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7/24/2019 Week 4_Extra Reading From World Bank-Handout
1/26
ACase
StudyofanEmerging
Eco-CityinChina
THEWOR
LDBANK
PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized PublicDisclosureAuthorized
59012
Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City:
ACaseStud
yofanEmergingEco-C
ityinChina
TechnicalAssistance(TA)Report
November2009
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Selected
AbbreviationsAndAcrony
ms
ACEEE
AmericanCouncilforanEnergy
AusAID
AustralianAgencyfor
InternationalDevelopment
BETC
BusinessEnergyTaxCredit
BHNA
BinhaiNewArea
BRT
BusRapidTransit
CAGECE
CompanhiadeguaeEsgotodo
Ceara
CAPEX
CapitalExpenditure
CDM
CleanDevelopmentMechanism
CFL
CompactFlorescentLightBulbs
CHP
CombinedHeat&Power
CNCCP
ChinaNationalClimateChange
Program
CNG
CompressedNaturalGas
CNY
ChineseYuan
Co.
Company
DH
DistrictHeating
DHW
DomesticHotWater
EMAS
Eco-ManagementandAudit
Scheme
EP
EutrophicationPotential
ESC
O
EnergyServiceCompanies
EU
EuropeanUnion
GBEC
GreenBuildingEvaluation
Committee
GBES
GreenBuildingEvaluation
Standard
GEF
GlobalEnvironmentFacility
GHG
GreenhouseGas
GW
h
Gigawatts
GW
P
GlobalWarmingPotential
HV
AC
Heating,Ventilation,Air
Conditioning
ITS
IntelligentTransportSystem
IPC
C
IntergovernmentalPanelon
ClimateChange
JV
JointVenture
km
Kilometer
KPI
KeyPerformanceIndicator
l
Liter
LCC
LifeCycleCosting
LCE
LowerCarbonEmission
lcpd
LitersPerDay
LED
LightEmittingDiode
LEED
LeadershipinEnergyand
EnvironmentalDesign
LRT
LightRailTransit
LTD
Limited
m
Meter
ME
P
MinistryofEnvironmental
Protection
mg
milligram
ML
NR
MinistryofLandandNatural
Resources
mn
Millions
Mo
HURD
MinistryofHousingandUrban-
RuralDevelopment
MW
Megawatts
ND
RC
NationalDevelopmentand
ReformCommittee
NG
O
Non-GovernmentalAssociation
NMT
Non-Motorized
Transport
NRE
Non-RenewableEnergy
OD
OriginDestination
OPEX
OperationalEx
penditures
POCP
Photochemical
OzoneCreation
Production
PT
PublicTranspo
rt
PUB
PublicUtilityB
oard
PV
Photovoltaic
R&D
ResearchandD
evelopment
RETC
ResidentialEnergyTaxCredit
RMB
ChineseRenminbi
RW
RadioactiveWaste
SCE
StandardCoalEquivalent
SO2
SulfurDioxide
SSTEC
Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City
SSTECAC
Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City
Administrative
Committee
STEC
SingaporeTianjinEco-City
InvestmentHo
ldingsLtd.
TA
TechnicalAssistance
TBNA
TianjinBinhai
NewArea
tCO2
TonsCarbonD
ioxide
TDM
TravelDemandManagement
TECID
TianjinEco-CityInvestmentand
DevelopmentCompany
TEDA
TianjinEconomic-Technological
DevelopmentArea
TFTZ
TianjinFreeTradeZone
TOD
TransitOrientedDevelopment
TPD
TonsPerDay
UAFW
Unaccountedf
orWater
UK
UnitedKingdo
m
UN
UnitedNations
UNFCCC
UnitedNationsFramework
Conventionon
ClimateChange
USD
UnitedStatesDollars
WWTP
WastewaterTreatmentPlant
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Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City:ACaseStudy
ofanEmergingEco-CityinChina
ThisreportdevelopedasnapshotpictureoftheSSTEC
projectatmid-year2009,afterthemasterplan
detaileddesignprocesses.Achievingtheappropriatesolutionswillrequirethisdetailedanalysis,and
willneedtobebasedonrelevantgoodChineseandinte
rnationalpractices,andlessonslearnedinthe
earlystagesofprojectimplementation.Thisreportisther
eforeonestepinacontinuousprocesstoadapt
SST
ECsplanstothechallengesandchangingneedsoftheproject.FortheBank,thenextstepisto
reportcanbeanalyzedingreaterdetail.
The
reportisorganizedinninechapters.
1.ChapterIprovidesthebroadercontextonchallengesofurbanenvironmentalmanagementin
China,andsummarizestheemergingpolicyresp
onses,includingvariouseco-cityinitiatives.
2.ChapterIIanalyzestheprojectfromacross-cuttingurbanperspective,withafocusonspatial
andurbanplanningissues.
3.ChaptersIIIthroughVIanalyzethekeysectors,specificallytransport,energy,waterand
wastewater,andsolidwaste.
4.ChapterVIIestimatestheGHGemissionreductionpotentialoftheprojectbyapplyingthe
5.ChapterVIIIprovidesanoverviewofthekey
institutional,financial,andriskmanagement
challengesfortheproject.
6.ChapterIXoffersasummaryandconclusion.
xii
ExecutiveSummary
TableE.2:SummaryRecommendations
UrbanPlanningandSpatialDevelopment
SpatialStructureandUrbanDesign:ConsiderdividingsomeofSSTECs400mby400mblocksintosmallerunitstocreatevibrantneighborhoodsandaddspatialvarietythroughgoodurbandesign.IntegratedUrbanPlanning:Ensureintegratedplanningacrossallinfrastructuresectors;optimizeandsynchronizelanduseplanningwithinfrastructuresystemdesignto
planning,introducealearningapproachtodevelopingtheproject,andreducerisks.
EnergySector
Technical
GreenBuildings:(i)AstheGreenBuildingEvaluationStandard(GBES)largelyincorporatesexistingnationalandlocalbuildingstandardsandregulations,especiallyinheating.(iii)Introducecommissioningofenergysystemsinbuildings;and(iv)ConsiderintroducingaGBESaccreditationprogramsimilartotheLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)programintheUnitedStates.
thedistrictheatingsystemfordomestichotwater;and(vi)UsingCHPplantsforbaseloadsandmeetpeakloaddemandbyheatonlyboilers.RenewableEnergy:Examinerenewableenergyoptionstochoosemorecost-effectiveoptionsbasedonlifetimecosts,particularlyforphotovoltaicpoweredpubliclighting
systems.Also,considerinstallingcentralizedsolarsystemsinpublicbuildings,anddeterminetheoptimalshareofdistrictheating-suppliedhotwaterrelativetosolarhotwater.
Policy
Institutions,Policies,andRegulations:Exploreaninstitutionalsetupthatwilleffectivelyandcontinuouslyaddresstheevolvingneedsandissuesofsustainableurbanenergyplanningandmanagementintermsofbothoperatingandregulatingtheenergysystem(particularwithrespecttotheGBES).EnhanceandIncentivizeSustainableEnergyActions:Adoptabroadersetofpoliciestofurtherincentivizesustainableenergyactionsamongcitizens,businesses,and
organizations.Thismightincludeasmartpricingandbillingsystemforelectricityuse,andgrants,low-interestloans,lineofcredits,rebates,bonusesfordensity,and
TransportSector
Technical
FurtherDataAnalysis:Givenitsimportancetotheoveralltransportationplan,reviewtheveracityofthetraveldemandmodel.Inparticular,verifythebasedatafromasmanydiversesourcesaspossible.Appropriatelyconsiderotherrelevantcomparators,particularlynewdevelopmentareaswithsimilardemographicsasthoseplannedforSSTEC.RoadDesignandUrbanForm:Enhancethelivabilityandmobilityintheeco-citybyconsideringdevelopingmorebutnarrowerroads,therebysubdividingtheplanned
400mby400mblocksandbetterpromotingnon-motorizedtravel.
tothetraveldemandmodel.Undertakeadetailedreviewofcapacitiesinroads,infrastructure,publictransport,cityparking,andotherrelevantareasagainstthemodeledmodalsplitforecasts.
ReviewLRTandBRTOptions:DevelopadetailedbusinesscasefortheLRTovertheBRToption.Thisshouldreview,inparallel,bothtechnologiesdesigns,capitalcosts,
recurrentcosts,capacities,andoperationalimpactstodeterminetheoptimaltechnicalandmostcosteffectivesolution.
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Sino-SingaporeTianjinEco-City:ACaseStudy
ofanEmergingEco-CityinChina
Policy
DevelopPhasing-InPolicy:DevelopapolicyforphasingingreenpublictransportconcurrenttoSSTECsdevelopmentthrough2020,focusingparticularlyoninvestmentcostsandprojectedcostrecoveryneedsduringthedevelopmentstages.TravelDemandManagement(TDM):DevelopapolicyforphasinginTDMstrategiesacrossallitsdimensionstoensurehigh-levelcoordinationofthecompeting
InstitutionalArrangements:IntroduceinstitutionalarrangementsthatsupportadequatetransportpolicyaswellasregulationandenforcementofTDMstrategiesandpublic
transportinitiatives.Thismightinvolveestablishinganewagency,operatingbusinesses,andregulatorystrategies.DevelopSecondaryIndicators:DevelopindicatorsthatbettercapturetheconstituentpartsofthegreentransportKPI,includingmeasurementsoftheshareofpublic
issues,suchascostrecoveryandaffordability.
WaterSecto
Technical
DesignofWaterDistributionSystem:Optimizethedesignsofdistributionsystems(waterandreclaimedwater)tominimizetotalcostsandenergyconsumption.
effective.DesalinatedWater:ReexaminetheneedfordesalinatedwaterandassesstheoptimaloperationoftheBejiangpowerplantasacogenerationplant.Unaccounted-forWater:ReassesstheUFWtargetof10percentasitisrelativelyhigh,especiallyforanewcity.IndustrialWastewater:Considerpre-treatmentofindustrialwastewater,whichwillresultinlowertreatmentcosts.SludgeDisposal:Revisitsludgedisposalplansasaneco-citysapproachshouldmorecloselyaligntocurrentgoodpracticeslikedigestionandcomposting;suchprocesses
arewidelyappliedindevelopedanddevelopingcountries,andthetechnologiesarewellproven.
tofacilitatepumpscheduling,pressurecontrol,andburstcontrol.WastewaterandStromWaterSystem:Designthewastewaterandstormwatersystemtoanticipatethelikelyimpactsofclimatechangeandrisingsealevels.
Policy
WaterConservation:Applywaterconservationpracticesandprogramsthataddressboththesupplyanddemandforwater.Considerappropriatetariffstructuresthatpromotewaterdemandmanagementwhileensuringcostrecovery,conservation,andequity.PublicInvolvement:Strengthenpublicawarenessandparticipation;publicinvolvementiscrucialtothesuccessofdemandmanagementandconservationprograms. RegulatoryOversight:Establishappropriateregulatoryoversight.Absentanindependentregulator,SSTECACwillneedtoestablisharegulatoryunittomonitorregulatory
compliancetoensuretherealizationoftheKPIsandotheremergingservicestandards.OperatingCompanyforWaterSectorServices:Considerusingoneoperatingcompanyforallwatersectorservices,includingenforcementofonsitewatertreatmentand
reuse.CoordinatedConstruction:Closelycoordinatecontractorsconstructionofdifferentsystemstoensuresynergisticand,whenpossible,simultaneoussysteminstallation.DevelopSecondaryIndicators:TocomplementthewatersectorKPIs,considerotherindicatorsfocusedonoperationalissues,includingenergyconsumptionandcost
recovery.
SolidWasteSector
Technical
WasteReduction:Considercomprehensivewastereductionstrategies,includingestablishingcollectionpointstogatherfoodresiduethatcanberecycled.
environment.
Policy
Recycling:Provideacomprehensiveprogramofincentives,education,andprohibitionofcertainmaterialsfromthewastestreamtoencourageresidentsandbusinessesto
recycle.Astheproposedrecyclingprogramishighlyambitiousandmainlybasedonsourceseparation,considertieredpricingofwastemanagementservicesthatchargealowerfeeforwastethatissourceseparated,whichshouldencouragerecycling.
xiv
ExecutiveSummary
Theseindicatorswouldapplytoallsub-sectors:energy,transport,waterandwastewater,andsolidwaste.
methodology.
Institution,FinanceandRiskManagement
InstitutionalIssues
IntegratedManagement:Ensurethattheintegratedvisionoftheeco-cityissustainedduringprojectimplementationbycontaininginstitutionalfragmentationacrossthevariousstakeholders(e.g.,JVCompany,TECIDanditssubsidiarycompanies).
canariseincomplexprojects,comprisingpublicandprivatesectorparticipants.Cross-JurisdictionalCoordination:DevelopandfullyaddressallinfrastructurelinkageswiththeBinhaiNewArea.Considerpossibleregionallinkagesand,whenever
possible,supportcross-jurisdictionalcoordination.
InvestmentandFinance
mismatches.
Earlyassessmentofdemandmanagementimpactsisalsoimportanttoavoidoverdesigninginfrastructuresystems.
environmentalbonds.
RiskManagement
KPIRegulationandEnforcement:EvaluateprogresstowardsmeetingtheKPIsonanongoingbasisthroughparticipatoryapproachesinvolvingcommunitiesandresidents.KPIasaManagementTool:Establishanexplicitriskmanagementframeworkwithanappropriatemonitoringandevaluationsystemlinkedtothephaseddevelopment
approach.IndependentEco-Audits:Introduceaneco-auditthatcouldindependentlymeasureandverifytheprojectscompliancewiththeoverallecologicalvisionand
development.
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Conclusion,GEFProjectandSummaryRecommendations
Table9.1:SummaryRecommendations
UrbanPlanningandSpatialDevelopment
SpatialStructureandUrbanDesign:ConsiderdividingsomeofSSTECs400mby400mblocksintosmallerunitstocreatevibrantneighborhoodsandaddspatialvarietythroughgoodurbandesign.IntegratedUrbanPlanning:Ensureintegratedplanningacrossallinfrastructuresectors;optimizeandsynchronizelanduseplanningwithinfrastructuresystemdesign
incrementalplanning,introducealearningapproachtodevelopingtheproject,andreducerisks.
EnergySector
TechnicalGreenBuildings:(i)AstheGreenBuildingEvaluationStandard(GBES)largelyincorporatesexistingnationalandlocalbuildingstandardsandregulations,especiallyconditioning,andwaterheating.(iii)Introducecommissioningofenergysystemsinbuildings;and(iv)ConsiderintroducingaGBESaccreditationprogramsimilartotheLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)programintheUnitedStates.
Usingthedistrictheatingsystemfordomestichotwater;and(vi)UsingCHPplantsforbaseloadsandmeetpeakloaddemandbyheatonlyboilers.RenewableEnergy:Examinerenewableenergyoptionstochoosemorecost-effectiveoptionsbasedonlifetimecosts,particularlyforphotovoltaicpoweredpublic
lightingsystems.Also,considerinstallingcentralizedsolarsystemsinpublicbuildings,anddeterminetheoptimalshareofdistrictheating-suppliedhotwaterrelativetosolarhotwater.
PolicyInstitutions,Policies,andRegulations:Exploreaninstitutionalsetupthatwilleffectivelyandcontinuouslyaddresstheevolvingneedsandissuesofsustainableurbanenergyplanningandmanagementintermsofbothoperatingandregulatingtheenergysystem(particularwithrespecttotheGBES).EnhanceandIncentivizeSustainableEnergyActions:Adoptabroadersetofpoliciestofurtherincentivizesustainableenergyactionsamongcitizens,businesses,and
organizations.Thismightincludeasmartpricingandbillingsystemforelectricityuse,andgrants,low-interestloans,lineofcredits,rebates,bonusesfordensity,and
TransportSector
TechnicalFurtherDataAnalysis:Givenitsimportancetotheoveralltransportationplan,reviewtheveracityofthetraveldemandmodel.Inparticular,verifythebasedatafromasmanydiversesourcesaspossible.Appropriatelyconsiderotherrelevantcomparators,particularlynewdevelopmentareaswithsimilardemographicsasthose plannedforSSTEC.
RoadDesignandUrbanForm:Enhancethelivabilityandmobilityintheeco-citybyconsideringdevelopingmorebutnarrowerroads,therebysubdividingtheplanned400mby400mblocksandbetterpromotingnon-motorizedtravel.
relatetothetraveldemandmodel.Undertakeadetailedreviewofcapacitiesinroads,infrastructure,publictransport,cityparking,andotherrelevantareasagainstthemodeledmodalsplitforecasts.
ReviewLRTandBRTOptions:DevelopadetailedbusinesscasefortheLRTovertheBRToption.Thisshouldreview,inparallel,bothtechnologiesdesigns,capitalcosts,recurrentcosts,capacities,andoperationalimpactstodeterminetheoptimaltechnicalandmostcosteffectivesolution.
117
Sino-Singapo
reTianjinEco-City:ACaseStudyofanEmergingEc
o-CityinChina
PolicyDevelopPhasing-InPolicy:DevelopapolicyforphasingingreenpublictransportconcurrenttoSSTECsdevelopmentthrough2020,focusingparticularlyoninvestmentcostsandprojectedcostrecoveryneedsduringthedevelopmentstages.TravelDemandManagement(TDM):DevelopapolicyforphasinginTDMstrategiesacrossallitsdimensionstoensurehigh-levelcoordinationofthecompeting
InstitutionalArrangements:IntroduceinstitutionalarrangementsthatsupportadequatetransportpolicyaswellasregulationandenforcementofTDMstrategiesand
publictransportinitiatives.Thismightinvolveestablishinganewagency,operatingbusinesses,andregulatorystrategies.DevelopSecondaryIndicators:DevelopindicatorsthatbettercapturetheconstituentpartsofthegreentransportKPI,includingmeasurementsoftheshareofpublic
issues,suchascostrecoveryandaffordability.
WaterSector
TechnicalDesignofWaterDistributionSystem:Optimizethedesignsofdistributionsystems(waterandreclaimedwater)tominimizetotalcostsandenergyconsumption.
effective.DesalinatedWater:ReexaminetheneedfordesalinatedwaterandassesstheoptimaloperationoftheBejiangpowerplantasacogenerationplant.Unaccounted-forWater:ReassesstheUFWtargetof10percentasitisrelativelyhigh,especiallyforanewcity.IndustrialWastewater:Considerpre-treatmentofindustrialwastewater,whichwillresultinlowertreatmentcosts.SludgeDisposal:Revisitsludgedisposalplansasaneco-citysapproachshouldmorecloselyaligntocurrentgoodpracticeslikedigestionandcomposting;such
processesarewidelyappliedindevelopedanddevelopingcountries,andthetechnologiesarewellproven.
systemstofacilitatepumpscheduling,pressurecontrol,andburstcontrol.WastewaterandStromWaterSystem:Designthewastewaterandstormwatersystemtoanticipatethelikelyimpactsofclimatechangeandrisingsealevels.
PolicyWaterConservation:Applywaterconservationpracticesandprogramsthataddressboththesupplyanddemandforwater.Considerappropriatetariffstructuresthatpromotewaterdemandmanagementwhileensuringcostrecovery,conservation,andequity.PublicInvolvement:Strengthenpublicawarenessandparticipation;publicinvolvementiscrucialtothesuccessofdemandmanagementandconservationprograms.RegulatoryOversight:Establishappropriateregulatoryoversight.Absentanindependentregulator,SSTECACwillneedtoestablisharegulatoryunittomonitor
regulatorycompliancetoensuretherealizationoftheKPIsandotheremergingservicestandards.OperatingCompanyforWaterSectorServices:Considerusingoneoperatingcompanyforallwatersectorservices,includingenforcementofonsitewatertreatment
andreuse.CoordinatedConstruction:Closelycoordinatecontractorsconstructionofdifferentsystemstoensuresynergisticand,whenpossible,simultaneoussysteminstallation.DevelopSecondaryIndicators:TocomplementthewatersectorKPIs,considerotherindicatorsfocusedonoperationalissues,includingenergyconsumptionandcost
recovery.
SolidWasteSector
TechnicalWasteReduction:Considercomprehensivewastereductionstrategies,includingestablishingcollectionpointstogatherfoodresiduethatcanberecycled.
theenvironment.
PolicyRecycling:Provideacomprehensiveprogramofincentives,education,andprohibitionofcertainmaterialsfromthewastestreamtoencourageresidentsandbusinesses
torecycle.Astheproposedrecyclingprogramishighlyambitiousandmainlybasedonsourceseparation,considertieredpricingofwastemanagementservicesthatchargealowerfeeforwastethatissourceseparated,whichshouldencouragerecycling.
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Conclusion,GEFProjectandSummaryRecommendations
Theseindicatorswouldapplytoallsub-sectors:energy,transport,waterandwastewater,andsolidwaste.
methodology.
Institution,FinanceandRiskManagement
InstitutionalIssues
IntegratedManagement:Ensurethattheintegratedvisionoftheeco-cityissustainedduringprojectimplementationbycontaininginstitutionalfragmentationacrossthevariousstakeholders(e.g.,JVCompany,TECIDanditssubsidiarycompanies).
thatcanariseincomplexprojects,comprisingpublicandprivatesectorparticipants.Cross-JurisdictionalCoordination:DevelopandfullyaddressallinfrastructurelinkageswiththeBinhaiNewArea.Considerpossibleregionallinkagesand,whenever
possible,supportcross-jurisdictionalcoordination.
InvestmentandFinance
mismatches.
PricingandDemandManagement:Payearlyattentiontooperationalissuessuchaspricinganddemandmanagementactivitiesthatcoulddirectlyimpactproject
environmentalbonds.
RiskManagement
KPIRegulationandEnforcement:EvaluateprogresstowardsmeetingtheKPIsonanongoingbasisthroughparticipatoryapproachesinvolvingcommunitiesandresidents.KPIasaManagementTool:Establishanexplicitriskmanagementframeworkwithanappropriatemonitoringandevaluationsystemlinkedtothephaseddevelopment
approach.IndependentEco-Audits:Introduceaneco-auditthatcouldindependentlymeasureandverifytheprojectscompliancewiththeoverallecologicalvisionand
development.
119
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reTianjinEco-City:ACaseStudyofanEmergingEc
o-CityinChina
Annex1
KeyPerformanceIndicators(KPI)forSSTEC
TableA1.1:QuantiativeKeyPerformanceIndicators
KPIAreaandDetailsIndicativeValueTimeframeDomesticStandardsDomesticBenchmarksInternationalBenchmarks
Comments
NaturalEnvironment
AmbientAirQuality
NoofdaysperyearinwhichambientairqualitymeetsorexceedsChinasNationalAmbientAirQualityGradeII
Immediate
NationalStandardforAmbientAirQualityGB3095-1996
169
Eco-GardenCityStandard
170
Eco-CityStandard(forNorthChina)
171
EnvironmentProtectionModelCityStandard
172
310
ChinaPlan:75%ofmajorcitiesinChinameetingNationalGradeIIStandard:
173
TJ:298(2005);320(2007);
174
BHNA:314(2007);Plan
175
BJ:246(2007);Everydayduring2008Olympics(totalof17days);Plan:tomeetGB3095-1996by2010
176
-SameasEnvironmentProtectionModelCityStandard,higherthaneco-cityandeco-GardencitystandardSameasthetargetof
TianjinandBHNAfor2010;Lowerthanactual
Tianjin(320days)andBHNA(314days)in2007;Notethatthisisa
targetthatcannotbefullycontrolledbyactionstakeninSSTECalone;
No.ofdaysperyearinwhichSO2andNOxcontentintheambientairshouldnotexceedthelimitsstipulatedforChinaNationalAmbientAirQuality
Immediate
NationalStandardforAmbientAirQualityGB3095-1996
--
TomeetthestandardstatedinthePRCsNationalStandardGB3095-1996
By2013177
NationalStandardforAmbientAirQualityGB3095-1996
--
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Annex1:KeyPerformance
Indicators(KPI)forSSTEC
KPIAreaandDetailsIndicativeValueTimeframeDomesticStandardsDomesticBenchmarksInternationalBenchmarks
Comments
NaturalEnvironment
QualityofWaterBodies
TomeetGradeIV
surfacewaterqualitystandardstatedinthePRCsNationalStandardGB3838-2002
By2020
NationalStandardforSurfaceWaterQualityGB3838-2002
178
Eco-CityStandard179
:tomeetGB3838-2002and
nolowerthanGradeV
TJPlan:surfacewaterqualityinthebuilt-upareasshouldmeetGradeVandaboveby2010
180,181
BJPlan:waterqualityof
thecentralcityandnewdevelopingareashouldmeettheNationalStandardby2010
182.
AveragemeetingGB3838-2002rateofChinesecities:86.50%(2007)
183
-Giventhatonly22.2percentofwaterbodiesinBHNAmeetthenationalstandardin2006184,relatively
ambitioustarget;Comparableto
NationalStandardGB3838-2002Notethatthisisa
targetthatcannotbefullycontrolledbyactionstakeninSSTECalone;
Waterfromtapsattainingdrinkingwaterstandards
100%Immediate
NationalStandardforDrinkingWaterQualityGB5749-2006;Eco-GardenCity
Standard185
:100%meetingGB5749-2006;
SH:99.95%(2005);Shenzhen:99.56%(2008);Guiyang:100%(2009)
-SameasEco-GardenCityStandardSamelevelhasbeen
achievedbyothercitiesinChina,i.e.Guiyang
Noisepollutionlevelsshouldmeetthestipulatedstandardsfordifferentfunctionalzones
100%Immediate
NationalStandardforNoiseGB3096-2008;Eco-CityStandard
186:
100%meetingGB3096-2008;Eco-GardenCity
Standard187
:95%meetingGB3096-2008;
TJ:82.4%(2005);Plan:90%(by2010);95%(by2015)
188
BHNA:80%(2005);Plan:90%(by2010);95%(by2015)BJ:AllareasmeetGB3096-
2008exceptforClass4areawhichisbelowthestandardbyexceeding8.2dBduring
thenightin2007
-SameasEco-CityStandard;HigherthanEco-GardenCityStandardHigherthantargetof
TianjinandBHNAfor2015.
CarbonemissionperunitGDP
150ton-CperonemillionUSdollars
Immediate
NonationalstandardNonationalstandardCountry-widetargetsby2012:USA:122Japan:59EU:103Singapore:350
(2006)
SSTECKPIaimstooncurrentnationalcarbonemissionperunitGDPaverage;Thisindicator
howeverisnormallyonlyappliedatthecountrylevelduetomeasurementproblemsatthecitylevel;
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reTianjinEco-City:ACaseStudyofanEmergingEc
o-CityinChina
KPIAreaandDetailsIndicativeValueTimeframeDomesticStandardsDomesticBenchmarksInternationalBenchmarks
Comments
Natural
Environment
Netlossofnaturalwetlands0Immediate
NonationalstandardNational11thFiveYearPlan
forForestrystates:50%ofnaturalwetlandsand70%ofimportantwetlandsshouldbeprotected189
-HigherthanthetargetsputforwardinNational11
thFive
YearPlan;
Man-madeEnvironment
Proportionofgreenbuildings190100%Immediate
NationalStandardforGreenBuildingGB50378-2006TechnicalManual
forGreenBuildingEvaluation
191
GardenCityStandard192
:buildingsandgreenbuildings
China:Greenbuilding:lessthan1%ofexistingbuildings(current);100%forOlympicsbuildings:16%ofexistingbuildingsincitiesandtowns(2008);71%ofnewlybuiltbuildings(2007).
49.93%ofexistingbuildings
Singapore:buildingareaexceeding2,000m
2should
be100%greenbuilding.
ComparetocurrentChinassituation,SSTECtargetof100%ishigh;HigherthanGarden
CityStandard;Samelevel(100%)
wasachievedbyBeijingOlympicsbuildings.
LocalplantsindexImmediateEco-GardenCity
Standard193
--SameasEco-Garden
CityStandard
Publicgreenspacepercapita2percapitaBy2013
Eco-CityStandard194
Eco-GardenCity
Standard195
uparea;GardenCityStandard
196:
smallandmediumcities
197
2010);meets16-18(by2020)197
Singapore:8Curitiba,Brazil:51
(2005)199
SameasEco-GardenCityStandard;HigherthanEco-CityStandardandGardenCityStandards;HigherthanTianjins
targetby2015;LowerthanBeijings
target(15)by2010;
LivingStyle
Percapitadomesticwaterconsumption
percapita
By2013
Nationalstandardofwaterquantityforcityresidential
municipality
200
Tianjinquotaofwaterquantityforcitys
TJ:130.4(2006)BJ:110~130(2007)
WuhanPlan201
:170(by2010)SH:160(2003);Plan:180(by
2020)Hunanprovincequota:160Ningxiaprovincequota:90-
130Xiamencityquota:150-180HK:203
Singapore:154Cologne:137
Amsterdam:154Sydney:254Tokyo:268LosAngeles:
440202
Indicatorsetslowertargetthancurrent
TianjinandBeijingslevel;Lowercomparedto
otherprovincesandcitiesquota,butatupperendofTianjinquota;Targetisadvanced
comparedwithinternationalpractices
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Annex1:KeyPerformance
Indicators(KPI)forSSTEC
KPIAreaandDetailsIndicativeValueTimeframeDomesticStandardsDomesticBenchmarksInternationalBenchmarks
Comments
LivingStyle
Percapitadomesticwaste
generation
capita
By2013
CodeforPlanningofUrbanEnvironmentalSanitationFacilitiesGB50337-2003:0.8-1.2
TJ:1.10(2007)BJ:1.18(2007);Ningbo:1.2(2007);Wuhancentraldistrict:1.21
(2008)
South-EastAsia:0.74(2000)
203204
Singapore:0.89(2007)EastAsia:1.01
(2000)205
Japan:1.1South-CentralAsia:0.57(2000)
206
USA:2.18
IndicatorsetslowerwastegenerationtargetrelativetopracticesinothermajorChineseand
internationalcities.
Proportionofgreentrips207
By2013
GardenCityStandard208
:Proportionofpublictransportation(bus,trammediumcities
Tianjin(2000):91.5%TianjinPlan:75-80%(by
2020);BHNAPlan:65-75%(by
2020)TEDA:47.8%
209(projectedin
2008)Shanghai(2006):56%Beijing(2006):64%Chongqing(2006):88%HongKongSAR(2001)
83.8%
RiodeJaneiro85%Bogota85%Lima84%Moscow73.7%Curitiba71%Warsaw71.4%Budapest66.9%SaoPaulo66.4%Amsterdam66.1%Prague64.4%Vienna64.0%Berlin60.8%
Targetfor2013istoolowconsideringcurrentChinesecontextwheretripmodeofwalkingandTargetfor2020is
higherthanTianjinplanandsameascurrentHK. By2020
Infrastructure
OverallsolidwasterecyclingrateBy2013
NonationalstandardBJPlan:separation&collectionrate60%;comprehensiveutilizationrateofindustrialsolidwaste80%by2010.
BJ2008Olympicsvenue:50%Shenzhen:45%(by2010)
210
Singapore:51%(2006);Plan:60%(by2012)Seattle,Wash.
(USA):48%
(2007);Plan:60%(by2012)
HigherthancurrentpracticesinChina;SameasSingapores
targetby2012
Provisionoffreerecreationalandsportfacilitieswithinwalkingdistanceof500m
100%By2013
NationalLivableCityGuideline
211promotes
provisionoffreesportsfacilitieswithinwalkingdistanceof1,000mandfreeopenparkswithin500m
--HigherthanNationalGuideline
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KPIAreaandDetailsIndicativeValueTimeframeDomesticStandardsDomesticBenchmarksInternationalBenchmarks
Comments
Infrastructure
Treatmenttorender
hazardousanddomesticsolidwastesnon-toxic
100%Immediate
Eco-CityStandard212
:90%Eco-GardenCity
Standard213
:90%GardenCityStandard
214:
60%
EnvironmentProtectionModelCityStandard
215:
treatmentofdomesticsolidofhazardoussolidwastes:100%
TJ:81%(2005);TJPlan:216
BHNA:100%(2005)BJcurrent:93%;BJPlan:
99%forcentraldistricts,80%for
217
AverageofChinesecities:67.58%(2007)
218
-HigherthanEco-CityStandard;Eco-GardenCityStandard,andGardenCityStandard;
HigherthanBeijingstargetfor2010;However,samelevel
asalreadyachievedinBHNA;
Barrier-freeaccessibility100%Immediate
NationalBarrier-freeCityStandard
219:100%
fornewlybuiltpublicbuildingsandresidentialbuildings
BeijingOlympicsFacilities:90%
Developedcountries:almost100%
SameasNationalBarrier-freeCityStandard;Higherthanlevel
achievedatBeijingOlympicsfacilities.Sameascurrent
developedcountrieslevel
Servicesnetworkcoverage100%By2013
CentralSewageTreatment:Eco-CityStandard
220:
Eco-GardenCity
Standard221
Tapwater:Eco-GardenCity
Standard222
GardenCityStandard223:
90%CentralHeating:Eco-CityStandard
224:
Gas:GardenCityStandard
225:
80%
CentralSewageTreatment:TJ:75%(2005);TJPlan:
2015)BHNA:59%(2005)CentralHeating:TJ:83.2%(2005);TJPlan:
BHNA:75%(2005);
SewerCoverageSingapore:100%
(current)226
Tokyocenterarea:100%(2006)TapWaterTokyocenterarea:
100%(2006)
HigherthanEco-CityStandard;Eco-GardenCityStandard,andGardenCityStandard,Higherthanplansfor
TianjinandBHNASameastargetsin
developedcities
overseas;
Management
ProportionofpublichousingBy2013
NonationalstandardChinaNationwideoverallgoal:15-20%by2010
227Internationalaspublichousingacrosscountries(HongKongSAR:50%;Singapore:80%)
Comparabletonationaltarget
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Indicators(KPI)forSSTEC
KPIAreaandDetailsIndicativeValueTimeframeDomesticStandardsDomesticBenchmarksInternationalBenchmarks
Comments
EconomicSustainability
RenewableenergyusageBy2020
NonationalstandardChina:7%(current):Plan:
228;
229
;Olympicsvenue:26.9%
(2008)-CityPlan:
50%(by2020)
Finland:25%;Sweden:33.3%;Holland:20%(by
2020);EU:20%(by
2020).
Higherthancurrentnationallevelandplanfor2020;Sameastargetsby
EUandHollandfor
2020.Lowerthanthelevel
achievedbyBeijingOlympicsvenueandCaofeidiantargetby2020
Watersupplyfromnon-traditionalsources
By2020
NonationalstandardBHNA:ReclaimedWater:9%(2008);Plan:40%(by2010).Desalinatedseawater:14%(2008);
230
(current)
HigherthancurrentpracticesinChinaHigherthan
Caofeidiantargetin2020Sameascurrent
Singaporelevel
TechnologicalInnovation&
Employment
NumberofR&Dscientistsandengineersper10,000laborforce
By2020
Nonationalstandard231
BJplan:220(by2020)232
;
233
USA:92(2002);Japan:101;Germany:68;France:71(2003)
Higherthannationaltargetby2010.LowerthanBeijing
andShanghaitargetfor2020Stillmuchlowerthan
overseascountries
Employment-housing
equilibriumindex234By2013
Nonationalstandard--SSTECdistinctiveindicator
Note:TJ(Tianjin);BHNA(BinhaiNewArea);TEDA(TianjinEconomicandDevelopmentArea);BJ(Beijing);SH(Shanghai);HK(HongKongSAR).
TableA1.2:QualitativeKeyPerformanceIndicators
KPIAreaKPIDetails
CoordinatedNaturalEcologyMaintainasafeandhealthyecologythroughgreenconsumptionandlow-carbonoperations
CoordinatedRegionalPoliciesAdoptinnovativepoliciesthatwillpromoteregionalcollaborationandimprovetheenvironmentofthesurroundingregions
SocialandCulturalCoordinationPreservehistoricandculturalheritageandprotectscenicresources
CoordinatedRegionalEconomyPromotethereasonabledivisionoffunctionsattheregionallevel
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Annex2
Annex2summa
rizesoffindingsfromastocktakingstudy,undertakenbytheChineseAcademyof
2
35
PartIsummariz
eseco-citydevelopmentinfourcities,namelyCa
ofeidianEco-CityinTangshan,
ShenzheninGua
ngdongprovince,YangzhouinJiangsuprovince,and
HuaibeiinAnhuiprovince.Part
IIlistsanadditio
nal18citiesundergoingecologicalurbandevelopment,whichincludecitiesofvarious
scalesfromChin
aseasterntowesternregions.Together,these22citiesrepresentmostofthenational
piloteco-citiesth
usfarrecognizedbytheMinistryofEnvironmentalProtectionandMinistryofHousing
andUrban-Rural
Development(FigureA2.1andFigureA2.2).
Miyuncounty,Yanqingcounty,Taicangcity,Zhangjiagang
city,Changshucity,Jiangyincity,Rongchengcity,Yantian
district,M
inhangdistrict,andAnjicounty
Shenzhen,Qingdao,Nanjing,Hangzhou,Weihai,Yangzhou,
Suzhou,Shaoxin
g,Guilin,Changshu,Kunshanand
Zhangjiagang
FigureA2.1:NationalEco-CitiesandEco-CountiesapprovedbyMEP(left)
F
igureA2.2:NationalEco-GardenCitiesapprovedbyMoHURD(right)
A.Case1:Cao
feidianEco-City,Tangshan
Introduction
CaofeidianEco-Cityrepresentsanotherlarge-scalenewdevelopmentthataimstodirectfasturban
growthinanecologicalway.CaofeidianEco-Cityislocated5km
tothenortheastofCaofeidian
IndustrialAreaandCaofeidianport.Itis80kmfromTangshancitycenter,120kmfromTianjin,and
220kmfromBeijing.AsamajoreconomicgrowthcenterinTangshan
andHeibeiprovince,Caofeidian
IndustrialAreaw
asoneofthenationaldemonstrationprojectsforacirculareconomyapprovedbythe
NDRCin2005,andaimstopromoterecyclingofresourcesandzero-releaseofpollutantsinitsfour
leadingindustrie
s,includingrefinedsteel,equipmentmanufacturing
,chemicalindustry,andmodern
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NoLocationUrbanpopulation
EcoAwardsbyMoHURD
EcoAwardsbyMEPKeyInitiatives
1QingdaoLargestindustrialcityofShandongprovince
2,760,000NationalGardenCity;PilotofEcologicalGardenCity
NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEcoDemonstrationArea
Eco-cityconstructionplanin2003,withafocusonJiaozhouBaycoastlineprotection;SeawaterDesalinationIndustryDevelopmentPlanofQingdaoin2005:watersupplyfromdesalinationwillaccountforonefourthofthecitystotalwaterdemandby2010;Aneweco-citywithanareaof75km
2targeting
highendandgreenindustryisplannedtoconstructinNorthernpartofQingdao.
2RongchengCLC
Shandongprovince675,000NationalGardenCity
NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEcoCity
Eco-cityConstructionPlanin2004;Promoteuseofsolarenergyandinsulationmaterialsinbuildings;constructlargescalewindfarmsincoastalareas.
3MiyunCountyNortheastBeijing150,000NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEcoCounty
MinyunEco-cityConstructionPlanin2005,withafocusonwaterresourceprotection,developmentofeco-agricultureandeco-tourism;10%revenuewassetasideforeco-countyconstructioneachyear.
4WeihaiShandongprovince4,100,000PilotofEcologicalGardenCity
NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEcoDemonstrationArea
WeihaiEco-cityConstructionPlanin2005;Planforcomprehensivemanagementofwatershedpollution.
5HangzhouCapitalofZhejiangprovince
4,100,000PilotofEcologicalGardenCity
NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity
HangzhouEco-cityConstructionPlanin2003;RegulationsonEstablishmentofAnEcologicalCompensationMechanismin2005:ecologicalcompensationfundwasestablished;EnergyConservationPlanofHangzhouin2007:proportionofsolarenergyandrenewableresourcesuseinnewbuildingswillreach25%by2010.
6SuzhouHistoriccityin Jiangsuprovince2,400,000NationalGarden City;
PilotofEcologicalGardenCity;
NationalEnvironmental ProtectionModelCity;
NationalEcoDemonstrationArea
Eco-cityConstructionPlanningFrameworkin2003;Suzhou CircularEconomyDevelopmentPlanin2004.
7ShaoxingHistoriccityinZhejiangprovince
640,000NationalGardenCity;PilotofEcologicalGardenCity
NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity
Eco-cityPlanningFrameworkin2002;WaterConservationPlan:leakagerateofwatersupplynetworkdecreasedto4.94%in2008;RegulationsOnTheImplementationofCircularEconomy.
8JiangyinCLCJiangsuprovince550,000-NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEco-city
JiangyinEco-cityConstructionPlanin2005;Specialfundsonenergy-savingandcirculareconomydevelopmentwereestablishedin2007.
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NoLocationUrbanpopulation
EcoAwardsbyMoHURD
EcoAwardsbyMEPKeyInitiatives
9TaicangCLCJiangsuprovince290,000-NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity;NationalEco-city
CyclularEconomicDevelopmentPlanofTaicangCityin2004;TaicangWater-savingPlan(2008-2020);Constructsewagetreatmentplantineverytownandsmallsewagetreatmentfacilitiesinremotevillages;Reformofwatermanagementsystem,i.e.,setupwaterinvestmentcompany
10GuiyangCapitalofGuizhouprovince
2,300,000--GuiyangMasterPlanofCircularEconomyandEco-cityin2003;RegulationonConstructionofCircularEconomyandEco-cityin2004.
11ChengduCapitalofSichuanprovince
4,400,000-NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity
Eco-cityConstructionPlanin2007;OpinionsonDevelopmentofCircularEconomyin2005;ImplementationofCleanProductionProgramsin2006
12WanzhouDistrict
Chongqingmunicipality
660,000--Anewcitywith14km2wasconstructedformigrantsafterthe
ThreeGorgesreservoirwaslaunched;ImplementingOpinionsonCircularEconomy;ComprehensiveWorkProgramsofEnergy-savingandEmissionReduction.
13BeichuanCounty
Sichuangprovince85,000(planned)
--ReconstructedinnewsiteafterWenchuanEarthquakeaccordingtoMoHURDsecocitystandards.
14ZhuzhouHunanprovinceincentralChina
800,000--NationalPilotofComprehensiveReformonConstructingResource-savingandEnvironment-friendlySocietyin2007(Changsha,ZhuzhouandXiangtan);OpinionsonPriorityDevelopmentonUrbanPublicTransportin2007:promotedioxideemissionspermitssystem;Strategyofcirculareconomy.
15SanyaTropicaltourismcityinsouthernHainanprovince
250,000NationalGardenCity
NationalEcologicalDemonstrationArea
SanyaEco-cityConstructionPlanin2009;11thFive
YearPlanofBuildingEnergyConservation:promotingIntegratedSolarHotWaterSystemandsolarlighting.
16GuilinFamoustourismcityinGuangxiprovince
600,000NationalGardenCity;PilotofEcologicalGardenCity
NationalEnvironmentalProtectionModelCity
GuilinEcologicalConstructionPlanunderpreparation
17WuhanCapitalofHubeiprovince
6,600,000--NationalPilotofComprehensiveReformonConstructingResource-savingandEnvironment-friendlySocietyin2007;Greengasmotorvehicles,updatevehiclesusingCNGengineandEuro4standardengine;developtrolleybuses,BRTandurbanrail;WuhanWater-savingPlan(2002-2010);Medium&LongtermPlanofCircularEconomy.
18HuanrenCounty
HistoriccityinLiaoningprovince
300,000(totalpopulation)
-NationalEcologicalDemonstrationArea
HuanrenEco-countyConstructionPlan:focusoncirculareconomy,eco-tourism,useofwindpowerandhydropower.