Click here to load reader
Upload
vocong
View
215
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
UNIT 3: Living Systems Guide
Word Parts/meaning of word, if any
Definition Picture example if any
Organ
System
Tissue
Exoskeleton
Exo-Outer
Metabolism
Trait
Gametes
Complete Metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Root word: Morph-form or structure
OLS Lesson 1: From Cells to Organ
Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts
How do cells specialize (how do cells “know” to become a muscle cell or a nerve cell)?
How do the organ systems of an organism work together to keep the organism alive?
Words to know:
Cells- the basic unit of life, of which all living things are made; some organisms are made up of only one cell
Tissues- a group of cells that work together to perform a certain function
Organs- a body part that does a special job within a body system; a group of different tissues that work together to perfom a specific function
System- a collection of organs (each made of multicellular tissues) that together perform a major function
All systems in an organism must work together to keep the organism alive.
What happens when a system is weakened?
Levels of Organization:
CellsTissuesOrgansSystemsOrganism
How do cells “know” to become a certain type of cell?
Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts
Words to know:
Exoskeletons- the hard, outside body covering of an arthropod
Cartilage- a tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue
Joint- a point where two bones meet and that generally makes movement possible
Ligament- a sheet or band of tough, fibrous tissue connecting bones at a joint or supporting an organ (Connects bone to bone)
Muscle- a body tissue made up of cells that can contract and produce motion
Skeleton- the bony framework that supports the soft tissues and protects the internal organs of vertebrates
Tendon- a band of tough tissue that connects a muscle with a bone ( Connects muscle to bone)
• Describe the structure and function of muscular and skeletal systems.
Key Points:
For many animals, the skeletal and muscular systems work together to maintain the animal’s form and let the animal move.
Animals with _________________ have skeletons on the outside of their body. Examples: crabs and insects
3 Types of muscle:
Skeletal Muscle: _________________________
Cardiac Muscle: _______________________________
Smooth Muscle: _______________________________________
________________________________________
OLS Lesson 2-3: Muscular and Skeletal Systems
OLS Lesson 4-5: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Essential Questions Main Concepts
How do multicellular organisms transport materials to all of their cells?
Words to know:
Respiratory System -brings oxygen into the organism and to remove carbon dioxide
Lungs - the main organ of the respiratory system in many vertebrates
Gills - found in aquatic vertebrates, used to obtain oxygen from water
Alveoli - small sacs in the lung where gas exchange takes place
• Describe the function and structures of the respiratory and circulatory systems
• Identify the organs and structures of the respiratory and circulatory systems in other organisms
The function of the respiratory system is to:
___________________________________ ___________________________________
All animals breathe in _________and breathe out ________________
Frogs and most amphibians breathe through their ___________. Some organisms, like fish, use __________ to transport oxygen
in their blood Illnesses that weaken the respiratory system: _____________
__________________________________________________ Leaves have tiny openings on the leaf surface for gas exchange.
The structures of the respiratory system are:
• Blood- fluid portion of the circulatory system
• Heart-main organ of the circulatory system
• Arteries- vessels that carry blood away from the heart
• Veins- vessels that carry blood toward the heart
• Capillaries-the smallest vessels in a closed system
• Ventricles-heart chamber that pumps blood into the arteries
• Atrium-heart chamber that receives blood from the veins
1. Mouth and nose
2. Pharynx
3. Trachea
4. Lungs
5. Bronchi
6. Bronchioles
7. Diaphragm
8. Alveoli-where Oxygen exchange happens via DIFFUSION
The function of the circulatory system:
• Transports ________ and ___________ to cells and removes waste from them
• 3 main components of the circulatory system for most animals:
• _______________________
• _______________________
• ________________________
Two types of systems:
• Open Circulatory System- Many invertebrates (insects, spiders, snails, crabs, clams); cells are in contact with bloodlike fluid that brings in nutrients and removes waste products
• Closed Circulatory System- Many animals , earthworms, squid, octopuses, and vertebrates; where the blood stays enclosed and travels in blood vessels
• Plants also have a circulatory system that carries water and nutrients to cells.
OLS Lesson 6: Digestive and Excretory Systems
Essential Questions/Words to Know Main ConceptsWords to know:
anus : opening through which undigested food remnants exit a digestive system
bladder : organ that stores liquid waste before it leaves the body; the bladder can stretch to hold about a pint of urine
esophagus (ih-SAH-fuh-guhs) : a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
kidneys : paired organs that clean the blood, producing urine from waste
large intestine : in the digestive system, the long organ that removes excess water from undigested food
liver : organ that produces bile, stores glycogen, and removes toxins from the body
metabolism: the sum of all chemical processes that take place in an organism necessary to sustain life
mouth : an opening through which food enters a digestive system
small intestine : in the digestive system, the long muscular tube where most digestion takes place
Key Points:
Function of the digestive system: ________________________ ____________________________________________________
Pathway of human digestion:
Mouth- esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine expelled through anus
Two types of digestive systems:
• Incomplete Digestive System- a single opening where food enters and undigested food exits ex. Hydra, jellyfish, flatworm
• Complete Digestive System -tube-like form, mouth at one end where food enters, and an anus where undigested food exits ex. Earthworm, humans and most animals
Function of Excretory System: ________________________ ___________________________________________________
Example of waste products: ________ _________ _________
Main organs are the ________________.
The liver converts ammonia into urea and then the kidneys remove urea from the blood and send it to the ureter and the bladder for urination
stomach : the pouch-like body part below the esophagus, which stores and processes chewed food
Path of waste products through the Kidneys:
Capillaries->Tubules->Ureter tubes->Bladder->Uretha
Sweating is part of excretion as well
Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts
How do organisms defend themselves from disease?
Words to know:
Pathogens-something that causes disease, such as a virus or bacterium
Immune System-the body system that recognizes and destroys pathogens
Antigens-a foreign molecule that can trigger an immune response
Antibodies-proteins that help fight infection; specialized white blood cells make antibodies to protect the body against disease.
Key Points:
• First line of defense located at body openings and includes ________, _____________, ____________, and _________ __________________________
Example: _________________________________________
• Also Good Bacteria – in the intestines and on the skin- produce protective chemicals forming a disease-free environment
• The purpose of the immune system is to recognize and destroy disease-causing organisms called ________________________ ( second line of defense-antigen-antibody response)
• Examples of pathogens: _____________,_____________,______________,_________________
• Immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to ______________________invaders
• Most important cells are the ______ ____________ cells
• Immunization can protect you against diseases such as ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
OLS Lesson 7: Immune System:
OLS Lesson 8 How Systems Work Together
Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts
How do the organ systems of an organism work together to keep the organism alive?
Words to know:
Nervous System-Control center the brain, spinal cord, and nerves—which analyzes the information and delivers chemical messages and instructions to all parts of the body.
Endocrine System- produces and secretes hormones that help control many body functions, including growth, metabolism, sexual development, and reproduction.
Reproductive System- The reproductive system makes it possible for an organism to pass its genes on to new organisms.
• Compare major features and functions of systems and how they work together
Key Points:
How are the respiratory system, the digestive system, and the circulatory system connected? _____________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
If the heart stopped beating, how would that affect the rest of the organism? What would the body be deprived of? _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
OLS Lesson 11-12: Continuation of a Species and Cells for Reproduction
Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the methods that different organisms use to reproduce?
Words to know:
Reproduction: The process how living things make other living things identical or similar to themselves
Asexual Reproduction: - single organism produces a new, identical organism ( examples: bacteria, amoebas, hydras, and some plants)
Sexual Reproduction :-process of two sex cells joining together to form a new organism, resulting in greater GENETIC VARIATION (advantage) Example: Most vertebrates
Gametes: Female and male sex cells (Egg and sperm)
Meiosis-type of cell division that forms gametes
(the daughter cells will have half the number of chromosomes as
the parent cell)
• Seeds are formed when a sperm from a pollen grain fertilizes an egg contains plant embryo
• Spores are reproduction cells used by mosses and ferns (also Fungi). Very light so they can travel to more distant locations
Objectives (Turn these into questions):
• Recognize that reproduction is essential for the ______________________ _____ _ _________________
• Recognize that organisms reproduce sexually and have differentiated cells
• Compare and contrast the structure and function of the sperm and egg cells, and between seeds and spores in plant reproduction ( advantages and disadvantages)
OLS Lesson 13: Life Cycles
Essential Questions/Words to Know Main Concepts
Do all living things grow the same way?
What are the different changes an organism experiences during its lifetime?
Words to know:
Life Cycle: the changes an organism experiences during its life, characterized by distinct stages
Metamorphosis: Life cycle with distinct changes in which insect go through
Living things grow, develop, and reproduce. These changes are characterized by distinct changes called a life cycle.
Invertebrate Life cycles:
Incomplete Metamorphosis: insect hatches from an egg and the newly hatched insect looks like a miniature version of the adult insect(example: _____________________)
Complete Metamorphosis: : insect changes its looks as it progresses through different stages(example: ______________________)