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dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgjLo sfg'gHuman Rights and Humanitarian Law

dfgj clwsf/Human Rights

dfgjclwsf/ eGgfn] æTo:tf cfwf/e"t clwsf/ / :jtGqtf a'lemG5, h;sf ;a} JolQmx¿ xsbf/ /xG5g\ . o:tf clwsf/x¿df d"ntM hLjg / :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf / sfg'gL b[li6df ;dfgtfh:tf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ .Æ

– cd]l/sg x]l/6]h l8S:g/L ckm OËln; Nofª\Uj]h;du|df eGbf dfgjclwsf/ eg]sf tL clwsf/x¿ x'g\

h'g k|To]s JolQmn] pkef]u ug{sf nflu kl/eflift ul/Psf 5g\ / ;+/lIft ul/g'kb{5 egL tf]lsPsf 5g\ (Which every human being is entitled to enjoy and to have protected)

dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff Definition of Human Rights

dfgj clwsf/ dflg;x¿sf] cfˆgf] hGdl;¢ clwsf/ xf]

dfgjclwsf/ lsGGf'kg]{, sdfpg'kg]{ of ;fk6df lng'kg]{ ljifo xf]Og .

of] :jtM ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df ;a}n] lgjf{w ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ …cx/0fLoÚ / …hGdl;¢Ú clwsf/ klg elgG5 .

o;nfO{ dfgjhfltsf] …k|fs[lts clwsf/Ú klg elgG5 .

dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff Definition of Human Rights

dfgj clwsf/sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldHistorical Background of Human

Rights

O{=;+ !@!% df j]nfotsf /fhf hf]g (John) / hgtfx¿sf]aLrdf clwsf/ jf‘8kmf‘8sf] Ps lnlvt ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof], h;nfO{ …DofUgfsf6f{Ú (Magna Carta) elgG5 . pQm ;Demf}tfdf hgtfx¿sf] clwsf/sf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;Demf}tf g} dfgj clwsf/sf] klxnf] lnlvt b:tfj]h dflgG5 .

DofUgfsf6f{n] s'g} P]g agfpg] clwsf/ ;+;bnfO{ x'g'kg]{, ;+;bsf] l:js[tL lagf /fhfn] s'g}klg s/ (Tax) nufpg gkfpg], :jtGq Gofo Joj:yf / sg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf x'g'kg]{ cflb h:tf dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/x¿sf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

;g\ !@!%– …DofUgfsf6f{Ú (Magna Carta)

a]nfotdf /fhf / hgtfaLrdf clwsf/sf] nflu rn]sf] nfdf] ;+3if{ kZrft\ /fhfsf clwsf/x¿ tf]Sg O{=;+= !^*( df Pp6f b:tfj]h hf/L eof] h;nfO{ …clwsf/ kqÚ (Bill of Rights) elgG5 . o;nfO{ /fhf / hgtfaLr ePsf] klxnf] ;fdflhs ;Demf}tf klg elgG5 .

;g\ !^*(– …clwsf/kqÚ (Bill of Rights)

cd]/Lsfdf klg "Bill of Rights" df cGt/lglxt s'/fx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ O{=;+= !&&^ df cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff hf/L ul/of] .

;g\ !&&^– cd]l/sL :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff (Declaration of American Independence)

x/]s dflg;nfO{ :jtGqtf / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ 5 eGg] wf/0ff;Fu} ;g\ !&*( df k|mG;]nL /fHoqmflGt ;DkGg eof] .

;g\ !&*(– k|mfG;]nL /fHoqmflGt (French Revolution)

c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf /fi6«x¿aLrdf a9\b} uPsf] xf]8afhLsf sf/0f dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;df g} vt/f pTkGg x'g;Sg] eon] hftL, wd{, efiff, / lnËsf] lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zosf;fy ;+ul7t ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu !) hgj/L !(@) df …lnu ckm g];G;Ú (League of Nations) sf] ljlwjt :yfkgf eof] .

lnu ckm g];G;sf y'k|} k|of;x¿sf afjh'b ;g\ !(!$ b]lv !(!* / ;g\ !(#( b]lv !($% sf]aLr rn]sf ljgfzsf/L b'O{j6f ljZjo'¢n] tL ;Dk"0f{ k|of;x¿nfO{ lg/y{sk|fo agfOlbof] .

!) hgj/L !(@) – …lnu ckm g];G;Ú (League of Nations)

@$ cS6'j/ !($% sf lbg ljZjsf /fi6«x¿s]f ;femf ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 (United Nations Organization - UNO) sf] :yfkgf eof] .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgfsf] nuQ} dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu 7f]; k|of;x¿ x'g yfn] .

@$ cS6f]j/ !($% – ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 (United Nations) sf] :yfkgf

Dffgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx¿

(International Instruments of Human Rights)

• Declaration -3f]if0ff_• Covenants -cle;lGw÷cg'jGw_• Conventions -dxf;lGw_• Optional Protocols -P]lR5s

pkn]v÷cfn]v÷ k|n]v_

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf nuQ} dfgj clwsf/sf] c¿ Jofks / :ki6 Joj:yfsf nflu ;g\ !($^ sf] k|f/Dedf Ps dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u u7g

cfof]un] /fi6«;+3sf] efjgf cg'¿k !($& df dfgj clwsf/sf] lnlvt d:of}bf tof/

qmdzM

dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff – !) l8;]Da/ !($* (Universal Declaration of Human Rights – 10 December 1948)

;f] d:of}bfnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dfxf;efn] !) l8;]Da/ !($* sf lbg kfl/t u¥of], h;nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff (Universal Declaration of Human Rights-UDHR) elgG5 .

æcGofo / cTofrf/sf lj¿¢ cGo pkfo gkfP/ lj›f]x ug'{ g} clGtd pkfo xf] eGg] dflg;x¿n] g7fg'g\ eGg] xf] eg] dfgjclwsf/x¿ sfg'gL zf;gåf/f ;+/lIft x'g'kb{5Æ eGg] k|:tfjgf

dfgj clwsf/k|lt cjx]ngf tyf cgfb/sf] kl/0ffdaf6 aa{/ sfd eO{ dfgj h.tLsf] cGt:s/0fdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] x'gfn] dflg;x¿ :jtGq x'g'kb{5, eo / cefjaf6 d'lQm kfpg' kb{5 eGg] d"n dd{

qmdzM

k|frLgsfnb]lv dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfdf ePsf cfGbf]ngsf pknAwLx¿sf] ¿kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] Ps dfq k"0f{ b:tfj]h / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s} dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL

dfgjclwsf/sf] kl/efiff ug]{ lg0ff{os / cflwsfl/s b:tfj]h

#) j6f wf/fdf dflg;sf] clwsf/sf] kl/efiff gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ Pj+

cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[ltsx¿ ;d]l6Psf]qmdzM

wf/f # M hLjgsf] clwsf/ .

wf/f %M s;}nfO{ klg oftgf jf qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ul/g]5}g .

wf/f ( M s;}nfO{ klg :j]R5frf/L tj/n] lu/ˆtf/, y'g5]s jf b]zlgsfnf ul/g]5}g .

wf/f !* M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/, cf:yf / wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ 5 . o; clwsf/df wd{ jf cf:yf abNg] :jtGqtf / ;fj{hlgs jf JolQmut ¿kdf PSn} jf ;d"xdf cfˆgf] wd{ jf cf:yfnfO{ lzIf0f, cfr/0f, k"hf / kfngfåf/f k|s6 ug{] :jtGqtf;d]t ;dfj]z 5 .

wf/f !( M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ 5

wf/f @#M -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfd ug{], :j]R5fn] /f]huf/L /f]Hg] / sfd ug{sf nflu plrt Pj+ cg's"n kl/l:yltsf] ;[hgf / a]/f]huf/Laf6 ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .-@_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lagfe]befj ;dfg sfo{sf nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .-#_ sfd ug]{ k|To]s JolQm / lghsf] kl/jf/sf nflu dfgjLo k|lti7fcg'¿k hLljsfsf] aGbf]a:tsf nflu plrt / cg's"n kfl/>lds kfpg] / cfjZos eP ;fdflhs ;+/If0fåf/f To;df e/y]usf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -$_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;sf] lxt ;+/If0fsf lgldQ 6«]8 o'lgog :yfkgf ug]{ / To;df ;lDdlnt x'g] clwsf/ 5 .

wf/f @*M o; 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ul/Psf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿ k"0f{ ¿kn] k|fKt ug{sf] nflu k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;fdflhs / cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yfsf] clwsf/ 5 .

wf/f @(M -!_ k|To]s JolQmsf] ;dfh k|lt st{Jox¿ 5g\ / To:tf] ;dfhdf a;]/ dfq JolQmsf] :jtGq / k"0f{ ljsf; ;Dej 5 . -@_ cfˆgf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ubf{ k|To]s JolQmn] c¿sf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿k|lt klg cfb/ ug'{ kb{5 . -#_ oL clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿sf] k|of]u ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] l;4fGt / p2]Zosf] ljkl/t s'g} xfntdf pkef]u ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .

wf/f #)M s'g} /fi6«, ju{ jf JolQmn] o; 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ul/Psf clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx¿nfO{ s'7f/f3ft ug]{ p2]Zon] jf To:tf] lsl;dsf] sfd ug{ kfpg] u/L JofVof ug{ x'Fb}g .

cGt/lge{/, cljefHo, ;j{JofkL (Interdependent, Indivisible and Universal)

t/ sfg'gL ¿kdf jfWosf/L b:tfj]h xf]Og . (Not a legally Binding Document but a morally binding document)

International Bill of Human Rights UDHR 1948

ICCPR 1966

ICESCR 1966

dfgj clwsf/sf k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGqx¿

(The Core International Human Rights Instrument)

hfltafb / hftLo e]befj cflbsfnb]lv g} lg/Gt/ ;+3if{sf] sf/0f /lxcfPsf]

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] @) gf]e]Da/ !(^# df o; ljifodf Ps 3f]if0ff

e]befjsf] /f]syfd / cNk;+Vosx¿sf] ;+/If0f ljifos pk–cfof]un] dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L dxf;efdf k|:t't

@! l8;]Da/ !(^% df kfl/t u/L /fi6«x¿nfO{ x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf] nflu v'nf

pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !( sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw $ hgj/L !(^( b]lv nfu"

g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ #) hgj/L !(&! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

hftLo e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGw !(^%(International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination – ICERD – 21 December 1965)

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ sf lbg kfl/t u/]/ x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf nflu /fi6«x¿nfO{ v'nf ul/Psf]

cle;lGwn] gful/sx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwdf lj:t[t rrf{ u/]sf] 5 .

cle;lGwsf] wf/f @& sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw # hgj/L !(&^ b]lv nfu" ePsf]

g]kfnn] of] cle;lGwnnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ljifos ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cle;lGw(UN Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – IESCR– 1966)

of] cle;lGw / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ljifos cg'aGw Ps};fy tof/ kfl/Psf]

b'j} cle;lGw¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] Ps}lbg !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ sf lbg kf/Lt u/L x:tfIf/ / cg'df]bgsf nflu v'nf u/]sf] .

o; cle;lGwdf hLjgsf] clwsf/, :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, Gofofno ;dIf ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ h:tf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

cle;lGwsf] wf/f $( sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ @# dfr{ !(&^ b]lv nfu"

g]kfnn] of] cle;lGwnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cle;lGw (UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, - ICCPR – 1966)

;g\ !($* sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf JolQmut lzsfotkqsf] clwsf/sf] af/]df pNn]v gePsf]

JolQmut lzsfotkqsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] ;g\ !(^^ df of] pkn]v kfl/t u/]sf]

of] pkn]v clgjfo{ geO{ P]lR5s ePsf] x'gfn] o; pkn]vdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿ ;lxt / of] pkn]v cfkm}+ /fi6«x¿sf nflu OR5fwLg pkn]vsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5

wf/f ( sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ of] ;lGw @# dfr{ !(&^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnn] of] pkn]vnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos cle;lGw;Fu ;DalGwt k|yd P]lR5s pkn]v (Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – OP 1 to the ICCPR – 16 December 1966)

;g\ !(^^ sf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos cg'aGwsf] wf/f ^ sf] -@_ df lglZrt cj:yfdf ljBdfg sfg'gL k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ d[To'b08 lbg ;lsg] s'/f :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

s'g} klg s;'/df d[To'b08 lbg gx'g] s'/fsf] Uof/]G6L ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] ;g\ !% l8;]Da/ !(*( df of] bf];|f] pkn]v tof/ u/]sf] xf] .

o; pkn]vsf] wf/f ! df g} s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg s;'/df d[To'b08 glbOg] s'/f pNn]v ul/g'sf ;fy} /fi6«x¿n] d[To'b08 pGd"ngsf nflu cfjZos pkfo cjnDag ug{'kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnn] of] cg'aGwnfO{ $ h'g !((* df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ljifos cle;lGwsf] bf];|f] P]lR5s pkn]v (Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – OP 2 to the ICCPR – 15 December 1989)

dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] !* l8;]Da/ !(&( df dlxnf lj¿4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGw kfl/t u/]sf] 5 .

pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @& -!_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw # ;]K6]Da/ !(*! b]lv nfu" eof] .

g]kfnn] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ @@ clk|n !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

dlxnf lj¿4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(&((UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women – CEDAW – 18 December 1979)

dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf 36gfdf l;sfot;DaGwL k|lqmofsf af/]df Joj:yf ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efjn] ^ cS6f]a/ !((( df dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v kfl/t u/]sf] 5 .

pkn]vsf] wf/f !^ -!_ df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd @@ l8;]Da/ @))) b]lv pQm pkn]v nfu" ePsf] 5 .

o; pkn]vnfO{ g]kfnn] !% h'g @))& df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

dlxnflj?4sf] e]befjsf ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] pGd"ng ljifos dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v !((( [Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (OP-CEDAW) 1999]

oftgfsf] /f]syfdsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 !) l8;]Da/ !(*$ df oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckx]ngfTds Jojxf/ jf ;hfoF lj¿4sf] dxf;lGw kfl/t ePsf] 5 .

o;nfO{ oftgf lj¿4sf] dxf;lGw klg elgG5 . pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @& -!_ sf] k|fjwfg

cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw @^ h'g !(*& b]lv nfu" eof] . g]kfnn] of] cg'aGwnfO{ !$ d] !((! df cg'df]bg

u/]sf] 5 .

oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckx]ngfTds Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(*$(UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984)

oftgflj?4sf] dxf;lGw !(*$ cg'df]bg ul/Pkl5 klg Jojxf/df oftgf g/f]lsPsf] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ gful/sx¿ cfˆgf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ePsf :yfgx¿df lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] p2]Zon] !* l8;]Da/ @))@ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] of] pkn]v kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] .

pkn]vsf] wf/f @* -!_ sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ @@ h'g @))^ b]lv of] pkn]v nfu" ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnn] of] cg'aGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .

oftgf tyf cGo qm"/, cdfgjLo jf ckx]ngfTds Jojxf/ jf ;hfolj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v @))@ (Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 2002)

afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 @) gf]e]Da/ !(*( df afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw kfl/t

o;n] afn;+/If0f, afn ;xeflutf tyf afn ljsf;sf ljleGg clwsf/sf af/]df ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @& -!_ sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;f] ;lGw @ ;]K6]Da/ !(() b]lv nfu" eof] .

g]kfnn] of] cg'aGwnfO{ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw !(*((UN Convention on Rights of the Child – CRC – 1989)

;z:q ;ª\3if{df afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf ;xefuL u/fpg gx'g] / To:tf ;ª\3if{sf] c;/af6 afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v @% d] @))) sf lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] kfl/t u¥of] .

pkn]vsf] wf/f !) -!_ df Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd pQm pkn]v !@ km]a|'c/L @))@ b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5 .

pQm pkn]vnfO{ g]kfnn] # hgj/L @))& df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

;z:q ;ª\3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf ljifos afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] -klxnf]_ P]lR5s pkn]v @))) [Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (OP-CRC-AC) 2000]

afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, j]Zofj[lQ tyf cZnLn b[Zodf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]uaf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s pkn]v @% d] @))) sf lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efn] kfl/t u¥of] .

pkn]vsf] wf/f !$ -!_ df Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd pQm pkn]v !* hgj/L @))@ b]lv nfu" ePsf] 5 .

pQm pkn]vnfO{ g]kfnn] @) hgj/L @))^ df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnj]Zofj[lQ tyf cZnLn b[Zodf afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u ljifos afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] -bf];|f]_ P]lR5s pkn]v @))) (Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (OP-CRC-SC) 2000)

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] !* l8;]Da/ !(() df kfl/t

o; dxf;lGwn] k|jf;L sfdbf/ tyf tLgsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .

;a} k|jf;L sfdbf/ tyf tLgsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwL dxf;lGw (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families – ICRMW – 1990)

dfgjLo sfg'g

(Humanitarian Law)

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gnfO{ ;z:q ;+3if{ ;DaGwL sfg'g cyf{t\ o'¢ ;DaGwL sfg'g klg elgG5

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g ;fj{hlgs cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] Ps zfvf xf], h;df /x]sf lgodx¿ ;z:q ;+3if{sf] ;dodf zq'tfk"0f{ sf/afxLdf efu glnPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ tof/ ul/G5

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gnfO{ ;z:q ;+3if{;DaGwL sfg'g cyf{t\ o'4 ;DaGwL sfg'g klg elgG5 . ;g\ !($( sf $ j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGw / ;g\ !(&& sf ltgsf @ j6f cltl/Qm pkn]vx? g} cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf k|d'v b:tfj]hx¿ x'g\ .

cfGtl/s ;z:q åGå jf o'¢sf cj:yfdf nfu"" x'g] cGt/f{li6«o sg'g – h]g]ef dxf;lGw !($( (Geneva Convention 1949 – an international law that to be active during internal armed conflict or war)

$ j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwdWo]

klxnf] dxf;lGwn] :yno'4sf lj/fdL, 3fOt] bf];|f] dxf;lGwn] ;fd'lb|s o'4sf 3fOt] jf

lj/fdL / Wo:t kfgLhxfhdf km;]sf ;}lgs t];|f] dxf;lGwn] o'4aGbL rf}yf] dxf;lGwn] u}/;}lgs gful/sx?nfO{

;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 .

To:t} ;g\ !(&& sf @ 6f cltl/Qm pkn]vx?dWo] klxnf]n] cGt/f{li6«o ;z:q ;+3if{sf kLl8tx?sf]

;+/If0fnfO{ ;'b[9 u/]sf] 5 . bf];|f]n] u}/ cGt/f{li6o ;z:q ;+3if{ cyf{t\

cfGtl/s ;z:q ;+3if{sf kLl8tx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnn] ;g\ !($( sf $ j6} h]g]ef dxf;lGwnfO{ & km]a|'j/L !(^$ df cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 t/ ;g\ !(&& sf @ j6f cltl/Qm pkn]vx?nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g .

d"ntM ;g\ !($( sf] $ j6f h]g]ef dxf;lGwnfO{ dfgjLo sfg'g eg]/ a'lemG5 . tL $ j6} h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] wf/f g+= # df pxL s'/fx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ ;femf wf/f # eGg] ul/G5 .

!_ xltof/ 5fl8;s]sf ;}GozlQmsf ;b:ox¿ tyf la/fdL, 3fOt], y'gf jf cGo sf/0fn] n8\g g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sfx¿ nufot n8fO{+df ;lqmo ¿kdf efu glng] JolQmx¿nfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf j0f{, wd{, /Ë jf cf:yf, lnË, hGd jf ;DklQ jf To:t} cGo cwf/df e]befj gu/L dfgjLo Jojxf/ ul/g] 5 .

s_ hLjg tyf JolQmsf lj¿¢ lx+;f, vf;u/L ;a} k|sf/sf xTof, cËeË, qm"/ Jojxf/ / oftgf

v_ aGws agfpg]u_ JolQmsf] ;Ddfgdfly uDeL/ rf]6 k'¥ofpg] vfnsf sfo{x¿ -h:t} ckdfg Pj+

lgDg:t/sf] Jojxf/_3_ ;Eo JolQmx¿n] cTofjZos egL dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf ;a} Goflos ;'lglZrttfn]

o'Qm lgoldt cbfntn] cl3 g} km};nf ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;hfo ;'gfpg / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{

-@_ 3fOt] / la/fdLx¿sf] ;+sng / x]/larf/ ul/g] 5 . /]8qm;sf] cGt/fli6«o ;ldlt h:tf] lgikIf dfgjLo lgsfon] åGåsf kIfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .

h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf] ;femf wf/f #Common Article 3 of Geneva Convention

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g

(International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law)

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g / dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g Ps cfk;df kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

leGg kl/l:ylt / leGg} tl/sfn] nfu" x'g] ePtfklg b'j} sfg'gn] JolQmnfO{ ;++/If0f k|bfg ug{ vf]Hb5g\ .

cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g o'¢sf] ;dodf nfu" x'G5 eg] dfgj clwsf/ sfg'g sDtLdf b'j} kl/l:ylt zflGt / o'¢df nfu" x'G5 .

Dffgj clwsf/k|lt /fHosf] bfloTjDffgj clwsf/k|lt /fHosf] bfloTj

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#

g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$& sf] bkmf (g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$& sf] bkmf (

Dffgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{Dffgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{

Dffgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{Dffgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{

Dffgj clwsf/sf] kl/k'lt{ ug]{ Dffgj clwsf/sf] kl/k'lt{ ug]{

Who does what/Who does what/ s;n] s] ul//x]sf] s;n] s] ul//x]sf] 5 <5 <

National Human Rights Commission.National Human Rights Commission.

-/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u_-/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u_Government Authorities. Government Authorities. -;/sf/L lgsfox?_-;/sf/L lgsfox?_UNOHCHR/ UN Agencies, Amnesty UNOHCHR/ UN Agencies, Amnesty International and other INGOsInternational and other INGOs..Local HR NGOs and Civil Society Orgs.Local HR NGOs and Civil Society Orgs.

-:yfgLo dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw ;+3 ;-:yfgLo dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw ;+3 ;+:yfx? / gful/s ;dfh_+:yfx? / gful/s ;dfh_

What can be done in future?What can be done in future?Strong application of Rule of LawStrong application of Rule of LawMake Comprehensive Law/Constitution & Make Comprehensive Law/Constitution &

apply it honestlyapply it honestlyProvide Justice to the conflict victimProvide Justice to the conflict victimPunishment for Conflict perpetratorsPunishment for Conflict perpetratorsStrongly apply the recommendations Strongly apply the recommendations

recommended by Various Commissions recommended by Various Commissions (NHRC/OHCHR/Rayamajhi Commission etc)(NHRC/OHCHR/Rayamajhi Commission etc)

What can be done in future…What can be done in future…Avoid Political Amnesty.Avoid Political Amnesty.Terminate Impunity from State.Terminate Impunity from State.Re settle Conflict victim until they feel complete Re settle Conflict victim until they feel complete

redress.redress.Make Comprehensive Constitution by the Constituent Make Comprehensive Constitution by the Constituent

Assembly with wide participation.Assembly with wide participation.Ensure abolition of all forms of discrimination from Ensure abolition of all forms of discrimination from

the State in practice.the State in practice.Empower Marginalized community from the root Empower Marginalized community from the root

areas of State.areas of State.

Research TopicsResearch TopicsReview of Discriminatory LawsReview of Discriminatory LawsWomen/ Children in Conflict Women/ Children in Conflict (Impact)(Impact)Trafficking (Causes and Trafficking (Causes and Consequences)Consequences)Impunity (Rule of Law)Impunity (Rule of Law)Discrimination (Legal, Social, Discrimination (Legal, Social, Cultural)Cultural)Internal Displacement (Conflict, Internal Displacement (Conflict, Natural Disaster, Economic)Natural Disaster, Economic)Child LabourChild LabourEnvironmental Rights (Pollution, Environmental Rights (Pollution, Water, Sanitation, etc.)Water, Sanitation, etc.)

wGojfb Thank You