars (“The Hundred (“Black Death”), wars (“The Hundred Years’ War”), the “Crusades”.Years’ War”), the “Crusades”.

The “Black Death” killed 25% - 50 % of The “Black Death” killed 25% - 50 % of European population.European population.

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European Middle AgesEuropean Middle Ages

The “Hundred Years’ War”, England vs The “Hundred Years’ War”, England vs France.France.

Supremacy of the church.Supremacy of the church. Roman Catholic Church as the spiritual Roman Catholic Church as the spiritual

head of Christendom and had authority head of Christendom and had authority over all European secular rulers. over all European secular rulers.

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European Middle AgesEuropean Middle Ages

Feudal systems.Feudal systems. Inequalities, injustices, suppression of the Inequalities, injustices, suppression of the

poor, slavery and serfdom.poor, slavery and serfdom. Feudal society:Feudal society:

ClergyClergy NobilityNobility CommonersCommoners

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The Age of RenaissanceThe Age of Renaissance

1350 – 1550 AD (141350 – 1550 AD (14thth – 15 – 15thth AD) AD) In Italy – Italian Renaissance.In Italy – Italian Renaissance. The “Age of Rebirth” – a rebirth of antiquity The “Age of Rebirth” – a rebirth of antiquity

or Greco-Roman civilization.or Greco-Roman civilization. The “Age of Recovery” – from the disaster The “Age of Recovery” – from the disaster

of the 14of the 14thth cent. cent. A period of significant political, economic, A period of significant political, economic,

artistic and intellectual change.artistic and intellectual change.

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The Age of RenaissanceThe Age of Renaissance

The achievements were the product of an The achievements were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement.elite, rather than a mass, movement.

Wealthy upper classes Italian society.Wealthy upper classes Italian society. Economic recovery from flourishing trade Economic recovery from flourishing trade

throughout the Mediterranean (Venetians).throughout the Mediterranean (Venetians). An increase in manufacturing (textile).An increase in manufacturing (textile). New industries; printing, mining and New industries; printing, mining and

metallurgy (new machinery & techniques).metallurgy (new machinery & techniques).

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The Age of RenaissanceThe Age of Renaissance

The birth of modern diplomacy.The birth of modern diplomacy. Ambassadors as agents of states rather Ambassadors as agents of states rather

than the servants of all Christendom.than the servants of all Christendom. The beginning of modern politics; the The beginning of modern politics; the

interests of the state supersede all other interests of the state supersede all other considerations.considerations.

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) – on Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) – on political power.political power.

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The Age of RenaissanceThe Age of Renaissance Humanist movement – human beings Humanist movement – human beings

could be changed by education.could be changed by education. Education on “liberal arts” (grammar, Education on “liberal arts” (grammar,

rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy or ethics rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy or ethics and history).and history).

Responsible for secularizing the writing of Responsible for secularizing the writing of history – rejected divine interventions.history – rejected divine interventions.

The invention of printing – Johannes The invention of printing – Johannes Gutenberg.Gutenberg.

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The Age of RenaissanceThe Age of Renaissance

Renaissance artistic style – a new realistic Renaissance artistic style – a new realistic style of painting.style of painting.

Leonardo da Vinci.Leonardo da Vinci. Donato di Donatello.Donato di Donatello. Michelangelo.Michelangelo.

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The Age of ReformationThe Age of Reformation 16th cent AD – began in Germany.16th cent AD – began in Germany. Martin Luther, a German professor of Martin Luther, a German professor of

theology.theology. A religious movement, known as A religious movement, known as

“Protestant movement”.“Protestant movement”. Challenged the authority of the Roman Challenged the authority of the Roman

Catholic Church.Catholic Church. Resulted in the division of Western Resulted in the division of Western

Christendom.Christendom.

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The Age of ReformationThe Age of Reformation Luther unsatisfied with Catholic traditional Luther unsatisfied with Catholic traditional

practice of “confession”.practice of “confession”. The Bible as the sole authority in religious The Bible as the sole authority in religious

affairs – no need for traditions and affairs – no need for traditions and decrees of the Church.decrees of the Church.

A hierarchical priesthood was A hierarchical priesthood was unnecessary since all Christians who unnecessary since all Christians who followed the word of God were their own followed the word of God were their own priests.priests.

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The Age of ReformationThe Age of Reformation

Spread to other Europeans states; England, Spread to other Europeans states; England, France, Germany, Netherlands, France, Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavian states. Scandinavian states.

Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, Anabaptists. Anabaptists.

Organized reformed churches. Organized reformed churches. The use of music to teach the Bible.The use of music to teach the Bible. Abolished monasticism and clerical celibacy.Abolished monasticism and clerical celibacy.

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The Age of ReformationThe Age of Reformation

Rejected veneration of relics and saints, and Rejected veneration of relics and saints, and pilgrimages. pilgrimages.

Replaced with individual prayer, family Replaced with individual prayer, family worship and collective prayer and worship on worship and collective prayer and worship on Sunday.Sunday.

Important impact on education in Europe –Important impact on education in Europe –education for the public.education for the public.

Established Protestant secondary schools Established Protestant secondary schools and universities.and universities.

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The Age of Discovery and The Age of Discovery and ExpansionExpansion

A transition of Europe from agrarian A transition of Europe from agrarian economy to a commercial and industrial economy to a commercial and industrial capitalistic system.capitalistic system.

Began in late 15Began in late 15thth cent. cent. Reasons for expansion:Reasons for expansion:

Economic reasonEconomic reason Religious reason (Portugal and Spain)Religious reason (Portugal and Spain) Achieved a level of wealth ad technology Achieved a level of wealth ad technology

(maps, weapons and vessels)(maps, weapons and vessels)

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The Age of Discovery and The Age of Discovery and ExpansionExpansion

Portugal and Spain, followed by Portugal and Spain, followed by Netherlands, France and England.Netherlands, France and England.

Impact on Europe – new land, riches and Impact on Europe – new land, riches and social advancement.social advancement.

The increase of European trade – led to a The increase of European trade – led to a new era of commercial capitalism and world new era of commercial capitalism and world economy.economy.

Reinforced Christians Europe’s belief in the Reinforced Christians Europe’s belief in the inherent superiority of European civilization.inherent superiority of European civilization.

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The Age of Discovery and The Age of Discovery and ExpansionExpansion

Also increased rivalries among European Also increased rivalries among European states. states.

Impact on the conquered people – the Impact on the conquered people – the establishment of European institutions, establishment of European institutions, religion, language and culture (esp. on religion, language and culture (esp. on native American civilizations).native American civilizations).

Introduction by Europeans of animals Introduction by Europeans of animals (horses and sheep) and crops (wheat). (horses and sheep) and crops (wheat).

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Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

1616thth and 17 and 17thth cent. cent. Conflict between science and religion.Conflict between science and religion. Led to a secular, rational and materialistic Led to a secular, rational and materialistic

perspectives that characterized the perspectives that characterized the modern Western mentality. modern Western mentality.

Challenged traditional Christian views of Challenged traditional Christian views of the universe.the universe.

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Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

E.g. a shift from an-earth centered to a E.g. a shift from an-earth centered to a sun-centered cosmos.sun-centered cosmos.

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus – sun- centered – sun- centered theory.theory.

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler and and Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe – solar – solar system.system.

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei – confirmed Copernican – confirmed Copernican theory using a telescope. theory using a telescope.

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Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton – universal law of – universal law of gravitation.gravitation.

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon – correct scientific methods – correct scientific methods (systematic experiments and (systematic experiments and observations).observations).

Rene DescartesRene Descartes – scientific technology. – scientific technology.

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Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

By 17By 17thth cent, the spread of scientific cent, the spread of scientific knowledge in European universities.knowledge in European universities.

Royal and princely patronage of individual Royal and princely patronage of individual scientists.scientists.

The emergence of scientific societies.The emergence of scientific societies.

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The Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment

1818thth cent. cent. ““Enlightenment” – accepting new Enlightenment” – accepting new

philosophical ideas based on the philosophical ideas based on the discoveries of the Scientific Revolution.discoveries of the Scientific Revolution.

Also means rejection of traditional Also means rejection of traditional Christianity.Christianity.

The emergence of secularism.The emergence of secularism.

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The Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment A movement by philosophers and A movement by philosophers and

intellectuals advocating the application of intellectuals advocating the application of scientific methods to the understanding all scientific methods to the understanding all life.life.

The use of “reason” (rational and scientific The use of “reason” (rational and scientific way of thinking).way of thinking).

““Natural law”, ”hope” and “progress”. Natural law”, ”hope” and “progress”. Had a widespread impact on European Had a widespread impact on European

society.society.

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The Age of EnlightenmentThe Age of Enlightenment Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant – “reason”. – “reason”. MontesquieuMontesquieu – “natural law”. – “natural law”. VoltaireVoltaire – criticism of traditional religion – criticism of traditional religion

and religious toleration.and religious toleration. Denis DiderotDenis Diderot – criticism of Christianity. – criticism of Christianity. David HumeDavid Hume – “science of man”. – “science of man”. Adam SmithAdam Smith – laissez faire. – laissez faire. RousseauRousseau – “social contract”. – “social contract”.

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The Age of French RevolutionThe Age of French Revolution

Late 18Late 18thth and 19 and 19thth cent. cent. 1789 in Paris – the attack on Bastille – led 1789 in Paris – the attack on Bastille – led

to the French Revolution.to the French Revolution. A turning point in European political and A turning point in European political and

social history.social history. The abolition of “old regime and The abolition of “old regime and

institutions’ and the establishment of a institutions’ and the establishment of a new order in Europe.new order in Europe.

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The Age of French RevolutionThe Age of French Revolution

Individual rights, representative Individual rights, representative institutions, and loyalty to nation.institutions, and loyalty to nation.

In line with the French revolution slogan In line with the French revolution slogan “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”.“Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”.

Inspired by the American Revolution (“War Inspired by the American Revolution (“War of Independence”) – “Bill of Rights”.of Independence”) – “Bill of Rights”.

Inequality of rights in French society.Inequality of rights in French society. Economic and financial problems.Economic and financial problems.

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The Age of French RevolutionThe Age of French Revolution

Ended with the abolition of French Ended with the abolition of French monarchy.monarchy.

““The Declaration of the Rights of Man and The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen” (1879).the Citizen” (1879).

Men are born and remain free and equal in Men are born and remain free and equal in rights; the governments must protect these rights; the governments must protect these natural rights, and that political power is natural rights, and that political power is derived from the people.derived from the people.

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The Age of French RevolutionThe Age of French Revolution

The ideas were disseminated by Napoleon The ideas were disseminated by Napoleon Bonaparte through his European Bonaparte through his European expansion (1799 – 1815).expansion (1799 – 1815).

He sought acceptance everywhere of He sought acceptance everywhere of certain revolutionary principles, including certain revolutionary principles, including legal equality, religious toleration and legal equality, religious toleration and economic freedom.economic freedom.

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The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution Late 18Late 18thth and early 19 and early 19thth cent. cent. Began in Britain, spread to European Began in Britain, spread to European

continent and the New World (America).continent and the New World (America). Transformed the economic and social Transformed the economic and social

structure of Europe.structure of Europe. From a traditional, labor-intensive From a traditional, labor-intensive

economy based on farming and economy based on farming and handicrafts to capital-intensive economy, handicrafts to capital-intensive economy, based on manufacturing.based on manufacturing.

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The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

Witnessed a quantum leap in industrial Witnessed a quantum leap in industrial production – due to new sources of energy production – due to new sources of energy and power (coal and steam); power and power (coal and steam); power machinery; factories; overseas markets. machinery; factories; overseas markets.

Mass movements of people from Mass movements of people from countryside to urban areas.countryside to urban areas.

Led to a search for new sources of raw Led to a search for new sources of raw materials and new markets.materials and new markets.

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The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

A revolution in transportation; railroads A revolution in transportation; railroads and locomotives. and locomotives.

The creation of a wealthy industrial middle The creation of a wealthy industrial middle class and a huge industrial working class class and a huge industrial working class (proletariat).(proletariat).

Negative effects.Negative effects.

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RomanticismRomanticism

Late 19Late 19thth cent. cent. Began in Germany; German poets.Began in Germany; German poets. An intellectual movement - as a reaction An intellectual movement - as a reaction

against the Enlightenment movement against the Enlightenment movement (reason).(reason).

The Romantics tried to balance reason The Romantics tried to balance reason and human intuition, feeling, feeling and and human intuition, feeling, feeling and imagination.imagination.

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RomanticismRomanticism

Literary arts; poetry – was the direct Literary arts; poetry – was the direct expression of one’s soul.expression of one’s soul.

Visual arts, music. Visual arts, music. Believed that states and societies evolved Believed that states and societies evolved

through time, and that each people had a through time, and that each people had a spirit (spirit (geistgeist) that made him unique.) that made him unique.

Some emphasized greatly on nature – Some emphasized greatly on nature – identifying the forces of nature with God.identifying the forces of nature with God.

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RomanticismRomanticism

Joseph Malford William TurnerJoseph Malford William Turner Eugene DelacroixEugene Delacroix BeethovenBeethoven

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The Age of NationalismThe Age of Nationalism 1919thth cent. cent. Revolutions against authoritarian Revolutions against authoritarian

governments in Europe.governments in Europe. Resulted in national unity (Italy and Resulted in national unity (Italy and

Germany), and constitutional monarchies Germany), and constitutional monarchies (in many other European states).(in many other European states).

The unification of Italy (1861).The unification of Italy (1861). The unification of Germany (1871); Otto The unification of Germany (1871); Otto

von Bismarck.von Bismarck.