Western Cape State of Air Quality Management Report 2017 · State of Air Quality Management 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Project Team: DEA&DP Dr. Joy Leaner Ms. Sally Benson Mr. Bhawoodien

Western Cape State of Air Quality Management Report

2017

STATE OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT: WESTERN CAPE 2017

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State of Air Quality Management 2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Project Team: DEA&DP

Dr. Joy Leaner

Ms. Sally Benson

Mr. Bhawoodien Parker

Mr. Peter Harmse

Mr Gottlieb Arendse

Ms. Xenthia Smith

Ms. Portia Rululu

Ms. Claudia Frazenburg

Mr. Shawn le Roux

Mr. Garreth Grosch

Mr. Njabulo Masuku

Mr. Leon Wildschut

Mr. Deon Stoltz

Ms. Gavaza Mhlarhi

Ms. Palesa Mothiba

Ms. Juanita Senekal

Project Team: Municipalities

Mr. Neville Dreyer (Overberg District Municipality)

Ms. Bulelwa Mtakati (Overberg District Municipality)

Mr. Francois Du Toit (Cape Agulhas Municipality)

Mr. Ron Brunings (Swellendam Municipality)

Ms. Liezel De Villiers (Overstrand Municipality)

Mr. Johan Viljoen (Theewaterskloof)

Mr. Ian Gildenhuys (City of Cape Town)

Dr. Johann Schoeman (Eden District Municipality)

Mr. Shagon Carelse (Hessequa Municipality)

Mr. Sivuyile Mtila (Mossel Bay Municipality)

Ms. Janine Fernold (George Municipality)

Mr. Steven Langlands (Knysna Municipality)

Mr. Douglas Baartman (Bitou Municipality)

Mr. Hendrik Baartman (Kannaland Municipality)

Mr. Ambrose Carelse (Oudtshoorn Municipality)

Mr. Marius Engelbrecht (Cape Winelands District Municipality

STATE OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT: WESTERN CAPE 2017 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT:

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Mr. Jimmy Knaggs (Drakenstein Municipality)

Mr. Shaun Reece (Drakenstein Municipality)

Mr. Martin van As (Stellenbosch Municipality)

Mr. Bryan Isaacs (Witzenberg Municipality)

Mr. Achmad Kafaar (Breede Valley Municipality)

Mr. Dave van Schalkwyk (Langeberg Municipality)

Mr. Gerswain Manuel (West Coast District Municipality)

Ms. Cindy Ganten-Bein (West Coast District Municipality)

Mr. Kobus Marais (Swartland Municipality)

Ms. Rene Toesie (Saldanha Bay Municipality)

Mr. Dean Josephus (Bergrivier Municipality)

Mr. Jevon Kotze (Cederberg Municipality)

Mr. Jan Swartz (Matzikama Municipality)

Mr. Leon Crafford (Central Karoo District Municipality)

Mr. Gerrit Van Zyl (Central Karoo District Municipality)

Mr. Luvo Mankqu (Central Karoo District Municipality)

Ms. Anneleen Vorster (Prince Albert Municipality)

Mr. Johan Mouton (Laingsburg Municipality)

Ms. Vuyokazi Ruiters (Beaufort West Municipality)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS………………………………………………………………….…………………… v

FOREWORD..………………………………………………………………………………………………. vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…….…………………………………………….……....................................... ix

1. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING…………………………………………………………………………… 1

1.1. THE DEA&DP’S WESTERN CAPE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK……… 2

1.1.1. WEST COAST DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY …………………………………………………... 4

1.1.2. EDEN DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY …………………………………………………................ 13

1.1.3. CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY…………………………………………….. 27

1.1.4. OVERBERG DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY …………………………………………………….. 38

1.1.5. CITY OF CAPE TOWN METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY ……………………………….. 43

1.2. MUNICIPAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING: CITY OF CAPE TOWN (CCT)……….. 56

1.3. MUNICIPAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING: SALDANHA BAY MUNICIPALITY…… 82

2. AIR QUALITY OFFICER’S FORUM AND AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING…………….. 91

2.1. PROVINCIAL AIR QUALITY OFFICER’S FORUM……………………………………………….. 91

2.2. PROVINCIAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING…………………………………..…. 97

2.3. MUNICIPAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING……………………………………….. 100

2.4. CITY OF CAPE TOWN METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY (CCT)………………………........... 100

2.5. WEST COAST DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (WCDM)……………………………….……...……… 106

2.6. EDEN DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (EDM)…………………………………………………….......... 113

2.7. CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (CWDM)…………………………….…………. 127

2.8. OVERBERG DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (ODM)…………………………………………………... 135

2.9. CENTRAL KAROO DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (CKDM)…………………………………………. 137

3. AIR QUALITY COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT……………………….……………....................... 142

3.1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………............ 142

3.2. ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION LICENSING………………………………………………………….. 142

3.3. AIR POLLUTION COMPLAINTS………………………………………………………….………... 146

3.4. INTER-GOVERNMENTAL TASK TEAMS…………………………………………………………... 147

3.5. CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING……………………….……………………….………… 147

3.6. SUMMARY…………………...……………………………………………………………………… 148

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LIST OF ACRONYMS ACSA Airports Company South Africa

AEL Atmospheric Emissions License

AQM Air Quality Management

AQMP Air Quality Management Plan

AQO Air Quality Officer

AQOF Air Quality Officer’s Forum

BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene

C6H6 Benzene

CBD Central Business District

CCT City of Cape Town

CKDM Central Karoo District Municipality

CO Carbon Monoxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CWDM Cape Winelands District Municipality

D: AQM Directorate: Air Quality Management

DEA&DP Western Cape: Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning

DEA National Department of Environmental Affairs

EDM Eden District Municipality

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMI Environmental Management Inspector

EPWP Expanded Public Works Programme

GHG Greenhouse Gas

HHRA Human Health Risk Assessment

H2S Hydrogen Sulphide

IDP Integrated Development Plan

IGTT Intergovernmental Task Team

IEC Electoral Commission of South Africa

ISO International Organization for Standardization

JMAQWG Joint Municipal Air Quality Working Group

LM Local Municipality

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard

NACA National Association for Clean Air

NAEIS National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory System

NEMA National Environmental Management Act, Act No. 107 of 1998

NEM: AQA National Environmental Management Air Quality Act, Act 39 of 2004

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

ODM Overberg District Municipality

O3 Ozone

PAEL Provisional Atmospheric Emission License

PM10 Particulate Matter of aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm

PM2.5 Particulate Matter of aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm

PPC Pretoria Portland Cement

PPP Public Participation Process

PSG Provincial Strategic Goal

SAAELIP South African Atmospheric Emissions Licensing and Inventory Portal

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SAAQIS South African Air Quality Information System

SALGA South African Local Government Association

SANAS South African National Accreditation System

SAWS South African Weather Services

SBM Saldanha Bay Municipality

SCOT South Cape Ostrich Tannery

SEMA Specific Environmental Management Act

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

StatsSA Statistics South Africa

TEOM Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance

UK United Kingdom

US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

WCAQWG West Coast Air Quality Working Group

WCDM West Coast District Municipality

WHO World Health Organization

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FOREWORD It gives me great pleasure to present to you, the Western Cape State of Air Quality Management

Report 2017. This Report provides a comprehensive overview of the State of Air Quality

Management within the Province for the period 01 January to 31 December 2017.

As sustainable economic growth and development is all important in this Province, it is important

that all Municipalities in the Western Cape fulfil their mandatory obligation to the National

Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act No. 39 of 2004; NEM: AQA).

As per the NEM: AQA, Provinces and Municipalities are required to develop and implement an

approved Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) in their jurisdictions. The 2nd Generation Western

Cape AQMP was adopted in 2016. Therefore, 2017 marked the first year of implementing the

updated AQMP. The year 2017 is also commemorative in that all 30 Municipalities in the Western

Cape designated their Air Quality Officers, while 29 Municipal AQMPs were adopted and

implemented in the Province. This is a significant milestone for the Province towards it becoming

the lowest carbon Province in South Africa, and the leading green economic hub of the African

continent, while growing its economy.

These successes have resulted in air quality management in the Province being reported as

“stable” in the recently published Western Cape State of Environment Outlook Report 2017.

However, the proof is in implementing the developed AQMPs and in ensuring that the designated

AQOs are adequately trained to manage air quality in their areas. Much work is needed as it has

become evident that much more resources are required to address long-standing and emerging

air quality matters, and often these matters require multi-disciplinary approaches for it to be

resolved effectively. Thus, although air quality-related complaints have been addressed by Inter-

Governmental Task Teams established across the Province, some of the complaints are complex

and require extensive interaction with facilities so that the air quality is not negatively impacted by

their processes. Saldanha Bay is one such area, where all three spheres of Government continue

to work closely with each other and with the facilities in the area, to address the long-standing iron

ore and emerging manganese-related matters in the area.

In terms of its oversight role in managing air quality in the Western Cape, the Department of

Environmental Affairs and Development Planning will continue to work closely with all

Municipalities in the Province to ensure that their obligations in terms of implementing the NEM:

AQA are fulfilled. However, I call upon civil society to report suspected air quality related

transgressions to their local authorities, as this will aid in addressing such transgressions immediately,

thereby reducing the impact such transgressions potentially may have on the environment.

Together, we can do better to ensure that the air that we breathe remains of a good quality, while

facilitating sustainable economic growth in the Western Cape.

___________________________

Anton Bredell

Western Cape MEC: Local Government,

Environmental Affairs and Development Planning

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OUTLINE

CHAPTER 1:

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Chapter one provides a summary of the ambient air quality monitoring activities undertaken in the

Western Cape during 2017, as well as the results of air pollutants measured at various other air

monitoring stations in the Province.

CHAPTER 2:

AIR QUALITY OFFICER’S FORUM AND AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING

Chapter two provides an overview of the Western Cape Provincial Air Quality Officer’s and Noise

Control Forums held quarterly during 2017, as well as other air quality management planning

activities undertaken in the Province during this period.

CHAPTER 3:

AIR QUALITY COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT

Chapter three provides a summary of the air quality compliance and enforcement programmes

undertaken in the Province during 2017.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The State of Air Quality Management: Western Cape 2017 is a comprehensive report on the

management of air quality in the Western Cape.

The report has been compiled by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development

Planning (DEA&DP), with the support of the Metropolitan, District and Local Municipalities in the

Western Cape.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

The DEA&DP commenced with ambient air quality monitoring in 2008, with the commissioning of

a network of ambient air quality monitoring stations. Detailed information of all monitoring stations

for the year 2017 is presented in this report.

To date, the DEA&DP maintains 11 fully equipped ambient air quality monitoring stations across

the Province, as part of the Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network (Table EXEC-

1). Two additional monitoring stations are planned for the future.

The City of Cape Town (CCT) has been monitoring ambient air quality since the early 1960’s and

is independently operating their network, which comprises 14 monitoring stations (Table EXEC-1).

The Saldanha Bay Municipality (SBM) has two (2) ambient air quality monitoring stations, which

have been in operation since 2014. The monitoring stations are located in Saldanha Bay and

Vredenburg (Table EXEC-1). The Saldanha Bay Municipality also monitored dust fallout at seven

locations across its jurisdictional area.

TABLE EXEC-1: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Networks in the Western Cape

MUNICIPAL AREA LOCATION DATE COMMENCED

DEA&DP’s WESTERN CAPE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

CAPE WINELANDS Traffic Department, van Riebeeck Dr, Paarl March 2008 – May

2009*

EDEN Voorbaai electrical substation, Mossel Bay August 2008 – February

2010*

WEST COAST Vredenburg High School, Vredenburg April 2008 – March

2010*

CAPE WINELANDS

Meirings Park Electrical Substation,

Worcester

33°37’39.26”S, 19°28’54.2”E

July 2009 - present

WEST COAST Swartland High School, Malmesbury

33°27’19.51”S, 18°43’54.62”E April 2010 - present

EDEN Municipal Swimming Pool, George

33°58’45.75”S, 22°28’22.50”E July 2010 - present

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN Panther Park, Berkeley Rd, Maitland

August 2010 – March

2011*

EDEN Bongolethu Clinic, Oudtshoorn

33°36’22.56’’S, 22°14’17.80’’E April 2011 - present

WEST COAST HP Williams Primary School, St Helena Bay April 2011 - present

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32°43'24.03"S, 17°58'21.74”E

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN

Khayelitsha Training Centre, Khayelitsha

33°27’19.51”S, 18°43’54.62”E May 2011 - present

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN

Morningstar Small Holdings, Vissershok

33°45’07.37”S, 18°31’53.65”E

September 2011 -

present

CAPE WINELANDS

Cape Winelands District Municipality Office,

Stellenbosch

33°55’39.50”S , 18°51’25.94”E

October 2011 - present

EDEN Dana Bay Reservoir, Dana Bay

34°11'29.42"S, 22°03'06.61"E

November 2011 –

October 2016*

EDEN Eden District Municipality Office, Mossel Bay

34º11’29.94”S, 22º3’6.94”E

November 2016 -

present

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN

Sentinel Primary School, Hout Bay

34˚25’12.42”S, 19˚12’47.37”E March 2014 - present

OVERBERG Mount Pleasant Primary School, Hermanus

34°25'12.40"S, 19°12'47.17"E March 2014 - present

CITY OF CAPE TOWN’s AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN

Molteno 1992

Goodwood 1993

Athlone 1993

City Hall 1994

Tableview 1994

Foreshore 1995

Bothasig 1995

Khayelitsha 2002

Bellville-South 2003

Wallacedene 2006

Atlantis 2008

Somerset-West 2008

Plattekloof 2013

Potsdam 2013

SALDANHA BAY MUNICIPALITY’s AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

SALDANHA BAY

Saldanha Bay Harbour

33° 00’ 57.0” S, 17° 56’ 43.3” E July 2014

Louwville Substation, Vredenburg

32° 54’ 30.3” S, 18° 00’ 32.2” E July 2014

Saldanha Bay Substation

33° 00’ 03.7” S, 17° 56’ 42.2” E *

*Decommissioned

From the ambient air quality measurements collected during 2017, it was evident that the air

pollutants of concern in the Western Cape are airborne Particulate Matter smaller than 10 microns

(PM10), Ozone (O3) and H2S. Due to the Western Cape Province’s complex regional meteorology,

O3 and PM10 often follow seasonal patterns over the long term; however, H2S can be impacted on

by local activities on a daily basis.

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Overall, the air quality monitoring results of the Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Network reflects that the air quality in the Province is generally good, particularly since the air

pollutants measured, were generally below the NAAQS during 2017.

Although generally good, the air quality has been impacted by drought conditions across the

region, which has resulted in elevated particulate matter incidents. The following is a summary of

the overall PM10 observations, during 2017:

The Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Network reported that the PM10 NAAQS of 75 µg/m³

was exceeded on two occasions during 2017, measuring 112 µg/m³ in George during June,

and 90 µg/m³ in Stellenbosch during January. The exceedance at George was related to

strong winds during dry atmospheric conditions, while the Stellenbosch exceedance was

related to fire occurrences in the surrounding mountains.

A total of 16 exceedances of PM10 were also reported by the CCT’s Ambient Air Quality

Monitoring Network at Wallacedene, which is over the limit of 4 allowable exceedances.

These exceedances are likely due to residential burning and fires in the area. In terms of

the latter, awareness raising campaigns on domestic burning, particularly of waste, are

required.

The Saldanha Bay Municipality has two ambient air quality monitoring stations that

measure SO2, O3, NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the area. During 2017, all the

air quality parameters measured were generally below the NAAQS, with the exception of

PM10, although these were within the allowable exceedance limits of the NAAQS.

No exceedances were recorded for any of the other criteria pollutants measured at the ambient

air quality monitoring stations in the Western Cape.

Although the H2S WHO Guideline of 150 µg/m3 (daily mean) for health was not exceeded at any

of the monitoring locations of the Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network,

occasional complaints of odour nuisance were still reported during 2017. Investigations of location

specific incidences may require further research to address the odour nuisances experienced by

residents in Hout Bay and St. Helena Bay.

Table EXEC-2 summarises the percentage data capture, as recorded in the Western Cape

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network. The ambient air quality monitoring stations experienced

reduced data capture due to power supply, as well as the aging infrastructure, at some of the

stations. In the case of Worcester, the infrastructure and analysers were upgraded during the latter

part of 2017, thus resulting in improved data capture. In instances where low data capture for a

particular pollutant was observed, this was due to the aging analysers that require increased

maintenance, which increased the timeframe of equipment being “out of service”.

Due to the current economic climate, budget reductions have also hindered planned

infrastructure upgrades of the aging Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network.

Moreover, the lack of an adequately equipped workspace to perform in-house repairs on air

quality monitoring analysers, as well as the lack of a suitable test environment for analyser

maintenance and calibration, further impacted on data capture at the monitoring stations. Plans

are in place to have a dedicated workspace in 2019. It is critically important that such a

workspace is fully equipped so that officials can perform their duties effectively and efficiently,

towards ensuring that data capture in the Network is sound.

In addition to the above, incidences of vandalism further resulted in reduced data capture at

Hout Bay and Hermanus during 2017. This will be addressed through security upgrades via the

Western Cape Department of Transport and Public Works.

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Table EXEC-2. Percentage data capture at the Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations of the

Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network

STATION SO2 NO2 PM10 O3 CO H2S

WORCESTER <60 <60 <60 88 <60 N/A

MALMESBURY <60 80 <60 75 78 N/A

VISSERSHOK N/A 68 <60 73 86 N/A

ST HELENA BAY N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 60

OUDTSHOORN N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 98

STELLENBOSCH 98 98 95 97 98 N/A

KHAYELITSHA 94 96 <60 87 73 N/A

GEORGE <60 99 98 99 99 N/A

MOSSEL BAY N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 96

HOUT BAY N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 68

HERMANUS 70 73 <60 72 66 N/A

Note: N/A = Not Applicable, indicating that the air pollutant is not measured at the ambient

air quality monitoring station.

Although good strides have been made in terms of monitoring air quality within the Western Cape

Province, its reach in the Province is still very limited, with the majority of the continuous ambient

air quality monitoring stations located within the CCT Metropolitan Municipal area. In terms of NEM:

AQA, all Municipalities have a responsibility to monitor air quality in their jurisdictional areas.

Ambient air quality monitoring provides invaluable information that can be used towards air

quality planning, airshed planning and resolving complex air quality complaints in an area.

Municipalities in the Western Cape are therefore encouraged to motivate for funding for either

passive or continuous sampling in their jurisdictional areas, while at Provincial level, funding and

resources need to be prioritised to replace the aging infrastructure of the Western Cape Ambient

Air Quality Monitoring Network, with additional human resource capacity to manage the Network.

Air Quality Officer’s Forum and Air Quality Management

Planning

The Western Cape Provincial Air Quality Officer’s Forum (AQOF) convenes on a quarterly basis.

The purpose of the Forum is to co-ordinate and discuss air quality matters related to the

implementation of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act No. 39 of 2004;

NEM: AQA) and its National Framework on Air Quality Management and, most importantly, the

efficacy of this implementation.

The Western Cape Provincial AQOF was established in 2006 to give effect to the NEM: AQA. Later,

as many of the authorities were also addressing noise matters in their jurisdictional areas, the need

arose for a Western Cape Noise Control Forum. In this regard, the Western Cape Noise Control

Forum was included as part of the AQOF. The Forum meetings, which takes place over two (2)

days, is hosted at venues across the five (5) District Municipalities and the Metropolitan

Municipality, within the Province.

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The first day of the AQOF meeting is devoted to training programs on selected subject matters

and is also used by the Air Quality Officers (AQOs) to discuss and exchange information related to

air quality management matters, such as current and new legislation, Atmospheric Emissions

License (AELs), air quality and noise related complaints, regulations and Air Quality Management

Plans (AQMPs).

During 2017, the Western Cape AQOF meetings were held in the following Municipal regions:

02 – 03 February 2017 in Arniston, Overberg District Municipality;

18 – 19 May 2017 in Laingsburg, Central Karoo District Municipality;

03 – 04 August 2017 in Worcester, Cape Winelands District Municipality;

14 – 16 November 2017 in Montagu, Cape Winelands District Municipality – Special AQOF,

with a focus on noise; and

28 November 2017 in Driftsands Nature Reserve, City of Cape Town – Special AQOF.

The following presentations were delivered by the AQOs and/or external presenters at the AQOFs:

Forum 1: (02-03 February 2017)

The Western Cape AQMP; and

Ambient Air Quality Data Management.

Forum 2: (18-19 May 2017)

Noise Control in Local Municipalities;

Local Government’s Powers in regard to Environmental Management – Legal Update;

Portable Air Quality Monitoring Instrumentation; and

Appointment of AQOs and Terms of Reference for the AQOF.

Forum 3: (03-04 August 2017)

Feedback on Noise Control Workshops;

By-laws to Administer and Manage Noise, Dust and Odour complaints from a District;

Municipal and Metro Perspective; and

Air Quality Monitoring in the City of Cape Town.

Forum 4: Special Air Quality Officer’s and Noise Control Forum (14-16 November 2017)

Noise Case Study;

Aircraft Noise Impact Study for Cape Town Airport Alignment;

Acoustics camera; and

Acoustics and Oscar Pistorius.

Forum 5: Special Air Quality Officer’s Forum (28 November 2017)

The SMART-air Programme; and

National Dust Control Regulations.

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Regular report backs were provided by officials of the DEA&DP, the Metropolitan, District and

Local Municipalities on the implementation of their AQMPs, with regards to air quality projects, air

quality monitoring, licensing, emissions inventories, compliance and enforcement, etc.

In order to give effect to the implementation of the Western Cape AQMP and that of the various

Municipal AQMPs, the work as undertaken by the three Western Cape Working Groups were as

follows:

Working Group 1: Air Quality Management and Climate Change

Chairperson: DEA&DP

The DEA&DP continued to work closely with the District Municipalities to ensure that not

only the roles and responsibilities were understood by all, but also that AQMPs were

developed and implemented, while AQOs were designated at all Municipalities in the

Province. To date, all 31 AQOs (viz. 1 Provincial and 30 Municipalities) have been

designated (Table EXEC-2). During 2017, the Breede Valley LM, Oudtshoorn LM and

Langeberg LM Councils approved and adopted their respective AQMPs for

implementation. To date, the Western Cape has 30 approved AQMPs (viz. 1 Provincial and

29 Municipalities). Of these, all the Districts and the Metropolitan Municipality have

approved and adopted AQMPs. The Beaufort West Municipal AQMP is currently the only

outstanding and plans are in place to draft the AQMP. Progress with regards to the

development of the Emissions Inventory, Municipal By-laws, AQMPs and the status of

incorporation of AQMPs, as Sector Plans into IDPs, were also assessed at the Working Group

1 meetings.

Working Group 2: Air Quality Education and Awareness Raising

Chairperson: DEA&DP

All Municipalities provided feedback with regards to the air quality awareness raising

programs undertaken within their areas.

The CCT’s education and awareness raising activities continued to be negatively

impacted by the high workload imposed on their increasingly regulated environment. The

CCT has, however, continued giving education and awareness-raising programmes to Pre-

and Primary school learners using “Sniffels”, the air pollution sniffing cat mascot.

The CWDM used live theatre performances at schools, and developed placards,

pamphlets, posters and other educational material to create environmental

awareness. The live theatre respectively reached 22 845 learners at 60 schools from

February to May 2017. Moreover, the District planted 2850 indigenous trees and shrubs via

the Greening Cape Winelands Programme to raise awareness on global warming.

The EDM reported that its Clean Fires Campaign was on-going and that promotional

materials were regularly distributed at shopping malls and clinics.

The CKDM placed education and awareness-raising articles in the local newspaper.

The WCDM conducted awareness via the establishment of Working Groups and

environmental stakeholders’ forums. Industries impacting on the health and wellbeing

of people residing in receptor areas were required to create communication platforms

and meet with residents on agreed upon intervals. During these meetings the public is

informed of industrial processes and the implementation of measures to control

emissions; AQOs also attend these meetings.

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Working Group 3: Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement:

Chairperson: DEA&DP

The WCDM, CWDM, EDM and the ODM have established their respective Air Quality

Management Working Groups, which are attended by industry, and which report quarterly

on compliance with AEL conditions. The Drakenstein Local Municipality has an

Environmental Management Committee where air quality management matters are

discussed. Feedback on IGTTs held across the Province were also reported. Of concern, is

the limited human resource capacity in this Working Group, to address the complex air

quality complaints across the Province, at both Provincial and Municipal level.

SMART-air Programme

The vision of the Western Cape AQMP is “Clean and healthy air for all in the Western Cape”. This

vision can only be achieved when air emissions from industrial, commercial and community

activities such as fossil fuel burning for heating or cooking, are monitored and managed so that

greenhouse gases can be reduced, in line with climate change response interventions. To give

effect to this vision, the 2nd Generation Western Cape AQMP introduced a Recognition

Programme for reducing air pollution, viz. SMART-air Programme, as mandated by Section 31 of

the NEM: AQA.

The SMART-air Programme will serve as the main vehicle through which emission reduction best

practice in industry, commerce and communities will be facilitated and recognised, while also

raising awareness on air quality matters linked to climate change international commitments. In

addition, the facilitation of training on industrial processes that not only reduce air pollutant and

greenhouse gas emissions, but also provide skilling opportunities to government officials and youth

in the Province will be undertaken.

The Programme will be developed and implemented in various phases, as follows:

Phase 1: Status Quo Review Report on Air Quality in the Western Cape;

Phase 2: SMART-air Strategy and Implementation Plan; and

Phase 3: Roll-out of the SMART-air Programme.

Phase 1 of the SMART-air Programme was completed during 2017, after consultants were

appointed to review the status of emission abatement adoption and awareness raising in the

Province. The recommendations of the Phase 1: Status Quo Review Report will be used to develop

a SMART-air Strategy and Implementation Plan, which will be implemented across the Province.

Air Quality Governance

The division of the roles and responsibilities between Local and District Municipalities are often not

clearly understood by Municipalities and the lack of clarity continues to hamper the

implementation of air quality management functions in the Province. This has resulted in many

Municipalities not having adequate financial resources to manage air quality related matters in

their jurisdictions.

The DEA&DP will continue to work closely with the District Municipalities to ensure that not only are

the roles and responsibilities understood by all, but provide oversight to ensure that Municipal

AQMPs are implemented, while designated AQOs are adequately trained in air quality

management at all Municipalities in the Province. The aim is to have 31 AQOs designated and 31

AQMPs adopted in the Western Cape (viz. 1 Provincial and 30 Municipal) by 2020. To date, all 31

94

STATE OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT: WESTERN CAPE 2017 xix

AQOs have been designated in the Province, while 30 AQMPs have been adopted and

implemented in the Western Cape (Table EXEC-3).

Table EXEC-3. Status of AQMPs and designated AQOs in the Western Cape

AUTHORITY YEAR ADOPTED &

IMPLEMENTED

2ND GENERATION

AQMP

ADOPTED &

IMPLEMENTED

AIR QUALITY OFFICER

DESIGNATED

CITY OF CAPE TOWN 2009 in progress

CAPE WINELANDS 2009

DEA&DP 2010 2016

DRAKENSTEIN 2011

WEST COAST 2011

EDEN 2011 2013

OVERBERG 2012

BERGRIVIER 2012

MATZIKAMA 2012

SALDANHA 2012

SWARTLAND 2012

CENTRAL KAROO 2012

CAPE AGULHAS 2013

OVERSTRAND 2013

WITZENBERG 2013 2014

GEORGE 2013

HESSEQUA 2013

BITOU 2013

KNYSNA 2013

KANNALAND 2013

MOSSEL BAY 2013

THEEWATERSKLOOF 2014 2015

PRINCE ALBERT 2014

SWELLENDAM 2015

STELLENBOSCH 2015

CEDERBERG 2016

LAINGSBURG 2016

BREEDE VALLEY 2017

LANGEBERG 2017

OUDTSHOORN 2017

BEAUFORT WEST “Not Yet Developed”

94

STATE OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT: WESTERN CAPE 2017 xx

Atmospheric Emission Licensing

During 2017, the following legislation were gazetted for implementation:

National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting Regulations, 2016 (GG40762 GN275 - 3 April

2017)

Declaration of Greenhouse Gases as Priority Air Pollutants (GG40996 GN710 – 21 July 2017)

National Pollution Prevention Plans Regulations, 2017 (GG40996 GN712 - 21 July 2017)

[subsequently amended 22 May 2018]

The Licensing Authorities in the Western Cape have embraced the atmospheric emission licensing

process. As at 31 December 2017, a total of 59 Provisional AELs and 99 AELs were regulated within

the Province. Table EXEC-4 provides a summary of the AELs and PAELs issued annually during the

period 2010 – 2017. During this period, some of the PAELs have been processed to AELs, as per

Section 42(1) of NEM: AQA.

TABLE EXEC-4 Summary of AELs and PAELs issued during 2010 – 2017

Lic

en

sin

g

Au

tho

rity

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

REGULATED,

AS AT 31

DECEMBER

2017

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

WCDM 0 0 5 1 1 1 4 1 8 6 3 1 3 2 0 1 24 13

EDM

5 0 4 0 7 2 2 14 3 6 1 1 2 2 2 3 5 30

ODM

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 5 4

CKDM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CCT

0 0 2 0 1 3 3 2 14 19 11 8 1 0 11 6 20 40

CWDM 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9

DEA&DP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 2 0 3

TOTAL

/ YEAR 5 0 12 1 9 6 10 17 32 42 19 10 8 9 13 12 59 99

Compliance and Enforcement

Conducting compliance monitoring inspections to determine whether or not the regulated

industries are complying with the relevant legislative provisions, as well as licences and permits

issued in terms of this legislation, plays a critical role in ensuring continued compliance.

Table EXEC-5 provides a summary of the compliance inspections conducted across the Province

during the period 2013 to 2017, as part of the Western Cape AEL Compliance Monitoring

Programme. During 2017, a total of four joint AEL compliance inspections were conducted across

the Province with a particular focus on Section 21 Listed Activities of the NEM: AQA. The total

94

STATE OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT: WESTERN CAPE 2017 xxi

number of AEL compliance inspections are constrained by the limited human resource capacity

in air quality regulatory services, at Provincial level.

TABLE EXEC-5. Summary of the AEL Compliance Monitoring Programme undertaken in the Western

Cape (2013-2017)

MUNICIPAL AREA

YEAR

SECTION 21 LISTED ACTIVITY

NUMBER OF

FACILITIES

INSPECTED

CAPE WINELANDS 2013 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 1

WEST COAST 2013 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 2

WEST COAST 2013 Sub-Category 5.4. Cement Production 1

CITY OF CAPE OF TOWN 2013 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 1

CITY OF CAPE OF TOWN 2014 Sub-Category 2.4. Storage and Handling of Petroleum

Products & Sub- Category 2.5. Installations Used to

Recycle or Recover Oil from Waste Oils

1

EDEN 2014 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 3

OVERBERG 2014 Sub-Category 5.6. Lime Production 1

WEST COAST 2014 Sub-Category 4.7. Electric Arc Furnaces & Sub-

Category 5.2. Drying

1

CITY OF CAPE OF TOWN 2015 Sub-Category 8.2. Crematoria and Veterinary Waste

Incineration

1

EDEN 2015 Sub-category 4.22. Hot Dip Galvanizing 1

WEST COAST 2015 Sub-Category 5.1. Storage and Handling of Ore and

Coal

1

WEST COAST 2015 Sub-Category 5.6. Lime Production 1

CAPE WINELANDS 2015 Sub-Category 5.6. Lime Production 1

CAPE WINELANDS 2016 Sub-Category 7.2. Production of Acids & Sub-Category

8.3. Burning Grounds

1

OVERBERG 2016 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 1

CITY OF CAPE TOWN 2016 Sub-Category 8.1. Thermal treatment of Hazardous &

General Waste

1

WEST COAST 2016 Sub-Category 5.1. Storage and Handling of Ore and

Coal

1

EDEN 2017 Subcategory 2.4: Petroleum product storage tanks and

product transfer facilities, except those used for

liquefied petroleum gas.

1

CAPE WINELANDS 2017 Sub-Category 5.3:

Klamp Kilns for brick production

1

OVERBERG 2017 Sub-Category 5.3:


1

CITY OF CAPE TOWN 2017 Sub-Category 8.2:

Crematoria and Veterinary Waste Incineration

1

TOTAL 24

94

STATE OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT: WESTERN CAPE 2017 xxii

Where complex complaints with regards to specific Section 21 Listed Activities occurred,

additional joint compliance monitoring were undertaken to assist Licensing Authorities. Such

inspections were undertaken to determine if these activities were potential sources of significant

atmospheric emissions, and to monitor compliance with Section 28 (Duty of Care) of the National

Environmental Management Act (Act No. 107 of 1998; NEMA). The additional

inspections/meetings conducted during 2017, included the Langebaan / Saldanha Bay areas,

where the storage, handling and transport of ore, including manganese and iron oxide, were

inspected.

Capacity Building and Training

Capacity building in air quality management has been identified as a key requirement for

Municipalities, especially at the Local Municipal level, where officials require much support and

guidance in terms of addressing noise, dust, odour and other air quality-related matters.

The DEA&DP’s D: AQM hosted capacity building and training workshops on air quality

management processes to officials at Municipalities and in industry. The following capacity

building and training sessions were held across the Province:

Trained CCT industry on the reporting process of the National Atmospheric Emissions

Inventory System (NAEIS).

Provided NAEIS Facility Emission Report Auditing training to the AQO’s of CWDM.

Summary

Overall, much progress has been made in terms of managing air quality in the Western Cape. This

can largely be attributed to the designation of all 31 AQOs in the Province, while 30 AQMPs (viz. 1

Provincial and 29 Municipal) have been adopted and is currently being implemented. In this

regard, the Western Cape State of the Environment Outlook Report 2017 has reported air quality

management in the Province to be “stable”, which can largely be attributed to the number of

AQOs designated and the AQMPs that have been developed in the Province. Although these are

huge successes, which have been achieved through constant engagement with the

Municipalities across the Province, the effective and efficient implementation of the AQMPs across

the Province is required.

The air that we breathe is of a relatively good quality in the Western Cape; however, there are

potential areas of concern that require not only human resource capacity, but also resources, at

both Provincial and Municipal level. Over the past few years, and particularly in 2017, the success

of the Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network has been severely hampered by

aging infrastructure. This has resulted in data loss at various ambient air quality monitoring stations

located across the Province. Moreover, there are “hotspots” that require urgent attention, such

as, for example, the iron ore and manganese handling processes in Saldanha Bay, as well as in

the Central Karoo, where shale gas development poses an emerging air quality risk. An increasing

trend in PM10 levels have also been observed in areas across the Province, which are mostly

attributed to residential burning, although the severe drought conditions in the Western Cape

have also contributed to the increasing PM10 load to the environment.

In order to protect the air that we breathe, which is both a national and international asset as it

has no boundaries, the most important next step is for Province and Municipalities to prioritise air

quality management by investing significantly in human resource capacity and ambient air quality

monitoring infrastructure in the Western Cape.


1

1. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING In terms of Section 8 of the NEM: AQA, Provinces and Municipalities are mandated to monitor

ambient air quality. In the Western Cape, the DEA&DP’s D: AQM, the CCT and the SBM have

installed air quality monitoring equipment within their jurisdiction, as part of the Western Cape

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network, within the Western Cape Province (Table 1-1).

Table 1-1: The ambient air quality monitoring networks in the Western Cape

MUNICIPAL AREA LOCATION DATE COMMENCED

DEA&DP’s WESTERN CAPE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

CAPE WINELANDS Traffic Department, van Riebeeck Dr, Paarl March 2008 – May

2009*

EDEN Voorbaai electrical substation, Mossel Bay August 2008 – February

2010*

WEST COAST Vredenburg High School, Vredenburg April 2008 – March

2010*

CAPE WINELANDS

Meirings Park Electrical Substation,

Worcester

33°37’39.26”S, 19°28’54.2”E

July 2009 - present

WEST COAST Swartland High School, Malmesbury

33°27’19.51”S, 18°43’54.62”E April 2010 - present

EDEN Municipal Swimming Pool, George

33°58’45.75”S, 22°28’22.50”E July 2010 - present

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN Panther Park, Berkeley Rd, Maitland

August 2010 – March

2011*

EDEN Bongolethu Clinic, Oudtshoorn

33°36’22.56’’S, 22°14’17.80’’E April 2011 - present

WEST COAST HP Williams Primary School, St Helena Bay

32°43'24.03"S, 17°58'21.74”E April 2011 - present

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN

Khayelitsha Training Centre, Khayelitsha

33°27’19.51”S, 18°43’54.62”E May 2011 - present

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN

Morningstar Small Holdings, Vissershok

33°45’07.37”S, 18°31’53.65”E

September 2011 -

present

CAPE WINELANDS

Cape Winelands District Municipality Office,

Stellenbosch

33°55’39.50”S , 18°51’25.94”E

October 2011 - present

EDEN Dana Bay Reservoir, Dana Bay

34°11'29.42"S, 22°03'06.61"E

November 2011 –

October 2016*

EDEN Eden District Municipality Office, Mossel Bay

34º11’29.94”S, 22º3’6.94”E

November 2016 -

present

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN

Sentinel Primary School, Hout Bay

34˚25’12.42”S, 19˚12’47.37”E March 2014 - present

OVERBERG Mount Pleasant Primary School, Hermanus

34°25'12.40"S, 19°12'47.17"E March 2014 - present

CITY OF CAPE TOWN’s AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

CITY OF CAPE

TOWN

Molteno 1992

Goodwood 1993

Athlone 1993

City Hall 1994


2

Tableview 1994

Foreshore 1995

Bothasig 1995

Khayelitsha 2002

Bellville-South 2003

Wallacedene 2006

Atlantis 2008

Somerset-West 2008

Plattekloof 2013

Potsdam 2013

SALDANHA BAY MUNICIPALITY’s AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

SALDANHA BAY

Saldanha Bay Harbour

33° 00’ 57.0” S, 17° 56’ 43.3” E July 2014

Louwville substation, Vredenburg

32° 54’ 30.3” S, 18° 00’ 32.2” E July 2014

Saldanha Bay Substation

33° 00’ 03.7” S, 17° 56’ 42.2” E *

*Decommissioned

The ambient air quality monitoring stations of the DEA&DP, CCT and SBM are operated in

accordance with the US EPA ambient air quality monitoring methods (Quality Assurance

Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol II), ISO/IEC17025:2005 standards and

SANAS TR-07-03 requirements.

Air quality monitoring data measured at the stations are recorded on data loggers, after which

it is transferred via a modem to a server for storage and further processing. The data is quality

controlled and quality assured prior to producing daily and monthly reports. All data in the

Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network is reported to the South African Air

Quality Information System (SAAQIS) on a monthly or quarterly basis.

1.1. THE DEA&DP’s WESTERN CAPE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

The DEA&DP commissioned its first ambient air quality monitoring station in 2008 as part of the

Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network. During 2017, 11 ambient air quality

monitoring stations were in operation and report on various air quality parameters (Figure 1-1

and Table 1-1) across the Province.

The set of air quality parameters measured at each monitoring station was primarily

determined by the historical air quality conditions at the location. Each set of parameters

measured may include complimentary sets of parameters, i.e. SO2, O3 and NO2 (vehicle

emissions and combustion), PM10 and CO (combustion), and H2S and CO2 (odour and

combustion), which often provides an indication of the possible causes of air pollution in an

area. Meteorological parameters (wind speed and direction, ambient temperature, pressure,

relative humidity) are also measured to provide the context within which the air quality is

measured. The information recorded also assists in reporting on air quality that impact on the

larger area, which is being monitored (Table 1-2).


3

Figure 1-1: Locations of the ambient air quality monitoring stations operated in the DEA&DP’s

ambient air quality monitoring network

A synopsis of the ambient air quality, as currently monitored at each location of the DEA&DP’s

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network, is provided below.

Table 1-2: List of parameters monitored at the air quality monitoring stations

STATION LOCATION AIR QUALITY PARAMETERS MEASURED

WORCESTER SO2, O3, NO2, CO, PM10 and full meteorological parameters

MALMESBURY SO2, O3, NO2, CO, PM10 and full meteorological parameters

GEORGE SO2, O3, NO2, CO, PM10 and full meteorological parameters

VISSERSHOK O3, NO2, CO, PM10, and full meteorological parameters

ST HELENA BAY H2S, CO2, TRS and full meteorological parameters

OUDTSHOORN H2S, CO2 and full meteorological parameters

STELLENBOSCH SO2, O3, NO2, CO, CO2, PM10 & PM2.5, full meteorological

parameters

KHAYELITSHA SO2, O3, NO2, CO, CO2, PM10, & PM2.5 and full meteorological

parameters

MOSSEL BAY H2S, BTEX and full meteorological parameters

HOUT BAY H2S and full meteorological parameters

HERMANUS SO2, O3, NO2, CO, CO2, PM10 & PM2,5 full meteorological parameters


4

1.1.1. WEST COAST DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

The WCDM consists of five (5) local municipalities. Activities with possible air quality impacts

include mining, fishing, ore export facility, agriculture and small scale industrial activities. The

municipality of Saldanha Bay includes the largest natural Port from which ore is exported

(http://westcoastdm.co.za/). The Municipality of Saldanha Bay has its own air quality

monitoring network (see section 1.3.), while the DEA&DP monitors ambient air quality in St

Helena Bay.

1.1.1.1. St Helena Bay (Saldanha Bay Municipality)

The St Helena Bay ambient air quality monitoring station was commissioned at the HP Williams

Primary School in Stompneus Bay during April 2011 (Figure 1-2). The monitoring station is

located in a residential area, downwind of nearby fishing industries. Table 1-3 shows the data

capture percentage of air pollutants monitored at the St Helena Bay air quality monitoring

station during 2017. The intermittent gaps in the data are due to instrument failure.

Figure 1-2: Aerial image of St Helena Bay Ambient Air Quality Monitoring location

The wind blows from the south-west direction at approximately 8% of the time at St Helena Bay

ambient air quality monitoring station in 2017. Moderate to strong winds are predominantly

from the westerly direction blowing at the average wind speeds of more than 9 m/s (Figure

1-3).

Table 1-3: St Helena Bay Data Capture (2017)

MEASUREMENT % DATA CAPTURE

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 60

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 64

Legend Description on Graphs WHO Guideline

Concentration

http://westcoastdm.co.za/


5

Figure 1-3: Annual wind rose for St Helena Bay (2017)

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

Daily maximum hourly mean H2S concentrations measured at the St Helena Bay ambient air

quality monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-4. A daily average H2S peak of 82 µg/m3 was

observed during May 2017, which was below the WHO Guideline of 150 µg/m3 daily average.

During all other periods, the H2S levels were significantly below the WHO Guideline. The annual

average for H2S was 2.8 µg/m3 during the 2017 monitoring period. It should be noted that there

are currently no NAAQS for H2S in South Africa.

Figure 1-4: Daily maximum (1–hour mean) for H2S at St Helena Bay (2017)


6

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Daily maximum hourly mean CO2 concentrations measured at St Helena Bay ambient air

quality monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-5. The 2017 annual average for CO2

concentrations recorded at St Helena Bay monitoring station was 429 ppm and the 2017

annual mean for CO2 measured at Mauna Loa Observatory by the Global Monitoring Division

in Hawaii was 405 ppm (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/). The comparison of

these two sites is to demonstrate that the global average CO2 background concentration is

~400 ppm worldwide.

Figure 1-5: Daily maximum (1–hour mean) for CO2 at St Helena Bay (2017)

Long term air quality trends for St Helena Bay

The long term H2S concentrations measured at the St Helena Bay ambient air quality

monitoring station from April 2011 to December 2017 are shown in Figure 1-6. There is a

discernible trend of H2S peaks for every May calendar month, since the inception of the St

Helena Bay monitoring station. Further research work on this seasonal peak is required, and

may lead to an improved understanding of the local and regional H2S sources and sinks, both

natural (oceanic) and due to human activity (industry).

The long term CO2 concentrations monitored at the St Helena Bay ambient air quality

monitoring station from January 2012 to December 2017 shows an upward trend (Figure 1-7).


7

Figure 1-6: Long term H2S trend at St Helena Bay (Apr 2011 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-7: Long term CO2 trend at St Helena Bay (Jan 2012 – Dec 2017)


8

1.1.1.2. Malmesbury (Swartland Municipality)

The Malmesbury ambient air quality monitoring station was commissioned in April 2010 at the

Swartland High School, Malmesbury (Figure 1-8). The monitoring station is located in a

residential area, downwind of industries, central business district and the national road N7. The

data capture percentage of air pollutants measured in Malmesbury monitoring station is

shown in Table 1-4 with SO2 and PM10 having data capture rate below 60% and therefore are

not reported for this monitoring period. The intermittent gaps in the data are due to instrument

failure.

Figure 1-8: Aerial image of Malmesbury Ambient Air Quality Monitoring location

The wind blows from the south-westerly at approximately 16% and north-easterly at a13.1% of

the time at Malmesbury ambient air quality monitoring station in 2017. Moderate to strong

winds are predominantly from the south-westerly direction blowing at the average wind

speeds of 6 m/s to 9 m/s (Figure 1-9).

Table 1-4: Malmesbury Data Capture (2017)


Carbon Monoxide (CO) 78

Ozone (O3) 75

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 80

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) <60

Particulates (PM10) <60

Legend Description on Graphs NAAQS

Concentration


9

Figure 1-9: Annual wind rose for Malmesbury (2017)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Daily maximum 8-hour mean CO concentrations measured at the Malmesbury ambient air

quality monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-10. Elevated CO concentrations are more likely

to be attributed to industrial activities and vehicle emissions in the area. The CO (8–hour mean)

NAAQS of 10 mg/m3 calculated from hourly averages was not exceeded during the 2017

monitoring period. The 2017 annual average for CO concentrations was 0.42 mg/m3. The

intermittent gaps in the data were as a result of power and instrument failure.

Figure 1-10: Daily maximum (8–hour mean) for CO at Malmesbury (2017)


10

Ozone (O3)

Daily maximum 8-hour mean concentrations for O3 measured at the Malmesbury ambient air

quality monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-11. The maximum rolling 8-hour average for O3

concentrations recorded was 95 µg/m³. The O3 (8–hours, running) NAAQS of 120 µg/m³ was

not exceeded and the annual average for O3 concentrations was 40.7 µg/m3 during the 2017

monitoring period. The intermittent gaps in the data were as a result of instrument failure.

Figure 1-11: Daily maximum O3 (8–hour Mean) at Malmesbury (2017)

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Daily maximum hourly averages for NO2 concentrations measured at the Malmesbury ambient

air quality monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-12. There were no exceedances of the NO2

(1-hour) NAAQS of 200 µg/m³ during the 2017 monitoring period. The intermittent gaps in the

data were as a result of power failures and instrument failures.

Figure 1-12: Daily maximum (1–hour mean) for NO2 at Malmesbury (2017)


11

Long term air quality data for Malmesbury

The long term Malmesbury CO time series shows a steady average below 2 mg/m3 since the

commissioning of the ambient air quality monitoring station in Malmesbury (Figure 1-13).

The long term O3 time series shows a steady decline from approximately 65 µg/m³ to 50 µg/m³

(Figure 1-14). There is a discernible seasonal cycle for O3 concentrations, with a downward

trend at the Malmesbury monitoring station.

The long term NO2 time series shows a steady average of approximately 20 µg/m³, with the

2017 monitoring period showing a declining trend of NO2 concentrations (Figure 1-15).

The long term SO2 time series shows a steady average of 4 µg/m³ (Figure 1-16).

The long term PM10 concentrations measured at the Malmesbury ambient air quality

monitoring station is shown in Figure 1-17. As from 1 January 2015, the NAAQS for PM10 has

become more stringent from a daily average of 120 µg/m3 to a daily average of 75 µg/m3.

Although below the NAAQS of 75 µg/m3 during 2017, the PM10 concentrations show a steady

upward trend. This is likely due to the recent dry conditions over the region, resulting in a

greater atmospheric particulate matter load.

Figure 1-13: Long term CO trend at Malmesbury (Apr 2010 – Dec 2017)


12

Figure 1-14: Long term O3 trend at Malmesbury (Apr 2010 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-15: Long term NO2 trend at Malmesbury (Apr 2010 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-16: Long term SO2 trend at Malmesbury (Apr 2010 – Dec 2017)


13

Figure 1-17: Long term PM10 trend at Malmesbury (Apr 2010 – Dec 2017)

1.1.2. EDEN DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

1.1.2.1. George (George Municipality)

The George ambient air quality monitoring station was commissioned at Conville Municipal

swimming pool in July 2010. The monitoring station is located in a residential area and

surrounded by industries in the west, central business district at about 1.5 km north-west, an

adjacent congested main road, the national roads N2 and N9 located in the south and north,

respectively, of the monitoring station (Figure 1-18). Table 1-5 shows data capture percentage

of air pollutants monitored at the George air quality monitoring station during 2017. The SO2

data capture was less than 60% due to instrument failure; therefore, SO2 data are not reported.

Figure 1-18: Aerial image of George Ambient Air Quality Monitoring location


14

The wind blows from the west at approximately 8% of the time at George ambient air quality

monitoring station in 2017. The prevailing winds are predominantly westerlies from light to

moderate breeze blowing at an average wind speeds of 1 m/s to above 6 m/s and winds are

generally calm at approximately 1.10% (Figure 1-19).

Table 1-5: George Data Capture (2017)


Carbon Monoxide (CO) 99.7

Ozone (O3) 99.7

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 99.7


Particulates (PM10) 98.8


Concentration

Figure 1-19: Annual wind rose for George (2017)


Daily maximum 8-hour mean CO concentrations measured at the George ambient air quality

monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-20. The CO concentrations were generally low during

the 2017 monitoring period; however, elevated CO concentrations were observed during

May, June and July. The CO (8–hour mean) NAAQS of 10 mg/m3 calculated from hourly

averages was not exceeded during the 2017 monitoring period. The 2017 annual average for

CO concentrations was 0.40 mg/m3.


15

Figure 1-20: Daily maximum (8–hour mean) for CO at George (2017)

Ozone (O3)

Daily maximum 8-hour mean concentrations for O3 measured at the George ambient air

quality monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-21. The maximum rolling 8-hour average peak

for O3 concentrations recorded during this monitoring period was 101.9 µg/m³ during August

2017. The O3 (8–hours, running) NAAQS of 120 µg/m³ was not exceeded and the annual

average for O3 concentrations was 41.1 µg/m3 during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-21: The O3 concentrations (8–hour mean) at George (2017)


16


Daily maximum hourly averages for NO2 concentrations measured at the George ambient air

quality monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-22. The NO2 (1-hour) NAAQS of 200 µg/m3 was

not exceeded during the monitoring period. A discernible seasonal pattern of NO2

concentrations was observed during the monitoring period with NO2 concentrations peaking

in winter and dropping in summer. The seasonal cycle is due to the shorter sunlight hours and

lower atmospheric temperatures which result in reduced conversion of NO2 to secondary

compounds. The annual average for NO2 was 11.7 µg/m3 during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-22: Daily maximum (1–hour mean) for NO2 at George (2017)

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Daily mean PM10 concentrations measured at the George ambient air quality monitoring

station are shown in Figure 1-23. The maximum daily mean peak for PM10 concentrations

recorded during this monitoring period was 106.1 µg/m³ during June 2017, which exceeded

the daily mean of 75 µg/m3 NAAQS for PM10. The annual average was 26.9 µg/m3 during 2017

monitoring period.

Figure 1-23: Daily mean PM10 concentrations at George (2017)


17

Long Term Air Quality Trends for George

Overall, all air pollutants measured at the George ambient air quality monitoring station were

below the NAAQS, except for the daily mean PM10 NAAQS of 75 µg/m3 exceedance, as shown

in Figure 1-23.

The long term CO concentrations measured at the George monitoring station (Figure 1-24)

shows a seasonal pattern with CO concentrations peaking in winter and dropping in summer.

Nevertheless, CO concentrations are below the NAAQS of 10 mg/m3.

The long term O3 concentrations measured at the George monitoring station (Figure 1-25)

shows an upward trend, with the highest annual average of 41.1 µg/m3 observed in 2017. There

is a discernible annual cycle for O3 concentrations at the George monitoring station, with the

highest O3 concentrations in September and lowest in December. It is usually expected for O3

concentration levels to be lower in colder months due to lower solar radiation levels. However,

in this scenario, the O3 levels peak in May, June and July, which are colder months. This

phenomena is likely induced by meteorological conditions associated with anticyclones and

the presence of temperature inversions during the winter season.

The long term NO2 concentrations measured at the George ambient air quality monitoring

station (Figure 1-26) shows a downward trend, as opposed to the O3 long term trend. It

appears that during the winter season, NO2 concentrations tend to increase and decrease in

the summer season. This seasonal pattern concurs that meteorological conditions influence

the dispersion of air pollutants in the atmosphere. During the winter season, the George area

is characterised by persistent high pressure system, which brings temperature inversions;

hence, there is likely less dispersion of air pollutants in the atmosphere which results in elevated

NO2 concentrations.

The comparison of O3 levels (Figure 1-25) and NO2 levels (Figure 1-26) shows a converse pattern

due to photochemical reaction between Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Oxides of

Nitrogen (NOx) in the presence of sunlight. Thus, the George ambient air quality monitoring

station is classified as a roadside or traffic monitoring station.

In spite of the limited data capture for SO2 concentrations in 2017, the long term SO2

concentrations measured at the George ambient air quality monitoring station (Figure 1-27)

are far below the NAAQS.

The long term PM10 concentrations measured at the George ambient air quality monitoring

station, as shown in Figure 1-28, shows a steady upward trend. As from 1 January 2015 to

present the NAAQS for PM10 has become more stringent from daily average of 120 µg/m3 to

daily average of 75 µg/m3. There were exceedances of PM10 in 2017; however, these were

attributed to high wind speeds increasing the atmospheric particulate matter load.


18

Figure 1-24: Long term CO trend at George (Jul 2010 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-25: Long term O3 trend at George (Jul 2010 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-26: Long term NO2 trend at George (Jul 2010 – Dec 2017)


19

Figure 1-27: Long term SO2 trend at George (Jul 2010 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-28: Long term PM10 trend at George (Jul 2010 – Dec 2017)


20

1.1.2.2. Mossel Bay (Mossel Bay Municipality)

The Dana Bay ambient air quality monitoring station was commissioned in November 2011 at

the Dana Bay Reservoir. Due to recurrent theft and vandalism incidents the monitoring station

was relocated to the Eden District Municipality buildings at Boplaas in Mossel Bay during

November 2016. Nevertheless, the relocation of the monitoring station did not affect the

measurements of air pollutants since these two sites are comparable and adjacent to each

other within a distance of 1 km apart. The ambient air quality monitoring station is located in

the heart of a residential area, 5 km east of the major refinery plant and adjacent to N2 and

R102 busy roads north and south respectively (Figure 1-29). Table 1-6 shows the data capture

percentage at Mossel Bay monitoring station during 2017.

Figure 1-29: Aerial image of Mossel Bay Ambient Air Quality Monitoring location

On average the wind blows from the south-westerly and north-easterly directions

approximately 9.7% of the time at Mossel Bay ambient air quality monitoring station. Fresh

onshore breeze from calm to moderate are predominantly from the south-westerly and north-

easterly directions, blowing at an average wind speed of 1 m/s to 6 m/s (Figure 1-30).

Table 1-6: Mossel Bay Data Capture (2017)


Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 96.1

Benzene (C6H6) 95.3


Concentration


21

Figure 1-30: Annual wind rose for Mossel Bay (2017)


Daily maximum hourly mean H2S concentrations measured at Mossel Bay ambient air quality

monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-31. This report uses the WHO Guideline for H2S (24-hour

average) health threshold of 150 µg/m3. The calculated annual average for H2S was 2.4 µg/m3

during the 2017 monitoring period, and therefore well below the WHO Guideline of 150 µg/m3.

Figure 1-31: Daily maximum (1–hour mean) for H2S at Mossel Bay (2017)


22

Benzene (C6H6)

Daily maximum hourly mean C6H6 concentrations measured at the Mossel Bay ambient air

quality monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-32. The NAAQS for C6H6 (5 µg/m3) is calculated

on a 1-year averaging period and it was not exceeded since the calculated annual mean for

C6H6 was 1.4 µg/m3 during the 2017 monitoring period. The figure shows that C6H6

concentrations follow a seasonal pattern, with concentrations peaking in winter and declining

in summer. This could be caused by the development of temperature inversions and

associated weather conditions in winter precluding the dispersion of air pollutants.

Figure 1-32: Daily maximum (1–hour mean) for C6H6 at Mossel Bay (2017)

Long Term Air Quality Trends for Mossel Bay

The long term H2S concentrations measured at the Mossel Bay ambient air quality monitoring

station are shown in Figure 1-33. There is little inference to be drawn with the interpretation of

the long term H2S trend since the monitoring station experienced vandalism resulting in less

data recovery in the previous location at Dana Bay Reservoir (2011 – 2016). However, in 2017

at the new location in Mossel Bay, the monitoring station data capture percentage has

improved significantly, with a seasonal pattern observed in 2017 monitoring period, whereby

H2S concentrations increased in winter and decreased in summer.

Figure 1-33: Mossel Bay long term H2S trend (Oct 2011 – Dec 2017)


23

1.1.2.3. Oudtshoorn (Oudtshoorn Municipality)

The Oudtshoorn ambient air monitoring station was commissioned at the Bongolethu Clinic in

April 2011. It is located in the heart of a residential area, within a close proximity of an abattoir,

tannery and municipal sewerage treatment facility (Figure 1-34). Table 1-7 shows the 2017

data capture for air pollutants measured at the Oudtshoorn monitoring station. In South Africa

there are no specific NAAQS for H2S. Nevertheless, this report uses the WHO guidelines for H2S

analysis at the Oudtshoorn monitoring station. The WHO suggests H2S 24-hour average health

threshold of 150 µg/m3 as published in the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe – 2nd edition

(WHO, 2000).

Figure 1-34: Aerial image of Oudtshoorn Ambient Air Quality Monitoring location

The wind blows from the south-east at approximately 7.25% of the time at the Oudtshoorn

ambient air quality monitoring station in 2017. The prevailing winds are predominantly from the

south-west, north-west and south-east and blows at average wind speeds of 1m/s to 6 m/s.

Table 1-7: Oudtshoorn Data Capture (2017)


Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 98.9

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 90.9


Concentration


24

Figure 1-35: Annual wind rose for Oudtshoorn (2017)


Daily maximum hourly averages of H2S concentrations measured at the Oudtshoorn ambient

air quality monitoring station are characterised by events of high and low H2S levels. The

maximum daily mean for H2S was recorded on this date 2 October 2017 with the highest

concentration of 163 µg/m3 exceeding the WHO guideline of 150 µg/m3 (Figure 1-36). The

annual average for H2S was 4 µg/m3 during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-36: Daily maximum (1–hour mean) for H2S at Oudtshoorn (2017)


25


Daily maximum hourly mean CO2 concentrations measured at the Oudtshoorn ambient air

quality monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-37. The 2017 annual average for CO2

concentrations recorded at the Oudtshoorn monitoring station was 402 ppm, which is similar

to the 2017 annual mean for CO2 measured at Mauna Loa Observatory by the Global

Monitoring Division in Hawaii at 405 ppm (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/). The

comparison of these two sites is to demonstrate that the global average CO2 background

concentration is ~400 ppm worldwide.

Figure 1-37: Daily maximum (1–hour mean) for CO2 at Oudtshoorn (2017)

Long term air quality trends for Oudtshoorn

The long term H2S concentrations measured at the Oudtshoorn ambient air quality monitoring

station is shown in Figure 1-38. The H2S levels does not seem to follow an identifiable pattern or

cycle. Therefore, it can be inferred that there is no discernible pattern of a H2S long term trend

at the Oudtshoorn ambient air quality monitoring station.

The long term CO2 concentrations measured at the Oudtshoorn ambient air quality monitoring

station is shown in Figure 1-39. The CO2 long term trend measured at the Oudtshoorn

monitoring station is characterised by intermittent data gaps, making it difficult to make

inferences on CO2 long term trends. Data capture has improved, following the replacement

of analysers components during maintenance procedures. Vandalism, however, is still a risk

which can affect future data recovery. Improved security at the station is being addressed.


26

Figure 1-38: Long term H2S trend at Oudtshoorn (Apr 2011 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-39: Long term CO2 trend at Oudtshoorn (Dec 2013 – Dec 2017)


27

1.1.3. CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

1.1.3.1. Stellenbosch (Stellenbosch Municipality)

The Stellenbosch monitoring station is located at the Cape Winelands District Municipality

(CWDM) offices on the corner of Bird and Langenhoven Streets in Stellenbosch (Figure 1-40).

The station was commissioned in August 2011. Although located close to residential areas, the

station is impacted by vehicle emissions due to it being located next to a major traffic gateway

into and out of Stellenbosch. Long term trends are presented in Figure 1-46 to Figure 1-49.

Table 1-8 shows the data capture for air pollutants measured at the Stellenbosch air quality

monitoring station during 2017. Overall, the percentage data captured was above 90%, for

all air pollutants measured during 2017.

Figure 1-40: Aerial image of Stellenbosch Air Quality Monitoring Station location

Table 1-8: Stellenbosch Data Capture (2017)

Overall, the meteorological conditions for the period under review were characterized by

variable light to moderate winds, with south-westerly and north easterly components. A 56%

occurrence of calm conditions, below 1 m/s, were recorded for this period (Figure 1-41).



Ozone (O3) 97


Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 98

Particulates (PM10) 95


Legend description on graphs NAAQS

Concentration


28

Figure 1-41: Annual wind rose for Stellenbosch (2017)


The CO concentrations measured at the Stellenbosch monitoring station are presented in

Figure 1-42. Overall, the CO levels remained well below the NAAQS of 10 mg/m³ during 1

January to 31 December 2017. The CO (8 – hour) NAAQS of 10 mg/m³ (RSA, 2009) was not

exceeded during the monitoring period.

Figure 1-42: Daily Maximum CO (8 – hour Mean) at Stellenbosch (2017)


29

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

The SO2 concentrations measured at Stellenbosch are presented in Figure 1-43. The SO2

NAAQS of 125µg/m³ (RSA, 2009) was not exceeded during the monitoring period and

remained well below the NAAQS.

Figure 1-43: Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Stellenbosch (2017)

Ozone (O3)

The O3 concentrations measured at the Stellenbosch monitoring station were not exceeded

during this period (Figure 1-44). Vehicle emissions coupled with high ambient temperatures

contributes to the elevated levels recorded during this period. The highest recorded 8-hourly

O3 mean of 120 µg/m3 was recorded during November 2017. The gaps in the data were mainly

as a result of instrument failure.

Figure 1-44: Daily maximum O3 concentrations at Stellenbosch (2017)


30


The PM10 concentrations measured at Stellenbosch are presented in (Figure 1-45). There was

one exceedance of the PM10 (24 – hours) NAAQS of 75 µg/m³, with a maximum value of 90.75

µg/m³, which was recorded during January 2017. The frequency of exceedance was below

the acceptable limit of 4, for any 24 hour period, as allowed by the NAAQS.

Figure 1-45: Daily mean PM10 concentrations at Stellenbosch (2017)

Long Term Air Quality Trend for Stellenbosch

The long term CO trend of less than 1 mg/m3 remains well below the 10 mg/m3 NAAQS

standard. As with NO2, there appears to be a seasonal cycle, with lower values in the

December-January period, and higher in the June-July period (Figure 1-46). These are most

likely due to stronger and more consistent summer southerly winds.

Overall, the parameters measured were below the NAAQS, as shown in Figure 1-46 to Figure

1-49. Ozone is a secondary pollutant that is produced when VOC and NO2 gases react with

each other in the presence of sunlight. The long term O3 concentration (Figure 1-47) appears

to be increasing from 40 µg/m³ to 80 µg/m³. However, the data gap in early 2014 may be the

cause of this apparent long term increase, compared to the trend from mid- 2012 appears to

be steady at 42 µg/m³.

The long term NO2 trend remained steady at around 35 µg/m³ for the period (Figure 1-48).

There appears to be a seasonal cycle, with elevated concentrations measured in the

December-January period, and peaks in winter.

The long term PM10 concentration remained steady at about 20 µg/m³ for the period (Figure

1-49). Although no discernible seasonal cycle is visible, the highest PM10 values were recorded

during June to July, in 2012 and 2014.


31

Figure 1-46: Long term CO trend at Stellenbosch (Oct 2011 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-47: Long term O3 trend at Stellenbosch (Nov 2011 – Dec 2017)


32

Figure 1-48: Long term NO2 trend at Stellenbosch (Nov 2011 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-49: Long term PM10 trend at Stellenbosch (Nov 2011 – Dec 2017)


33

1.1.3.2. Worcester (Breede Valley Municipality)

The Worcester monitoring station was commissioned at the Meirings Park Electric Sub-station

during August 2009 (Figure 1-50). The monitoring station is located in a residential area,

downwind from industry and is adjacent to the N1 National Road. Data recovery for all

parameters measured during 2017 were less than 60% except for O3, which had a data

recovery of 88%, (Table 1-9). Data capture of <60% was not reported, and is the result of

instrument failures and air-conditioner problems experienced at the Worcester station.Long

term trends in air quality parameters measured at Worcester, are presented in Figure 1-52 to

Figure 1-57.

Figure 1-50: Aerial image of the Worcester Ambient Air Quality Monitoring location

Table 1-9: Worcester Data Capture (2017)


Carbon Monoxide (CO) <60

Ozone (O3) 88

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) <60



Legend description on graphs NAAQS

Concentration

The meteorological conditions for Worcester during the period under review were

characterized by light to moderate winds, with predominant north-easterly and south-westerly

winds. A 29.78% occurrence of calm conditions below 1 m/s were recorded for this period

(Figure 1-51).


34

Figure 1-51: Annual wind rose for Worcester (2017)

Ozone (O3)

The O3 concentrations measured at the Worcester monitoring station were not exceeded

during this period (Figure 1-52). Vehicle emissions, coupled with high ambient temperatures,

contributes to the elevated levels recorded during this period. The highest recorded 8-hourly

O3 mean of 103 µg/m3 was recorded during December 2017. The gaps in the data were mainly

as a result of instrument failure.

Figure 1-52: Daily maximum 8-hr mean O3 concentrations Worcester (2017)


35

Long term air quality data for Worcester

Overall, air quality parameters monitored in Worcester were below the NAAQS as shown in

Figure 1-53 to Figure 1-57.

The long term CO concentration trend of less than 1 mg/m3 remains well below the 10 mg/m3

NAAQS standard (Figure 1-53) at Worcester (July 2009 – December 2017).

The long term O3 concentration (Figure 1-54) shows a steady decline from approximately 60

µg/m³ to 40 µg/m³ (July 2009 – December 2017)

The long term PM10 concentration values at Worcester (July 2009 – December 2017) are below

the NAAQS, for the period prior to (120 µg/m³), as well as after (75 µg/m³) 1 January 2015

(Figure 1-55).

Figure 1-53: Long Term CO trend at Worcester (July 2011 – Dec 2017)


36

Figure 1-54: Long term O3 trend at Worcester (Jul 2009 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-55: Long term PM10 trend at Worcester (Jul 2009 – Dec 2017)


37

Figure 1-56: Long term NO2 trend at Worcester (Jul 2009- Dec 2017)

Figure 1-57: Long term SO2 trend at Worcester (Jul 2009- Dec 2017)


38

1.1.4. OVERBERG DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

1.1.4.1. Hermanus (Overstrand Municipality)

The Hermanus ambient air quality monitoring station is located at the Mount Pleasant Primary

School in Hermanus, which is located to the west of the town and between the major road

(R43) into Hermanus and the coastline to the south. Hermanus is situated on the southern

coastline of the Western Cape Province (Figure 1-58). The monitoring station was commissioned

in March 2014. Table 1-10 shows the data recovery at the station during 2017. No PM10 data

was collected during 2017 due to the instruments being out for repairs. The windrose for

Hermanus is not presented due to insufficient wind data.

Figure 1-58: Aerial image of Hermanus Ambient Air Quality Monitoring location

Table 1-10: Hermanus Data Capture (2017)

MEASUREMENT % DATA RECOVERY


Ozone (O3) 72





Concentration


39


The CO concentrations measured at the Hermanus monitoring station are presented in Figure

1-59. Overall, the CO levels remained well below the NAAQS of 10 mg/m³ during 1 January to

31 December 2017. The CO (8 – hour) NAAQS of 10 mg/m³ (RSA, 2009) was not exceeded

during the monitoring period. The data gaps are due to a combination of analyser and power

failures.

Figure 1-59: Daily Maximum CO (8 – hour Mean) at Hermanus (2017)

Ozone (O3)

The O3 concentrations measured at Hermanus are presented in Figure 1-60. The O3 (8 – hour,

running average) NAAQS of 120µg/m³ was not exceeded during this period. The highest

recorded value was 84.50 µg/m³. The data gaps are due to a combination of analyser and

power failures.

Figure 1-60: Daily Maximum O3 concentration (8 – hour Mean) at Hermanus (2017)


40


The NO2 concentrations measured at the Hermanus monitoring station are presented in Figure

1-61. The NO2 (1 - hour) NAAQS of 200 µg/m³ was not exceeded. The data gaps are due to a

combination of analyser and power failures.

Figure 1-61: Daily Maximum NO2 concentration (1 – hour Mean) at Hermanus (2017)


The SO2 concentrations measured at the Hermanus monitoring station are presented in Figure

1-62. The SO2 NAAQS of 125 µg/m³ (RSA, 2009) was not exceeded during the monitoring period

and remained well below the NAAQS.

Figure 1-62: Daily Mean SO2 Concentrations (1-Hour Mean) at Hermanus (2017)


41

Long term air quality data for Hermanus

Overall, air quality parameters monitored in Hermanus were below the NAAQS as shown in


The long term CO concentration trend (Figure 1-63) at Hermanus (March 2014 - December

2017) remained well below the 10 mg/m3 NAAQS standard. The long term O3 concentration

at Hermanus (Figure 1-64) (March 2014 – December 2017) has shown no noticeable increase

and has remained steady at 35 µg/m³; there does, however, appear to be a seasonal cycle.

With regards to NO2 (Figure 1-65), there appears to be a seasonal cycle, with lower values in

the summer period (December-January), and higher in the winter period (June-July). The SO2

(Figure 1-66) (March 2014 – December 2017) concentration has remained well below the

NAAQS.

Figure 1-63: Long term trend CO concentrations at Hermanus (Mar 2014 - Dec 2017)

Figure 1-64: Long term trend O3 concentrations at Hermanus (Mar 2014 - Dec 2017)


42

Figure 1-65: Long term trend NO2 concentrations at Hermanus (Mar 2014 - Dec 2017)

Figure 1-66: Long term trend SO2 concentrations at Hermanus (Mar 2014 - Dec 2017)

N


43

1.1.5. CITY OF CAPE TOWN METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY

1.1.5.1. Khayelitsha (City of Cape Town)

The Khayelitsha monitoring station, commissioned in May 2011, has been relocated in

December 2014 to its new site at the Khayelitsha District Hospital (less than 5km from its old

site). The station is located at 33°27’19.51”S and 18°43’54.62”E (Figure 1 67). Khayelitsha is an

informal settlement situated south-east of Cape Town. The meteorological equipment was

installed in January 2016, due to modification requirements of the metrological equipment

for the new site. The data recovery is indicated in Table 1 11. Data capture for PM10 is low

due to instrument logger failure and is not presented in this report. Long term trends in air

quality are reported for all parameters measured, from 2012 to 2017.

Figure 1-67: Aerial image of Khayelitsha Air Quality Monitoring Station location

Low data capture for wind Speed and Wind Direction was recorded during this period, due to

faulty instrumentation.

Table 1-11: Khayelitsha Data Capture (2017)



Ozone (O3) 87






Concentration


44

The overall meteorological conditions for the period under review were characterized by

variable moderate to very strong winds, with a dominant southerly component. 0.42%

occurrence of calm conditions below 1 m/s were recorded for this period (Figure 1-68).

Figure 1-68: Annual wind rose for Khayelitsha (2017)


The CO concentrations measured at the Khayelitsha monitoring station are presented in Figure

1-69.

Overall, the CO levels remained well below the CO (8 – hour) NAAQS of 10 mg/m³ (RSA, 2009)

during 1 January – 31 December 2017. The intermittent breaks in the data were as a result of

data capture failure and instrument failure.

Figure 1-69: Daily maximum CO (8 – hour Mean) at Khayelitsha (2017)


45

Ozone (O3)

The O3 concentrations measured at the Khayelitsha monitoring station did not exceed the

NAAQS of 120 µg/m3 (8-hour) during this period (Figure 1-70). The highest recorded 8-hourly O3

mean of 40.9 µg/m3 occurred during March 2017. Elevated O3 levels may be attributed to high

ambient temperatures and emission sources from vehicles. The intermittent gaps in the data

were mainly as a result of data capture failure and instrument failure.

Figure 1-70: Daily maximum O3 (8 – hour Mean) at Khayelitsha (2017)


The NO2 concentrations measured at Khayelitsha monitoring station are presented in Figure

1-71. The highest NO2 level recorded during this period was 156 µg/m³ during August 2017.

There were no exceedances of the NO2 (24 – hours) NAAQS of 200 µg/m³. Loss of data were

due to data capture failure and instrument failure.


46

Figure 1-71: Daily maximum hourly NO2 concentrations at Khayelitsha (2017)


The SO2 concentrations measured at the Khayelitsha monitoring station during this period are

shown in Figure 1-72. The SO2 (24 - hours) NAAQS of 125 µg/m3 was not exceeded during the

monitoring period. The data gaps were mainly attributed to data capture failure and

instrument failure.

Figure 1-72: Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Khayelitsha (2017)


The CO2 concentrations measured at the Khayelitsha monitoring station is presented in Figure

1-73. Overall, the CO2 levels were at approximately 400 ppm, during this period.


47

Figure 1-73: Daily mean CO2 concentrations at Khayelitsha (2017)

Long term air quality trends for Khayelitsha

The long term trends for the parameters measured at Khayelitsha, from January 2012 to

December 2017, are shown in Figure 1-74 to Figure 1-76. Overall, all parameters measured

were below the NAAQS.

The long term data for PM10 is shown in Figure 1-74a. Data for PM10 was acquired from the

monitoring done by Airports Company South Africa (ACSA). The daily mean concentrations

measured for the period under review was exceeded in January 2017 at 89 µg/m3 due to high

wind speeds, in May 2017 at 75 µg/m3 due to possible winter inversion conditions, in June 2017

at 101 µg/m3 due to high wind speeds, and thrice in July 2017 at 87 µg/m3, 76 µg/m3, and 79

µg/m3 due to possible winter inversion conditions.

The long term trend for CO is steady at approximately 1 mg/m3 (Figure 1-74b). The daily

maximum (8-hr mean) concentrations measured for the period under review were well below

the NAAQS (CO daily maximum 8-hr mean) of 10mg/m³.

The long term data for O3 shows a downward trend from approximately 41 µg/m³ to 20 µg/m³

(Figure 1-75).

The long term trend for SO2 is steady at approximately 4 µg/m3 (Figure 1-76). The daily mean

concentrations measured for the period under review is well below the NAAQS (SO2 daily

mean) of 125 µg/m³.


48

Figure 1-74a: Long Term trend Daily Mean PM10 Concentrations (Jan 2011 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-74b: Long term trend daily maximum 8-hr mean CO (Jan 2012 – Dec 2017)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Jan

20

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1

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Daily Mean PM10 Concentrations at Khayelitsha

May 2011 - December 2017

Daily Mean PM10 Standard PM10 Concentration (µg/m3)

120ug/m3 (pre 2015)

75 ug/m3 ( from 1 Jan 2015)


49

Figure 1-75: Long term trend of daily maximum 8-hr mean O3 (Jan 2012 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-76: Long term trend of daily mean SO2 (Jan 2012 – Dec 2017)

1.1.5.2. Vissershok (City of Cape Town)

The Vissershok monitoring station is located at a small-holding within Morningstar, Vissershok,

north-east of Cape Town. The site co-ordinates are 33°45’07.37”S and 18° 31’ 53.65”E (Figure

1-77) 2011 and is located downwind of industries and the N7 National Road. The monitoring

station is equipped to continuously monitor NO2, PM10, O3 and CO. Data recovery for PM10 was

less than 60% as a result of equipment failure; and are not reported here (Table 1-12). Long


50

term air quality trends for O3, CO and NO2 are provided for data collected from September

2011 to December 2017.

Figure 1-77: Aerial image of the Vissershok Ambient Air Quality Monitoring location

The annual wind rose (Figure 1-78) shows strong to moderate southerly winds with 14.7 % calm

conditions below 1 m/s, for the period monitored.

Figure 1-78: Annual wind rose for Vissershok (2017)


51

Table 1-12: Vissershok Data Capture (2017)



Ozone (O3) 73




Concentration


The CO concentrations measured at the Vissershok monitoring station are presented in Figure

1-79. Overall, the 8 – hour mean CO levels remained well below the NAAQS of 10 mg/m³ (RSA,

2009), and did not exceed the standards during the monitoring period. Data loss during this

period was due to power failures.

Figure 1-79: Daily maximum CO (8 – hour) at Vissershok (2017)

Ozone (O3)

The O3 concentrations measured at the Vissershok monitoring station was not exceeded during

this period (Figure 1-80). The highest recorded 8-hourly O3 mean of 109.5 µg/m3 was recorded

on 7 December 2017. Elevated O3 levels recorded may be attributed to vehicle emissions from

the N7 national road, veld fires and high ambient temperatures. Gaps in the data was due to

power failures and instrument failures.


52

Figure 1-80: Daily maximum O3 (8 – hour Mean) at Vissershok (2017)


The NO2 concentrations measured at Vissershok monitoring station are presented in Figure

1-81. The highest NO2 level recorded during this period was 124 µg/m³ during April 2018, which

may be attributed to vehicle emissions. There were no exceedances of the NO2 (24 – hours)

NAAQS of 200 µg/m³. Loss of data were due to data power and instrument failures.

Figure 1-81: Daily maximum hourly NO2 concentrations at Vissershok (2017)

Long term air quality data for Vissershok

The long term trend for CO shows a general movement below 2 mg/m3 (Figure 1-82). The daily

maximum (8-hr mean) concentrations measured for the period under review is well below the

NAAQS (CO daily maximum 8-hr mean) of 10 mg/m³.

The long term trend for O3 at Vissershok shows a general seasonal trend below the 120 µg/m³

standard (Figure 1-83). The seasonal trend is likely due to O3, which is a secondary pollutant,


53

being produced when Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and NO2 gases react with each

other in the presence of strong sunlight.

Figure 1-82: Long term CO trend at Vissershok (Jan 2013 – Dec 2017)

Figure 1-83: Long term O3 trend at Vissershok (Jan 2013 – Dec 2017)

1.1.5.3. Hout Bay (City of Cape Town)

The Hout Bay monitoring station commissioned in March 2014, is located at the Sentinel Primary

School in Hout Bay (34˚25’12.42”S; 19˚12’47.37”E) (Figure 1-84). The location of the monitoring

station is in a residential area, in close proximity of industrial activities and a working harbour.

The H2S levels measured at the Hout Bay monitoring station were below 150 µg/m³, in terms of


54

the WHO Guideline for health impact. Vandalism, which resulted in theft of equipment, led to

a 68% data capture for 2017 (Table 1-13).

Figure 1-84: Aerial image of Hout Bay Ambient Air Quality Monitoring location

Table 1-13a: Hout Bay Data Capture (2017)


Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 68


Concentration

Overall, the meteorological conditions for the period under review were characterized by

variable light to moderate winds, with dominant south-easterly and north-westerly

components. The 21.91% occurrence of calm conditions, below 1 m/s, were recorded for this

period (Figure 1-85).


55

Figure 1-85: Annual wind rose for Hout Bay (2017)


The monitoring of H2S is used as an indicator of odour emissions from the industries. The daily

maximum hourly mean H2S concentrations measured at the Hout Bay monitoring station is

presented in Figure 1-86. The highest H2S level recorded during this period was 42 µg/m³ during

March 2017, which can likely be attributed to the industries operating in the Hout Bay area.

The H2S concentrations are well below the WHO Guideline of 150 µg/m³ (24 – hours). Data loss

were due to logger failure and station vandalism.

Figure 1-86: Daily maximum H2S (Hourly Mean) at Hout Bay (2017)


56

Long term air quality data for Hout Bay

The Hout Bay station has been in operation since March 2014, measuring H2S in the area.

Except for some intermittent peaks, the H2S values are generally below 20 µg/m³ (Figure 1-87).

Figure 1-87: Long term H2S trend for Hout Bay (Mar 2014 – Dec 2017)

1.2. MUNICIPAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING:

CITY OF CAPE TOWN (CCT)

The City of Cape Town’s Air Quality Monitoring Network consists of 14 ambient air quality

monitoring stations, as indicated in Figure 1-88. As previously mentioned, this Network is

complemented by two additional continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations, which

are operated by DEA&DP at Vissershok and Khayelitsha (Section 1.1). The Killarney monitoring

station was decommissioned in 2013 and re-located to the Plattekloof Reservoir, Plattekloof

and measures Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Ozone (O3) and Particulate

Matter 10 (PM10). The Potsdam station was commissioned in 2013, and measures Volatile

Organic Compounds (VOCs); while the Somerset-West air quality monitoring station was

commissioned in 2008, and measures SO2 and PM10.

Numerous and widespread regional sources including industry, road traffic, power generation

and the domestic use of fuels by a large sector of the population contribute to the air pollution

over Cape Town. Coupled with this, despite the region’s generally high potential for air

pollution dispersion and ventilation from the metropolitan area, the cleansing effects of the

summer South-Easter or 'Cape Doctor' contribute to increased dust levels in summer.

A combination of local topography (mountain range forms a basin that traps pollution) and

climate cause the city to be susceptible to air pollution during autumn and winter inversions.

Early morning inversion layers often coincide with morning peak traffic conditions, causing

visible levels of air pollution in the form of a white or brown haze (City of Cape Town, 2005).

Studies of the brown haze and air pollution episodes showed that PM10 forms a major part of

the city’s pollution (Benson, 2007).

Levels of PM10 have caused concern because of their potential harmful effects on human

health. Exposure to high levels of PM10 concentrations is associated with increased incidences


57

of respiratory ailments such as asthma and chronic bronchitis. Studies on PM10 indicate that

there is no threshold in particulate concentrations below which health would not be

jeopardized.

Air pollution instrumentation that use spectrometric and chemiluminescent technology

continuously measures SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, O3 and H2S. PM10 monitoring is done by means of a

TEOM 1400A which uses a Tapered Element Oscillating Mass (TEOM) balance to continuously

weigh particles of less than 10µm in diameter in the air. VOC’s (benzene, toluene, ethylacetate

and xylene) are monitored using Gas Chromotography (GC) mass spectrometry technology.

All the analysers are USEPA approved and are operated in accordance with the USEPA

methods and SANAS ISO 17025 requirements.

Figure 1-88: The City of Cape Town’s Air Quality Monitoring Network


58

The ambient air is measured on a continuous basis every 10 seconds and all data are collected

on a central server at the CCT’s Scientific Services Department. The data is processed daily to

1-minute, 10 minute, 15 minute, 1 hour, 8-hr and daily averages. These averages are

compared against guidelines and guideline exceedances are reported on daily on the CCT’s

Air Quality Website, (www.capetown.gov.za/airqual), as well as monthly reports.

The CCT has developed and published an AQMP as a tool for the management of the air

quality in order to protect human health and the environment as part of their constitutional

responsibility as Local Authority to comply with NEM: AQA.

“To specify ambient air quality standards and targets for Cape Town” is one of the key

objectives presented in the CCT’s AQMP. Ambient air quality guideline levels indicate safe

daily exposure levels for the majority of the population. In order to link pollution levels and non-

compliance episodes with the potential for health risk, the CCT has adopted the internationally

acceptable UK Guidelines for ambient air quality in its State of the Environment Report.

A summary of the air quality parameters measured at the CCT’s ambient air quality monitoring

stations is presented below.

1.2.1. Athlone

The analysis of the results is shown in Table 1-14 and the SO2 concentrations measured at the

Athlone monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-89. The SO2 24 – hour average of 125 µg/m³

was not exceeded during the monitoring period. The annual average for SO2 was 4 µg/m³

during the 2017 monitoring period.

Table 1-14: Athlone SO2 Frequency of Exceedance and Data Recovery (2017)

ATHLONE

Pollutant SO2

Averaging Period 10 minute

average

1 hour

average

24 hour

daily

1 year

(annual)

NAAQS 500g/m3 350g/m3 125g/m3 50g/m3

Maximum / Average 82g/m3 57g/m3 15g/m3 4g/m3

Exceedance 0 0 0 0

Frequency of Exceedance 526 88 4 0

Data Capture % 46


59

Figure 1-89. Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Athlone - 2017

1.2.2. Bothasig

The Bothasig monitoring station forms part of the Milnerton air quality monitoring network. The

primary aim of this monitoring network is to monitor the impact of a refinery and other emitters

from the area, on ambient air quality.

Ambient monitoring at Bothasig monitoring station commenced during 1995. The pollutants

measured are SO2 and NOx. PM10 monitoring stopped during 2003. The analysis of the results is

shown in Table 1-15 and Figure 1-90 to Figure 1-91.

Table 1-15: Bothasig SO2 and NO2 Frequency of Exceedances and Data Recovery (2017)

BOTHASIG

Pollutant SO2 NO2

Averaging

Period

10 minute

average

1 hour

average

24 hour

daily

1 year

(annual)

1 hour

average

1 year

(annual)

NAAQS 500g/m3 350g/m3 125g/m3 50g/m3 200g/m3 40g/m3

Maximum /

Average

113g/m3

53g/m3

12g/m3

2g/m3

102g/m3

14g/m3

Exceedance 0 0 0 0 0 0

Frequency of

Exceedance

526 88 4 0 88 0

Data Capture

(%)

82

70

Daily Mean SO2 Concentration at Athlone for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

SO2 C

on

cen

trat

ion

SO2 [µg/m3(s)] NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=125]


60

The SO2 concentrations measured at the Bothasig monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-90.

The SO2 24 – hour average of 125 g/m3 was not exceeded during the monitoring period. The

annual average for SO2 was 2 µg/m³ during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-90: Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Bothasig - 2017

The NO2 concentrations measured at the Bothasig monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-91.

The NO2 1 – hour average of 200 g/m3was not exceeded during the monitoring period. The

annual average for NO2 was 14 g/m3 during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-91: Hourly mean NO2 concentrations at Bothasig – 2017

SO2 C

on

cen

trat

ion


Daily Mean SO2 Concentration at Bothasig for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

Hourly Mean NO2 Concentration at Bothasig for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=200] NO2 [µg/m3(s)]

NO

2 C

onc

entr

atio

n


61

The overall meteorological conditions were characterised by moderate winds, with a strong

southerly component (Figure 1-92).

Figure 1-92: Bothasig annual wind rose (2017)

1.2.3. Foreshore

The Foreshore monitoring station was sited to assess vehicular emissions and to characterise

emissions from other nearby sources such as the Port activities in the area.

Ambient NO2 and PM10 monitoring commenced during 1995. The trend graphs show the

monthly averages. The analysis of the PM10 and C6H6 results are shown in Table 1-16, Figure 1-

93 and Figure 1-94.

Table 1-16: Foreshore PM10 and C6H6 Frequency of Exceedances and Data Recovery (2017)

FORESHORE

Pollutant PM10 C6H6

Averaging Period 24-hour daily

average

1 year

(annual)

1 year

(annual)

NAAQS 75g/m3 g/m3 1.6ppb

Maximum / Average 78g/m3

29g/m3

0.77ppb

Exceedance 1 0 0

Frequency of Exceedance 4 0 0

Data Capture % 86 40


62

The PM10 concentrations measured at the Foreshore monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-

93. The PM10 24 – hour average of 75g/m3 was exceeded on one (1) occasion during the

monitoring period, with 78g/m3 during June 2017. The annual average for PM10 was 31g/m3

during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-93: Daily mean PM10 concentrations at Foreshore - 2017

The Benzene concentrations measured at the Foreshore monitoring station are shown in Figure

1-94. The annual average of 1.6 ppb was not exceeded during the monitoring period.

Figure 1-94: Daily mean C6H6 concentrations at Foreshore - 2017

Daily Mean PM10 Concentration at Foreshore for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=75] PM10 [µg/m3(s)]

PM

10 C

on

cen

trat

ion

Monthly Mean C6H6 Concentration at Foreshore for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – ANNUAL AVERAGE [Value=1.6] Benzene (ppb)

C6H

6 C

on

cen

trat

ion

C

6H

6 C

on

cen

trat

ion


63

1.2.4. Goodwood

The Goodwood monitoring station serves as a Regional station to monitor background air

pollution levels. Ambient air quality monitoring at the Goodwood monitoring station

commenced in 1993; the pollutants measured are PM10, SO2, NOx, O3 and CO. The monitoring

of CO stopped during 2007, O3 monitoring stopped during 2008 due to broken instruments,

and PM10 monitoring stopped in 2017 due to logging/software problems with the particulate

analyser. The analysis of the results is shown in Table 1-17 and Figure 1-95 to Figure 1-97.

Table 1-17: Goodwood SO2, NO2, and O3 Frequency of Exceedances and Data Recovery

(2017)

GOODWOOD

Pollutant SO2 NO2 O3

Averaging

Period

10 min.

average

1 hour

average

24 hour

daily

1 year

(annual)

1 hour

average

1 year

(annual)

8 hour

running

average

NAAQS 500g/ m3 350g/ m3 125g/ m3 50g/m3 200g/ m3 40g/m3 120µg/m³

Maximum /

Average

132g/ m3 87g/ m3 26g/m3 10g/ m3 94g/ m3 22g/ m3 66µg/m³

Excee-

dance

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Frequency

of Excee-

dance

526 88 4 0 88 0 11

Data

Capture %

23 93 45

The SO2 concentrations measured at the Goodwood monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-

95. The SO2 24 – hour average of 125 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring period.

The annual average for SO2 was 10 µg/m³ during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-95: Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Goodwood – 2017

Daily Mean SO2 Concentration at Goodwood for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=125] SO2 [µg/m3(s)]

SO2 C

on

cen

trat

ion


64

The NO2 concentrations measured at the Goodwood monitoring station are shown in Figure

1-96. The NO2 1 – hour average of 200 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring period.

The annual average for NO2 was 22 µg/m³ during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-96: Hourly mean NO2 concentrations at Goodwood - 2017

The O3 concentrations measured at the Goodwood monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-

97. The O3 8 – hour running average of 120 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring

period.

Figure 1-97: Daily maximum O3 8 – hour running mean at Goodwood – 2017

Hourly Mean NO2 Concentration at Goodwood for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=200] NO2 [µg/m3(s)]

NO

2 C

on

cen

trat

ion

Daily Maximum 8-hour Mean O3 Concentrations at Goodwood for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NAAQS – 8 HOUR RUNNING AVERAGE [Value=120] O3 [µg/m3(s)]

O3 C

onc

entr

atio

n


65


south-westerly component. (Figure 1-98).

Figure 1-98: Goodwood annual wind rose (2017)

1.2.5. Khayelitsha

The Khayelitsha monitoring station was established to assess the impact of emissions from

informal settlement related activities on ambient air quality in the area. Ambient air quality

monitoring at the Khayelitsha monitoring station commenced in 2002. Data for this air quality

monitoring station is not reported, as the station was decommissioned in 2017 due to

construction activities at the Khayelitsha Fire Station.


66

1.2.6. Table View

The Table View monitoring station forms part of the Milnerton air quality monitoring network.

The primary aim of this monitoring network is to monitor the impact of a refinery and other

emitters from the area, on ambient air quality.

Ambient air quality monitoring at Tableview monitoring station commenced in 1994. The

pollutants measured are SO2, NOx and PM10. Due to the analyser experiencing software

problems, PM2.5 data for this period could not be recorded. The analysis of the results is shown

in Table 1-18 and Figure 1-99 to Figure 1-101.

Table 1-18: Tableview SO2, NO2, and PM10 Frequency and Data Recovery (2017)

TABLEVIEW

Pollutant SO2 NO2 PM10

Averaging

Period

10 min.

average

1 hour

average

24 hour

daily

1 year

(annual)

1 hour

average

1 year

(annual)

24-hour

daily

average

1 year

(annual

average)

NAAQS 500g/ m3 350g/

m3

125g/

m3

50g/m3 200g/

m3

40g/m3 75µg/m³ 40µg/m³

Maximum /

Average

419µg/m³ 219µg/

m³ 35µg/m³ 6µg/m³ 85µg/m³ 10µg/m³ 62µg/m³ 24µg/m³

Excee-

dance

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Frequency

of Excee-

dance

526 88 4 0 88 0 4 0

Data

Capture %

72 92 27

The SO2 concentrations measured at the Tableview monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-



Figure 1-99: Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Tableview - 2017

Daily Mean SO2 Concentration at Tableview for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=125] SO2 [µg/m3(s)]

SO2 C

on

cen

trat

ion


67

The NO2 concentrations measured at the Tableview monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-

100. The NO2 1 – hour average of 200 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring period.


Figure 1-100: Hourly mean NO2 concentrations at Tableview - 2017

The PM10 concentrations measured at the Tableview monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-

101. The PM10 24 – hour average of 75 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring period.

The annual average for PM10 was 24 µg/m³ during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-101: Daily mean PM10 concentrations at Tableview - 2017

Daily Mean NO2 Concentration at Tableview for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NO2 [µg/m3(s)] NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=200]

NO

2 C

on

cen

trat

ion

Daily Mean PM10 Concentration at Tableview for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

PM10 [µg/m3(s)] NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=75]

PM

10 C

on

cen

trat

ion


68

The overall meteorological conditions were characterised by light to moderate winds, with a

strong southerly component (Figure 1-102).

Figure 1-102: Tableview annual wind rose (2017)

1.2.7. Wallacedene

The Wallacedene monitoring station forms part of the City of Cape Town’s ambient air quality

monitoring network. The primary aim of this monitoring station is to monitor the impact emissions

from the Wallacedene informal settlement on ambient air quality.

Ambient monitoring at Wallacedene monitoring station commenced during 2006. The

pollutants measured are SO2, NOx, O3 and PM10. There is no NO2 data for this period due to the

analyser experiencing pump failure. The O3 analyser was commissioned in 2016 for

testing/screening, but only added as a parameter in 2017. The analysis of the results is shown

Table 1-19 and Figure 1-103 to Figure 1-105.


69

Table 1-19: Wallacedene SO2, O3 and PM10 Frequency of Exceedances and Data Recovery

(2017)

WALLACEDENE

Pollutant SO2 O3 PM10

Averaging

Period

10 min.

average

1 hour

average

24 hour

daily

1 year

(annual)

8 hour

running

mean

average

24-hour

daily

average

1 year

(annual

average)

NAAQS 500g/ m3 350g/ m3 125g/ m3 50g/m3 120g/ m3 75µg/m³ 40µg/m³

Maximum

/ Average

183µg/m³ 129µg/m³ 25µg/ m³ 7µg/m³ 113 µg/m³ 147µg/m³ 39 µg/m3

Excee-

dance

0 0 0 0 0 16 0

Frequency

of Excee-

dance

526 88 4 0 11 4 0

Data

Capture %

92 97 97

The SO2 concentrations measured at the Wallacedene monitoring station are shown in Figure

1-103. The SO2 24 – hour average of 125 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring

period. The annual average for SO2 was 7 µg/m³ during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-103: Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Wallacedene – 2017

Daily Mean SO2 Concentration at Wallacedene for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

SO2 C

on

cen

trat

ion



70

The O3 concentrations measured at the Wallacedene monitoring station are shown in Figure

1-104. The O3 8 – hour running average of 120 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the

monitoring period.

Figure 1-104: Daily maximum O3 8 – hour running mean at Wallacedene – 2017

The PM10 concentrations measured at the Wallacedene monitoring station are shown in

Figure 1-105. The PM10 24 – hour average of 75 µg/m³ was exceeded on sixteen (16)

occasions during the monitoring period. The annual average for PM10 was 39 µg/m³ during

the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-105: Daily mean PM10 concentrations at Wallacedene - 2017

Daily Maximum 8-hour Mean O3 Concentration at Wallacedene for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

O3 C

on

cen

trat

ion

O3 [µg/m3(s)] NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=120]

Daily Mean PM10 Concentration at Wallacedene for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

PM

10 C

on

cen

trat

ion



71

1.2.8. Plattekloof

The Plattekloof monitoring station is positioned to monitor a refinery’s impact on ambient air

quality. Ambient air quality monitoring at Plattekloof monitoring station commenced during

late 2013. The pollutants measured are SO2, NOx, O3 and PM10. The analysis of the results is

shown in Table 1-20 and Figure 1-106 to Figure 1-108.

Table 1-20: Plattekloof SO2, NO2, PM10 and O3 Frequency of Exceedances and Data Recovery

(2017)

PLATTEKLOOF

Pollutant SO2 NO2 O3

Averaging

Period

10 min.

average

1 hour

average

24 hour

daily

1 year

(annual)

1 hour

average

1 year

(annual)

8-hour

running

average

NAAQS 500g/ m3 350g/

m3

125g/

m3

50g/m3 200g/ m3 40g/m3 120µg/m³

Maximum /

Average

617µg/m³ 250µg/m³ 59µg/ m³ 11µg/m³ 178µg/m³ 15µg/m³ 104µg/m³

Excee-

dance

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Frequency

of Excee-

dance

526 88 4 0 88 0 11

Data

Capture %

23 95 88

The SO2 concentrations measured at the Plattekloof monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-



Figure 1-106: Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Plattekloof - 2017

Daily Mean SO2 Concentration at Plattekloof for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

SO2 C

on

cen

trat

ion



72

The NO2 concentrations measured at the Plattekloof monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-



Figure 1-107: Hourly mean NO2 concentrations at Plattekloof – 2017

The O3 concentrations measured at the Plattekloof monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-

108. The O3 8 – hour running average of 120 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring

period.

Figure 1-108: Daily maximum O3 8 – hour running mean at Plattekloof – 2017

Daily Mean NO2 Concentration at Plattekloof for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NO

2 C

on

cen

trat

ion

NO2 [µg/m3(s)] NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – HOURLY AVERAGE [Value=200]

Daily Maximum 8-hour Mean O3 Concentration at Plattekloof for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

O3 C

onc

entr

atio

n

O3 [µg/m3(s)] NAAQS – 8 HOUR RUNNING AVERAGE [Value=120]


73

1.2.9. Bellville-South

Ambient air quality monitoring at the Bellville monitoring station commenced in 2003. The

pollutants measured are SO2 and PM10. The analysis of the results is shown in Table 1-21 and


Table 1-21: Bellville – South SO2 and PM10 Frequency of Exceedances and Data Recovery

(2017)

BELLVILLE - SOUTH

Pollutant SO2 PM10

Averaging

Period

10 min.

average

1 hour

average

24 hour

daily

1 year

(annual)

24 hour daily

average

1 year (annual)

NAAQS 500g/ m3 350g/ m3 125g/ m3 50g/m3 75g/ m3 40g/m3

Maximum /

Average

285µg/m³ 237µg/m³ 81µg/m³ 14µg/m³

92µg/m³ 31µg/m³

Exceedance 0 0 0 0 3 0

Frequency of

Excee-dance

526 88 4 0 4 0

Data Capture

%

67 80

The SO2 concentrations measured at the Bellville-South monitoring station are shown in Figure

1-109. The SO2 24 – hour average of 125 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring

period. The annual average for SO2 was 14 µg/m³ during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-109: Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Bellville-South - 2017

Daily Mean SO2 Concentration at Bellville-South for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

SO2 C

on

cen

trat

ion



74

The PM10 concentrations measured at the Bellville-South monitoring station are shown in Figure

1-110. The PM10 24 – hour average of 75 µg/m³ was exceeded on three (3) occasions during

the monitoring period, with 77 µg/m³ during April 2017, 76 µg/m³ during June 2018 and 92 µg/m³

during November 2017. The annual average for PM10 was 31 µg/m³ during the 2017 monitoring

period.

Figure 1-110: Daily mean PM10 concentrations at Bellville-South – 2017

The overall meteorological conditions were characterised by light to moderate winds, with a

strong southerly and westerly component (Figure 1-111).

Figure 1-111: Annual wind rose for Bellville-South - 2017

Daily Mean PM10 Concentration at Bellville-South for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

PM

10 C

on

cen

trat

ion



75

1.2.10. City Hall

Ambient monitoring at City Hall monitoring station commenced in 1994. The pollutants

measured are SO2, and NOx. There is no data for SO2 for this period due to the analyser

experiencing lamp and pump failure. The analysis of the results is shown in Table 1-22 and

Figure 1-112.

Table 1-22: City Hall SO2 and NOX Frequency and Data Recovery (2017)

CITY HALL

Pollutant NO2

Averaging Period 1 hour average 1 year (annual)

NAAQS 200g/ m3 40g/m3

Maximum / Average 39µg/m³ 3µg/m³

Excee-dance 0 0

Frequency of Excee-dance 88 0

Data Capture % 84

The NO2 concentrations measured at the City-Hall monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-



Figure 1-112: Hourly mean NO2 concentrations at City-Hall – 2017

Hourly Mean NO2 Concentration at City Hall for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NO

2 C

onc

entr

atio

n

NO2 [µg/m3(s)] NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – HOURLY AVERAGE [Value=200]


76

1.2.11. Atlantis

Ambient monitoring at Atlantis monitoring station commenced in 2008. The pollutants

measured are SO2, and O3. There was no NO2 data for this period due to the analyser

experiencing ozone generator failure. The analysis of the results are shown in Table 1-23 and


Table 1-23: Atlantis SO2, NOx and 03 Frequency of Exceedances and Data Recovery (2017)

ATLANTIS

Pollutant SO2 O3

Averaging

Period

10 min.

average

1 hour

average

24 hour daily 1 year

(annual)

8-hour running

average

NAAQS 500g/ m3 350g/ m3 125g/ m3 50g/m3 120µg/m³

Maximum /

Average

76µg/m³ 61µg/m³ 14µg/m³ 3µg/m³ 124µg/m³

Excee-dance 0 0 0 0 2

Frequency of

Excee-dance

526 88 4 0 11

Data Capture

%

71 75

The SO2 concentrations measured at the Atlantis monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-113.

The SO2 24 – hour average of 125 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring period. The

annual average for SO2 was 3 µg/m³ during the 2017 monitoring period.

Figure 1-113: Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Atlantis – 2017

Daily Mean SO2 Concentration at Atlantis for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

SO2 C

on

cen

trat

ion



77

The O3 concentrations measured at the Atlantis monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-114.

The O3 8 – hour running average of 120 µg/m³ was exceeded on two (2) occasions during

the monitoring period, with 122 µg/m³ in February 2017 and 124 µg/m³ in October 2017.

Figure 1-114: Daily maximum O3 8 – hour running mean at Atlantis – 2017


southerly component (Figure 1-115).

Figure 1-115: Annual wind rose for Atlantis – 2017

NAAQS – 8 HOUR RUNNING AVERAGE [Value=120]

Daily Maximum 8-hour Mean O3 Concentration at Atlantis for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

O3 [µg/m3(s)]

O3 C

on

cen

trat

ion


78

1.2.12. Molteno

Ambient monitoring at Molteno monitoring station commenced in 2014. The only pollutant

measured is O3. The analysis of the results is shown in Table 1-24 and Figure 1-116 to Figure 1-

117.

Table 1-24: Molteno O3 Frequency and Exceedances and Data Recovery (2017)

MOLTENO

Pollutant O3

Averaging Period 8 hour running average

NAAQS 120g/m3

Maximum / Average 70µg/m³

Exceedance 0

Frequency of Exceedance 11

Data Capture % 87

The O3 concentrations measured at the Molteno monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-116.

The O3 8 – hour running average of 120 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the monitoring period.

Figure 1-116: Daily maximum O3 8 – hour running mean at Molteno – 2017

The NO2 concentrations measured at the Molteno monitoring station are shown in Figure 1-

117. The NO2 (hourly mean) concentrations of 200 µg/m³ was not exceeded during the

monitoring period.

Daily Maximum 8-hour Mean O3 Concentration at Molteno for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

O3 C

onc

entr

atio

n

O3 [µg/m3(s)] NAAQS – 8 HOUR RUNNING AVERAGE [Value=120]


79

Figure 1-117: Hourly Mean NO2 concentrations at Molteno – 2017

1.2.13. Potsdam

The analysis of the results at Potsdam is shown in Table 1-25 and the benzene concentrations

measured are shown in Figure 1-118. The annual average of 1.6 ppb was not exceeded during

the monitoring period.

Table 1-25: Potsdam C6H6 Frequency and Exceedances and Data Recovery (2017)

POTSDAM

Pollutant C6H6

Averaging Period 1 year (annual average)

NAAQS 1.6ppb

Maximum / Average 1.3ppb

Exceedance 0

Frequency of Exceedance 0

Data Capture % 30

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – HOURLY AVERAGE [Value=200]

Hourly Mean NO2 Concentration at Molteno for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

NO2 [µg/m3(s)]

NO

2 C

on

cen

trat

ion


80

Figure 1-118. Daily mean C6H6 concentrations at Potsdam – 2017

1.2.14. Somerset West

The analysis of the results at Somerset West is shown in Table 1-26 and the SO2 concentrations

measured are shown in Figure 1-119. The SO2 24 – hour average of 125 µg/m³ was not

exceeded during the monitoring period. The annual average for SO2 was 3 µg/m³ during the

2017 monitoring period. The wind rose for Somerset West is shown in Figure 1-120.

Table 1-26: Potsdam SO2 Frequency and Exceedances and Data Recovery (2017)

SOMERSET WEST

Pollutant SO2

Averaging Period 10 minute

average

1 hour

average

24 hour

daily

1 year

(annual)

NAAQS 500g/m3 350g/m3 125g/m3 50g/m3

Maximum / Average 61g/m3 46g/m3 7g/m3 3g/m3

Exceedance 0 0 0 0

Frequency of Exceedance 526 88 4 0

Data Capture % 79

Monthly Mean C6H6 Concentration at Potsdam for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017 C

6H

6 C

on

cen

trat

ion

Benzene [ppb] NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATION – ANNUAL AVERAGE [Value=1.6]


81

Figure 1-119. Daily mean SO2 concentrations at Somerset-West – 2017

Figure 1-120. Wind rose for Somerset West - 2017

Daily Mean SO2 Concentration at Somerset West for 1 January 2017 – 31 December 2017

SO2 [ug/m3(S)] NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD – 24 HOUR AVERAGE [Value=125]

SO2 C

on

cen

trat

ion


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1.3. MUNICIPAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING:

SALDANHA BAY MUNICIPALITY

Saldanha Bay Municipality (SBM) commissioned two ambient air quality monitoring stations in

2014, located in Saldanha Bay and Vredenburg. The site selected at Vredenburg is ideally

located on the prevailing wind vector to detect the impact of industrial emission in Saldanha

Bay on the residential areas in Vredenburg. The Saldanha Bay monitoring site is removed from

the primary impact zone of Saldanha Bay industries, and ideally located to monitor changes

in ambient air quality as a result of development at the Port of Saldanha. The sites of the

monitoring stations are illustrated in Figure 1-121.

The SBM Ambient Air Monitoring Network comprises two fully automated ambient air quality

monitoring stations and seven dust fallout monitoring sites. These sites are designed to measure

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX),

Ozone (O3), Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and meteorological parameters.

Further monitoring in the Saldanha Bay district is conducted by Transnet Port Terminals (PM10)

and Saldanha Steel (PM10, H2S and SO2), but is not reported in this Report.

Figure 1-121: Aerial map showing location of monitoring stations

Figure 1-122 to Figure 1-140 depict the results for the Saldanha Bay municipality stations.


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Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

There were no exceedances of the PM2.5 (24 – hours) NAAQS of 40µg/m³ (Figure 1-122).

Figure 1-122: Daily Mean PM2.5 concentrations at Saldanha Bay (2017)


The NO2 NAAQS of 106ppb was not exceeded during the monitoring period (Figure 1-123).

Figure 1-123: Saldanha Bay NO2 Hourly Mean Concentrations (2017)


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Ozone (O3)

The O3 NAAQS was not exceeded during the monitoring period (Figure 1-124). The data gaps

for O3 recorded during 2017 were as a result of breaks in the power supply to the monitoring

station.

Figure 1-124: Saldanha Bay O3 8hr Mean Concentrations (2017)


The SO2 NAAQS of 191ppb (10 minute mean) was not exceeded during 2017 (Figure 1-125).

The data gaps for SO2 recorded during 2017 was as a result of analyser problems.

Figure 1-125: Saldanha Bay SO2 Hourly Mean Concentrations (2017)


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There were exceedances of the PM10 (24 – hours) NAAQS of 75µg/m³ during January 2017

(Figure 1-126). This could likely be due to fires that occurred in the area during this period. The

data gaps for PM10 record during 2017 was as a result of power supply.

Figure 1-126: Saldanha Bay PM10 Daily Mean Concentrations (2017)

Long term air quality data for Saldanha Bay

The long term PM2.5, NO2, O3, SO2, and PM10 concentrations measured at the Saldanha Bay

ambient air quality monitoring stations from 2015 to 2017 are shown in Figure 1-6 – 1-131.

Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Figure 1-127: Long term trend Saldanha Bay PM2.5 Daily Mean Concentrations (2015-2017)


86

Figure 1-128: Long term trend Saldanha Bay NO2 Hourly Mean Concentrations (2015-2017)

Figure 1-129: Long term trend Saldanha Bay O3 Hourly Mean Concentrations (2015-2017)


87

Figure 1-130: Long term trend Saldanha Bay SO2 Hourly Mean Concentrations (2015-2017)

Figure 1-131: Long term trend Saldanha Bay PM10 Daily Mean Concentrations (2015-2017)


88

The long term dust fallout concentrations measured at the seven Saldanha Bay Municipality’s

dust fallout sites are shown in Figure 1-132. There was one exceedance of the National Dust

Control Regulations – Residential limit of D < 600 (dust fallout rate in mg/m2/day, 30 days

average). This is likely due to fouling by birds.

Figure 1-132: Saldanha Bay Average daily dust fallout Concentrations (2015-2017)

1.4. SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN THE WESTERN CAPE

Overall, the air quality monitoring results of the Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Network reflects that air quality in the Province is generally good. Air quality parameters

measured in the Western Cape Province were generally below the NAAQS during 2017.

However, the past year has been impacted by drought conditions across the region, which

has resulted in elevated particulate matter incidents. The Western Cape Ambient Air Quality

Network reported that the PM10 NAAQS of 75 µg/m³ was exceeded on two occasions during

2017, and measured 112 µg/m³ in George air quality monitoring station during June 2017, and

90 µg/m³ in Stellenbosch during January. The exceedance at George was related to strong

winds during dry atmospheric conditions, while the Stellenbosch exceedance was related to

fire occurrences in the surrounding mountains.

A total of 16 exceedances of PM10 were also reported by the CCT’s Ambient Air Quality

Monitoring Network at Wallacedene, and is over the limit of 4 allowable exceedances. These

exceedances are likely due to residential burning and fires in the area. In terms of the latter,

awareness raising campaigns on domestic burning, particularly of waste, are required. No

exceedances were recorded for any of the other criteria pollutants measured at the ambient

air quality monitoring stations in the Western Cape.

The Saldanha Bay Municipality has two ambient air quality monitoring stations that measure

SO2, O3, NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the area. During 2017, all the air quality

parameters measured were generally below the NAAQS, with the exception of PM10, although

these were within the allowable exceedance limits of the NAAQS.


89

Although the H2S WHO Guideline of 150 µg/m3 (daily mean) for health was not exceeded at

any of the monitoring locations of the Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network,

occasional complaints of odour nuisance were still reported during 2017. Investigations of

location specific incidences may require further research to address the odour nuisances

experienced by residents in Hout Bay and St. Helena Bay.

The table below summarises the percentage data capture, as recorded in the Western Cape

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network. The ambient air quality monitoring stations

experienced reduced data capture due to power supply, as well as the aging infrastructure,

at some of the stations. In the case of Worcester, the infrastructure and analysers were

upgraded during the latter part of 2017, thus resulting in improved data capture. In instances

where low data capture for a particular pollutant was observed, this was due to the aging

analysers that require increased maintenance, which increased the timeframe of equipment

being “out of service”.

Table 1-27: Percentage data capture at the Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations of the

Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network

STATION SO2 NO2 PM10 O3 CO H2S

WORCESTER <60 <60 <60 88 <60 N/A

MALMESBURY <60 80 <60 75 78 N/A

VISSERSHOK N/A 68 <60 73 86 N/A

ST HELENA BAY N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 60

OUDTSHOORN N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 98

STELLENBOSCH 98 98 95 97 98 N/A

KHAYELITSHA 94 96 <60 87 73 N/A

GEORGE <60 99 98 99 99 N/A

MOSSEL BAY N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 96

HOUT BAY N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 68

HERMANUS 70 73 <60 72 66 N/A

Note: N/A = Not Applicable, indicating that the air pollutant is not measured at the ambient

air quality monitoring station.

Due to the current economic climate, budget reductions have also hindered planned

infrastructure upgrades of the aging Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network.

Moreover, the lack of an adequately equipped workspace to perform in-house repairs on air

quality monitoring analysers, as well as the lack of a suitable test environment for analyser

maintenance and calibration, further impacted on data capture at the monitoring stations.

Plans are in place to have a dedicated workspace in 2019. It is critically important that such a

workspace is fully equipped so that officials can perform their duties effectively and efficiently,

towards ensuring that data capture in the Network is sound.

In addition to the above, incidences of vandalism further resulted in reduced data capture at

Hout Bay and Hermanus during 2017. This will be addressed through security upgrades via the

Western Cape Department of Transport and Public Works.


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Although good strides have been made in terms of monitoring air quality within the Western

Cape Province, its reach in the Province is still very limited, with the majority of the continuous

ambient air quality monitoring stations located within the CCT Metropolitan Municipal area. In

terms of NEM: AQA, all Municipalities have a responsibility to monitor air quality in their

jurisdictional areas. Ambient air quality monitoring provides invaluable information that can

be used towards air quality planning, airshed planning and resolving complex air quality

complaints in an area. Municipalities in the Western Cape are therefore encouraged to

motivate for funding for either passive or continuous sampling in their jurisdictional areas, while

at Provincial level, funding and resources need to be prioritised to replace the aging

infrastructure of the Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network, with additional

human resource capacity to manage the Network.

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STATE OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT: WESTERN CAPE 2017 91

2. AIR QUALITY OFFICER’S FORUM AND AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

PLANNING

2.1. PROVINCIAL AIR QUALITY OFFICER’S FORUM

The Western Cape Provincial Air Quality Officer’s Forum (AQOF) takes place quarterly and is a

forum where Air Quality Officers (AQOs) of the Western Cape discuss air quality matters and

coordinate progress on the implementation of the NEM: AQA and the National Air Quality

Management Framework. The Forum provides air quality officials the opportunity to build,

strengthen and/or fine-tune their air quality management interventions towards the

implementation of the NEM: AQA and to share experiences, challenges and to plan for the year

ahead.

The Provincial Noise Control Forum forms part of the Western Cape Provincial AQOF to ensure and

improve the co-ordination of noise control in the Province. Participants are informed of

achievements and challenges with regards to noise management in the Western Cape.

During 2017, the Western Cape Provincial AQOF meetings were held during the following periods

and within the following municipal regions:


18 – 19 May 2017 in Laingsburg, Central Karoo District Municipality;

03 – 04 August 2017 in Worcester, Cape Winelands District Municipality;

14 – 16 November 2017 in Montagu, Cape Winelands District Municipality – Special AQOF,

with a focus on noise; and

28 November 2017 in Driftsands Nature Reserve, City of Cape Town – Special AQOF

The following presentations were delivered by the AQOs and/or external presenters at the AQOF:

Forum 1: (02-03 February 2017)

The Western Cape AQMP; and

Ambient Air Quality Data Management.

Forum 2: (18-19 May 2017)

Noise Control in Local Municipalities;

Local Government’s Powers in Regard to Environmental Management – legal update;

Portable air quality monitoring instrumentation; and

Appointment of AQOs and Terms of Reference for the AQOF.

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Forum 3: (03-04 August 2017)

Feedback on Noise Control Workshops;

By-laws to Administer and Manage Noise, Dust and Odour complaints from a District;

Municipal and Metro Perspective; and

Air Quality Monitoring in the City of Cape Town.

Forum 4: Special Air Quality Officer’s and Noise Control Forum (14-16 November 2017)

Noise Case Study;

Aircraft Noise Impact Study for Cape Town Airport Alignment;

Acoustics camera; and

Acoustics and Oscar Pistorius.

Forum 5: Special Air Quality Officer’s Forum (28 November 2017)

The SMART-air Programme; and


Air Quality Governance Lekgotla (2017)

Annually, the National Department of Environmental Affairs invites all Air Quality Officers to the

National Air Quality Governance Lekgotla. The aim of the Lekgotla is to provide AQOs from all

spheres of government with a unique opportunity to discuss and debate ways and means of

addressing the various governance challenges and discuss plans for the year ahead.

Therefore, the Lekgotla aims to provide the necessary guidance and support to authorities towards

the effective implementation of the NEM: AQA.

The 12th Annual Air Quality Governance Lekgotla was held at the Cedarwoods of Sandton, Hotel

and Conference Centre, Woodmead, Gauteng during the period 2 – 4 October 2017. The theme

was “GEARING UP FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT TOWARDS AND BEYOND 2020”.

The 2017 Lekgotla focused amongst others, on ambient air quality monitoring initiatives, the review

of the National Framework for Air Quality Management and atmospheric emission management.

The Western Cape presented an overview of the Health Risk Assessment Study (2013 – 2016) in its

presentation entitled, “Assessing Human Health Risk in selected areas of the Western Cape.”

2.1.1. DEA&DP Projects and Programmes to Manage Air Quality in the Province

Human Health Risk Assessment Study (HHRA)

Growing concerns regarding exposure and the impact of air pollution on health led to the Western

Cape Human Health Risk Assesment (DEA&DP, 2016). The study included a HHRA in eight areas in

the Province, namely Bluedowns and Elsies River, Fisantekraal, Table View, including Bothasig and

Richwood, Mossel Bay, St Helena Bay, Saldanha Bay, Grabouw and Paarl/Wellington. A standard

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HHRA approach determined hazard quotients (HQs) for SO2, NO2, O3, H2S, PM10 and PM2.5 as a

measure of the potential for non-cancer health effects. Exposure estimates were based on a

mixture of modelled and monitored data. Acute health risks from exposure to SO2 were classified

as low (HQ less than 1) in all the risk assessment areas, indicating that it will be unlikely for individuals

to develop detrimental health effects. The only exception was Mossindustria in Mossel Bay, where

the calculated HQ exceeded 1, indicating that individuals may develop respiratory effects such

as bronchoconstriction, that could likely affect asthmatics.

The potential for acute or chronic effects from exposure to NO2 were low (HQ less than 1) in all risk

assessment areas. When exposure to the modelled O3 and monitored H2S were considered, no

areas were identified as being at risk of adverse effects as HQs were below 1. However, the WHO

odour annoyance threshold for H2S was exceeded several times at St Helena Bay.

A hazard index was calculated for simultaneous exposure to the gases SO2, NO2 and O3 as the

physiological mechanism of action at cellular level are the same for these gases. Although the

potential for adverse effects from exposure to the individual gases was generally low, the hazard

index (sum of the HQs) indicated that 15 sub-places were at risk of adverse effects. Of these, one

is located in the CCT, ten in Mossel Bay, two in WCDM and two in CWDM.

Two Sub-places at risk (HQs were above 1) of acute and/ or chronic effects from exposure to PM10

were the Paarl (acute effects), and Bluedowns (acute and chronic effects), located within the

Drakenstein Local Municipality and CCT, respectively. The risk assessment areas in the

Theewaterskloof (Grabouw) and Saldanha Local Municipality showed a low potential for adverse

effects from exposure to the modelled PM2.5 concentrations, using the NAAQS as a benchmark. In

the Mossel Bay Local Municipality, 25 sub-places had HQs above 1, indicating that individuals in

those areas may develop adverse health effects. In the Drakenstein Local Municipality, six sub-

places in Wellington and all of the sub-places in Paarl, had HQs above 1, while in the CCT 28 sub-

places were potentially at risk of adverse effects.

During 2017, the D: AQM completed Phase 2 of the HHRA, which focused on the identification,

formulation and structuring of the air quality measures required to inform human health risk in the

Province, based on the recommendations of the HHRA (2013 – 2016) study.

The following recommendations, as identified during Phase 1, were implemented during 2017:

Increasing the number air quality monitoring stations across the Western Cape Province:

It was recommended that air quality in the Cape Winelands District needs to be monitored

due to the increasing economic development in the Drakenstein Local Municipality. As

such, a monitoring station was commissioned in Paarl at the Drakenstein Traffic Department

to monitor O3, NOx and meteorological data. The monitoring station is situated close to the

expanding landfill site, industrial areas as well close to a proposed incineration considered

in the area. The testing phase took place during 2017.

Mobile air quality monitoring units to rapidly assess air quality:

Mobile air quality monitoring units could be used to identify possible air quality “hotspots”,

and in order to rapidly assess air quality in areas where it is currently poorly understood or

where the dispersion models indicate high pollutant values may be measured. A portable

AQM unit was deployed in the WCDM (Shelley Point) to assess air quality. The data

obtained from the portable sampling unit will be used to inform human health risk in the

Western Cape, which is in line with the DEA&DPs Strategic Objectives.

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Develop emissions inventory for air quality modelling and exposure:

The need for more a detailed emissions inventory was identified for integration of air quality

monitoring and dispersion modelling.

The DEA&DP D: AQM officials attended a three day Emissions Inventory Development

Training Course during December 2017. The aim of the course was to capacitate the

officials on the theoretical aspects of Emissions Inventory Development, as well as the

practical aspects relating to the interpretation of data from all sources (mobile, area and

point). The course focused on the governance of emissions inventory; emission sources and

tools calculating emissions factors and data interpretation. This knowledge will assist the D:

AQM officials to calculate emissions and analyse data when updating the Western Cape

Emissions Inventory.

Table 2-1: Summary of the HHRA Phase 1 key recommendations and associated air quality

measures/actions

Recommendation Air Quality Measures/ Actions

Increasing the number air quality monitoring

stations across the Western Cape Province to

improve air quality management.

A secure site for an air quality monitoring station in the

CWDM (Paarl) was identified and the monitoring

station was commissioned, as part of the testing

phase.

Use of a network of mobile air quality

monitoring units was considered to identify

possible air quality “hotspots”, to rapidly assess

air quality in areas where it is currently poorly

understood and where the dispersion models

indicate high pollutant values may be

measured.

A portable air quality monitoring unit was

commissioned at Shelly Point in the WCDM.

The DEA&DP investigated the possibility of purchasing

a Portable Air Sampling Unit and drone to rapidly

assess air quality in areas. The data gained when

flying the laboratory will be used to inform human

health risk in the Western Cape, which is in line with the

DEA&DPs Strategic Objectives.

Upgrade Industrial Emissions Inventory and

collate Household Emissions Inventory.

The DEA&DP officials participated in Emissions

Inventory Development Training in December 2017.

SMART-air Programme

The vision of the Western Cape Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) is “clean and healthy air for

all in the Western Cape”. This vision can only be achieved when air emissions from industrial,

commercial and community activities such as fossil fuel burning for heating or cooking, are

monitored and managed so that greenhouse gases can be reduced, in line with the climate

change response interventions. To give effect to this vision, the 2nd Generation Western Cape

AQMP introduced a Recognition Programme for reducing air pollution, viz. SMART-air Programme,

as mandated by Section 31 of the NEM: AQA.

94


The SMART-air Programme serves as the main vehicle through which emission reduction best

practice in industry, commerce and communities are recognised, while also raising awareness on

air quality matters linked to climate change international commitments, as well as facilitating

training on industrial processes that not only reduce air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions,

but also provide skilling opportunities to government officials, youth and entrepreneurs in the

Province. Therefore, the SMART-air Programme not only recognises the role industry plays in

reducing air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions and capacity building, but engagements

with schools, communities and the general public to raise the importance of air quality and

climate change response matters, are also included.

The objectives of the SMART-air Programme are to:

Raise awareness on air quality and climate change response matters;

Facilitate and promote the use of emission abatement and mitigation technologies (cleaner

technologies) that reduce air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions;

Target youth and the unemployed, as part of the capacity building and entrepreneurial skills

development component of the Smart-air Programme; and

Facilitate capacity building and skills development in the use of emission abatement and

mitigation technologies (cleaner technologies) by industry and commercial activities.

The objectives will be implemented through five thematic areas, namely:

SMART-air Emission Abatement and Mitigation Technologies

Recognises the role that industry plays in reducing air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions

through the emission abatement and mitigation technologies they use.

SMART-air Mentorship, Entrepreneurial and Skills Training

Engage with industry, tertiary education institutions, etc. to train youth, government officials

and unemployed. Facilitate opportunities for Entrepreneurship in emissions abatement

technologies.

SMART-air 2Precious2Pollute Recognition

Awards Ceremony where industries are recognised for their emission abatement and emission

reduction technology implemented.

SMART-air Emissions Inventory

Air pollutant and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory

SMART-air Awareness

Raising awareness with regards to air quality management to schools, industries and

stakeholders.

During 2017, a review of the current status of emission abatement adoption and awareness raising

in the Province was undertaken.

The recommendations from Status Quo Review Report will be used to develop a SMART-air

Strategy and Implementation Plan, which will be used to roll out the programme in the Province.

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SMART-air Programme Phases

Figure 2-1: SMART-air Programme Phases

2.1.2. Municipal Air Quality Officer’s Forum

Within the Province, four District Municipalities, viz; WCDM, EDM, CWDM and ODM have

established Municipal AQOFs, within their respective areas. The municipal forums are conducted

on a quarterly basis and attended by industries that operate under the NEM: AQA Section 21 Listed

Activities, the Local Municipal AQOs, as well as Provincial AQOs. The forums serve as a platform to

communicate air quality matters with stakeholders. The WCDM forum has civil society bodies

incorporated into its forums.

Activities at the municipal forums include, amongst others:

Presentation of quarterly reports by industries to the competent authorities in order to

establish compliance, as well as non-compliance to air quality minimum emission standards

and other conditions of the AELs.

The District Municipalities share information with industries on air quality notices/amendments

and promulgation of regulations, legislations and standards.

Local Municipal AQOs attend the forums to gain information on the performance of the

industries in their areas.

Phase 1: Status Quo Report

(Information)

Phase 2: Strategy & Implementation Plan

Phase 3: Roll-out of SMART-air

Programme(Implementation)

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2.2. PROVINCIAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING

The NEM: AQA Section 15 (1), mandates Provinces to develop Air Quality Management Plans

(AQMPs). The AQMP for the Western Cape Province was developed by the DEA&DP and

approved in 2010. A review of the Western Cape AQMP took place following five years of its

implementation. The 2nd Generation AQMP (2016 – 2020) was adopted and is currently being

implemented.

Three Provincial AQMP Working Groups were established to implement and achieve the goals

identified in the AQMP. The Working Groups were chaired by the DEA&DP’s Directorate: Air Quality

Management, and co-chaired by officials from identified Municipalities.

2.2.1. Provincial Air Quality Management Plan

The Working Group meetings were held in 2017, as follows:


18 – 19 May 2017 in Laingsburg, Central Karoo District Municipality; and

03 – 04 August 2017 in Worcester, Cape Winelands District Municipality.

A summary of the progress made by all three Working Groups in terms of implementing the

Provincial AQMP is presented below.

2.2.2. Implementing the Provincial Air Quality Management Plan

2.2.2.1. Working Group 1: Air Quality Management and Climate Change

Chairperson: DEA&DP

The DEA&DP continued to work closely with the District Municipalities to ensure that not only the

roles and responsibilities are understood by all, but also that AQMPs are developed and

implemented, while AQOs are designated at all Municipalities in the Province. The aim is to have

31 AQOs designated in the Western Cape. To date, all 31 AQOs (viz. 1 Provincial and 30

Municipalities) have been designated (Table 2-2). Further, all Municipalities are required to have

approved AQMPs, as per the NEM: AQA.

During 2017, the Breede Valley LM, Oudtshoorn LM and Langeberg LM Councils approved and

adopted their respective AQMPs for implementation. To date, the Western Cape has 30 approved

AQMPs (viz. 1 Provincial and 29 Municipalities). Of these, all the Districts and the Metropolitan

Municipality have approved and adopted AQMPs. The Beaufort West Municipal AQMP is currently

the only outstanding and plans are in place to draft the AQMP.

Progress with regards to the development of the emissions inventory, Municipal By-laws, AQMPs

and the status of incorporation of AQMPs, as sector plans into IDPs, were also assessed at the

Working Group 1 meetings.

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Table 2-2: Status of AQMPs and designated AQOs in the Western Cape

AUTHORITY YEAR ADOPTED &

IMPLEMENTED AQMP REVIEWED

AIR QUALITY OFFICER

DESIGNATED

CITY OF CAPE TOWN 2009 in progress

CAPE WINELANDS 2009

DEA&DP 2010 2016

DRAKENSTEIN 2011

WEST COAST 2011

EDEN 2011 2013

OVERBERG 2012

BERGRIVIER 2012

MATZIKAMA 2012

SALDANHA 2012

SWARTLAND 2012

CENTRAL KAROO 2012

CAPE AGULHAS 2013

OVERSTRAND 2013

WITZENBERG 2013 2014

GEORGE 2013

HESSEQUA 2013

BITOU 2013

KNYSNA 2013

KANNALAND 2013

MOSSEL BAY 2013

THEEWATERSKLOOF 2014 2015

PRINCE ALBERT 2014

SWELLENDAM 2015

STELLENBOSCH 2015

CEDERBERG 2016

LAINGSBURG 2016

BREEDE VALLEY 2017

LANGEBERG 2017

OUDTSHOORN 2017

BEAUFORT WEST “Not Developed Yet”

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2.2.2.2. Working Group 2: Education and Awareness Raising

Chairperson: DEA&DP

All Municipalities provided feedback with regards to awareness raising programs undertaken

within their areas.

The CCT’s education and awareness raising activities continues to be negatively impacted by the

high workload imposed on their ever increasingly regulated environment. The CCT has, however,

continued giving education and awareness-raising programmes to Pre- and Primary school

learners using “Sniffels” the air pollution sniffing cat mascot.

The CWDM used live theatre performances at schools, and developed placards, pamphlets,

posters and other educational material to create environmental awareness. The live theatre

respectively reached 22 845 learners at 60 schools from February to May 2017. The District planted

2850 indigenous trees and shrubs through the Greening Cape Winelands programme to raise

awareness on global warming.

The EDM reported that its Clean Fires Campaign was on-going and that promotional materials

were regularly distributed at shopping malls and clinics.

The CKDM placed education and awareness-raising articles in the local newspaper.

The WCDM conducts awareness through the establishment of working groups and

environmental stakeholders’ forums. Industries impacting on the health and wellbeing of

people residing in receptor areas are required to create communication platforms and meet

with residents on agreed upon intervals. During these meetings the public is informed of

industrial processes and the implementation of measures to control emissions. AQOs also attend

these meetings.

2.2.2.3. Working Group 3: Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement

Chairperson: DEA&DP

The WCDM, CWDM, EDM and the ODM have established Air Quality Management Working

Groups, attended by industries, which report quarterly on compliance with AEL conditions. The

Drakenstein Municipality has an Environmental Management Committee where air quality

management matters are discussed.

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2.3. MUNICIPAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) provides the legal basis for

allocating powers to different spheres of government and thus, institutional regulation of pollution.

Part B of Schedule 4 of the Constitution lists air pollution as a local government matter to the extent

set out in section 155 (6) (a) and (7).

In terms of the NEM: AQA, each Municipality must include in its integrated development plan (IDP)

contemplated in Chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act, an Air Quality Management Plan

(AQMP), as well as describe how the relevant Municipality will give effect to its AQMP. Further,

Metropolitan and District Municipalities are mandated with implementing the atmospheric

emission licensing system referred to in Section 21 of the NEM: AQA, and must for this purpose

perform the functions of Licensing Authority. The objectives of the NEM: AQA are to protect the

environment by providing reasonable measures to protect air quality and to prevent air pollution,

while giving effect to Section 24 (b) of the Constitution, in a holistic approach to air quality

management.

This section provides an overview of the air quality management activities implemented by the

Metropolitan, District and Local Municipalities.

2.3.1. CITY OF CAPE TOWN METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY (CCT)

2.3.1.1. Air Quality Management Planning

The CCT’s AQMP is currently under review. It is envisaged that the review process will be completed

in 2018. In the interim, the CCT continues to work towards the stated objectives adopted in the

CCT’s Air Quality Management Plan in 2005, namely:

Objective 1: To formulate an Air Quality Management System for the City of Cape Town.

The Air Quality Management System has been established.

Objective 2: To specify ambient air quality standards and targets for Cape Town.

The National Ambient Air Quality Standards and any associated targets have been implemented,

enforced and reported on. Ambient air quality monitoring results suggest that the CCT is generally

in compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

Objective 3: To monitor priority pollutants which cause brown haze and affect human health.

The CCT operationally maintained its Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network during 2017. Some

loss of data was experienced due to malfunctioning analysers.

A number of replacement analysers were procured to replace ageing analysers. These included

two PM10/PM2.5 analysers; and a VOC Analyser for the Potsdam monitoring station. The CCT also

commenced with the tender process to facilitate analyser procurement for the next three years.

Objective 4: To improve air quality in informal areas.

Regulating air quality in informal settlement areas remains a challenge, given the rapid rate of

urbanization and poor socio-economic status of inhabitants.

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Objective 5: To enforce current and future legislation.

The CCT’s Air Quality Management Unit continues to enforce the NEM: AQA and its Air Quality

Management By-law 2016, which was promulgated in August 2016. The majority of staff have been

trained and appointed as EMI’s with the exception of one newly recruited staff member who must

still undergo EMI training.

Objective 6: To compile an emissions inventory for the City of Cape Town.

The CCT continues to maintain an up to date emission inventory. The CCT database has 1329 fuel

burning appliances, together with annual fuel consumption data for each category of fuel.

Objective 7: To control vehicle emission in the City of Cape Town.

A total of 7341 vehicles were tested during 2017. Of these, 205 vehicles failed to meet the light

obscuration limits prescribed in the CCT’s Air Quality Management By-law. This is higher than the

79 failures recorded in 2016.

Objective 8: To consider air quality in land use and transport planning.

The CCT continues to roll out and extend the MyCity bus service to parts of the Metropolitan area

not previously serviced. The CCT has also commenced a process to review the Spatial

Development Framework. Future protection of the receiving environment and sensitive receptors

from noxious and heavy industry related emissions has been considered in this process.

Objective 9: Determine extent of detrimental health effects of poor air quality on population of

Cape Town.

The CCT is participating in and supporting the Western Cape Health Risk Assessment linked to Air

Pollution research that has been commissioned by the Western Cape Government the DEA&DP.

Objective 10: Establish a comprehensive educational and communication strategy for Air Quality

Management.

Details of the education and communication strategy is given in section 2.3.1.3.

Objective 11: To periodically review the air quality situation.

A formal process to review its AQMP commenced in 2016; this process is ongoing. The CCT

anticipates to conclude the process by the end of 2018.

2.3.1.2. Education and Awareness-raising

The level of time that can be dedicated to education and awareness activities continues to be

negatively impacted by the high workload imposed on the CCT’s Air Quality Management unit,

by the ever increasingly regulated environment. Nevertheless, significant efforts were made in

terms of education and awareness raising activities during 2017.

Education and awareness raising programmes were given to Pre and Primary School learners,

where the CCT continued to use of “Sniffels”, the air pollution sniffing cat mascot, to engage young

learners across the Metropolitan area.

The following air quality management events took place within the CCT during 2017:

World No Tobacco Day: 31 May 2017;

Wittebomme ECD Environmental Day: 13 June 2017;

Klipfontein CPUT Student Project: 14 June 2017;

Western Province Athletics Holiday Program;

Integrated Policing Stream Exhibition;

Tygerberg District World Env. Health day event;

CCT World Environmental Health Day event;

Klipfontein EH World Environmental Health Day event;

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Career Day 2017;

Hanover Park, World Environmental Health Day event;

PDSA 80th Birthday event;

Heideveld Neighbourhood Watch Information session;

Tygerberg District Holiday Programme - Belhar Library;

Wolwerivier Holiday Programme;

Tygerberg District Holiday Programme - Bellville Library;

Tygerberg District Holiday Programme - Bishop Lavis;

Philadelphia SAPS Festive Season Campaign;

Tygerberg District Holiday Programme; and

Philadelphia SAPS Festive Season Campaign: Clean-up campaign and festive season

safety programme.

2.3.1.3. Section 21 Listed Activities – Atmospheric Emission Licensing

The City of Cape Town has 68 Listed Activities operational in the area, excluding those premises

that are based in the CCT, but who are administered by the National Department of

Environmental Affairs (DEA).

A total of 11 Provisional Atmospheric Emission Licences (PAELs) and six AEL’s were issued during

2017. A number of Section 22A applications are in process and delays are due to incomplete EIA

Processes or NEMA Section 24G / NEMAAQA. Table 2-3 shows the total number of PAELs and AELs

issued by the CCT during 2010 until 2017.

The introduction of the South African Atmospheric Emission Licence Information Portal (SAELIP) by

the DEA, has introduced a whole new level of complexity to the application process for the

applicants and likewise to the officials who need to process the applications. This has resulted in

delays in processing applications, with Licensing Authorities processing such applications outside

of the SAAELIP system.

Legal uncertainty regarding the Section 22A rectification administrative fine process is also adding

to the level of uncertainty of officials. In this regard a guidance manual for Air Quality Officers is

required, given the fines that are being imposed through implementing the Regulations.

Table 2-3: Summary of the AELs and PAELs issued by the CCT during 2010-2017

LICENSING

AUTHORITY 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

CCT 0 0 2 0 1 3 3 2 14 19 11 8 1 0 11 6

2.3.1.4. Air Quality Related Complaints

The two main categories of complaints received by the CCT’s Air Quality Management Unit relate

to dust and odours, with 127 complaints received for each of these categories.

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Dust complaints have had a number of different sources, which included a number of large scale

urban developments, as well as the quarrying operations in Eerste River. The Air Quality

Management By-law was specifically strengthened to assist the CCT in dealing with this source.

Smoke complaints from residential wood burning and also from small fuel burning appliances

contributed to 61 complaints. Only four complaints regarding the burning of waste were received.

This suggests significant under reporting as the illegal burning of waste remains a challenge to

eradicate in the Metropolitan Municipality. Table 2-4 gives a detailed breakdown showing the

number and type of complaints received per quarter during 2017.

Odour

The main odour source for the vast majority of the complaints is that from an Animal Matter

Processing facility (Fishmeal plant) in Hout Bay. This was particularly evident during the summer

months at the commencement of the fishing season. In order to address these complaints, a

review of their AEL was undertaken. This included the facility appointing an Independent

Specialists to undertake a Health Risk Assessment and atmospheric impact report of the facility to

eliminate the possibility that the plant was causing a health risk to residents in the area.

In 2017, the facility upgraded its processes to reduce the H2S emission rates. However, other odour

producing compounds, such as Trimethylamines have proven more difficult to eliminate, given

their low threshold of smell.

The CCT has requested the National Minister of Environmental Affairs, to develop Minimum Emission

Standards for Animal Matter Processes. This has also been raised at the Working Group 2 meetings.

Noise

Noise complaints continue to make up the bulk of complaints (464) received by CCT Health’s

Specialised Environmental Health Unit – Noise Control Section.

Table 2-4: Number of air quality-related complaints received in the CCT during 2017

CITY OF CAPE TOWN COMPLAINTS - 2017

CATEGORY 1 JAN – 31

MARCH 2017

1 APR – 30

JUNE 2017

1 JULY - 30

SEPT 2017

1 OCT - 31

DEC 2017

TOTAL

FUMES 32 29 23 45 129

SMOKE 8 11 9 11 39

DUST 41 6 9 22 78

BURNING WASTE /

TYRES 0 2 1 0 3

AGRICULTURAL

BURNING 0 0 0 0 0

CROP SPRAYING 0 1 0 1 2

OFFENSIVE ODOURS 46 7 3 19 75

NOISE 102 144 98 120 464

TOTAL 229 200 143 218 790

2.3.1.5. Co-operative Governance

The CCT Health unit currently has good support from the CCT’s Traffic Services in conducting daily

roadside Diesel Vehicle Emission Testing. This service is regulated through an existing Service Level

Agreement.

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There is room for improvement in cooperative governance between all three spheres of

Government, especially in the areas of compliance and enforcement and Atmospheric Emission

Licensing, where the National DEA are now also competent authorities for certain Listed Activities

within the CCT Metropolitan area.

2.3.1.6. Air Quality By-laws or legislation

Following an extensive review and public participation process, the CCT Air Quality Management

By-law, 2016 was promulgated in August 2016. The By-law continues to be enforced by the CCT’s

Air Quality Management Unit.

2.3.1.7. Air Quality Forum / Industry Working Groups

The CCT has appointed an Air Quality Officer as is required by the NEM: AQA.

The Air Quality Officer continues to Chair a Joint Authorities Quarterly Committee meeting at the

refinery in the area.

Staff members of the Air Quality Management Unit continue to participate in the following

standing Forums:

The Northern Communities Air Quality Monitoring Task Group;

The Vissershok Landfill Monitoring Committee; and

The FFS Vissershok Monitoring Committee.

The CCT’s Noise Control Section is also represented on the ACSA Environmental Forum Meeting,

where issues related to noise impacts and the proposed runway realignment has been discussed.

2.3.1.8. Emissions Inventory – Listed Activities

National Atmospheric Emission Inventory System (NAEIS)

The CCT’s Air Quality Management Unit facilitated the participation of industries in the National

Atmospheric Emission Inventory System, achieving a high level of compliance of industries

reporting to the system.

Achieving this level of participation by industries in NAEIS reporting cycle required a great deal of

dedication and commitment from the CCT’s Air Quality Practitioners and Industry representatives

alike.

The system places a very onerous workload on the Unit, for which no additional staff have been

made available.

City of Cape Town Small fuel burning appliance emission inventory:

The CCT has developed a comprehensive point source emissions inventory for all registered fuel

burning appliances. The inventory contains information relating to location, fuel types, quantities

of fuel used, stack parameters and related information.

Currently, there are 1411 fuel burning appliances listed on the CCT’s emission inventory, which is

an increase compared to 2016’s figure of 1329.

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With the review of the CCT’s Air Quality Management By-law, a decision was taken to exclude

standby generators from the inventory, given their relatively minimal contribution to the CCT’s

emission inventory.

The information is updated on an annual basis in order to keep the inventory current. Limited

information on area, road and volume sources has been gathered and these sources are being

added as more information becomes available.

The locations of all current Listed Activities in the CCT have been recorded in the inventory.

2.3.1.9. Vehicle Emission Testing

The CCT’s Air Quality Management Unit has three dedicated diesel vehicle emissions testing

teams, comprising of a Diesel Vehicle Testing Officer and a Senior General worker per team.

These teams operate on a daily basis carrying out roadside testing of compression ignition vehicles

at predetermined testing sites in partnership with the CCT’s Traffic Services.

The programme was first initiated in 2000. Upon introduction of testing, the failure rate was

approximately 17% of vehicles tested. Technological advances in compression ignition engine

technology and fuel formulation along with enforcement of obscuration limits has seen the failure

rate decrease to below 3%.

The total number of vehicles tested in 2017 by the CCT’s Diesel Vehicle Testing was 7341. A total of

205 failures were recorded for which compliance and enforcement actions were initiated to

remedy failures. Table 2-5 gives a breakdown of the number of vehicles tested per month and the

testing results obtained during 2017.

Table 2-5: Vehicles Tested January 2017 - December 2017

MONTH PASSED FAILED TOTAL

JANUARY 368 0 368

FEBRUARY 632 146 778

MARCH 777 43 820

APRIL 265 3 268

MAY 715 6 721

JUNE 543 0 543

JULY 391 0 391

AUGUST 647 2 649

SEPTEMBER 723 1 724

OCTOBER 803 3 806

NOVEMBER 749 1 750

DECEMBER 523 0 523

GRAND TOTAL 7136 205 7341

2.3.1.10. Inter-Governmental Task Team

None currently required.

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2.3.1.11. Recommendations and Way forward

The introduction of the SAAELIP by the DEA has created a great deal of uncertainty amongst Air

Quality Practitioners and Industry/EAP’s alike. More training is required for both Air Quality

Management staff and Industry representatives alike.

It is also strongly recommended that the DEA Manual for Atmospheric Emissions Licensing be

revised to incorporate the Section 22A rectification process and the SAAELIP System.

2.3.2. WEST COAST DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (WCDM)


The WCDM AQMP was compiled and approved by their Council in November 2011 and included

in the IDP. An Air Quality Management By–law was also approved by their Council and was

gazetted in September 2013. The AQMP will be reviewed during the 2018/2019 financial year.

Table 2-6 lists the interventions, time frames and the implementation dates of the various activities

that were identified in the WCDM AQMP.

Table 2-6: Identified matters in the AQMP of the WCDM

INTERVENTION TIME FRAME IMPLEMENTATION

IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES

Appoint Chief Air

Quality Officer

Short term Manager: Air Quality officially placed: 06 July

2012.

Appoint an Air Quality

Officer

Short term Senior Air Quality Officer appointed 01

December 2012

Appoint an Air Quality

Technician

Short to medium term Not implemented. Personnel structure makes

provision for second Air Quality Officer to be

appointed in future.

IMPLEMENTATION OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT TOOLS

Emissions Inventory Short to long term. The DEA published legislation and established

an internet based National Atmospheric

Emissions Inventory System (NAEIS) requiring

industry and local government to report to the

system on an annual basis. The emissions

inventory for the District consists of listed activities

licenced in terms of the NEM: AQA.

Dispersion modelling Medium to long term When required external expertise will be

appointed to conduct dispersion modelling. Will

have to budget for this.

IMPLEMENTATION OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Ambient Air Quality

Monitoring Network

Medium to long term. Some ambient air quality monitoring done by

industry in Saldanha Bay, the DEA&DP and the

WCDM monitoring stations in St Helena Bay,

Malmesbury, Saldanha Bay, Vredenburg and

Velddrif. The Saldanha Bay Municipality

established an ambient monitoring network

comprising of two monitoring stations for criteria

pollutants as well as seven dust fallout monitors.

The WCDM has entered into a MoU with Local

Municipalities to facilitate future ambient air

monitoring initiatives. The WCDM has installed

and commissioned an air monitoring station in

Velddrif measuring the H2S pollutant.

EMISSION REDUCTION / CONTROL STRATEGIES

Reduce / control

domestic fuel burning

Short to long term. Local

Municipalities to address.

Promote the use of renewable energy and

create awareness.

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Control of

transportation

emissions.


Municipalities in terms of

By-laws.

Do vehicle count and diesel vehicle testing. No

implementation yet.

Control of emissions

from mining activities.


Municipalities with

assistance from District

and Province.

Control of dust. Mining related operations such

as quarries in conjunction with Local Municipal

Air Quality Officers encouraged to apply



from agricultural

activities.

Local Municipalities with

assistance from District

and Agriculture.

Control of dust and farmland burning in terms of

Local Municipal By-laws. Requires further

interaction with the Department of Agriculture.


from industrial

activities.

Short to long term. District

and Local Municipalities

responsibility.

Licensing of listed activities done by the WCDM.

Emissions standards enforced through issuing of

licences.


from waste treatment

disposal activities.


Municipalities and District

with assistance from

Provincial Government.

Incineration controlled through licensing in terms

of Air Quality Act emission standards. Landfills still

to be properly controlled by Local Municipalities

with assistance from District and Provincial

Government.


from biomass burning

i.e. veld fires.


and District Municipality’s

responsibility.

Strict control over veld fires whether naturally

occurring or due to planned burning should be

implemented. Local Municipalities to be

involved when burning permits are issued within

their area of jurisdiction.

2.3.2.2. Air Quality Training

The Manager: Air Quality and Senior Air Quality Officer attended the following training:

EIA by the DEA&DP: 26 June 2017


Awareness raising was conducted through the establishment of working groups and

environmental stakeholder’s forums. Industries impacting on the health and wellbeing of people

residing in receptor areas are required to create communication platforms and meet with

residents on agreed upon intervals. During these meetings, the public is informed of industrial

processes and the implementation of measures to control emissions. Local Municipal Air Quality

Officers also attend these meetings.


Table 2-7 summarizes the number of AELs and PAELs applications received and or processed by

the WCDM since 2010 until 2017.

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Table 2-7: Summary of the AELs and PAELs issued by the WCDM during 2010-2017

LICENSING

AUTHORITY 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

WCDM P

AEL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

0 0 5 1 1 1 4 1 8 6 3 1 3 2 0 1


Table 2-8 presents the annual total complaints received by the WCDM during 2017.

Table 2-8: Summary of complaints received by the WCDM during the reporting period

Type of complaint Annual Total

Fumes 0

Smoke 8

Dust 21

Burning waste/Tyres 4

Farm land burning 0

Crop spraying 0

Offensive odours 24

Unlicensed Facilities 0

Noise 0

Other 3

Total 60

Odour:

A total of 24 odour related complaints were received during the reporting period, relating

to fishmeal production.

Dust:

A total of 21 complaints related to dust were reported in 2017. The complaints were mostly

related to iron-ore handling although complaints related to dust from Manganese ore

have also been reported recently.


No compliance inspections took place during the reporting period.


No new By-laws were published. The Municipalities continued to implement and enforce their By-

laws as follows:

Saldanha Bay Municipality: 24 December 2012;

Bergrivier Municipality: 06 December 2013; and

Swartland Municipality: 22 May 2015.

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The following forums / working groups have been established:

West Coast Air Quality Working Group (WCAQWG) – 2009. This working group is chaired by

the WCDM Air Quality Officer and is attended by representatives of all listed activities within

the area of jurisdiction of the West Coast District Municipality. The DEA&DP also attends the

meeting. Limited community representation has been allowed and it is expected from

listed activities to submit and to present to the meeting a quarterly report.

Listed activity stakeholder’s forums. As per AEL conditions, it is required from industry to

establish communication forums to address any potential impact. These are particularly for

industries that likely cause nuisances relating to staining and offensive odours. The Air

Quality Officers of the WCDM attend these meetings.

Joint Municipal Air Quality Working Group. In order to improve communication and

cooperation between District and Local Municipal Air Quality Officers a communication

platform has been established on 17 February 2015. A memorandum of understanding

(MoU) has been communicated with the parties concerned and once signed will serve as

a terms of reference.

2.3.2.9. Air Quality Monitoring / Passive sampling

Ambient air quality monitoring is conducted in the industrial area of Saldanha Bay by industries

where required and are reported to the West Coast Air Quality Working Group established and

chaired by the WCDM Manager: Air Quality. The Saldanha Bay Municipality also established an

ambient monitoring network in the Saldanha Bay area and placed two ambient monitoring

stations and seven dust fallout buckets. Monitoring commenced in July 2014. Results from these

stations are reported to the quarterly West Coast Air Quality Working Group meetings. In terms of

the National Framework for Air Quality Management, the Saldanha Bay area has been listed as

an area of poor air quality. Therefore, the stations are found in this area of concern. The ambient

air monitoring network established by the Saldanha Bay Municipality will also provide important

background information for industrial development resulting from the IDZ approval in the area.

With regards to passive sampling it can be reported that the SFF crude oil storage facility in

Saldanha Bay is recording emissions namely Benzene, SO2, NO2, and H2S through a number of

passive samplers.

The WCDM is monitoring H2S by means of an ambient air quality monitoring station within the

Bergrivier Municipal area located in Velddrif as indicated by Figure 2-2. A fishmeal plant in St

Helena Bay is also monitoring H2S by means of passive sampling, in addition to the H2S monitoring

undertaken by the DEA&DP, as indicated by Figure 2-3.

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Figure 2-2: Location of the Velddrift H2S monitoring station

Figure 2-3: Location of the St Helena Bay H2S monitoring station

Fishmeal Plant

H2S Monitoring Station

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2.3.2.10. Emissions Inventory – Listed Activities per Local Municipal Areas

Table 2-9 indicates the status of the S21 Listed Activities in the WCDM during 2017.

Table 2-9: Status of S21 Listed Activities in the WCDM during 2017

TYPE OF INDUSTRY STATUS OF LISTED ACTIVITIES MUNICIPAL AREA

Steel manufacturing AEL Saldanha Bay

Iron ore storage and handling AEL Saldanha Bay

Crude oil storage AEL Saldanha Bay

Minerals smelter AEL Saldanha Bay

Galvanizing AEL Saldanha Bay

Drying plant AEL Saldanha Bay

Fishmeal production PAEL Saldanha Bay



Drying of mineral solids PAEL Saldanha Bay

Cement manufacturing AEL Swartland

Wood drying AEL Swartland

Cement manufacturing AEL Bergrivier

Fishmeal production PAEL Bergrivier

Clay brick manufacturing AEL Matzikama

Drying plant PAEL Matzikama

Lime production PAEL Matzikama

Steel manufacturing AEL Saldanha Bay

2.3.2.11. Vehicle Emissions Testing

No vehicle testing done during reporting period.


The IGTT involvement with the regard to resolving complaints due to odour experienced from the

St Helena fishmeal plants. Information on complaints received are shared with authorities at the

Greater Saldanha Bay IGTT, chaired by the DEA&DP.

2.3.2.13. Recommendations and way forward

Promote co-operative governance through the following actions:

Improved and regular compliance and enforcement actions at all Listed Activities, with

assistance from the DEA&DP; and

Improved working relationship with Local Municipal Air Quality Officers to ensure enforcement

of Municipal Air Pollution Control By-laws.

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2.3.2.14. LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE WCDM

2.3.2.14.1. BERGRIVIER MUNICIPALITY

The Bergrivier Municipality has adopted their AQMP in May 2012 and included it in the IDP. The

AQMP will be reviewed during the 2018/2019 financial year. The Bergrivier Municipality’s Air Quality

Management By-law, approved by their Council in November 2013 continued to be enforced.

Four Law Enforcement Officers attended the Noise Training CPD accredited training conducted

by the DEA&DP during 2017 in Montagu. The AQO has also attended the Provincial Air Quality

Officer’s Forums during the reporting period.

The Municipality conducts awareness raising through public and stakeholder’s meetings.

During these meetings the public is informed of industrial processes and the implementation of

measures to control emissions.

During the reporting period, no ambient air quality monitoring was conducted by the municipality.

The WCDM commissioned an ambient air quality monitoring station at Velddrif, within the Bergrivier

Municipality.

The Bergrivier Municipality is part of the following forums:

West Coast Air Quality Working Group (WCAQWG). This working group is chaired by the

WCDM Air Quality Officer and is attended by representatives of all listed activities within

the area of jurisdiction of the West Coast District Municipality;

Joint Municipal Air Quality Working Group (JMAQWG). To improve communication and

cooperation between District and Local Municipal Air Quality Officers a communication

platform has been established on 17 February 2015. A memorandum of understanding

(MoU) is in place.

2.3.2.14.2. SWARTLAND MUNICIPALITY

The Swartland Municipality has an adopted AQMP that has been included in the IDP. The Air

Pollution Control By-law, gazetted May 2015, continued to be enforced.

In terms of education and awareness, the Swartland Municipality forms part of West Coast Air

Quality Working Group, as well as the Joint Municipal Air Quality Working Group. The Municipality

also holds meetings with industry and the complainants on a regular basis. Industry is informed of

measures to control emissions during inspections. The Municipality plans to conduct more

awareness raising in the future and involve learners through community development programs.

The Air Quality Officer of Swartland Municipality has attended the Provincial Air Quality Officer’s

Forums during the reporting period. The Swartland Municipality is working closely with the WCDM,

the DEA&DP, as well as all the Local Municipalities in the area.

The Air Quality Officer attended Noise Control Training, the Environmental Management Inspector

Course and the Provincial Air Quality Officer’s Forums during 2017.

The Air Quality Officer assisted the DEA&DP with general and electrical maintenance and check-

ups for the monitoring station in Malmesbury. The Swartland Municipality developed an Emissions

Inventory of Listed Activities in the area.

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The Swartland Municipality received 20 noise complaints from loud music and industrial noise, 8

smoke complaints from boilers, 19 dust complaints from an old plant grain storage and 4 crop

spraying complaints, all of which were addressed.

2.3.3. EDEN DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (EDM)


The EDM AQMP was reviewed and revised and the 2nd Generation AQMP has been completed,

approved and included in the IDP as a Sector Plan. The EDM worked closely with the Local

Municipal authorities to ensure that all Local Municipal AQMPs were completed. The EDM

envisages to review the AQMPs of all its Local Municipalities, as well as its own AQMP during 2018.

Table 2-10 shows the various AQMP objectives as per the EDM AQMP to ensure effective air quality

management in the EDM.

Table 2-10: Air Quality Management Planning Objectives

OBJECTIVE STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION

Objective 1: Set Air Quality Goals Completed and revised annually.

Objective 2: Set Up Air Quality Management System Completed.

Task 2.1 Develop / compile emissions database On-going.

Task 2.2 Develop air quality monitoring network On-going and liaison with other authorities.

Capital budgeting mobile analyser as well as

weather station was commissioned.

Task 2.3 Dispersion modelling Completed Airshed dispersion modelling as

part of AQMP development.

Task 2.4 Reporting On-going.

Objective 3: Carry Out Risk Assessments Part of the DEA&DP Risk Assessment Steering

Committee. The EDM in house risk committee

meetings and risk register.

Task 3.1 Health risk assessment Part of the DEA&DP Health Risk Assessment

Steering committee.

Task 3.2 Ecological risk assessment Not initiated yet.

Task 3.3 Exposure assessment Not initiated yet. Planned H2S monitoring at hot

spots.

Objective 4: Assess and Select Control Measures Work in progress.

Objective 5: Implement of Intervention and Monitoring

Effectiveness

Ongoing assessment.

Objective 6: Revise Air Quality Goals Annually internal and external stakeholders.

Objective 7: Integrate the AQMP into the IDP Completed and reviewed annually.

Objective 8: Compliance Monitoring, Enforcement and

Control

Ongoing, work in progress.

Task 8.1 Licensing of listed activities, periodic review of

atmospheric emission licenses, specifying continuous

industrial emission and ambient monitoring activities

Ongoing, work in progress.

Task 8.2 Audit inspection plans and complaints’

investigation

Work in progress.

Task 8.3 Inspection of diesel exhaust emissions Completed and on-going.

Task 8.4 Administrative enforcement Work in progress. The EDM Air Quality By-law

and spot fine system. Administrative actions

such as pre-Compliance notices issued.

Task 8.5 Specification, monitoring and review of

pollution reduction plans

Work in progress.

Objective 9: Review the Air Quality Management Plan Every 5 years.

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The EDM provided training to the peer Educators in terms of the Eden Clean Fires campaign (Figure

2-4). Pamphlets were also distributed to the general public on air pollution awareness. The EDM

assisted all its industries with NAEIS completion and training sessions.

The EDM planned and attended various internal and external training sessions such as:

Air Quality Guest speakers at the Eden Air Quality Working Group meeting; and

NAEIS training to Industries.

Figure 2-4: Air Quality Training for Eden District Municipality industries


Since 2011, the Air Quality Unit within the EDM embarked on an air quality project, namely, the

Eden Clean Fire Campaign (Figures 2-5 and 2-6). The project was identified due to poor air quality

in especially the informal settlements, caused by fires used for household purposes, such as

cooking and heating. The project was further advanced by training Peer educators to teach the

community on appropriate fire making methods and the dangers of air pollution.

The EDM and the Mossel Bay Municipality sponsored a Life Skills Workshop that focused on Pollution

for Grade 3 Educators in George and Mossel Bay. The Educators were entrusted with knowledge,

skills and resources to make learners aware of pollution problems, as well as how to be change

agents in our country and to conserve the environment for future generations.

The EDM, through an appointed service provider, conducted training sessions on 17 May 2017 in

Mossel Bay and 18 May 2017 in George. Participants received well-planned lesson plans for term

3, aligned to the National Curriculum (CAPS), as well as resources to complement teaching on

pollution, as part of Life Skills. These resources included A3 posters, games and content for use on

the interactive whiteboard, all aligned with CAPS.

94


Figure 2-5: Trainees of the Eden Clean Fires in Mossel Bay

Figure 2-6: Trainees of the Eden Clean Fires in George


Table 2-11 provides the status of AELs and PAELS within the Eden region, as at 31 December 2017.

94


Table 2-11: Summary of the AELs and PAELs issued by the EDM during 2010-2017

LICENSING

AUTHORITY 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

EDM

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

5 0 4 0 7 2 2 14 3 6 1 1 2 2 2 3


The EDM is actively involved with complaints that deal and are also assisting Local Municipalities

in this regard. All complaints are captured on an electronic database and addressed. The EDM

also form part of various Intergovernmental Task Team activities that addresses complaints on an

intergovernmental level. Table 2-12 shows a quarterly breakdown of the complaints received in

the EDM during 2017.

Table 2-12: Complaints within the EDM during 2017

TYPE OF

COMPLAINTS

1 JAN-31 MARCH

2017

1 APR-30 JUNE

2017

1 JUL-30 SEPT 2017 1 OCT-31 DEC

2017

Fumes 0 0 0 0

Smoke 4 5 4 5

Dust 3 0 5 4

Burning waste/Tires 0 0 0 0

Farm land burning 0 0 0 0

Crop spraying 0 0 0 0

Offensive odours 26 38 11 14

Noise 0 0 1 0

Total 33 43 21 23

Odour

Most of the air quality complaints received for 2017, as with the previous years, were odour related.

Of those, 80% was due to animal matter processes and 20% were related to odours such as Fumes

from Creosote plants, etc. The animal matter process is a high priority for the EDM with significant

effort to mitigate the odour. Some of the interventions included the appointment of odour

specialists and chemical engineers to assess and find mitigation solutions. The installation of

abatement equipment was enforced through the licensing process in order to mitigate the

offensive odours; significant successes have been made in this regard. The EDM also procured

portable air quality monitoring instruments to assist with the measuring of H2S and Benzene.


The Hessequa Local Municipality entered into a service Level Agreement with the EDM to assist

the Local Municipality with air quality management activities.

In terms of this agreement, the EDM is responsible to:

co-ordinate the development of the AQMP for inclusion in the IDP of the Council, in

accordance with Chapter 5 of the Systems Act;

94


prepare an annual report of the Council on air quality; and

exercise the duties and powers assigned to him or her under this By-law under the direction

of the Executive Manager: Community Services and the Manager: Municipal Health and

Environmental Services related to industrial activities and excludes minor air quality issues

like open burning at residential areas, which would still be addressed by the Hessequa

Local Municipality Law Enforcement Section.

Various routine inspections were conducted during the reporting period. The main purpose of the

inspections was to measure compliance with the Hessequa Air Quality By-laws. This did not include

the site visits in terms of AELs or for the permitting of small boiler. Inspections included the

identification of a potential air quality problem, the evaluation of the situation and the

implementation of control measures to improve the situation.

Very little air quality complaints were received during the reporting period. Most of the complaints

were related to dust, smoke and odour. The complaints were investigated and notices served to

the relevant industry. Most of the complaints were resolved.


The EDM published the Eden Air Quality By-laws during December 2012, which was enforced

during 2017. The By-laws are District Municipality-specific and are based on the air quality functions

of District Municipalities. The EDM also set offenses and penalties during 2013 in terms of the Eden

Air Quality By-laws. Spot fines were issued to industries that contravenes the By-laws, the offenses

of which varied from offensive odours to non-compliance of Atmospheric Emission Licence

conditions.


The EDM continued to host the industrial forum (Working Group) which was established during

2010. The forum is held quarterly between the industry and the EDM. The Local Municipalities in the

Eden region are also actively involved in this forum. This forum continued to serve as a platform

for industry to report back on a specific reporting template to the EDM. The forum is also seen as

a platform to provide feedback to industry regarding air quality matters on Provincial, Municipal

and National level.

During 2017, the Working Group was conducted on:

16 February 2017;

25 May 2017;

17 August 2017; and

23 November 2017.

Industries provided a quarterly report to the EDM, and reported on various air quality activities at

the specific industry. Issues such as complaints received for the period, air quality improvements,

changes in organisational structure, etc. are reported and discussed at the forum. Applicable

presentations are presented by guest speakers at the forum meetings.

NAEIS

The EDM as Licensing Authority for the Eden region is an important role-player in the NAEIS system.

In order to ensure that all Section 21, Section 23 and Mine and Quarries are participating in the

NAEIS, the DEA requested Licensing Authorities to follow-up with facilities that were not registered

94


in NAEIS in their respective Local Municipal jurisdictions. The NAEIS Reporting Regulation also came

into effect on 01 January 2017.

The EDM Air Quality unit was pro-active with the NAEIS implementation and trained industry during

a NAEIS workshop in January 2015. A total of 30 industries in EDM were registered on the 2017 NAEIS

Master List.

The first step was to e-notify all Atmospheric Emission Licence holders during December 2017 for

the 2017 official reporting period. The EDM engaged with all its industries that have not confirmed.

The EDM furthermore updated and corrected all personal details on the system. The EDM is

managing the system online and the EDM complied with the requirements and obtained a 100%

confirmation rate. That means that all the industries in the EDM that have to report, confirmed that

they will be reporting on the system.

The EDM Air Quality unit also assisted industries by facilitating the NAEIS workshops at the Mossel

Bay office, working separately with the different industry sectors. Figures 2-7 and 2-8 shows

industries within the EDM receiving NAEIS training. During these sessions, the Air Quality unit

presented and assisted the industries to submit their NAEIS reports. A 100% submission rate for the

30 NAEIS industries in the Eden region was achieved for the 2017 reporting period.

Figure 2-7: Eden conducting NAEIS assistance to Industry

94


Figure 2-8: Guest speaker at Eden Air Quality Working Group meeting


The EDM commissioned a weather station in Mossel Bay and procured a mobile ambient air quality

analyser, to monitor PM1, 2.5 and 10, SO2, NO2, VOCs, CO, H2S, and all the weather parameters. The

analyser is used for addressing with air quality complaints.

The EDM continued with its passive air sampling program for 2017 and 17/18 financial year. The

passive sampling entails the placement of BTEX, NO2 / SO2 and H2S Radiello cartridges within

diffusive bodies in Mossel Bay, George, Albertinia, Knysna, Bitou and Riversdale. The sampling

locations for H2S were sampled at two sampling locations in Mossel Bay (Mossdustria) due to the

locality of two possible sources in that area. The sampling of H2S in this region also assisted with

odour complaints received from industries surrounding the possible source. Table 2-13 and Figure

2-9 shows the towns within the EDM where passive sampling was conducted, the pollutants that

were monitored and the number of exceedances measured at these sampling locations.

The EDM also conducted vehicle emission testing as per the EDM AQMP. Emission testing of diesel

vehicles is one of the priorities in the Eden region. This is especially a priority in the Lakes Region

where the N2 is running through or past the towns of Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. This can cause

a potential risk of elevated levels of NO2 and even SO2. The vehicle emission testing programme

was further expanded to Oudtshoorn, Mossel Bay and Hessequa region. Sampling runs were

conducted on a quarterly basis in these areas with the assistance of the Local Municipalities in the

Eden District. Vehicles that failed the test were issued a warning letter and repair notice; and fines

were issued to second time offenders.

Spot checks of specific pollutants were tested, including H2S measurements.


120

Table 2-13: Passive sampling in Eden District

TOWN POLLUTANT EXCEEDANCES FOR 2017

Albertinia SO2/ NO2, BTEX 0

Mossel Bay SO2/ NO2 0

Great Brak river SO2/ NO2 0

Riversdale SO2, NO2, VOC, H2S, PM1, 2.5 and

10. (Scentinal)

H2S odour detection limits as well

as SO2 due to N2 traffic through

the town.

George H2S 0

Oudtshoorn SO2, NO2, VOC, H2S, PM1, 2.5 and

10. (Scentinal)

H2S odour detection limits

Figure 2-9 shows a passive sampling tube and the passive sampling housing unit.

Figure 2-9: Eden passive sampling project Mossel Bay and Albertinia

Figure 2-10 shows the passive sampling results for H2S in Riversdale.

Figure 2-10 shows the passive sampling results for H2S in Riversdale.

Figure 2-11 shows the passive sampling Scentinal Results, Riversdale.


121

Figure 2-11: Scentinal Results, Riversdale

2.3.3.10. Emissions Inventory – Listed activities per Local Municipal Areas

The EDM has developed an emissions inventory of sources of air pollution in each of the Local

Municipal areas. Estimated emissions in each Local Municipal area are presented in Table 2-14.

Table 2-14: Estimated emissions in the EDM

MUNICIPALITY TPM SO2 NOx CO CO2

Bitou 225.2 26.1 15.0 22.0 8031.4

Knysna 29.5 1.8 35.3 57.4 15624.9

George 1787.1 333.9 178.3 1669.1 56394.1

Mossel Bay 1453.5 1890.4 3363.6 1475.9 1353584.0

Hessequa 119.8 417.9 31.2 1042.0 3232.3

Kannaland 212.3 183.4 35.4 16.1 18427.7

Oudtshoorn 343.9 96.2 29.9 27.8 16276.4

EDM Total 4171.3 2949.7 3688.7 4310.3 1471570.8

Energy Sources used in EDM

Statistics South Africa (StatsSA) gathered information about the energy used for heating, cooking

and lighting in households across the country. Table 2-15 shows the numbers of households and

types of fuel used in the EDM.

0

20

40

60

80

100

SO2 NO2 PM2.5 PM10

Concentr 90.62 24.64 0.676 7.5

LIMIT 50 40 20 40

90.62

24.64

0.676 7.5

5040

20

40

co

ncen

trati

on

s:

PP

M

AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OVER MEASURED PERIOD


122

Table 2-15: Number of Households per Fuel Type Used

COOKING

Electricity Gas Paraffin Wood Coal

Bitou 14064 1600 509 358 9

Knysna 17159 2222 1784 588 17

George 44879 3772 2725 1846 34

Mossel Bay 24061 2119 1304 304 25

Hessequa 13369 1595 29 767 11

Kannaland 5022 336 10 799 7

Oudtshoorn 17036 1706 675 2329 34

HEATING

Electricity Gas Paraffin Wood Coal

Bitou 7873 702 1702 1494 35

Knysna 13005 1023 1794 2267 78

George 30452 1938 5576 5057 53

Mossel Bay 15736 1185 2478 753 33

Hessequa 10544 451 95 1703 5

Kannaland 4037 105 19 1393 14

Oudtshoorn 13491 376 509 3788 132

LIGHTING

Electricity Gas Paraffin

Bitou 15653 38 260

Knysna 19440 56 1255

George 48737 119 2053

Mossel Bay 26292 91 522

Hessequa 15063 41 29

Kannaland 5571 22 5

Oudtshoorn 18679 27 176


123


Most towns in the EDM region have the potential for excessive vehicle emissions due to the N2

highway in the region. This is especially the case during the December/ January holiday season

when there is an increase in vehicles that use the N2 to their holiday destinations.

The EDM Air Quality unit embarked on a project in collaboration with the Local Municipalities Air

Quality and Traffic Department during 2017, whereby several diesel vehicles were tested for

excessive smoke emissions. The vehicles first went through a visual test. If the visual test indicated

excessive smoke, that vehicle was further tested by means of the vehicle smoke test instrument.

Verbal warnings were issued to vehicles that did not pass the smoke tests. In future, fines will be

issued by the Traffic Department. It was also clear that the bigger mainliners were usually well

maintained and that it was the smaller trucks and older “bakkies” that presented air quality

challenges. This project was received positively by the drivers of the vehicles and served as a

platform for similar future projects. One of the main objectives of this project was to make the

public aware of vehicle emission testing in the Eden region and to minimize the effect of vehicle

emissions on the environment.

Figure 2-12 and Figure 2-13 shows vehicle emission testing being conducted in Mossel Bay.

Figure 2-12: Vehicle emission testing in Mossel Bay (1)


124

Figure 2-13: Vehicle emission testing in Mossel Bay (2)

Other Air Quality Projects by the EDM

The EDM Air Quality Unit recently commissioned a weather station in Mossdustria, Mossel Bay. The

station was erected on the same premises as the South Cape Ostrich Tannery (SCOT). This is a

secure location, with 24-hour security and the electricity supply is provided by SCOT. The location

is also free of overhead obstacles and nearby buildings that could influence the weather readings.

The weather station can measure weather parameters, such as wind speed and direction,

humidity, rainfall, solar radiation and temperature. Weather information is an essential tool for Air

Quality Management and Dispersion Modelling Studies. The installation of the weather station was

highlighted as a requirement in the EDM AQMP. Figure 2-14 shows the weather station used in the

EDM.

State of the art technology is used and all data is recorded on an electronic data logger. This

allows the EDM Air Quality Unit to download data directly from the station onto a laptop, or direct

wireless communication. This will also assist with complaints dealing, so that when an air quality

related complaint is received, one can almost immediately determine the weather parameters

that could assist in determining the possible source of pollution. The station may also assist industry

in that region with better planning of activities that may cause a nuisance to the surrounding

businesses.

The EDM also procured a mobile air quality monitoring station (Figure 2-15) that measures a wide

spectrum of pollutants, as well as all the weather parameters. The station is well utilized and moved

to all hot spots areas as well as to areas, where complaints are eminent. The station was also

equipped with a methane cell to measure the status of landfill sites in the region.


125

Figure 2-14: Weather Station

Figure 2-15: Scentinel Mobile Air Quality Monitoring Station


Air quality management is a complex matter; notwithstanding these limitations, the EDM has

succeeded in substantially meeting the diverse tasks and duties associated with air quality

management in the Eden region. Good co-operation exists between the EDM and the Local

http://www.edendm.co.za/images/stories/img-20160819-wa0004.jpg


126

Municipalities and the EDM is looking forward to continuous support in order to promote and

maintain a healthy and pollution free environment in the Eden district.

2.3.3.13. LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE EDM

2.3.3.13.1. MOSSEL BAY MUNICIPALITY

The Mossel Bay Municipality continued to implement its AQMP, which was approved by Council

in 2013; the AQMP will be reviewed during 2018/2019. The AQMP has been included as a sector

plan in the Municipality’s IDP, as per the requirements of section 15 (2) of the NEM: AQA. The

Municipality has also developed an Air Quality Control By-law, which was published in October

2013.

The Mossel Bay Municipality has a designated AQO, and participated in the Provincial and EDM

AQOFs. Forums attended during the reporting period were on 31 May 2017 (Mossel Bay), 14 – 16

November 2017 (Cape Winelands) and 6 December 2017 (Mossel Bay). Education and Awareness

Raising Campaigns were held on 29 March 2017 (Mikeva Shopping Complex), 29 June 2017 (Pick

‘n Pay Mall, Fraaiuitsig), 18 September 2017 (Joe Slovo, Asazani Informal Settlement) and 14

December 2017 (Langeberg Mall).

A total of 34) air quality related complaints were received during the reporting period, relating to

offensive odour (28), smoke (5) and dust (1). In terms of noise, 27 complaints were reported, with 4

notices served during the reporting period. A total of 142 vehicles were tested for emissions in the

Mossel Bay area. The ambient air quality monitoring in the Mossel Bay Municipality is undertaken

by the DEA&DP, while passive sampling is done by the EDM.

2.3.3.13.2. GEORGE MUNICIPALITY

The George Municipality continued to implement its AQMP, which was approved by their Council

in 2013 and will be reviewed in the 2018/2019 financial year. The Municipality has included the

AQMP as a sector plan in the IDP, while and Air Quality By-law, which was adopted in November

2010, was enforced.

The George Municipality has a designated AQO as per the requirements of the NEM: AQA. The

AQO also attended the Provincial AQOF and Eden AQOFs.

Air quality related complaints during the reporting period were as follows: 2 spray painting, 5 smoke

related and 1 dust related. The 5 noise complaints were related to loud music, panel beating and

from wood making machinery, while 1 odour related complaint was received during the reporting

period.

2.3.3.13.3. OUDTSHOORN MUNICIPALITY

The Oudtshoorn Municipality has adopted the AQMP and designated an AQO during 2017. The

Municipality is in the process of developing an Air Quality By-law. The DEA&DP D: AQM has an

ambient air quality monitoring station that is located in Oudtshoorn and the EDM assists with the

routine maintenance of the station.


127

The AQO has been dealing with all air quality related matters and complaints which includes

odour, dust nuisances, noise, smoke and also fumes in the Oudtshoorn area.

Dust complaints were related to:

Dust and sawdust pollution; and

Dust generation due to the movement of trucks on unpaved area.

Noise complaints were related to:

Flight school activities;

Noise of water pump on agricultural zoned property;

Barking by dogs;

Keeping of animals such as chickens;

Steel pipe handling on a residential property;

Noise of storage containers;

Noise of grinders on residential properties; and

Noise of panel beating activities on residential properties.

Odour complaints were related to:

Ostrich product producing facility;

Storm water outlet running into Grobbelaars river; and

Tobacco factory.

2.3.3.13.4. KANNALAND MUNICIPALITY

The Kannaland Municipality continued to implement its AQMP, which was adopted by Council in

2013. The Municipality has designated an AQO and to manage air quality in the municipality.

However, the Kannaland Municipality has capacity constraints and is considering engaging with

the EDM to assist with the air quality function as part of a Service Level Agreement.

2.3.4. CAPE WINELANDS DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (CWDM)


The CWDM continued to implement its AQMP, which was approved by the Council in 2010, and

which has been included as a Sector Plan in the IDP since 2011. The inclusion of the CWDM AQMP

into the CWDM IDP subsequently indicates the CWDM’s commitment to Air Quality Management

and the statutory obligations of the AQA.

The CWDM AQMP will be reviewed to assist the Municipality to improve on the functionality of air

quality management and to maintain the status of good air quality, as achieved by the current

CWDM AQMP. The 2nd Generation CWDM AQMP revisited the set air quality management goals

and objectives in a structured, co-ordinated and measured manner in terms of new developments

and areas of possible improvement. In order for it to meet the objectives and the framework

fundamentals of the revised 2nd Generation Western Cape AQMP, the revision was envisaged to

commence following the review of latter.


128

In order to strengthen the functionality and support of air quality management within the District

with efficient service delivery, in respect of air quality management and planning, the CWDM

included the position of the Air Quality Officer in the organisational structure of the Council. The

position of AQO has been filled in 2016 as a standalone function.

The CWDM has assisted the Local Municipalities within its jurisdiction with the formulation of their

AQMP`s.


The Air Quality Officer attended the following training/workshops during this period:

Training on the Fundamental Concepts of Section 23 of the NEM: AQA, as well as the

implementation and management – Department of Environmental Affairs, February 2017;

Amendment to EIA regulation training – Department of Environmental Affairs and

Development Planning, June 2017; and

Noise Training Course – Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning,

November 2017.


The CWDM Health Education Programme entailed live interactive musical theatre performances

at schools in order to promote environmental awareness amongst scholars and the development

of educational material on a variety of environmental health topics. This project reached 60

schools and 22 845 learners during February to May 2017.

The Greening Cape Winelands Programme planted 2850 indigenous trees and shrubs, and raised

environmental awareness and education on global warming, within the communities of the

District.


All 14 Section 21 Listed Activities within the CWDM were in operation during the reporting period.

The Listed Activities were visited to assess compliance to conditions of authorisation set within their

AEL’s. Meetings which included the Local Municipality AQOs, the DEA&DP and the CWDM were

conducted with AEL holders to provide assistance to these AEL holders with proposed changes to

processes for cleaner emissions and the installation of more advanced abatement equipment.

Guidance on mitigation measures at some industries and assistance to these industries to

capacitate their employees on the administration of the AQM function, was undertaken

All AEL holders attended the DEA&DP NAEIS refresher training to enable industries to submit their

annual emission inventory report in terms of the National Atmospheric Emission Reporting

Regulations, as required in their AEL’s.

Table 2-16 shows the number of AELs and PAELs issued within the CWDM since 2010 until 2017.

Table 2-16: Summary of the AELs and PAELs issued by the CWDM during 2010-2017

LICENSING

AUTHORITY 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

CWDM

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 0 0 0 0 0 0


129

The Integrated Environmental Authorisation process for proposed industries was applied for within

the CWDM and provisional comment on air quality management was supplied by the AQO on

the following:

Draft Basic Assessment Report and Environmental Management Programme Report for a

mining application and production of bricks with clay kilns in Robertson.

Basic Assessment Report for a proposed expansion to increase the operating hours and

the number of cremations at a crematorium in Paarl.

Temporary departure application for primary sand stockpiling and distribution in Paarl.

A Draft Basic Assessment Report for a proposed development of a beverage production,

bottling, warehousing and distribution facility and a mixed use development in Paarl.

Draft Basic Assessment Report for a waste-to-value plant for the purpose of digesting

manure in Worcester.


The CWDM reported on complaints within the District, as received by the CWDM. Complaints are

captured on the CWDM Municipal Health Services electronic database and addressed within

specified time frames. In addition, the CWDM was actively involved in handling complaints and

assisting the Local Municipalities in this regard.

It must be noted that the provided statistics on complaints are as received by the District

Municipality or as reported by the AEL licence holders. The air quality complaint reporting statistics

include the complaints received by the Local Municipalities, and thus representative of the type

and number of complaints received per quarter in the CWDM during 2017 (Table 2-17).

Table 2-17: Air Quality Complaints within the CWDM during 2017

2017 COMPLAINTS 1st QUARTER 2nd QUARTER 3rd QUARTER 4th QUARTER

Fumes 0 1 2 2

Smoke 10 4 5 3

Dust 1 0 6 1

Burning waste/Tyres 1 2 0 0

Farm land burning 0 0 1 0

Crop spraying 0 0 0 0

Offensive odours 19 23 6 24

TOTAL 31 30 20 30


The CWDM has been implementing the goal of their AQMP to promote communication in relation

to air quality management, through close co-operation with the local municipalities. Local

municipalities were assisted in performing the function of air quality management if and when

required. Local AQO’s were included in meetings with the DEA&DP, industry and the public on air

quality matters within the local jurisdictions. Both district and local municipalities work together to

address complaints resorting under municipal legislation over and above the NEM: AQA.


130

The CWDM successfully partook in AQM information sharing on National and Provincial level with

regards to the following:

Input into new or amended legislation under the NEMA and its SEMA’s;

Distribution and sharing of air quality related articles;

Governance Lekgotla and the NACA Conference in Gauteng;

Quarterly and Special Western Cape AQO Forum Meetings;

PSG4: Sustainable Ecological and Agricultural Resource Base Working Group;

PSG4: Climate Change Response Forum Meeting;

Local Government Climate Change Support Programme;

Western Cape State of the Environment Outlook Report: Air Quality and Climate Change

Workshop; and

Meetings with different DEA&DP Directorates on:

NEMA Section 30 incidents.

Environmental Authorisations.

Outbreak of the Avian flu.


The CWDM Air Quality By-law, based on the air quality functions of District Municipalities, was

drafted and is to be presented to the CWDM Council for approval, prior to a Public Participation

Process. The CWDM aims to promulgate their Air Quality By-law during 2018.


Good co-operation exists between the CWDM and the Local Municipalities that render air quality

management within the District. Although no formal Service Level Agreement exists between the

local authorities and the CWDM, the CWDM assisted the Local Municipalities in its jurisdiction with

handling more complex air quality complaints.

The CWDM AQO regularly informs the CWDM Industrial Air Quality Forum members of air quality

legislation amendments or new legislation. The CWDM communicates openly with AEL holders on

air quality related matters and aims to provide correct technical information to ensure compliance

with AEL conditions.

The CWDM has set conditions of AEL’s for some industries that impact on the health and wellbeing

of people residing in receptor areas to create communication platforms and meet with residents

on agreed upon intervals. During these meetings, the public is informed of industrial processes and

the implementation of measures to control emissions. The CWDM AQO also attended AEL holder

forum meetings.


The DEA&DP operates two ambient air quality monitoring stations within the CWDM as part of the

Western Cape Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network, respectively in Stellenbosch and

Worcester. The set of air quality parameters measured at each monitoring station primarily

determined by the air quality conditions at the location and can provide an indication of the

possible causes of air pollution in an area. The CWDM officials assist the DEA&DP should assistance

be required in monitoring activities and/or to perform minor task at the mentioned stations.


It is envisaged that the DEA&DP will commission a new ambient air quality monitoring station in the

Drakenstein Municipality during 2018, to provide a perspective on air quality within this

municipality’s jurisdiction.

As the National Atmospheric Emission Reporting Regulations was promulgated in April 2015 the AEL

holders required compulsory reporting of data and information by the licence holder, to an

internet-based National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory System (NAEIS) for the compilation of

Atmospheric Emission Inventories. All the AEL holders in the CWDM had registered with NAEIS as a

condition of authorisation within their licenses.

It is envisaged that the CWDM will acquire the services of a service provider to set up a periodic

network of passive air sampling within the geographical area of the Cape Winelands in 2018. The

program will identify a site in each of the five Local Municipalities for the setup and monitoring

purposes. This program will be rolled out with the assistance of the CWDM Environmental Health

Practitioners and the Local Municipal Air Quality Officers, ensuring capacity building on air quality

management and that local air quality matters are addressed. All results and information obtained

from the passive sampling program will be captured on a database, and the results of the

pollutants monitored will be compared against the National Ambient Air Quality Standard, where

applicable.


The Emissions Inventory of all Section 21 Listed Activities within the CWDM has been updated. Four

industries with boilers were declared as controlled emitters under Section 23 and have submitted

emission reports to the CWDM in 2017, in terms of the requirements under Government Notice 831

of November 2013.

At local level, the Drakenstein Municipality has a comprehensive data base of non-listed fuel

burning appliance within their municipality. The municipalities within the CWDM are in the process

of creating a data base of the fuel burning appliances within their respective Municipalities.


Table 2-18 shows the complaints from an industry where Inter-Governmental Task Teams

conducted compliance inspections.

Table 2-18: Inter-Governmental Task Team compliance inspection

TOWN NATURE OF COMPLAINT

Stellebosch

The DEA&DP and the CWDM performed jointly an environmental

compliance inspection jointly on 29 June 2017, at a brick

manufacturing company with respect to the manufacturing of clay

bricks under Sub-category: 5.3 Clamp Kilns for Brick Production as a

Section 21 Listed Activity.

The inspection entailed ascertaining that the brick manufacturing

company complied with the applicable environmental legislation

and authorisation issued under National Environmental Management

Act and NEM: AQA.


132


The CWDM Air Quality By-law is to be finalised during 2018 and must include fines for air

quality transgressions.

Review the current AQMP and develop the 2nd Generation AQMP to include the objectives

and the framework fundamentals of the 2nd Generation Western Cape AQMP to ensure a

standardised approach to air quality management within the Province.

Implementation of a passive air sampling network within the CWDM, over a multi-year

period to obtain long-term recorded data within the monitored area.

2.3.4.13. LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE CWDM

2.3.4.13.1. STELLENBOSCH MUNICIPALITY

The Stellenbosch Municipality completed its AQMP, dated August 2013, with inputs, amongst other

from the DEA&DP. The Stellenbosch Municipality has appointed and designated an AQO during

2017. The appointed AQO reports on progress with the implementation of the AQMP on an annual

basis.

In Stellenbosch Municipality, there are seven industries with fuel burning devices Table 2-19. Six

facilities operate boilers using coal, diesel, HFO or wood waste. The incinerator at the Provincial

Veterinary Clinic is diesel fired. Of the seven facilities, four require an AEL in terms of the NEM: AQA.

Table 2-19: Facilities operating fuel burning devices in Stellenbosch Municipality

NATURE OF PROCESS DEVICE TYPE AEL REQUIRED

Sawmills Boilers: Wood waste & coal Yes

Winery Boiler: Coal & HFO No

Chemical Manufacturing Air heater: Diesel No

Brick Manufacturing Boiler: Coal Yes

Cheese Manufacturing Boiler: HFO No

Veterinary Incinerator Incinerator: Diesel Yes

Sawmills Boilers: Wood waste & coal Yes

The Stellenbosch Municipality completed a five-year Comprehensive Integrated Traffic Plan in

2010. As the Municipality has grown, so too has the pressure on the capacity of the road and

transport infrastructure. The local transport patterns and systems are linked to the adjacent Cape

Town Metropolitan Area. The use of non-motorized transport options such as cycling and walking

and the use of public transport contribute to lowering motor vehicle emissions and is encouraged.

All noise complaints are investigated in terms of The Western Cape Noise Control Regulations

PN200/2013. The Stellenbosch Municipality purchased specialized sound level meter equipment

to measure sound and to address the noise complaints in their area. As required by SANS

10103:2008, the sound level meter device is calibrated once every two years and the sound level

meter calibrator, calibrated on an annual basis.

The Stellenbosch Municipality was instrumental in the establishment of the Provincial Noise Task

Team which was officially launched in July 2017 within the CWDM. The Noise Control Forum

provides a platform where officials gather to discuss progress made in the implementation of the

Western Cape Noise Control Regulations, 2013. In addition, this forum provides an opportunity for


officials to share experiences, best practices and to agree on solutions/mechanisms to address

common noise complaints and or challenges faced by local authorities and to plan ahead.

Co-operative governance formed an essential component of Stellenbosch Municipality and good

co-operation exist between the CWDM, the office of the DEA&DP as well as other local authorities.

The Stellenbosch Municipality on a regular basis liaises with the CWDM, Mr. Marius Engelbrecht

regarding air quality related matters and to gain insight and knowledge on how to handle and

address complaints effectively. As part of gaining information and specialized knowledge, the

AQO for Stellenbosch Municipality attended & participated actively in the AQO Forum on a

quarterly basis & attends the national air quality governance Legotla annually.

Ambient air quality in the Stellenbosch Municipality is generally good, with the exception of a few

localised sources. The inclusion of the AQMP into the IDP allows for the inclusion of the Air Quality

Officer in the Stellenbosch Micro Organizational Structure. These developments allow for on-going

capacity building in the Municipality so that the air quality functions can be carried out effectively.

2.3.4.14.2. WITZENBERG MUNICIPALITY

The Witzenberg Municipality’s implemented its AQMP, which was adopted by Council on 24 May

2016 and is included in their IDP, an AQO has been designated and a draft By-law has been

developed.

The AQO attended the Provincial AQOF and Working Group meetings. Air quality complaints

received during the reporting period was related to black smoke complaints from food processing

factories. The Municipality also received noise complaints that emanated from loud music, grinder

noise and residential noise.

2.3.4.14.3. LANGEBERG MUNICIPALITY

An AQMP for the Langeberg Municipal area was approved on 23 May 2017, per Council resolution

A3433. The Langeberg Municipality does not have an Air Quality By-law. The Langeberg

Municipality has a designated AQO.

No Air Quality Education or awareness raising programmes were undertaken in the Langeberg

Municipal area during 2017.

No training was provided by the Langeberg Municipality with regards to air quality and although

various training programmes were provided in 2017, the Langeberg Municiaplity’s AQO did not

attend due to capacity reasons. The AQO, however, attended the Noise Control Training

Programme from 14 to 16 November 2017 as well as the Air Quality Lekgotla from 2 to 4 October

2017.

The Langeberg Municipality does not participate in any air quality monitoring or passive sampling.

This is mainly due to the lack of a budget for Air Quality Management and the lack of capacity to

undertake the sampling.

The AQO has limited air quality management capacity. As such the DEA&DP D: AQM and CWDM

continue to work closely with the AQO to manage air quality in the Langeberg Municipality.

The vast majority of air quality complaints received via the Call Centre are fire related, which are

addressed by the Fire Services Department. The Municipality did however receive odour

complaints from evaporation dams of wine cellars in Robertson and odours from the wastewater

treatment plant of Langeberg and Ashton Canning in Wildepaardehoek. An unsubstantiated


134

complaint was followed up regarding the spraying of fruit trees in McGregor. Noise complaints

received during 2017 arose from residential premises and noise emanating from the extraction fan

at a clinic.

2.3.4.14.4. BREEDE VALLEY MUNICIPALITY

The Breede Valley Municipality has designated an AQO and has adopted their AQMP in June

2017. The Municipality has drafted an Air Quality By-law. The AQO attended the 2017 Provincial

AQOF and also hosted one of the AQOF that was held at Nekkies Resort 3-4 August 2017.

No education and awareness raising programmes were conducted during the reporting period.

2.3.4.14.5. DRAKENSTEIN MUNICIPALITY

The Drakenstein Municipality continued to implement its AQMP, which was adopted by council in

2011 and the Drakenstein By-law was approved in 2007. The Drakenstein Municipality’s AQMP is

listed as a sector plan in the IDP. Most of the provisions in the AQMP relating to the regulation of

industrial and commercial sources of pollution have been implemented. The Drakenstein

Municipality regulates fuel burning appliances and records the information reported on these

appliances in an emissions inventory. Not all the provisions have been implemented due to the

resources required and the limited funding and personnel available. These provisions include the

regulation of traffic sources and agricultural resources of pollution.

No education and awareness raising focussing on air quality was conducted in 2017. Due to the

drought affecting the region, all of the environmental awareness activities were focussed on

water.

The Air Quality and Noise Control Official at the Drakenstein Municipality received training on noise

control as provided by the DEA&DP in 2017, as well as the AQOF held quarterly in the Province.

The Drakenstein Municipality did not conduct any air quality monitoring during 2017. The

Municipality has provided a site for an AAQMS to the DEA&DP and a new station was installed in

December 2017 at the Paarl Traffic Department.

No new By-laws were promulgated in 2017. It is envisaged that a new By-law will be published for

public review in 2018/2019.

The Local Municipality has identified that it requires more training on noise measurement, and

attend the Noise Forum.

The Drakenstein Municipality held air quality meetings on a quarterly basis with registered fuel

burning appliance holders; these meetings were, however not well attended. In going forward the

Municipality envisages to hold specific meetings with industry when required.

The Drakenstein Municipality received air quality complaints, mostly due to poor town planning

where residential areas have encroached into industrial areas. The Municipality also received

complaints due to dust from construction activities, which has been exacerbated by the current

drought. Other complaints related to church bells from a church in Paarl. The Municipality

appointed an acoustic engineer to conduct a noise impact assessment, which determined that

the church bells exceeded the night time limit. The church was requested to reduce the night time


sound level by implementing mitigation measures before continuing to allow the bells to ring at

night.

The Municipality also received a complaint regarding late night music played from a

restaurant/bar. A noise measurement was conducted on a weekend night and the results

indicated that the noise levels were within the noise regulations. The restaurant/bar was informed

that should they hold any live music performances; they would need to apply for an event through

the Municipality. The Drakenstein Municipality does not have any service level agreements, but

the Municipality has cooperated with Provincial and the District Municipality by conducting joint

inspections at facilities. Combined meetings with industry to discuss air quality issues and to discuss

mitigation options have also been held.

The Drakenstein Municipality envisages to update the AQMP and the By-law during 2018/2019 to

allow for regulation of additional sources other than fuel burning appliances. These facilities

include, sand blasting, spray-painting, dry-cleaning facilities etc.

2.3.5. OVERBERG DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (ODM)


The Overberg District Municipality’s (ODM) Air Quality Management team was officially

established in February 2013 and the AQMP was adopted by the end of February 2013. The ODM

is responsible for air pollution control in the area of jurisdiction, the main function is to regulate

Listed Activities licencing in terms of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act,

2004 (Act 39 of 2004). These activities include major industries such as fishmeal production, clay

brick manufacturing and lime processes. The ODM continued to implement its AQMP.

The ODM AQOF was established on 18 June 2013, with members from the ODM), Local Municipality

(Swellendam, Cape Agulhas, Theewaterskloof and Overstrand) and the DEA&DP D: AQM. The aim

of the forum is to promote sustainable development through an integrated approach in order to

ensure that emissions from industrial and other activities are in compliance with emission standards.

The Forum meets once a quarter, unless air quality matters that need prompt attention have been

identified. No Forum meetings were held during 2017.

2.3.5.2. Section 21 Listed Activities

Table 2-20 shows the AELs and PAELs issued within the ODM during 2010 until 2017.

Table 2-20: Summary of the AELs and PAELs issued by the ODM during 2010-2017 3 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

ODM PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 4 0 0

2.3.5.3. Air Quality By-law or Legislation

The Overberg District Municipality: Air Quality Management By-law which was gazetted on 15 May

2015, and continued to be enforced in the region.


136


The ODM envisages to undertake education and awareness raising in air quality in the future. No

activities took place in 2017.

2.3.5.5. Air Quality-related Complaints

The ODM did not receive any complaints during the reporting period.


The following were identified in the ODM AQMP as air quality challenges:

Not all Local Municipalities have appointed Air Quality Officers, which hampers

communication and accountability;

Air quality management requires cooperation from various disciplines within local

authorities which includes amongst others traffic, municipal health, fire and rescue, town

planning, engineering, building control, etc. The successful implementation of air quality

management is thus strongly dependent upon cooperation and communication among

all sectors and all local authorities within the district;

There is inadequate financial provision specifically earmarked for air quality management

by all municipalities within the District;

The availability of suitably skilled human resources in air quality management is required;

Personnel capacity building; and

Town planning and road planning do not always consider the impact of developments on

air quality.

2.3.5.10. LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE ODM

2.3.5.10.1. CAPE AGULHAS MUNICIPALITY

The Cape Agulhas Municipality continued to implement its AQMP which was approved by Council

on 27 May 2014; the AQMP is included in the IDP. The AQMP will be reviewed during 2019. The

Cape Agulhas Municipality continued to enforce its Air Quality Control By-law, which was gazetted

on 6 March 2015.

The AQO attended all the Provincial AQOF and Noise Forums during the reporting period. The

AQO attended air quality and noise training, attended the ODM Forums and met with the public

and industry Working Group during the reporting year. The AQO is also a member of the National

Association for Clean Air (NACA).

The Municipality conducted awareness raising by means of an article in a newsletter, as well as

banners. The rollout of an awareness programme at schools in 2018 is envisaged.

The Cape Agulhas Municipality received complaints about dust at the Silos loading area as well

as two noise related complaints, all of which was resolved. The Cape Agulhas Municipality hopes

to do their own noise measuring during 2019/20.

The Cape Agulhas Municipality has a budget for 2019/20 to get noise measuring tools and to do

passive sampling.


2.3.5.10.2. OVERSTRAND MUNICIPALITY

The Overstrand Municipality has a designated AQO and their AQMP was adopted in 2013 and

was reviewed and adopted by council in 2017. The AQMP is included in their IDP. The Municipality

does not have an Air Quality By-law.

2.3.6. CENTRAL KAROO DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY (CKDM)


The Central Karoo District Municipality has no service level agreements with any party regarding

air quality monitoring.

An AQO has been designated from the ranks of the Municipal Health component of the CKDM.

AQO’s have also been appointed within the different Local Municipalities in the Central Karoo

District.

The AQMP for the CKDM was adopted by Council during 2012 and included in the IDP of the

CKDM. The AQMP was implemented in 2017 and will initially be reviewed on an annual basis.

Short, medium and long-term activities regarding air quality management have been identified

and is included in the AQMP of the CKDM.

The District and Local Municipalities within the Central Karoo District reported that they are unable

to fully implement of the NEM: AQA. This is due to the capability of the CKDM, which is limited by

the shortage of personnel, finances, skills and tools required for effective and coordinated air

quality management. The excessive costs of purchasing, commissioning, operating and

maintaining ambient air quality monitoring equipment is also challenging when competing with

social priorities, e.g. housing, education and health in the Central Karoo District.


No formal training was given to personnel, except for personnel attending meetings where

discussions on air quality management took place.

Capacity constraints within the Local Municipalities in the District hamper capacity building efforts.

Municipal officials also do not have the necessary skills level to deal with the variety and

complexity of modern air pollution monitoring, modeling and control functions.

As a result, a training program needs to be established in order for officials to gain the level of

expertise demanded by this responsibility. This will enable officials to exercise their duties with more

effectiveness, resulting in an improved level of air quality management across the Central Karoo

District.

Officials must be capacitated through informal educational programs with the support of

Provincial Government. Industry and private individuals, as well as civil society, must also be

capacitated to develop the understanding that air is an important resource.


Education and awareness on air quality is done through the placement of articles in the local

newspaper from time to time, as well as during normal services rendered with regards to pollution

management in the district.


138


No AEL applications were received or processed / issued during the reporting period.

The state of preparedness to execute the AEL function remains a challenge. This problem is further

compounded by the lack of both financial and suitably skilled human resources.


No complaints were received or investigated during the reporting period.


No service level agreements were signed.


Currently, the CKDM does not have a By-law for air quality management. A draft Air Quality By-

law will be submitted to Council for approval during the 2017/18 financial year.


Provincial AQOF meetings are attended, when possible. A local AQOF has not been established

between the Central Karoo District Municipality and Local Municipalities in the district.


The CKDM is currently undertaking with a Baseline Air Quality Monitoring Study focusing on Dust

Fallout, selected metals, Particulates (PM10) and meteorological condition in the Beaufort West

area, for six (6) months period.

The limited and in-house skills and finances for purchasing, operating and maintaining monitoring

equipment and networks remains a challenge. No sampling actions were undertaken during the

reporting period.

An extremely limited level of information about the quality of the ambient air in the Central Karoo

Region is currently available. Currently there are few sources of air pollution in the Central Karoo

District. As a result, ambient air quality is generally good.

Pollution from industrial activities in the urban and rural areas of the Central Karoo District include

brickworks, waste reduction “incinerators”, a small boiler, vehicle emissions and burning on refuse

sites.

The management and monitoring of air quality for the proposed uranium and shale gas mining

activities in the Central Karoo, which are associated with various environmental impacts, remains

a big challenge for Municipalities in the Central Karoo district.


The CKDM does not have an emissions inventory of known sources. Emissions from transport or

diffuse sources, such as emissions from residential and agricultural areas are not identified.


No vehicle emissions testing was undertaken during the reporting period.


Virtually all of the road traffic, especially heavy diesel-powered vehicles, between the Western

Cape and Gauteng pass through the towns of Laingsburg and Beaufort West. The control and

reduction of vehicle emissions remains a challenge and that needs to be addressed in the future.


No IGTT’s were undertaken during the reporting period.


The Air Quality Management function within the CKDM is performed by the Section: Municipal

Health. The appointment of an Air Quality Officer, as provided for in the approved organogram of

the CKDM, is essential, as this allows for fulltime air quality management in the District. Funding

and resources for air quality management, monitoring and control are also required as a matter

of urgency.

The following is required in the CKDM; however, funding is not available:

Obtain relevant baseline information in terms of air quality in the Central Karoo before any

of the uranium and / or scale gas mining activities / developments start in the district; and

Obtain relevant monitoring equipment, tools, training and / or funds for the continuous

monitoring of relevant substances that may pose a health risk(s) in the affected areas

during any of the mentioned activities / developments.

Municipalities in the CKDM require a substantial support base in order to carry out their

responsibilities effectively. The CKDM must elevate the requirement for air quality management at

their Council.

2.3.6.14. LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES WITHIN THE CKDM

2.3.6.14.1. PRINCE ALBERT LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

The Prince Albert Municipality continued to implement its AQMP, which was reviewed within the

Integrated Development Plan Public Participation Process. Although no specific budget is

allocated to the function of Air Quality, it forms part of the operations of the Community Service

portfolio.

Air quality awareness was undertaken by dialogue on the local radio station, Radio Gamkaland

on two occasions during 2017 where the focus was placed on possible precautions that can be

undertaken to prevent air pollution, which includes noise pollution.

Noise pollution as a component of the Prevention of Nuisance By-laws have been highlighted

during ward committee meetings and also the engagements with the South African Police

Services.

The Prince Albert Municipality does not have the necessary equipment to undertake passive

sampling and therefore no passive sampling was undertaken. Air quality monitoring is limited to

dust control complaints, noise pollution and defective exhaust systems, in terms of the National

Roads legislation. The Prince Albert Municipality received 12 complaints on dust control related to

a housing construction project, as well as six complaints pertaining noise control. No complaints

in terms of the National Roads legislation was received.

The Municipality largely depends on the Western Cape Noise Control Regulations and By-laws on

the Prevention of Public Nuisances and their Street By-laws, as well as National Building Control


140

legislation to address air quality matters. The Municipal Council approved an Air Quality By-law,

which still needs to be promulgated.

The Municipality has designated an Air Quality Control however the official requires further training

in air quality management. There is a need for air quality training, but at a rudimentary level as

smaller Municipalities such as Prince Albert do not have the necessary equipment to undertake

passive sampling and also do not have that many sources of pollution or controlled emissions. Air

quality control in the municipal area mostly relates to noise pollution and dust mitigation.

The Municipality is part of the Provincial Air Quality Control Task Groups but as the Air Quality

Control Officer performs dual functions, the availability of the official to attend said forums are

limited. No regional air quality forums are undertaken at this stage, as Air Quality Control has to

compete with other service delivery core functions for finances and human resource capacity, in

a region where poverty and unemployment is high, which impacts negatively on funding for core

services.

Air Quality pollutants in the Prince Albert municipal area include the following:

Carbon dioxide from vehicles on N1 and provincial routes

Dust from gravel roads

Open fires for warmth and food preparation

Construction

Mining activities (quarries)

Landfill sites

Noise

Landfill sites

Veld fires

Unhygienic keeping of animals

Dust complaints related to a construction project was addressed during the period.

Noise and odour complaints were received and addressed on as received by referring to the

Western Cape Noise Control Regulations and applicable municipal by-laws.

Three complaints were received in respect of odour. One pertaining to the keeping of pigs within

the municipal town boundary, while another pertained to the removal of slaughtered carcasses

within the town boundary. A third complaint related to the illegal dumping of human waste within

a specific erf boundary. All complaints were investigated, notices were issued and the pollutants

were removed within 24 hours of being brought to the Municipality’s attention.

Six complaints pertaining to noise pollution were received and all pertaining excessive barking of

dogs. Notices were issued and the noise ceased.

The dust complaints related to a construction project of the Municipality and was addressed by

dampening the construction area on a continuous basis. Twelve dust complaints were received

and addressed.

One complaint was received on smoke from an open fire causing a nuisance to neighbours. A

personal visit was conducted and the matter was resolved.

The Municipality has limited capacity to address air quality in the area. The possibility of a shared

service function to purchase and undertake passive sampling in the Central Karoo will be

investigated.


2.3.6.14.3. LAINGSBURG MUNICIPALITY

The Laingsburg Municipality has a designated AQO in terms of Section 14(3) of NEM: AQA. The

Municipality also has an AQMP that was adopted in 2016 and included in the IDP in accordance

with Section 15(2) of the NEM: AQA. The Municipality continued to implement its AQMP.

2.3.7. SUMMARY OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN THE WESTERN CAPE

The Western Cape Province has achieved a significant milestone in that all 30 Municipalities in the

Province have designated an AQO, while 29 Municipalities have adopted and implemented their

AQMPs in the Province. The 2nd Generation Western Cape AQMP is also currently being

implemented.

Overall, the Metropolitan, District and Local Municipalities in the Western Cape have taken up the

air quality management function, as mandated through the NEM: AQA. However, various

challenges exist at Municipalities in terms of the acceptance of the roles and responsibilities

related to air quality management. Municipalities have not fully prioritised funding to implement

their AQMPs, particularly in terms of air quality monitoring. Moreover, Municipalities have not

separated the air quality function in their organogram, resulting in designated AQOs being

overstretched and unable to focus on air quality management and build capacity in their required

responsibilities. Where challenges exist in terms of fulfilling this mandate, particularly in terms of

those experienced by the Local Municipalities, the DEA&DP has been and will continue to work

with the District and Local Municipalities to ensure effective and efficient air quality management

in the regions. Work with the City of Cape Town will continue on air quality management, aimed

at making the Metropolitan area one of the best in the country to live in.


142

3. AIR QUALITY COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT

3.1. INTRODUCTION

The effective management of air pollution in the Republic of South Africa is mainly achieved

through the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 39 of 2004 (NEM: AQA). The

NEM: AQA provides for measures focused at protecting the environment through the proper

management of air sheds.

The Constitution of South Africa makes provision for every person the right to an environment

that is not harmful to their health and well-being and that Government must act rationally in

order to protect the environment by preventing pollution, promoting conservation and

sustainable development, while building the economy and society. The principal mandate of

authorities is to enforce and monitor compliance with the Constitution and National

environmental legislation that stipulates that existing and future impacts of atmospheric

emissions should be avoided, minimized, mitigated or managed.

The DEA&DP amongst other activities, carried out the following:

1. Performed AEL Compliance Inspections;

2. Hosted capacity building within the District and Local Municipalities;

3. Established a Noise Advisory Group;

4. Issued Atmospheric Emission Licenses; and

5. Reported to the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory System (NAEIS)

6. Participated in Blitz Operations

3.2. ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION LICENSING

In terms of Section 36(2), (3), and (4) of the NEM: AQA, the DEA&DP, as the provincial organ of

state, is the Licensing Authority for the issuing of AELs where Municipalities are the applicant.

During this period, the DEA&DP issued one AEL within the CCT Metropolitan Municipality; while

eight PAELs and twelve AELs were issued by other Licensing Authorities within the Western

Cape.

During 2017, the National DEA gazetted the following for implementation:

National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting Regulations, 2016 (GG40762 GN275 - 3

April 2017)

Declaration of Greenhouse gases as priority air pollutants (GG40996 GN710 – 21 July

2017)

National Pollution Prevention Plans Regulations, 2017 (GG40996 GN712 - 21 July 2017)


143

The National DEA gazetted the following for comment in 2017:

Proposed Regulations to Phase-out the use of Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2017

(GG40954 GN626 – 30 June 2017)

The Licensing Authorities in the Western Cape have embraced the atmospheric emission

licensing process and have to date, issued a total of 205 AELs and Provisional AELs. As at 31

December 2017, a total of 59 PAELs and 99 AELs were regulated within the Province. Table 3-

1 provides a summary of the AELs and PAELs issued annually during the period 2010 – 2017. It

should be noted that during this period some of the PAELs have been converted to AELs as

per Section 42(1) of NEM: AQA. Therefore; the number of PAELs and AELs issued may differ

from the number of PAELs and AELs, as regulated as at 31 December 2017.

3.2.1. Atmospheric Emission Compliance Monitoring and Inspections

In terms of atmospheric emissions licensing, the DEA&DP is responsible for undertaking

compliance monitoring and enforcement with regard to Atmospheric Emission Licensing of

regulated facilities in the Western Cape through inspection, compliance monitoring, testing,

and records review.

During 2017, a total of four (4) joint AEL compliance inspections were conducted across the

Province, with a particular focus on Section 21 Listed Activities of the NEM: AQA. Generally,

the methodology followed, is to assess compliance with every condition in the AEL and with

relevant legislative provisions by way of interviews, document review and on-site activities. To

date, 24 compliance inspections have been undertaken as part of the Western Cape

Compliance Monitoring Programme.

The areas where AEL compliance inspections were conducted from 2013- 2017 are listed in

Table 3-2 below.

The number of compliance inspections undertaken is hampered by the limited human

resources in the Directorate: Air Quality Management. Without additional human resources

the regulation of facilities will continue to be limited.

3.2.2. Ad hoc AEL compliance monitoring

In the case of persistent and complex complaints with regards to Listed Activities, additional

joint compliance monitoring is recommended to assist Licensing Authorities. This is due to the

inherent nature of these activities to be potential sources of significant atmospheric emissions,

and to assess compliance with Section 28 (Duty of Care) of the National Environmental

Management Act (Act No. 107 of 1998; NEMA). The ad hoc inspections/meetings conducted

during 2017 included the Langebaan/ Saldanha Bay areas to assess the storage, handling and

transport of ore, including manganese and iron oxide.


144

Table 3-1: SUMMARY OF THE AELs AND PAELs ISSUED BY LICENSING AUTHORITIES IN THE WESTERN CAPE DURING 2010 – 2017

Licensing

Authority

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

REGULATED,

AS AT 31

DECEMBER

2017

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

PA

EL

AEL

WCDM 0 0 5 1 1 1 4 1 8 6 3 1 3 2 0 1 24 13

EDM

5 0 4 0 7 2 2 14 3 6 1 1 2 2 2 3 5 30

ODM

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 5 4

CKDM

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CCT

0 0 2 0 1 3 3 2 14 19 11 8 1 0 11 6 20 40

CWDM

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 9

DEA&DP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 2 0 3

TOTAL

PER YEAR 5 0 12 1 9 6 10 17 32 42 19 10 8 9 13 12 59 99


147 145

Table 3-2: SUMMARY OF THE AEL COMPLIANCE INSPECTION PROGRAMMES UNDERTAKEN IN THE

WESTERN CAPE SINCE 2013

MUNICIPAL AREA YEAR SECTION 21 LISTED ACTIVITY NO. OF

FACILITIES

INSPECTED

CAPE WINELANDS 2013 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 1

WEST COAST 2013 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 2

WEST COAST 2013 Sub-Category 5.4. Cement Production 1

CITY OF CAPE OF TOWN 2013 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 1

CITY OF CAPE OF TOWN 2014 Sub-Category 2.4. Storage and Handling of

Petroleum Products & Sub- Category 2.5. Installations

Used to Recycle or Recover Oil from Waste Oils

1

EDEN 2014 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 3

OVERBERG 2014 Sub-Category 5.6. Lime Production 1

WEST COAST 2014 Sub-Category 4.7.

Electric Arc Furnaces & Sub- Category 5.2. Drying

1

CITY OF CAPE OF TOWN 2015 Sub-Category 8.2.


1

EDEN 2015 Sub-category 4.22. Hot Dip Galvanizing 1


Storage and Handling of Ore and Coal

1

WEST COAST 2015 Sub-Category 5.6. Lime Production 1

CAPE WINELANDS 2015 Sub-Category 5.6. Lime Production 1

CAPE WINELANDS 2016 Sub-Category 7.2. Production of Acids & Sub-

Category 8.3. Burning Grounds

1

OVERBERG 2016 Category 10. Animal Matter Processing 1

CITY OF CAPE TOWN 2016 Sub-Category 8.1.

Thermal treatment of Hazardous & General Waste

1


Storage and Handling of Ore and Coal

1

EDEN 2017 Subcategory 2.4: Petroleum product storage tanks

and product transfer facilities, except those used for

liquefied petroleum gas.

1

CAPE WINELANDS 2017 Sub-Category 5.3:


1

OVERBERG 2017 Sub-Category 5.3:


1

CITY OF CAPE TOWN 2017 Sub-Category 8.2:


1

TOTAL 24


146

3.3. AIR POLLUTION COMPLAINTS

The number of environmental related incidents and complaints received is an important

element in the DEA&DP’s efforts to protect the environment. During 2017, the DEA&DP assisted

with the investigation of air pollution related complaints in the Western Cape. Complaints were

either investigated or referred to Local/ District Municipalities and the CCT Metropolitan

Municipality. During this period, the DEA&DP attended to various complaints lodged at the

Department. The complaints included alleged offensive odour, dust emissions and noise. The

DEA&DP also responded to a complaint pertaining to excessive noise and air pollution in the

CCT (Kuilsriver).

Figure 3-1 shows the total complaints that were received during 2017 in the Western Cape. The

Municipalities, together with the DEA&DP, addressed the complex air quality complaints in the

CCT and WCDM during 2017.

Figure 3-1: Total complaints received during 2017 in the Western Cape

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Province CoCt West Coast CWDM Overberg Eden CKDM

Total Annual Complaints throughout the Western Cape Province

Fumes Smoke Dust Burning waste/Tyres Agricultural burning Crop spraying Offensive odours Noise


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3.4. INTER-GOVERNMENTAL TASK TEAMS

The Inter-Governmental Task Teams (IGTTs) that were conducted during 2017 are listed Table

3-3 below.

Table 3-3: IGTTs conducted during 2017

3.5. CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING

3.5.1. Air quality management working groups/forums

The DEA&DP’s D: AQM attended and provided input at the Industrial Working Group Forums in

Eden and the Chevron Quarterly meetings in Cape Town.

3.5.2. Capacity building and training workshops

02 March 2018 in Stellenbosch, CWDM: National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory

System (NAEIS) Training;

15 March 2018 in Bredasdorp, ODM: NAEIS Facility Emission Report Auditing Training;

and

14-16 November 2018 in Montague (CWDM): Special Air Quality Officers and Noise

Control Forum.

The DEA&DP’s D: AQM provided assistance and facilitated the process of reporting to the

National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory System (NAEIS) for three (3) CCT AEL facilities

(Maitland Crematorium, Athlone Gas Turbine and the Kraaifontein Pyrolysis Plant).

3.5.3. Municipal Support

The D: AQM provided assistance to WCDM with regards to an AEL application for

postponement. The National DEA in concurrence with the District Municipality is the Licensing

Authority for the activity.

The D: AQM regularly participated and provided oversight and guidance on air quality matters

at the Saldanha Bay IGTT meetings that took place in Langebaan.

NO. AREA NATURE OF COMPLAINT

1 CCT:

Hout Bay

The IGTT was formed due to regular ministerial complaints received in

the area during 2016. During 2017, the CCT were engaged regarding

offensive odour complaints received. Complaints have reduced.

2 WCDM:

St. Helena

Bay

The Department received less odour related complaints in St Helena,

when compared to 2016. The IGTT continued to operate under the

leadership of the WCDM during this period. A portable air quality

monitoring station was installed to measure H2S in Shelley Point.

3 WCDM:

Saldanha

Bay

The IGTT continued to meet during 2017. A Task Team was established

to undertake Blitz inspections, if required, in consultation with the

Directorate: Law Enforcement, WCDM, and Saldanha Bay Municipality

in the future. The complaint investigation is still ongoing and is reported

on at the Greater Saldanha Bay IGTT, hosted by the Department.


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The DEA&DP’s D: AQM assisted the Law Enforcement Directorate with the training of

Environmental Management Inspectors (EMI).

3.6. SUMMARY

Various joint compliance inspections took place across the various Districts in the Western

Cape. The formation of IGTTs has become an effective method to address complex air quality

matters. The established IGTTs will still continue to meet on a regular basis to resolve long-

standing complex air quality matters in the Western Cape. Most complaints with respect to air

quality matters were effectively investigated and resolved. Concerns of iron-ore dust and

manganese in Saldanha Bay remains a concern, and will need to be addressed by all three

spheres of Government.

PR504/2018

ISBN: 978-0-621-46975-2

Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning Chief Directorate: Environmental Quality Directorate: Air Quality Management

Private Bag X9086, Cape Town, 8000Leeusig Building, 4th Floor, 1 Dorp Street, Cape Town, 8001tel: +27 21 483 2798 Fax: +27 21 483 3254 www.westerncape.gov.za/eadp

Email: [email protected]

Documents

Western Cape State of Air Quality Management Report 2017 · State of Air Quality Management 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Project Team: DEA&DP Dr. Joy Leaner Ms. Sally Benson Mr. Bhawoodien