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welding design facts
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Welding Symbols
(ISO 2553)
and
Weld Joint Design
ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS
Square Groove Weld
Single V Groove Weld
ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS
Single Bevel Groove Weld
Single V Groove Weld with Broad Root Face
ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS
Single Bevel Groove Weld with Broad Root Face
Single U Groove Weld
ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS
Single J Groove Weld
Backing Weld
ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS
Fillet Weld
Plug / Slot Weld
ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS
Spot Weld
Seam Weld
ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS
Edge Weld
Surfacing
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
FlatConvex Concave
Weld Profile
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
Toes blended
smoothlyPermanent
Backing Strip
M
Removable
Backing Strip
MR
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
Peripheral Welds
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
Site welds
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
Tail Optional)
Sequence of Information in the Tail
• Process (as per ISO 4063)
• Acceptance Level (as per ISO 5817 or ISO 10042)
• Working Position (as per ISO 6947)
• Filler Materials (as per ISO 544 or ISO 2560 or
ISO 3581)
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONMethod of representation
Weld Joint
Arrow
Line
Reference Line (Continuous)
Reference Line (Dashed)
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION
Welding on the Arrow Side
Arrow Side
Other Side
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION
Welding on the Other Side
Arrow Side
Other Side
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONWelding on the Other Side
Other
Side
Arrow
Side
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION
Welding on the Arrow Side
Other
Side
Arrow
Side
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONWhich is the Other Side in this case?
Side A
Side C
Side B
Side D
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONWelding on both Sides
Other Side
Arrow Side
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONSymmetric Welding on both Sides
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONPointing of Arrows for Bevel and J Joints
OR
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONPointing of Arrows for Bevel and J Joints
DIMENSIONING OF WELDSButt Joints
l
s l s
DIMENSIONING OF WELDSFillet Welds
z5 l5
5
a5 l
5
DIMENSIONING OF WELDSFillet Welds
a a a
DIMENSIONING OF WELDSIntermittent Fillet Welds
l (e) l (e)
z n x l (e)
z n x l (e)
DIMENSIONING OF WELDSStaggered Intermittent Fillet Welds
z n x l (e)
z n x l (e)
l (e) l (e)
l (e) l (e)
DIMENSIONING OF WELDSSpot Weld
d n (e)
d
e e
DIMENSIONING OF WELDSSeam Weld
d n x l (e)
d
l e
DIMENSIONING OF WELDSPlug Weld
d n (e)
d
e e
DIMENSIONING OF WELDSSlot Weld
d n x l (e)
d
l e
WELD JOINT DESIGN
Edge Preparation - Need
Poor penetration
Poor strength
Good penetration
Good strength
(100% joint
efficiency)
Edge Preparation
Factors which influence choice of edge preparation
- Thickness
- Material
- Welding process
- Extent of penetration required
- Welding distortion
- Cost
Basic Joint Types
butt
teelap
corner
edge
Basic Weld Types
Groove welds
Fillet weldPlug / slot weld
Spot / seam weld
Applicable Welds for Butt joint
Square Groove weld V Groove weld
U Groove weldBevel Groove weld
J Groove weld
Applicable Welds for Butt joint
Double V Groove weld
Double U Groove weld
Double Bevel Groove weld
Double J Groove weld
Applicable Welds for Tee joint
Applicable Welds for Lap joint
Plug / slot weldSpot / seam weld
Fillet weld
Applicable Welds for Corner Joint
Applicable Welds for Edge Joint
Edge weld
Butt joint
Square Groove weld
Root gap
Butt jointSingle V Groove weld
Groove angle αααα
Root face
Root gap
Weld Reinforcement
Correct
reinforcement
Minimum cost
Good joint
strength
Excess
reinforcement
High cost
Poor joint strength
Under
reinforcement
Poor joint strength
Butt joint – Complete Joint penetration
Weld from face side
Back gouging
Back weld
Butt joint – Complete Joint penetration
Backing weld
Back gouging
Butt joint – Complete Joint penetration
(welding from one side)
TIG / SMAW
welding
Consumable
guide
Butt Joint – Double V groove
Less weld metal
Less distortion
Higher edge preparation cost
Better for thickness > 20 mm
More weld metal
More distortion
Lower edge preparation cost
Better for thickness < 20 mm
Double V groove
Single V groove
Butt Joint – U groove
Good access at the root
Less weld metal
Higher edge preparation cost
Better for thickness > 40 mm
Groove angle
Root face
Root gap
Root radius
Butt Joint – Bevel groove
Double bevel groove
Single bevel grooveBevel angle 40 to 50°
Difficult to approach
the root
Weld defects
Back gouging to
remove root defects
Good weld quality
Butt Joint – J groove
Good access at the root
Back gouging and back welding to get good weld quality
Less weld metal
Higher edge preparation cost
Better for thickness > 40 mm
Tee Joint – Full strength joint
leg
leg throat
throat = 0.707 x leg
leg = 1.414 x throat
In a full strength
joint, leg = 0.75 x
thickness
Tee Joint – Full penetration joint
leg = throat leg = throat
45° or 60°
Tee Joint
Theoretical throat
Actual throat
AWS D 1.1 recommendation when gap > 1.6 mm –
to increase leg size of fillet by the amount of gap
Lap Joint
AWS D 1.1 recommendation
Overlap = 5 x thickness (1 inch minimum)
Gap between mating faces = 1.6 mm max
overlap
Welding Position – Groove
1 G
2 G
3 G
4 G
Welding Position – Groove
1 G 2 G
5 G 6 G
45°
Welding Position – Fillet
1F
2F
3F
4F
Welding Position – Fillet
1F
2F
5F
Welding Positions – Groove
Position Inclination of axis Rotation of face
Flat 0° to 15° 150° to 210°
Horizontal 0° to 15° 80° to 150°
210° to 280°
Overhead 0° to 80° 0° to 80°
280° to 360°
Vertical 15° to 80° 80° to 280°
80° to 90° 0° to 360°
Welding Positions – Fillet
Position Inclination of axis Rotation of face
Flat 0° to 15° 150° to 210°
Horizontal 0° to 15° 125° to 150°
210° to 235°
Overhead 0° to 80° 0° to 125°
235° to 360°
Vertical 15° to 80° 125° to 235°
80° to 90° 0° to 360°