CHAPTER 18:THE BRITISH EMPIRE

“THE SUN NEVER SETS ON THE BRITISH THRONE”

Definition #1: Imperialism: when a strong country takes over a weak country. Or when a Senior takes a Sophomore’s lunch money.

Definition #2: Social Darwinism: Based on Charles Darwin and the theory of Evolution and Natural Selection. It is the idea that the

strong are better than the weak, and should take them over! I use this view in my classes repeatedly.

ExplanationYou must understand that when the Europeans first saw Native Americans, or Indians, or Africans, they called them ‘savages’ and ‘uncivilized’!

They slept in teepees, didn’t know how to make guns or steel, and still believed in the ‘spirits’ in the mountains and the rivers. They wore feathers in their hair and did not believe in Jesus.

As a result, many Europeans felt that it was their ‘duty’ and their ‘right’ to conquer them. To make them Catholic, teach them English, and to educate them. This is known as imperialism or colonialism

This is ALL in the 1700’s, 1800’s and 1900’s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

THE BRITISH EMPIRE- The 13 colonies (duh!)

- India- Australia and New Zealand (Oceania)

- South Africa- Canada

2. PORTUGUESE COLONIES

- Brazil (duh!)- A little piece of India in the middle of the Indian Ocean

- East Africa on the left side of the Indian Ocean- Madagascar on the left side of the Indian Ocean. (Worst

cartoon EVER!)- Malaysia and Indonesia on the right side of the Indian Ocean

(home of the Komodo Dragon)

*Don’t forget that Vasco de Gama and BartholomueDias were Portuguese and made it ALL THE WAY AROUND

Africa into the Indian Ocean so of course they’re gonna take over the Indian Ocean

3. DUTCH COLONIES (Also called Holland)- The Dutch controlled New York before the British. It was

called New Amsterdam(They bought Manhattan from the Indians for $26.00 in the 1600’s. Now in Manhattan you can’t

even get a Hotdog for $26.00)- The Dutch controlled South Africa before the British

- A few other little areas in Africa- A few little islands in the Caribbean

- Also, a few little areas near Malaysia and Indonesia in the Indian Ocean

- Indonesia (on the Indian Ocean) has Komodo Island : Home of the fierce Komodo Dragon, which bites its prey, and then

waits until it dies 24 hours later, just like Freshmen.

4. We know that Spain controlled almost ALL of Central America and South America (Y’all know the capitals, right?!)

4. The French:

- A lot of Canada- A lot of America B4 the Louisiana Purchase

Some islands in the Caribbean (St. Thomas and Martinique. Also St. Barts)

All of the empires above (British, French, Portuguese, Dutch) are MARITIME EMPIRES. That means that their power came from the sea. They had a strong navy with huge ships, advanced cannons and guns.

The prefix ‘mar’ means ‘sea’ in Latin. Other terms that come from ‘mar’ are: mariner,

All these European colonial powers are gonna bring:A. Either Christianity OR Catholicism (missionaries go EVERYWHERE!)

B. P.S. Islam makes it all the way to Indonesia on the Indian Ocean as well, but just as with North and West Africa, they do it peacefully through TRADE

** Actually, Indonesia has the LARGEST Muslim population in the world (202 million) and is the 4th largest population in the world. C. TRADE, TRADE, TRADE - Slaves, slaves and more slaves.- Sugar, sugar, sugar, OR tobacco OR cottonExample: The Colombian Exchange

Of course, TECHNOLOGY, especially sailing or building technology, is a HUGE part of all trade.

D. The idea of white superiority (in line with the theory of Social Darwinism)- Class systems as a result

- Poverty, illiteracy, racism and corruption.- You know: colonialism!

Now, did these colonial empires ONLY bring bad things?- It’s true that they built roads, they built schools, they built electrical power plants, maybe telegraph lines, a whole lot of churches etc.- In that sense, colonial powers did ‘improve’ the lives of the ‘savages’ but……- But by and large only the white people were in charge and only the white people could get rich. In addition, every colonial empire had a pretty strict Social Caste System with Europeans on top, and black or brown people on the bottom.- And of course, all of these colonial empires brought Christianity and Catholicism with them, and even if you didn’t HAVE TO convert, you were probably pressured to economically and socially.

So, AP students, if you get an essay on Colonialism anywhere in Africa or Asia, you could mention the good or the bad. The most important thing is that you PROVEEEE it!!! Also, all of this represents about 250 years of

history: everything from the Revolutions (1776) to WWI (1919)

THE HISTORY OF AFRICA(You can use this as a Study Guide for the AP Exam for the

entire continent of Africa)

1. We all know that we’re all from Africa cuz that’s where the oldest skeletons were found (3 million and 7.6 million years old)

2. The Bantu Migration: About 10,000 years ago, the Bantu people of Sub-Saharan Africa spread their language, their agricultural techniques, and new technologies like their ability to make iron weapons throughout the continent.

They were also responsible for what is known as “diffusion of language”. 2 of their most famous languages are: Swahili and Zulu

Swahili: SOPHOMORES ni slobs wakati wao kula

Translation: I’ll never tell!

3. Islam comes to Africa (Mali and Ghana)- from 700-1100 Islam made its way to West Africa and North Africa but through peaceful means like TRADE for “SALT FOR GOLD”.- Mali, Ghana, slaves, taxation, the Sahara, Islamic faith etc.

4. Then, after Christopher Columbus “discovered” America in 1491, we know that Africa participated in the SLAVE TRADE. Please don’t forget that since the beginning of human history, the continent of Africa has participated in the SLAVE TRADE both as victim and as perpetrator. So ANY ESSAY on 0-2000 for the Eastern Hemisphere CAN include Africa!

AFRICAN COLONIALISM (1800-1950)WHAT DID EUROPE WANT FROM AFRICA

1. Gold2. Diamonds3. Platinum

4. Salt5. Ivory from elephants

6. Guano: Bat poop (good for putting on your cereal or for using for fuel)

EUROPE COLONIZES AFRICAEurope split Africa up like a pie during THE BERLIN CONFERENCE OF 1884

I mean, they all just got together and just AGREED how to divide up the whole continent: “YOU GET THIS PART FRANCE, AND I’LL TAKE THIS PART GERMANY, IS THAT COOL WITH YOU ITALY?!”

African nations will not get their independence until the 1960’s after WWII. Unfortunately, because of European colonialism and corrupt African leaders after the 60’s too much of Africa is still very poor today.

MAP OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES CONTROLLED BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

ASSIGNMENT #1:Grab a blank map outline of Africa and color in a map of European colonialism in Africa. Use different colors for each country and make a color coded tab on the bottom.

- Use page 777 in the purple textbook.

ASSIGNMENT #2: MOVE ON TO THE CASE STUDIES FOUND BELOW

CASE STUDIES #1-3The AP people want you to know several things, like how countries started to get their independence from imperialist and colonial governments.

We will use 3 case studies to illustrate this. (All of this happened in the 1900’s.)

1. South Africa with Nelson Mandela2. India with Gandhi3. Australia with crocodiles

AP LANGUAGEIII. Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist andrevolutionary movements.- Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments.- Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements.

- Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies.

**Make sure you understand the AP language. Some colonies negotiated their independence. Some colonies achieved independence through

armed struggle. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism

contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of

states. Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged

imperial rule.

Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries.

II. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructurednew ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies.A. Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites.

B. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.

CASE STUDY #1: AUSTRALIA

First of all, Australia, New Zealand and the island of Polynesia are known as OCEANIA!!!!

- People first came to Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) about 50,000 years ago.

- We then had the maritime (sea) migration of people from Australia and New Zealand to the beautiful - -- -Polynesian islands of Hawaii and the Pacific about 10,000 years ago. These are islands like Tahiti, Fiji and …Samoa

- It’s about 5,000 miles from New Zealand to Hawaii so of course it took humans a longggg time to get there.

- When the Australians went to the various islands of Polynesia they brought transplanted foods and new domesticated animals like …the kangaroo? Do you wanna watch a You Tube video of kangaroos fighting? NO! Ur TOO violent!!

Fun fact: Australia was set up as a penal colony. That means that England sent all their criminals to the island. That means that everyone from there is related to ………criminals, scoundrels and crocodile dundee!!!!!!!!!!!

The original people in Oceania were:

1. The aborigines in Australia2. The Maori in New Zealand3. England slaughters them both when they discover gold there!4. Then they segregate the hell out of them just like in South Africa5. The Prime Minister of Australia will not APOLOGIZE to them until 2008!!!!

NEW ZEALAND

Australia gets their independence in 1904 but keeps the Queen of England. New Zealand gets their independence in 1908 and gives women the right to vote there too. Fun Fact: women will not get the right to vote in America until after WWI, the 19th amendment in 1920.

Fun facts about New Zealand- Whaling is huge in both Australia and New Zealand but the discovery channel is constantly trying to get them to stop. Whale oil and whale blubber are very expensive- In New Zealand, the people slaughter 60,000 seals every year. They get $100 per seal. They use clubs instead of bullets to save money!- On the island of New Zealand, there are more sheep than people!

New Zealand is where “the lord of the rings” was filmed

CASE STUDY #2: SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEF HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA

1. South Africa was ruled by a guy named SHAKA, who was head of the Zulu Tribe. Hence, his name was SHAKA ZULU.

Fun Fact: His father’s name was Senzangakhona Ka Jama. Pronounce it!

2. Then, during the Age of Exploration in the 1400’s Bartholomue Dias ‘discovers’ the Cape of Good Hope for Portugal at the Southern tip of Africa.

3. Well, what do you think Europe is gonna do with South Africa now that they have ‘discovered’ it? They’re gonna conquer it dummy.

THE DUTCH TAKE SOUTH AFRICA- The Dutch take South Africa and CRUSH the Zulu tribe.- But then the English discover GOLDDDD there and kick the Dutch out. KARMA!!!!!!!!- The English control South Africa until 1994!

BRITISH RULE IN SOUTH AFRICA1. Man, were the British racists!⁻ South Africa is 90% African and 10% white. But the whites own 90% of the land and the native South African own __% of the land!

⁻ South Africa becomes a British colony and starts practicing APARTHEID, which is the segregation of blacks and whites

APARTHEID APARTHEID is a Dutch word that means ‘APART’. It was the exact same thing as segregation and the Jim Crow laws here in the United States.

Colored Water Fountains/ Whites Only Schools Etc.

⁻ South Africa wins its independence from England in 1961 but guess what, APARTHEID CONTINUES!!!⁻ Apartheid will not end, and South Africa will not become fully equal, until a man named NELSON MANDELA is released from prison after 30 years and is elected president.

NELSON MANDELA

NELSON MANDELA:Born: 1918 Died: 2013He was ___ years old.Tribal name: Madiba!

Prison term: 27 year prison term for terrorism against apartheid in 1962Released in 1999 and elected President

Served 2 terms as President of South Africa

He is most famous for telling South Africa that black and whites CAN live together.

He denounced all violence and preached the teachings of …Ghandi, MLK, Jesus and the Buddha.

For really they all say the same thing, right!?

We will watch a movie about him and South African rugby called……’Invictus’. IF UR good!

CASE STUDY #3: INDIA

A. Indus River peopleB. Mauryan and Gupta Empires (Spread of

Buddhism, Hinduism and Caste SystemC. Same problems as ROME/HAN (too big,

expensive, Huns invasion)

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE (VERY IMPORTANT)A land empire after the Mongols B4 today!

1. King Babur: Thought he was one of Genghis Khan’s like 3000 Grandsons. Not to be confused with Babar the Elephant

**Don’t 4GET, the Mongols introduced Islam to Much of India. Hinduism lives on in the South. The Mongols take over mostly Northern India (1200-1300). Why is India such a hard place to conquer? Alexander CAN’T conquer it!-----------Too big - Too many languages - Jungle, jungle, malaria

2. Built the GREAT TAJ MAHAL (Originally a Muslim mosque)

3. AKBAR THE GREAT: THE MUGHAL EMPIRE’S MOST FAMOUS LEADER AND BABUR’S SON

- HE LEFT HINDUS ALONE. WHY DO YOU THINK HE DID THIS?______________________________________________

- Improved the treatment of women by telling them that they didn’t have to practice SATI anymore. (SATI is where they would jump on their husband’s funeral pyre after they died (that’s crazee talk).)

4. Told Hindus they didn’t have to sell Indian princesses anymore (you’re welcome Jaspreet)

Then England came in!

THE BRITISH RULE INDIA IN THE 1800’S

THE MUGHAL EMPERORS THOUGHT IT WAS ALL GOOD. THEY THOUGHT THE EURPEANS WOULD PLAY NICE.

HOW AMUSING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

England their sights on India! Why?

- Spices- Jewels

- Animals (tigers, elephants, freshmen)- Indian food (Love it!) Curry, Nan bread

- And finally, because of MERCANTLISM and the need or customers for British stuff

Fun Fact: England stole the beautiful and famous Koh-i-Noor DIAMOND from India. It’s 756 carats and England REFUSES TO GIVE IT BACK. Should they?

**REMEMBER, colonialism was both GOOD and BAD!!GOOD VS. BAD

1. Made everyone learn EnglishFun Fact: Sprint, Verizon and T-Mobil have their Customer Service people in India because of the English

2. England was Christian not Catholic so that’s what they spread to India.

3. England built lots of railroads England builds lots of electric power lines and India gets electricity (Just like Europe in Africa) England builds lots of schools (Just like Europe in Africa) England did try to get rid of THE CASTE SYSTEM but some things die hard. They did set up a court system where everyone was equal Also, England gave them better hospitals and more medicine. As a result Indians started having LOTS OF BABIES and went through a massive population boom. This is not so good because India has been too poor to support them.

China: 1.3 Billion PeopleIndia: 1 Billion People today

2050: India will have 1.5 Billion people!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

INDIA STILL SUCKS FOR THE POOR But really, only the rich and white can get a good English education (Just like Europe in Africa) Still so many poor. (Just like Europe in Africa)- 300,000,000 in severe poverty/ Calcutta and Mumbai have one toilet for every 300 people- Are the toilet at P.H.S disgusting?

So even though England helped India out a lot, it still left the country poor, racist, and relatively uneducated.

INDIA GETS ITS INDEPENDENCE WITHMAHATMA GANDHI

World War 2 showed a lot of people in the world that COLONIALISM AND IMPERIALISM were wrong. After all, Adolf Hitler was just ONE BIG IMPERIALIST!

MAHATMA GANDHI (PRACTICED NON-VIOLENCE)Born 1869 /Died 1948 That’s ___ years old math nerdsAssassinated by a Hindu for trying to make nice with MuslimsFull name: Mahatma or Mohandas Ghandi

A celibate spiritual monk Would use hunger strikes and other non-violent and pacifist techniques (He ate very little) Would not fight for independence. Mahatma Gandhi was a pacifist! His teachings became the basis for the Civil Rights struggle of Martin Luther King Jr.

Review Question: Who is Dr. King named after_____________

After WWII Gandhi marched to free India from British rule Unfortunately, the Muslims in the North and the Hindus in the South couldn’t live together and they decided to become 2 countries: India and Pakistan Gandhi was against this. He asked “can’t we ALL just get along?” NOPE!

In 1947, after WWII, they become 2 countries.The split is so violent, with entire villages being destroyed, that over

1,000,000 people (Hindus and Muslims) get slaughtered.India will stay Hindu while Pakistan is Muslim!!!!!!

This also represented one of the LARGEST MIGRATIONS (violent) in the history of the world. The lines that England made dividing up the 2 countries

went through people’s homes and through their villages. Hindus SLAUGHTERED Muslims and Muslims SLAUGHTERED Hindus

INDIA (HINDU) AND PAKISTAN (MUSLIM) HATEEEEE EACH OTHER TODAY

The problem is: THEY BOTH HAVE NUKES!!!!!

There are only 9 countries in the world with nukes. See if you can name them:1. 6.2. 7.3.India 8.4.Pakistan 9. (Unofficially)

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTSASSIGNMENT #1: COLONIALISM

1. What’s imperialism:- What’s Social Darwinism?

2. Where did Portugal settle?- Why were they the 1st? (Review)

3. Where did the Dutch settle?

4. Was colonialism GOOD OR BAD?

5. What are some COMMON CHARCATERISTICS of all colonialism?a. b. c.

ASSIGNMENT #2: AFRICA

1. How do we KNOW all humans came from Africa?2. Who were the Bantu and what are 2 reasons why they are important:A)B)

3. When did Europe carve Africa up like a pie?4. Why? What did they want?

5. When did African nations start getting their independence?6. Why are they so messed up today?

ASSIGNMENT #3: SOUTH AFRICAA. What was APARTHEID?B. Which 2 European countries controlled South Africa?C. Who was Mandela and why was he important?

ASSIGNMENT #4: OCEANIA1. What is Oceania?2. Who were the Polynesians and why are they important?3. Which 2 European countries were involved in Australia and New Zealand?4. How are the minority groups in Oceania an example of European colonialism?

ASSIGNMENT #5:INDIA1. Review Question: Why has India always been so hard to unify?

2. WHO conquered them in order: a. b. c.

3. List 3 characteristics of Mughal rule over India:a. b. c.

4. Explain India’s relationship with Islam:

5. WHY did England want them?

6. In PARAGRAPH form, explain the positive and negative aspects of British rule in India

7. Review Question: Who was King Asoka and why was he so important?

8. How is that India and Pakistan became 2 countries:

9. Why do India and Pakistan hate each other today and why is this so dangerous for the world?