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ESPAÑOL IIIEl 11 de noviembre 2016
Capítulo 2A Realidades-2
(NOTEBOOKS)
5-10 minutes each night reviewing gramar and vocbulary of the current lesson.
In your NOTEBOOKS
To be completed in the regular notebooks (or JOURNALS)Monday through Friday
JOURNAL (Notebook)Every school night 5-10 minutes!!!!!
Remember work that was due-
Mini Lessons -5 minutes at least every school night in notebooks (JOURNALS)
La Lecci ón de hoy
OBJETIVO
Using Reflexive Verbs to describe your daily routine and El Pretérito
Ocho escenas y ocho dibujos
¡¡¡La rutina diária
al terminar !!! A la pizarra
a. la fecha y el tiempo
b. CONTAR en pretérito-
CONTAR
contécontastecontócontamoscontasteiscontaron
PENSAR
PenséPensastePensóPensamosPensasteisPensaron
Vocabulario
La cajaEn realidadEn efectivoEl pricioCuero
Mas de los verbos-
GastarEncontrarAnunciarEscoger
La GramáticaMas de los verbvos en el pretérito
Mirar
MiréM irasteMiróMiramosMirasteisMiraron
AprenderAprendíAprendisteAprendióAprendemos
AprendisteisAprendieron
EscribirEscribíErscribisteEscribióEscribimosEscribisteisEscriibieron
DECIRDijeDijisteDijoDijimosDijisteis
Dijeron
Al Escribir
El papel entregado a todos presentes
Otra Vez--
el proyecto en claseUsing Reflexive Verbs to describe your daily routine and El Pretérito
Ocho escenas y ocho dibujos
La rutina diária
More review with-Demonstrative Adjectives
Imagine that you're in a store browsing through merchandise and talking to a salesperson behind the counter. As you discuss the various products, you will likely use words like, "this," "that," "these," and "those."
I'd like to try on this ring.
How much does that book cost?
What are these toys made out of?
I want to buy three of those light bulbs.
The underlined words above are known as demonstrative adjectives. Which adjective you use depends on two things: 1) how many objects there
are, and 2) how close they are to you. Using this information we can build a grid:
singular: plural:
near: this these
far: that those
Este, Estos, Ese, Esos
Spanish is similar, albeit with one major difference that we'll get to later.
singular: plural:
near: este estos
far: ese esos
Some examples:
Quisiera probarme este anillo. I'd like to try on this ring.
¿Cuánto cuesta ese libro? How much does that book cost?
¿De qué son estos juguetes? What are these toys made out of?
Quiero comprar tres de esos bombillos. I want to buy three of those light bulbs.
Please note that even though they are adjectives, we place este, ese, estos, and esos in front of the nouns they modify instead behind them like we normally do.
Also note that the demonstrative adjectives for nearby items are este and ese, not esto and eso. It may seem inconsistent with what you already know about adjectives, but that's just the way it is.
There is a little rhyme that can help you keep your demonstrative adjectives straight: "This" and "these" have t's, "that" and "those" don't.
Esta, Estas, Esa, Esas
If that seemed too easy, it's because it is. Since adjectives (even the demonstrative kind) always agree in gender and in number with the nouns they modify, our Spanish chart needs to be a little more complex
masculine: feminine:singular: plural: singular: plural:
near: este estos esta estas
far: ese esos esa esas
Note: Accent marks and pronunciation are important. Don't confuse esta, the adjective, with está, the form of estar.Now we can talk about feminine objects as well:
Quisiera probarme esta pulsera. I'd like to try on this bracelet.
¿Cuánto cuesta esa revista? How much does that magazine cost?
¿De qué son estas camisas? What are these shirts made of?
Quiero comprar tres de esas bufandas. I'd like to buy three of those scarves.
The demonstrative adjectives changed to agree with the nouns they modify.But we're still not done, because in addition to the "near" and "far" demonstrative adjectives, Spanish throws in a third category that doesn't exist in English:
Aquel, Aquellos, Aquella, Aquellasmasculine: feminine:
singular: plural: singular: plural:
near: este estos esta estasfar: ese esos esa esas
really far: aquel aquellos aquella aquellas
So what's going on here? If an object is close enough to touch or right in front of you, use the first line from the chart above: este, or esta (for more than one object, estos or estas). If the object is a little farther away from you, use the second
line: ese or esa (plural: esos or esas). And if the object is not in your general vicinity, use the last line: aquel or aquella (plural: aquellos or aquellas).Please note that once again the masculine singular demonstrative adjective doesn't follow the normal pattern. It's aquel, not aquello.Imagine that you're in the store again. You want to know the prices of a series of watches. The first watch is lying on the counter in front of you. The second is in the display case a few feet to one side. And the third watch is hanging on the wall behind the salesperson. Your questions might sound something like this:
¿Cuánto cuesta este reloj? How much does this watch cost?
¿Y cuánto cuesta ese reloj? And how much does that watch cost?
¿Y cuánto cuesta aquel reloj? And how much does that watch (over there) cost?
Or if instead of watches you were asking about bouquets of flowers:
¿Cuánto cuestan estas flores? How much do these flowers cost?
¿Y cuánto cuestan esas flores? And how much do those flowers cost?
¿Y cuánto cuestan aquellas flores? And how much do those flowers (over there) cost?
Notice that both ese and aquel (or esa and aqella) translate to "that" in English. And both esos and aquellos (or esas and aquellas) translate to "those." It can be helpful to add the words "over there" when dealing with forms of aquel.Determining when you should use a form of eso versus when you should use a form of aquel is not an exact science. One way that might make it clearer is to think of it this way: If the object you're discussing is closer to you than it is to the person you're talking to, use a form of este. If the object is closer to the person you're talking to, use a form of ese. And if the object isn't near either of you, use a form of aquel.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Now let's talk demonstrative pronouns. Remember that an adjective is a word that modifies a noun, but a pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Let's say that you're in a store again shopping for a pen.
Rather than say the word "pen" over and over again, you will probably use pronouns: "How much is this pen?" "How much is that one?" "What color are these?"Here are some more examples. The first sentence includes an adjective. The second one uses a pronoun:
I like this car. She prefers that one. I like these videos. She prefers those ones.
I like these trees. She prefers those.
Notice how we sometimes include the word "one" or "ones" with our pronouns.In Spanish, the pronouns that we use look very similar to the adjectives:
Me gusta este coche. Ella prefiere ése.Me gustan estos videos. Ella prefiere ésos.
Me gustan estos árboles. Ella prefiere aquéllos.
The complete set of demonstrative pronouns looks like this:
masculine: feminine:
singular: plural: singular: plural:
near: éste éstos ésta éstasfar: ése ésos ésa ésas
really far: aquél aquéllos aquélla aquéllas
Note: Recently, the rule requiring demonstrative prounouns to have accents has been relaxed. The Real Academia Españolanow recommends that accents only be used to prevent ambiguity. Not everyone agrees with the REA, however; best to check with your teacher, professor, boss, etc.The only difference is that we add an accent mark to each of the pronouns. The accent doesn't change the pronunciation at all; it falls on the syllable that would normally be stressed anyway. It's only used to distinguish pronouns from adjectives in writing. Coincidentally, the accent mark falls on the first "e" in every pronoun.
Note how we still have the third "really far" category with our pronouns just as we did with the adjectives. It works exactly the same way.
Neuter PronounsNow we can translate "this" and "these" and "that" and "those" without any problems, right? What about in these situations?
We're lost and we have no gas. This is not good.
I like reading a good book. I like that too!
The underlined words are pronouns, but the problem is that they aren't replacing a specific noun, but rather a concept ("being lost" or "reading"). That's not a big deal in English but in Spanish we need to know the gender in order to use the correct pronoun. What is the gender of "being lost" or of "reading a good book"? We really can't say. So what do we do? We use a neuter pronoun that's neither masculine nor feminine:
Estamos perdidos y no tenemos gasolina.Esto no es bueno.
Me gusta leer un libro bueno.¡Me gusta eso también!
There are three neuter demonstrative pronouns: esto, eso, and aquello. We aren't worried about gender with neuter pronouns. We also aren't worried about number since we're replacing a (singular) concept not (plural) objects.Please note that:
Even though esto, eso, and aquello might seem to fit the demonstrative adjective pattern
better, este, ese, and aquel are the singular, masculine adjectives.
The pronouns esto, eso, and aquello are considered neuter, not masculine, even though they end in "-o."
Even though they are pronouns, esto, eso, and aquello don't have accent marks.
Fin con- Los adjetivos demonstrativos
ProyectoLa lección para hoy …a continuarReflexive Verbs in use
LA RUTINA DIÁRIA –MAS AYUDA AQUÍ
a. Por escribirb. Por hablar
c. Por compartir con los otros estudiantes en español para comparar las experiencias diarías
Reflexive Verbs and PronounsReflexive pronouns work with a reflexive verb to indicate that a person is performing the action toward or for him- or herself. These types of verbs are not very common in English, but are used frequently in Spanish. Many actions related to personal care or daily routines are reflexive, but other verbs can be reflexive as well.
Me ducho cada mañana. (I shower (myself) every morning.)
Te peinas el pelo. (You brush your hair (yourself).)
Se hablaba. (He was talking to himself.)
Me veo en el espejo. (I see myself in the mirror.)
The subject is performing the action on him- or herself, making the object of the verb, the same as the subject. Compare two sentences in which one is reflexive and one is not.
I wash myself. (Me lavo.) - myself is the object of wash
I wash the dog. (Lavo el perro.) - the dog is the object of wash
When the object of the verb is the same person as the subject, you will need to use a reflexive pronoun that matches the subject of the verb in both number (singular, plural) and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
MORE ONREFLEXIVE VERBS below
Me lavo. (I wash myself.) Te lavas. (You wash yourself.) Se lava. (He washes himself./She washes
herself./It washes itself./You wash yourself.)
Nos lavamos. (We wash ourselves.) Os laváis. (You wash yourselves.) Se lavan. (They wash themselves./You
wash yourselves.)
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns have almost the same forms as indirect object pronouns except se is used in place of le and les for the third person.
The reflexive pronoun will always be the same person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural) as the subject of the sentence.
Reflexive Pronoun Forms
Singular Plural
1st person
me (to, for, from, or off myself)
nos (to, for, from, or off ourselves)
2nd person
te (to, for, from, or off yourself)
os (to, for, from, or off yourselves)
3rd person
se (to, for, from, or off himself, herself, itself, yourself)
se (to, for, from, or off themselves, yourselves)
Reflexive Pronoun UsesReflexive verbs will require the use of reflexive pronouns to indicate that the direct object of the verb is also the subject, that the subject is performing the action on him- or her-self. Notice that the reflexive pronoun has the same person as the verb ending.
lavarse (to wash one’s self) - Me lavo las manos. (I wash my hands.)
sacarse (to take something off one’s self) - Nos sacamos los guantes. (We our gloves off (ourselves).)
despertarse (to wake up) - Se despiertan a las seis cada mañana. (They wake themselves up at six o’clock every morning.)
As mentioned before, you can also add reflexive pronouns to verbs not regularly reflexive verbs in order to make them reflexive.
verse (to see one’s self) hablarse (to talk to one’s self)
escribirse (to write to one’s self) comprarse (to buy (something) for one’s self)
Reflexive verbs can also be used to indicate an emotional response to something. When a person becomes angry, sad, happy, etc., you can express this by using reflexive verbs.
Me enojé rápidamente. (I got angry quickly.) Te alegras de hablar español. (It makes you
happy to speak Spanish.) Se aburre en la clase de matemáticas. (He
gets bored in Math class.)
Reflexive pronouns can also be used to add emphasis to a seemingly regular situation. The pronouns are not normally translated directly into English, but the sense of something extra is there in Spanish.
Comí el pastel. (I ate the cake.) Me comí el pastel. (I ate up the cake/I ate the
whole cake.) Estúdialo. (Study it.) Estúdiatelo. (Really study it./Study it
thoroughly.)
Reflexive Pronoun PlacementReflexive pronouns are placed immediately before simple conjugated verbs and negative commands.
sacarse - Yo me saco los guantes. (I take off my gloves.)
afeitarse - Tú te afeitas la cara. (You shave your face.)
acostarse - Ellas se acuestan. (They go to bed.)
escribirse - No se escriba notas. (Don’t write notes to yourself.)
Reflexive Pronouns are attached to affirmative commands and in the case of compound verbs (present progressive, ir+a+infinitive, etc.) the pronoun can either be attached to the infinitive or present participle or go before the conjugated verb.
ducharhse - Estoy duchándome. / Me estoy duchando. (I am showering (myself).)
quitarse - Quítate el sombrero. (Take off your hat.)
sentarse - Voy a sentarme. / Me voy a sentar. (I am going to sit (myself) down.)
Reflexive Verb ExamplesBelow is a list of common reflexive verbs. This is not a complete list, but rather a reference to help you understand which kinds of verbs are reflexive.aburrirse (de) (to get bored with)
despertarse (to wake up)
enojarse (con) (to get mad about)
quitarse (to take off)
acordarse (de) (to remember)
destaparse (to uncover)
irse (to leave)
reponerse (to get better)
acostarse (to go to bed)
desvestirse (to get undressed)
limarse (las uñas) (to file)
secarse (to dry off)
afeitarse (to shave)
disgustarse (de) (to become upset about)
maquillarse (to put on makeup)
sentarse (to sit down)
alegrarse (de) (to be glad about)
distraerse (to distract oneself)
mirarse (to look at oneself)
sostenerse (to support)
bañarse (to bathe)
divertirse (con) (to enjoy
olvidarse (de) (to
subirse (to get up)
oneself with) forget about)
cepillarse (to brush)
dormirse (to go to sleep)
peinarse (to comb one's hair)
taparse (to cover up oneself)
convertirse (en) (to become)
ducharse (to shower)
pintarse (los labios) (to put on lipstick)
torcerse (to twist)
desayunarse (to eat breakfast)
enfermarse (to become ill)
probarse (to try on)
vestirse (to get dressed)
despedirse (to say good-bye)
enloquecerse (to go crazy)
ponerse (to put on)
volverse (to become)
FIN de la lección de hoyMas de la gramáticaReflexive Verbs with Meaning ChangesMaking a verb reflexive can change its meaning in ways that you wouldn’t find very logical. Some are more subtle than others, while some are quite different. Some of these verbs are listed below.abonar to pay
moneyabonarse to subscribe to (a
magazine, newspaper,
etc.)
abrir to open abrirseto open up (confide in someone)
acordarto agree/to decide
acordarse to remember
acusar to accuse acusarse to confess
callar to be quiet callarse to become quiet
cerrar to close cerrarseto close oneself off emotionally
combinar
to combine combinarseto take turns
dormir to sleep dormirse to fall asleep
ir to go irse to go away
llevar to carry llevarse to take away
poner to put ponerse to put on/to wear
salir to leave salirseto leave unexpectedly/to leak
REGULAR PRETERITE VERBS
The preterite tense is used to refer to actions that occurred at a fixed point in time.
I called at 1:00.
Llamé a la una.The preterite tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that were performed a specific number of times.
I called you twice.Te llamé dos veces.
The preterite tense is also used to refer to actions that occurred during a specific enclosed period of time.
He lived there for 5 years.
Él vivió allí por cinco años.
The preterite is also used for actions that are part of a chain of events.
I bought a hat, sat down on a bench and fell asleep.
Compré un sombrero, me senté en un banco y me dormí.The preterite is also used for sudden changes of mood, feelings or opinions.
At that moment, I was not afraid.En ese momento, no tuve miedo.
The preterite is frequently associated with phrases that pinpoint a particular occasion or specific time frame.
ayeryesterday
ayer por la mañanayesterday morning
ayer por la tardeyesterday afternoon
anteayerthe day before yesterday
anochelast nightdesde el primer momentofrom the first moment
despuésafterwards
durante dos siglosfor two centuries
el año pasado last year
el lunes por la nocheMonday night
el mes pasadolast month
el otro díathe other day
en ese momento at that moment
entoncesthen
esta mañanathis morning
esta tardethis afternoon
hace dos días, añostwo days, years ago
la semana pasadalast week
If the action is in the past, and you can determine precisely when it occurred, or how many times it occurred, then you will use the preterite.
Regular forms of the preterite are formed by adding the following endings to the stem of the verb:
-ar verbs example: hablar
éasteóamosasteisaron
habléhablastehablóhablamoshablasteishablaron
-er verbs, -ir verbs examples: comer, vivir
íiste
comícomiste
ióimosisteisieron
comiócomimoscomisteiscomieron
vivívivistevivióvivimosvivisteisvivieron
There are a fair number of verbs with irregular conjugation forms in the Preterite.
These Irregular forms in the Preterite are said to have "radical" changes, that
is, vowel and consonant changes in the root (or stem of the verb.)
Furthermore, these changes occur in all of the conjugations (including the nosotros form.) These Irregular preterite changes are NOT for orthographic (spelling) reasons (like the verbs ending in -Car, -Gar and -Zar) nor are the changes in vowels similar to regular stem-changing verbs which affect certain -Ir conjugations in the Preterite.
Verbs which have an Irregular Preterite form have their own conjugation - different from the established -Ar, -Er/-Ir Preterite conjugation pattern.
All Verbs with grossly irregular changes in the
Preterite follow this conjugation:
-Ar, -Er, -Ir Irregular Verbs
Yo -e
Tú -iste
Él, ella, usted
-o
Nosotros -imos
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
-ieron*
* Verbs with a "J" at the end of the stem drop the "i" and just use: -eron
Notice that none of these conjugation endings have accent marks!
Here are some common Irregular verbs in the Preterite:
Yo túél,
ella, usted
nosotros ellos, ellas, ustedes
Andaranduv
eanduvis
teanduv
oanduvimo
sanduvieron
Conducir*
conduje
condujiste
condujo
condujimos
condujeron
Decir* dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijeron
Estarestuv
eestuvist
eestuv
oestuvimos estuvieron
Hacer hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron
Poner puse pusiste puso pusimos pusieron
Poder pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudieron
Querer quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisieron
Saber supe supiste supo supimos supieron
Tener tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron
Traer* traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajeron
Venir vine viniste vino vinimos vinieron
Hacer in the third person singular changes out the "c" for a "z" to reflect the correct pronunciation.Irregulars which use a "J" in the Preterite only add "-eron" (NOT "-ieron") to the third-person plural
Other verbs which are irregular in the Preterite
Dar di diste diodimo
sdieron
Dar is often humorously referred to as the "cross-dressing" verb, because in the PreteriteDar takes on the -Er/-Ir preterite verb endings rather than -Ar verb endings.
Ver vi viste viovimo
svieron
Verbs with only 2 or 3 letters, such as Dar, Ser, Ir and Ver, also do not wear accent marks in the Preterite.
Remember that Spanish only uses accent marks when required for pronunciation or differentiation.
Ir & Ser fui fuiste fuefuim
osfueron
Notice that Ir and Ser share the same forms in the Preterite. This is not as confusing as it may appear. Since Ser refers to existence and identification, it is nearly impossible to use this in the Preterite which handles only completed actions. This preterite conjugation form will nearly always be Ir (an action verb) rather than Ser (a descriptive verb) which is usually conjugated in the Imperfect Past tense.Also the context of a sentence or a conversation will let you know which is being used. For example:
Fui al supermercado clearly means "I went to the supermarket," not *"I was to the supermarket."
While there are more irregulars in the Preterite past tense than in any other tense, the good news is that Spanish makes up for it with a 99.99% regular Imperfect past tense!
¡Adiós!
