Inglish Gramar

The English Alphabet DAUÀèªÀtðªÀiÁ¯É 26

There are twenty six letters in English Language EAVèÃµÀ ¨sÁóµÉAiÀÄ ªÀtðªÀiÁ¯ÉAiÀÄ°è 26 CPÀëgÀUÀ½ªÉ. Capital Letters[zÉÆqÀØ CPÀëgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ]J © ¹ r E J¥sï f JZï DAiÀiï eÉ PÉ J¯ï JªÀiï J£ï M A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O ¦ PÀÆå Dgï J¸ï n AiÀÄÄ «í qÀ§Æè JPÀì ªÁAiÀiï P Q R S T U V W X YgÉhÄqï Z

Small Letters[¸ÀtÚ CPÀëgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ]

J © ¹ r E J¥sï f Jºï DAiÀiï eÉ PÉ J¯ï JªÀiï a b c d e f g h i j k l mJ£ï M ¦ PÀÆå Dgï J¸ï n AiÀÄÄ «í qÀ§Æè JPÀì ªÁAiÀiï N o p q r s t u v w x ygÉhÄqï z

Pronunciation of the letters[CPÀëgÀUÀ¼À GZÁÒgÀuÉ]

Letters pronunciation CPÀëgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ GZÁÒgÀuÉ A C, B ¨ï C Pï,¸ï D zï,qï E E,F,J F ¥sï G Uï,eï

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H ºï I E J eï K Pï L ¯ï M ªÀiï N £ï O C,G,N P ¥ï Q Pï R gï S eï,¸ï T mï,vï U G,C V ªï W ªï,G X Pïì,gÀhiï Y AiÀiï Z gÀhiï

Vowels[¸ÀégÀUÀ¼ÀÄ]There are five vowels in English Language.They are; a, e, i, o, u

Consonants[ªÀåAd£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ]There are twenty one consonants in English LanguageThey are; b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z

EAVèÃµÀ §½îUÀ¼ÀÄPÀ PÁ Q QÃ PÀÄ PÀÆ PÉ PÉÃ PÉÊ PÉÆ PÉÆÃ PË Ka Kaa Ki Kee Ku Koo Ke Ke Kai Ko Ko Kou

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PÀA PÀ:Kam Kah

R SÁ T TÃ RÄ RÆ SÉ SÉÃ SÉÊ SÉÆ Kha Khaa Khi Khee Khu Khoo Khe Khe Khai KhoSÉÆÃ SË RA R:Kho Khou Kham Khah

UÀ UÁ V VÃ UÀÄ UÀÆ UÉ UÉÃ UÉÊ UÉÆ Ga Gaa Gi Gee Gu Goo Ge Ge Gai Go UÉÆÃ UË UÀA UÀ:Go Gou Gam Gah

WÀ WÁ X XÃ WÀÄ WÀÆ WÉ WÉÃ WÉÊGha Ghaa Ghi Ghee Ghu Ghoo Ghe Ghe Ghai WÉÆ WÉÆÃ WË WÀA WÀ: Gho Gho Ghou Gham Ghah

ZÀ ZÁ a aÃ ZÀÄ ZÀÆ ZÉ ZÉÃ ZÉÊ ZÉÆ ZÉÆÃ Cha Chaa Chi Chee Chu Choo Che Che Chai Cho Cho ZË ZÀA ZÀ:Chou Cham Chah

bÀ bÁ c cÃ bÀÄ bÀÆ bÉ bÉÃ bÉÊ Chha Chhaa Chhi Chhee Chhu Chhoo Chhe Chhe Chhai bÉÆ bÉÆÃ bË bÀA bÀ:Chho Chho Chhou Chham Chhah d eÁ f fÃ dÄ dÆ eÉ eÉÃ eÉÊ eÉÆ eÉÆÃ Ja Jaa Ji Jee Ju Joo Je Jee Jai Jo Jo eË dA d:Jou Jam Jah

gÀhÄ gÀhiÁ jhÄ jhÄÃ gÀhÄÄ gÀhÄÆ gÉhÄ gÉhÄÃ gÉhÄÊ Jha Jhaa Jhi Jhee Jhu Jhoo Jhe Jhe JhaigÉhÆ gÉhÆÃ gÀhiË gÀhÄA gÀhÄ:Jho Jho Jhou Jham Jhah

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L mÁ n nÃ lÄ lÆ mÉ mÉÃ mÉÊ mÉÆ Ta Taa Ti Tee Tu Too Te Te Tai TomÉÆÃ mË lA l:To Tou Tam Tah

oÀ oÁ p pÃ oÀÄ oÀÆ oÉ oÉÃ oÉÊ oÉÆ Tha Thaa Thi Thee Thu Thoo The The Thai ThooÉÆÃ oË oÀA oÀ: Tho Thou Tham Thah

qÀ qÁ r rÃ qÀÄ qÀÆ qÉ qÉÃ qÉÊ qÉÆ Da Daa Di Dee Du Doo De De Dai DoqÉÆÃ qË qÀA qÀ:Do Dou Dam Dah

qsÀ qsÁ rü rüÃ qsÀÄ qsÀÆ qsÉ qsÉÃ qsÉÊ Dha Dhaa Dhi Dhee Dhu Dhoo Dhe Dhe DhaiqsÉÆ qsÉÆÃ qsË qsÀA qsÀ:Dho Dho Dhou Dham Dham

t uÁ tÂ tÂÃ tÄ tÆ uÉ uÉÃ uÉÊ Na Naa Ni Nee Nu Noo Ne Ne NaiuÉÆ uÉÆÃ uË tA t:No No Nou Nam Nah

vÀ vÁ w wÃ vÀÄ vÀÆ vÉ vÉÃ vÉÊ vÉÆ Ta Taa Ti Tee Tu Too Te Te Tai TovÉÆÃ vË vÀA vÀ:

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To Tou Tam Tah

xÀ xÁ y yÃ xÀÄ xÀÆ xÉ xÉÃ xÉÊ Tha Thaa Thi Thee Thu Thoo The The ThaixÉÆ xÉÆÃ xË xÀA xÀ:Tho Tho Thou Tham Thah

zÀ zÁ ¢ ¢Ã zÀÄ zÀÆ zÉ zÉÃ zÉÊ Da Daa Di Dee Du Doo De De DaizÉÆ zÉÆÃ zË zÀA zÀ:Do Do Dou Dam Dah

zsÀ zsÁ ¢ü ¢üÃ zsÀÄ zsÀÆ zsÉ zsÉÃ zsÉÊ Dha Dhaa Dhai Dhee Dhu Dhoo Dhe Dhe DhaizsÉÆ zsÉÆÃ zsË zsÀA zsÀ:Dho Dho Dhou Dham Dhah

£À £Á ¤ ¤Ã £ÀÄ £ÀÆ £É £ÉÃ £ÉÊ Na Naa Ni Nee Nu Noo Ne Ne Nai£ÉÆ £ÉÆÃ £Ë £ÀA £À:No No Nou Nam Nah

¥À ¥Á ¦ ¦Ã ¥ÀÄ ¥ÀÆ ¥É ¥ÉÃ ¥ÉÊ Pa Paa Pi Pee Pu Poo Pe Pe Pai¥ÉÆ ¥ÉÆÃ ¥sË ¥ÀA ¥À:Po Po Pou Pam Pah

¥sÀ ¥sÁ ¦ü ¦üÃ ¥sÀÄ ¥sÀÆ ¥sÉ ¥sÉÃ ¥sÉÊ Pha Phaa Phi Phee Phu Phoo Phe Phe Phai

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¥sÉÆ ¥sÉÆÃ ¥sË ¥sÀA ¥sÀ:Pho Pho Phou Pham Phah

§ ¨Á © ©Ã §Ä §Æ ¨É ¨ÉÃ ¨ÉÊ Ba Baa Bi Bee Bu Boo Be Be Bai¨ÉÆ ¨ÉÆÃ ¨Ë §A §:Bo Bo Bou Bam Bah

¨sÀ ¨sÁ ©ü ©üÃ ¨sÀÄ ¨sÀÆ ¨sÉ ¨sÉÃ ¨sÉÊ Bha Bhaa Bhi Bhee Bhu Bhoo Bhe Bhe Bhai¨sÉÆ ¨sÉÆÃ ¨sË ¨sÀA ¨sÀ:Bho Bho Bhou Bham Bhah

ªÀÄ ªÀiÁ «Ä «ÄÃ ªÀÄÄ ªÀÄÆ ªÉÄ ªÉÄÃ Ma Maa Mi Mee Mu Moo Me MeªÉÄÊ ªÉÆ ªÉÆÃ ªÀiË ªÀÄA ªÀÄ:Mai Mo Mo Mou Mam Mah

AiÀÄ AiÀiÁ ¬Ä ¬ÄÃ AiÀÄÄ AiÀÄÆ AiÉÄ Ya Yaa Yi Yee Yu Yoo YeAiÉÄÃ AiÉÄÊ AiÉÆ AiÉÆÃ AiÀiË AiÀÄA AiÀÄ:Ye Yai Yo Yo You Yam Yah

gÀ gÁ j jÃ gÀÄ gÀÆ gÉ gÉÃ gÉÊ Ra Raa Ri Ree Ru Roo Re Re RaigÉÆ gÉÆÃ gË gÀA gÀ:Ro Ro Rou Ram Rah

® ¯Á ° °Ã ®Ä ®Æ ¯É ¯ÉÃ ¯ÉÊ 6

La Laa Li Lee Lu Loo Le Le Lai¯ÉÆ ¯ÉÆÃ ¯Ë ®A ®:Lo Lo Lou Lam Lah

ªÀ ªÁ « «Ã ªÀÅ ªÀÇ ªÉ ªÉÃ Va Vaa Vi Vee Vu Voo Ve VeªÉÊ ªÉÇ ªÉÇÃ ªË ªÀA ªÀ:Vai Vo Vo Vou Vam Vah

±À ±Á ² ²Ã ±ÀÄ ±ÀÆ ±É ±ÉÃ ±ÉÊ Sha Shaa Shi Shee Shu Shoo She She Shai±ÉÆ ±ÉÆÃ ±Ë ±ÀA ±À:Sho Sho Shou Sham Shah

µÀ µÁ ¶ ¶Ã µÀÄ µÀÆ µÉ µÉÃ Sha Shaa Shi Shee Shu Shoo She SheµÉÊ µÉÆ µÉÆÃ µË µÀA µÀ:Shai Sho Sho Shou Sham Shah

¸À ¸Á ¹ ¹Ã ¸ÀÄ ¸ÀÆ ¸É ¸ÉÃ ¸ÉÊ Sa Saa Si See Su Soo Se Se Sai¸ÉÆ ¸ÉÆÃ ¸Ë ¸ÀA ¸À:So So Sou Sam Sah

ºÀ ºÁ » »Ã ºÀÄ ºÀÆ ºÉ ºÉÃ Ha Haa Hi Hee Hu Hoo He HeºÉÊ ºÉÆ ºÉÆÃ ºË ºÀA ºÀ:Hai Ho Ho Hou Ham Hah

¼À ¼Á ½ ½Ã ¼ÀÄ ¼ÀÆ ¼É ¼ÉÃ ¼ÉÊ La Laa Li Lee Lu Loo Le Le Lai¼ÉÆ ¼ÉÆÃ ¼Ë ¼ÀA ¼À:

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Lo Lo Lou Lam Lah

PÀë PÁë Që QëÃ PÀëÄ PÀëÆ PÉë PÉëÃ Ksha Kshaa Kshi Kshee Kshu Kshoo Kshe KshePÉëöÊ PÉëÆ PÉëÆÃ PËë PÀëA PÀë:Kshai Ksho Ksho Kshou Ksham Kshah

dÕ eÁÕ fÕ fÕÃ dÄÕ dÆÕ eÉÕ eÉÕÃ Dnya Dnyaa Dnyi Dnyee Dnyu Dnyoo Dnye DnyeeÉÕöÊ eÉÆÕ eÉÆÕÃ eËÕ dÕA dÕ:Dnyai Dnyo Dnyo Dnyou Dnyam Dnyah

«zÁåyðUÀ¼À UÀªÀÄ£ÀPÉÌ* F §½îUÀ¼ÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉÃ £ÁªÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄªÁUÀ AiÀÄxÁªÀvÁÛV §gÀÄvÀÛªÉ.DzÀgÉ ¨ÉÃgÉ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À£ÀÄß gÀZÀ£É ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ EªÀÅUÀ¼À°è ¸Àé®à §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.* ±À§ÝzÀ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ°è `C’ PÁgÀzÀAvÉ GZÁÒgÀªÁzÁUÀ ±À§ÝzÀ gÀZÀ£ÉAiÀÄ°è PÉÆ£ÉUÉ ` £ÀÄß §¼À¸À¨ÁgÀzÀÄ.GzÁ: Word E°è Worda JAzÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄ¨ÁgÀzÀÄ, PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ°è §gÀÄªÀ `C’ PÁgÀ vÉUÉzÀÄ ºÁPÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

2.Word [±À§Ý]A word is a group of letters that makes some meaning or a complete meaning¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð CxÀðPÉÆqÀÄªÀ CPÀëgÀUÀ¼À UÀÄA¥ÉÃ ±À§Ý.Ex: Mother, teacher, God, school, book, friend etc.

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3. The Sentence: ªÁPÀåA sentence is a group of words which makes a complete meaning or sense¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð CxÀðPÉÆqÀÄªÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À UÀÄA¥ÉÃ ªÁPÀå.”

Ex: 1. May I come in?

£Á£ÀÄ M¼ÀUÉ §gÀ§ºÀÄzÉÃ?2. He is my friend.

CªÀ£ÀÄ £À£Àß UÉ¼ÉAiÀÄ/UÉ¼Àw3. What is your school name?

¤£Àß ±Á¯ÉAiÀÄ ºÉ¸ÀgÉÃ£ÀÄ?4. My village is Bekkeri

£À£Àß HgÀÄ ¨ÉPÉÌÃj{ªÉÄÃ°£À J®è GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À°è ºÀ®ªÀÅ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À UÀÄA¥ÀÄ ¸ÉÃj CzÀÄ MAzÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð CxÀðªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ, CzÉÃ ªÁPÀå}

The kinds of sentence: ªÁPÀåzÀ ¥ÀæPÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ [4]

There are four kinds of sentences.They are:

1. Assertive sentence or declarative sentence[¸¸ÁzÁ ªÁPÀå]

2. Interrogative sentence[¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀå]3. Imperative sentence[DeÁÕxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀå]4. Exclamatory sentence[¨sÁªÀ¨ÉÆÃzÀPÀ

ªÁPÀå]1. Assertive Sentence:¸ÁzÁ ªÁPÀå

A sentence which makes a statement or declares is called an assertive sentence.

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AiÀiÁªÀ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ ºÉÃ½PÉ CxÀªÁ C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄªÀ£ÀÄßAlÄ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄ ¸ÁzÁ ªÁPÀå.Ex:

1. Sandesh is my friend¸ÀazÉÃ±À£ÀÄ £À£Àß UÉ¼ÉaiÀÄ

2. Sunil is my brother¸ÀÄ¤Ã®£ÀÄ £À£Àß ¸ÀºÉÆÃzÀgÀ

3. He is singingCªÀ£ÀÄ ºÁqÀÄwÛzÁÝ£É.

4. They are playingCªÀgÀÄ DqÀÄwÛzÁÝgÉ

2. Interrogative Sentence:¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀå

A sentence which asks a question is called an interrogative sentence

AiÀiÁªÀ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ ¥Àæ±ÉßAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄ ¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀåEx:

1. What is your state name?¤£Àß ±Á¯ÉaiÀÄ ºÉ¸ÀgÉÃ£ÀÄ?

2. What are you doing?¤Ã£ÀÄ K£ÀÄ ªÀiÁqÀÄwÛgÀÄ«?

3. Where is your book?¤£Àß ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ J°èzÉ?

4. When did you born?¤Ã£ÀÄ AiÀiÁªÁUÀ d¤¹gÀÄ«?

3. Imperative Sentence:DeÁÕxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀåA sentence which gives a command or an order, advice or request is called an imperative sentence

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AiÀiÁªÀ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ DeÉÕ, G¥ÀzÉÃ±À, «£ÀawAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀ£ÀÄß DeÁÕxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀå J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.Ex: Command-

1. Shut thedoor.¨ÁV®£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄZÀÄÑ

2. Stand up on the bench¨ÉÃAZÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É JzÀÄÝ ¤®Äè

Advice: 1. Help the poor

§qÀªÀjUÉ ¸ÀºÁaiÀÄ ªÀiÁqÀÄ2. Wish you all the best

¤£ÀUÉ J¯Áè M¼ÉîAiÀÄzÁUÀ°3. Be a good student

M¼ÉîAiÀÄ «zÁåyð/¤AiÀiÁUÀÄ Request:

1. Please give me a penzÀAiÀÄ«lÄÖ £À£ÀUÉÆAzÀÄ ¥É£ÀÄß

PÉÆqÀÄ2. Please take it

zÀAiÀÄ«lÄÖ CzÀ£ÀÄß vÉUÉzÀÄPÉÆ½î3. Please sit down

zÀAiÀÄ«lÄÖ PÀÄ½vÀÄPÉÆ½î

4. Exclamatory Sentence:[GzÁÎgÀªÁZÀPÀ ªÁPÀå]

A sentence which expresses or shows sudden feelings is called an exclamatory sentence[feelings like-sad,pleasure, anger , surprise etc]

AiÀiÁªÀ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ vÀPÀët GAmÁUÀÄªÀ ¨sÁªÀ£ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀ£ÀÄß GzÁÎgÀªÁZÀPÀ ªÁPÀå J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.[¨sÁªÀ£ÉUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ-zÀÄ:R,D£ÀAzÀ,¹lÄÖ,D±ÀÑAiÀÄð EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ]Ex: Sad-

1. Alas! Rama is dead11

CAiÉÆåÃ! gÁªÀÄ£ÀÄ wÃjPÉÆAqÀ£ÀÄ.2. Oh my God! he lost everything

N zÉÃªÀgÉÃ! CªÀ£ÀÄ J¯Áè PÀ¼ÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀ

Pleasure:1. What a lovely animal!

D£ÀAzÀ: JAvÀºÀ ªÀÄÄzÁÝzÀ ¥ÁætÂ!2. What a beautiful place!

JAxÁ ¸ÀÄAzÀgÀ ¸ÀÜ¼À! Anger:

1. What a shame?¹lÄÖ: JAxÁ £ÁaPÉUÉrvÀ£À?

2. How foolish he is?CªÀ£ÀÄ JµÀÄÖ ªÀÄÆRð£ÀÄ?

Surprise:1. How beautiful flower the rose is!

D±ÀÑAiÀÄð: JAxÁ ¸ÀÄAzÀgÀ UÀÄ¯Á© ºÀÆªÀÅ!2. Hurrah! We have won the kabaddi match.

ºÉÆAiÀiï!£ÁªÀÅ PÀ§rØ ¥ÀAzÀåªÀ£ÀÄß UÉzÉÝªÀÅ. Parts of speech:±À§ÝzÀ

«¨sÁUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ There are eight different parts of speech in English language

EAVèÃµÀ ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ°è ±À§ÝªÀ£ÀÄß 8 «¨sÁUÀUÀ¼À°è «AUÀr¸À¯ÁVzÉ. They are:

1. Noun[£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ]2. Pronoun[¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄ]3. Adjective[£ÁªÀÄ «±ÉÃµÀt]4. Verb[QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ]5. Adverb[QæAiÀiÁ«±ÉÃµÀt]

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6. Preposition[G¥À¸ÀUÁðªÀåAiÀÄ/¸ÀA§AzsÀ ¸ÀÆZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ]

7. Conjunction[¸ÀªÀÄÄZÀÒAiÀÄ]8. Interjection[¨sÁªÀ¸ÀÆZÀPÀ]

1. Noun:£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀA noun is a name of person, place, bird, tree,

flower, animal or thing.ªÀåQÛ,¸ÀÜ¼À,¥ÀQë,VqÀ,ºÀÆ,¥ÁætÂ

CxÀªÁ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄUÀ¼ÉÃ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ.Ex:

Person: Chinnu, Vijay, Manjunath, Sulochana, Savitri, Manjula etc.Place: Raibag, Bagalkot, Belgaum, Bijapur etc.Bird: Peacock, Parrot, Crow etcTree: Coconut, Neem etc,Flower: Rose, lotus, jasmine etcAnimal: Cat, dog, ox, horse etcThing: Chair, table, brick etc

2. Pronoun: ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄA pronoun is a word which is used instead

of a noun.£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀzÀ §zÀ¯ÁV

G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸À®àqÀÄªÀ ±À§ÝªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.

Ex: I £Á£ÀÄ, We £ÁªÀÅ, That CzÀÄ, These EªÀÅ, This EzÀÄ, Those CªÀÅ, Which AiÀiÁªÀÅzÀÄ, Your ¤ªÀÄä,It CzÀÄ, She CªÀ¼ÀÄ, He CªÀ£ÀÄ, Us £ÀªÀÄUÉ,What K£ÀÄ, Mine £À£ÀßzÀÄ,

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My £À£Àß, Our £ÀªÀÄä, Who AiÀiÁgÀÄ etc.F ªÉÄÃ°£À J®èªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß

£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À §zÀ¯ÁV §¼À¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.For ex:

1. Darwin lost his mobile He lost his mobile2. Sangappa is a good boy He is a good boy

F ªÉÄÃ°£À GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀªÀÄ¤¹,`qÁ«ð£ï’ JA§ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀzÀ §zÀ¯ÁV CªÀ£ÀÄ [he]JA§ ¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß §¼À¹zÉÝÃªÉ.E°è CªÀ£ÀÄ [he] JA§ÄzÀÄ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄ.

3. Adjective: £ÁªÀÄ«±ÉÃµÀtAn adjective is a word it describes a noun or pronoun.

£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ CxÀªÁ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀtÂð¸ÀÄªÀ ¥ÀzÀªÉÃ £ÁªÀÄ«±ÉÃµÀt.

Describing words are –quality, number etc.ªÀtÂð¸ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ-UÀÄt, UÁvÀæ, ¸ÀASÉå EvÁå¢.Ex:

1. A good boy.M¼ÉîAiÀÄ ºÀÄqÀÄUÀ

2. A simple manM§â ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀå.

3. A rich manM§â ²æÃªÀÄAvÀ ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀå.

4. A tall manM§â JvÀÛgÀzÀ ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀå

ªÉÄÃ°£À MAzÀ£É GzÁºÀgÀuÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß UÀªÀÄ¤¹:

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“A boy; J£ÀÄßªÀ §zÀ¯ÁV “A good boy; J£Àß¯ÁVzÉ. E°è ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄªÁzÀ ‘boy’±À§ÝPÉÌ «±ÉÃµÀvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆnÖzÀÄÝ ‘good’JA§ ±À§Ý.EzÉÃ «±ÉÃµÀt,ªÀtð£É CxÀªÁ ºÉÆUÀ½PÉ.ªÉÄÃ°£À J®è GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁUÉAiÉÄÃ EªÉ. E°è PÉ¼ÀV£ÀªÀÅUÀ¼É®èªÀÇ £ÁªÀÄ«±ÉÃµÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ:Angry Weak Small Kind Nice White greatBeautiful Brilliant etc

4. Verb: QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀA verb is a word it describes an action or state of

anythingAiÀiÁªÀÅzÉÃ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«£À QæAiÉÄ CxÀªÁ

¹ÜwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄªÀÅzÉÃ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ.Ex; Write-§gÉ Read-NzÀÄCome-¨Á Ask-PÉÃ¼ÀÄSing-ºÁqÀÄ Cut-PÀvÀÛj¸ÀÄEat-w£ÀÄß Go-ºÉÆÃUÀÄIs –EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ Jump-fVLaugh-£ÀUÀÄ Put-EqÀÄFall-©Ã¼ÀÄ Drink-PÀÄr

5. Adverb: QæAiÀiÁ«±ÉÃµÀtAn adverb is a word which describes a verb an

adjective or another adverb.AiÀiÁªÀ ±À§ÝªÀÅ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ,

£ÁªÀÄ«±ÉÃµÀt CxÀªÁ ¨ÉÃgÉÆAzÀÄ QæAiÀiÁ«±ÉÃµÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀtÂð¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄªÉÃ QæAiÀiÁ«±ÉÃµÀt.

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Ex:1. Our Taibai School is very beautiful

£ÀªÀÄä vÁ¬Ä¨Á¬Ä ±Á¯É §ºÀ¼À ¸ÀÄAzÀgÀªÁVzÉ.2. Pooja wrote well.

¥ÀÆeÁ ZÉ£ÁßV §gÉzÀ¼ÀÄ.F ªÉÄÃ°£À JgÀqÀÆ GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À°è

‘very’ªÀÄvÀÄÛ well EªÀÅ QæAiÉÄUÉ «±ÉÃµÀvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÆqÀÄvÀÛªÉ,CªÉÃ QæAiÀiÁ«±ÉÃµÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ.

Other examples of an adverb:Slowly Quite Happy Bravely Loudly NoYes Usually EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ QæAiÀiÁ «±ÉÃµÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ.

6. Preposition: G¥À¸ÀUÁðªÀåAiÀÄ/¸ÀA§AzsÀ ¸ÀÆZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ

Preposition is a word it gives the relation between noun and pronoun.

£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄ«£À ¸ÀA§AzsÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀ ±À§ÝªÉÃ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ ¸ÀÆZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ. And preposition stands before the noun or pronoun, also after the verb.

¸ÀA§AzsÀ ¸ÀÆZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ CxÀªÁ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAavÀªÁV §¼À¸À®àqÀÄvÀÛªÉ,ºÁUÀÆ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À £ÀAvÀgÀªÀÇ §¼ÀPÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.Ex:

1. Raghavendra went to a town.gÁWÀªÉÃAzÀæ£ÀÄ MAzÀÄ £ÀUÀgÀPÉÌ

ºÉÆÃzÀ.16

2. The cat is below the table.¨ÉPÀÄÌ ªÉÄÃf£À PÉ¼ÀUÉ EzÉ.ªÉÄÃ°£À GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀªÀÄ¤¹.GzÁºÀgÀuÉ 1 gÀ°è ‘A town’EzÀÄ

¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄ. EzÀgÀ ªÀÄÄAavÀªÁV ‘to’ G¥À¸ÀUÁðªÀåAiÀÄ EzÉ.

GzÁºÀgÀuÉ 2 gÀ°è’The table’EzÀÄ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ. EzÀgÀ ªÀÄÄAavÀªÁV ‘beolw’ G¥À¸ÀUÁðªÀåAiÀÄ EzÉ. ºÁUÉAiÉÄÃ ‘is’JA§ÄzÀÄ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ, CzÀgÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ G¥À¸ÀUÁðªÀåAiÀÄ §A¢zÉ.Examples of prepositions:

In On With Of For To Unto Above Below Over Beside ByAt Along Up

Into Among Around etc.(¦æÃAiÀÄ «zÁåyðUÀ¼ÉÃ, ²PÀëPÀgÀ ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄ¢AzÀ ªÉÄÃ°£ÀªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÁPÀåUÀ¼À°è ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃV¹)7. Conjunction [¸ÀªÀÄÄZÀÒAiÀiÁªÀåAiÀÄ]

A word which joins two words or two sentences are called conjunction.

AiÀiÁªÀ ±À§ÝªÀÅ JgÀqÀÄ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À£ÀÄß CxÀªÁ JgÀqÀÄ ªÁPÀåUÀ¼À£ÀÄß eÉÆÃr¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄªÉÃ ¸ÀªÀÄÄZÀÒAiÀiÁªÀåAiÀÄ. Examples:

And Or ButOtherwise Either SinceTill Because etc.These are conjunctions.

Examples of joining two words:17

1) Boy and girl2) Boy or girl3) Read and write4) Read or write

ªÉÄÃ°£ÀªÀÅUÀ¼À°è ‘And’ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ‘or’ UÀ¼ÀÄ JgÀqÀÄ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À£ÀÄß eÉÆÃr¹ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛªÉ.Examples of joining two sentences:1. Prakash run fast but he missed the bus.

¥ÀæPÁ±À£ÀÄ eÉÆÃgÁV NrzÀ DzÀgÉ CªÀ£ÀÄ §¸Àì£ÀÄß vÀ¦à¹PÉÆAqÀ.

2. Joy went to the shop because to bring a pen.eÁAiÀiï CAUÀrUÉ ºÉÆÃzÀ£ÀÄ KPÉAzÀgÉ CªÀ£ÀÄ MAzÀÄ ¥É£Àß£ÀÄß vÀgÀ¨ÉÃPÁVvÀÄÛ.

☻ ªÉÄÃ°£À GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À°è ‘but’ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ‘because’ ±À§ÝUÀ¼ÀÄ JgÀqÀÄ ªÁPÀåUÀ¼À£ÀÄß eÉÆÃr¹ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛªÉ.EªÀÅUÀ¼ÉÃ ¸ÀªÀÄÄZÀÒAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ.8. Interjection:¨sÁªÀ¸ÀÆZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ

An interjection is a word which expresses quick feelings.[Quick feelings like-joy, sorrow, wonder etc]

AiÀiÁªÀ ±À§ÝªÀÅ vÀPÀëtzÀ°è GAmÁzÀ ¨sÁªÀ£ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀ£ÀÄß ¨sÁªÀ¸ÀÆZÀPÁªÀåAiÀÄ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.[vÀPÀëtzÀ ¨sÁªÀ§£ÉUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ -¸ÀÄR, zÀÄ: R, D±ÀÑAiÀÄð EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ]Examples:

1. Hurrah! [ ºÉÆÃAiÀiï!]2. Alas! [CAiÉÆåÃ!]3. Hush! [ºÀÄµÁgÀÄ]

Oh my God! [CAiÉÆåÃ zÉÃªÀgÉÃ! EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ.Examples are used in sentences:

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1. Hurrah! India won the 20-twenty world cup cricket match.ºÉÆÃAiÀiï! ¨sÁgÀvÀªÀÅ «±Àé 20-mÉÆAn ªÀ®ØðPÀ¥ï QæPÉmï ¥ÀAzÀåªÀ£ÀÄß UÉ¢ÝvÀÄ.

2. Alas! The bird sank.CAiÉÆåÃ! ¥ÀQë ªÀÄÄ¼ÀÄVvÀÄ.

3. Hush! The tiger is coming.ºÀÄµÁj ! ºÀÄ°AiÀÄÄ §gÀÄwÛzÉ.

6. The Kinds of Noun: £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀzÀ «zsÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

There are five kinds of nouns in English language.EAVèÃµÀ ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ°è £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß 5 «zsÀUÀ¼ÁV ªÀiÁqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.

1. Proper Noun:CAQvÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ2. Common Noun:¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ3. Collective Noun:¸ÀªÀÄÆºÀªÁZÀPÀ

£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ4. Abstract Noun:UÀÄtªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ5. Material Noun: ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ /¥ÀzÁxÀðªÁZÀPÀ

£ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ

1. Proper Noun: CAQvÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ/ElÖ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ

A proper noun is a name of the particular person, place or thing.

¤¢ðµÀÜªÁzÀ ªÀåQÛ,¸ÀÜ¼À CxÀªÁ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«£À ºÉ¸ÀgÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀÅzÉÃ CAQvÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ.

A proper noun always starts with a capital letter.

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CAQvÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀªÀÅ AiÀiÁªÁUÀ®Æ zÉÆqÀØ CPÀëgÀ[capital letter]¢AzÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

Ex:Persons: Shankar Babasaheb Janaki

Roopa ShilpaGeeta Bhagirathi Rajlaxmi

Chinnu Shoba etc.

Places: Raibag Bangalore Mysore Mumbai etc.

Things: Table Chair Pen Book etc.

☻¸ÀÆZÀ£É: PÉ®ªÀÅ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÁPÀåzÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀzÀ°è ªÀiÁvÀæ Capital letter ¢AzÀ ¥ÁægÀA©ü¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀgÉ ¸ÀÜ¼À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß J¯ÉèAzÀgÀ°è Capital letter ¢AzÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀ ªÀiÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

2. Common Noun: ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀIt is a name given in general to every person, place

or thing.M§â ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ, ¸ÀÜ¼ÀzÀ CxÀªÁ

ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«£À ºÉ¸ÀgÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀÅzÉÃ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ.Ex:

He She TheyThem It Girl Boy Woman ManBird Doll TreeDaughter Father Mother

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Son Village TownCountry Book etc.

3. Collective Noun:¸ÀªÀÄÆºÀªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ

It is a name of a group of persons, places, animals, birds or things.

ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À, ¸ÀÜ¼ÀUÀ¼À, ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À, ¥ÀQëUÀ¼À, CxÀªÁ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À ºÉ¸ÀgÀ£ÀÄß UÀÄA¥ÁV ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀÅ £ÁªÀÄPÉÌ ¸ÀªÀÄÆºÀªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.Examples of a group of persons: ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À UÀÄA¦UÉ GzÁºÀgÀuÉ

1. Father, mother, son, daughter E°è J®èªÀÇ MAzÉÃ ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ°è£À ªÀåQÛUÀ¼À UÀÄA¥ÀÄ. EzÀ£ÀÄß £ÁªÀÅ ¸ÀªÀÄÆºÀªÁZÀPÀªÁV PÀgÉAiÀÄÄªÁUÀ Family [PÀÄlÄA§] J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ.Examples of a group of birds:

Peacock, hen, crow, duck, EªÉ®èªÀÇ ¥ÀQëUÀ¼À ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ.

EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV UÀÄA¥ÁV PÀgÉAiÀÄÄªÁUÀ ‘birds’ [¥ÀQëUÀ¼ÀÄ] J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ.

ªÉÄÃ°£À GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼ÀAvÉ E£ÀÆß C£ÉÃPÀ collective noun [¸ÀªÀÄÆºÀªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ] PÉÌ GzÁºÀgÀuÉ PÉÆqÀ¯ÁVzÉ UÀªÀÄ¤¹.Ex: Family, birds, animals, army, committee, crow, cattle, class, bunch EvÁå¢UÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄÆºÀªÁZÀPÀUÀ¼ÁVªÉ.

4. Abstract Noun: UÀÄtªÁZÀPÀ/ ¨sÁªÀªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ

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An abstract noun is a noun which shows quality, feelings or an action.

AiÀiÁªÀ £ÁªÀÄªÀÅ UÀÄt, ¨sÁªÀ£É, QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄªÉÃ UÀÄtªÁZÀPÀ CxÀªÁ ¨sÁªÀªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ.Examples:Action - Theft Choice Judgement etc.Quality - Length Hardness Darkness

Wisdom Kindness Goodness Braver etc.

Feeling - Joy Sorrow Happiness Poverty Sickness DeathBoyhood etc.

5. Material Noun: ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÁZÀ CxÀªÁ ¥ÀzÁxÀðªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ

A noun which tells us the name of the materials is called material noun.

AiÀiÁªÀ £ÁªÀÄªÀÅ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«£À ºÉ¸ÀgÀ£ÀÄ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄªÉÃ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÁZÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ.Ex: bread, rice, gold, soap, iron, cloth etc.

7. Noun Numbers: £ÁªÀÄ ªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

There are two kinds of noun numbers. They are1. Singular Number:KPÀªÀZÀ£À 2. Plurar Number:§ºÀÄªÀZÀ£À

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1. Singural Number: A noun which refers to only one thing is called singular number.

AiÀiÁªÀ £ÁªÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉÃªÀ® MAzÉÃ MAzÀÄ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«zÉAiÉÄAzÀÄ ¸ÀÆa¸À®Ä §¼À¸ÀÄvÉÛÃAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄªÉÃ KPÀªÀZÀ£À.Ex:

Car Book Pen ChairBench Child Hand Class etc.

2. Plural Number: §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀA noun which refers to more than one things are

called plural number.AiÀiÁªÀ £ÁªÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß MAzÀQÌAvÀ

ºÉZÀÄÑ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ½ªÉ JA§ÄzÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸À®Ä §¼À¸ÀÄvÉÛÃªÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄªÉÃ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£À.Ex:

Cars Books Pens Chairs Hands

Classes etc.

Forming Plural Numbers:§ºÀÄªÀZÀ£À ªÀiÁqÀÄªÀ §UÉ

1. As general the singular is changed into plural form by adding ‘s’to the singular.

¸ÀªÉÃð¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV KPÀªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ½UÉ ‘s’¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß ºÀZÀÄÑªÀÅzÀjAzÀ CªÀÅ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

Singular PluralCar CarsBoy BoysPen PensGift GiftsFlag Flags

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Flower FlowersAnimal AnimalsShip ShipsAnt AntsLock LocksNail NailsGame GamesLamp LampsStar StarsZebra ZebrasStand StandsBird BirdsHill HillsMonkey MonkeysNut NutsShoe ShoesUnit UnitsPaper PapersUmbrella umbrellas

1) If a noun ending in ‘s’ ‘ch’ ‘ sh’ ‘o’ ‘x’ , we add ‘es’ to the singular , then singular is changed into plural form.

MAzÀÄ ªÉÃ¼É KPÀªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ CPÀëgÀªÀÅ ‘s’ ‘ch’ ‘sh’ ‘o’ ‘x’UÀ½AzÀ PÉÆ£ÉUÉÆArzÀÝgÉ CªÀÅUÀ½UÉ ‘’es’¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀaÑzÀgÉ CªÀÅ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

Singular PluralBus BusesBush BushesClass ClassesKiss KissesAss Asses

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Bench BenchesMathc MatchesBrush BrushesCatch CatchesHero HeroesMango MangoesPotato PotatoesMosquito MosquitoesBox BoxesWax Waxes

2) If a noun ending in ‘y’ with a consonant before it, we add ‘ies’ instead of ‘y’ .

MAzÀÄ ªÉÃ¼É £ÁªÀÄzÀ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ CPÀëgÀªÀÅ ‘y’¢AzÀ PÉÆ£ÉUÉÆArzÀÄÝ, CzÀgÀ »A¢£À CPÀëgÀªÀÅ ªÀåAd£À

[consonant]ªÁVzÀÝgÉ ‘y’§zÀ¯ÁV ‘’ies’ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

Singular PluralBaby BabiesColony ColoniesBody BodiesCity CitiesStory StoriesLady LadiesEnemy EnemiesArmy Armies

4. But noun ending in ‘y’ with a vowel before it,we add ‘s’ only.

DzÀgÉ £ÁªÀÄªÀÅ ‘y’¢AzÀ PÉÆ£ÉUÉÆArzÀÄÝ, CzÀgÀ »A¢£À CPÀëgÀªÀÅ ¸ÀégÀªÁVzÀÝgÉ ,PÉÃªÀ® ‘s’¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß ºÀaÑzÀgÉ CªÀÅ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

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Singular PluralBoy BoysEssay EssaysWay WaysKey KeysDay DaysMonkey MonkeysPlay PlaysRay Rays

3) If a noun ending in ‘f’, ‘ef’ , ‘fe’ , we chage the ‘f’ ‘ef’, ‘fe’ to “ves”.

MAzÀÄ ªÉÃ¼É £ÁªÀÄ ±À§ÝªÀÅ ‘f’, ‘ ef’, ‘fe’ UÀ½AzÀ PÉÆ£ÉUÉÆArzÀÝgÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼À §zÀ¯ÁV ‘ves’¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

Singular PluralHalf HalvesWife WivesThief ThievesKnife KnivesSelf SelvesLeaf LeavesHoof HoovesShelf ShelvesCalf Calves

4) Some nouns have the singular and plural like same.

PÉ®ªÀÅ £ÁªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ KPÀªÀZÀ£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ MAzÉÃ DVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

Singular PluralSheep SheepDeer Deer

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Cattle CattleScore ScoreFish FishPeople PeoplePair Pair

7. Some nouns have irregular plurals

Singular PluralMouse MiceOx OxenFoot FeetChild ChildrenGoose GeeseTooth TeethMan Men Louse Lice

8. The Noun Genders:£ÁªÀÄ°AUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

There are four types of noun genders in englisn language.They are:

1. Masculine Gender: ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ2. Feminine Gender:s ¹ÛçÃ°AUÀ3. Neuter Gender:£À¥ÀÄ:¸ÀPÀ °AUÀ4. Common Gender:¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå °AUÀ

1. Masculine Gender: ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀA word which denotes male beings is said to

be the masculine gender.

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AiÀiÁªÀ ±À§ÝªÀÅ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ CxÀªÁ UÀAqÀÄ eÁwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CAvÀºÀ ±À§ÝPÉÌ ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.Ex: Boy Father King SonMan Ox Actor Hero Tiger Lion etc.

2. Feminine Gender: ¹ÛçÃ°AUÀA word which denotes female beings is said to

be the feminine ginder.AiÀiÁªÀ ±À§ÝªÀÅ ¹ÛçÃ CxÀªÁ ºÉtÄÚ

eÁwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CAvÀºÀ ±À§ÝPÉÌ ¹ÛçÃ°AUÀ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.Ex:

Mother Girl Sister Queen Wife Cow Tigress Lioness Heroine etc.

3. Neuter Gender:£À¥ÀÄ:¸ÀPÀ °AUÀA word which denotes neither male nor female

gender is said to be the neuter gender.AiÀiÁªÀ ±À§ÝªÀÅ UÀAqÀÄ CxÀªÁ ºÉtÄÚ

°AUÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CAvÀºÀ ±À§ÝPÉÌ £À¥ÀÄ:¸ÀPÀ °AUÀ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.Ex:

House Pen Book Chair Table SchoolBag Water Shirt etc.

4. Common Gender:¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå °AUÀA word which denotes male or female gender

is said to be the common gender.

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AiÀiÁªÀ ±À§ÝªÀÅ ¥ÀÄ°èAUÀ CxÀªÁ ¹ÛçÃ°AUÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CAvÀºÀ ±À§ÝPÉÌ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå °AUÀ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.

Ex:Child baby student teacher parent clerkOfficer minister leaderDoctor friend enemyanimal guest person etc.

9. The Articles: G¥À¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ [a, an, the]

There are two types of articles1. Indefinite Article:C¤²ÑvÀ G¥À¥ÀzÀ2. Definite Article:¤²ÑvÀ G¥À¥ÀzÀ

1) Indefinite Articles:C¤±ÀÑvÀ G¥À¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

An article which is used indefinite person, place, animal, bird or thing is called an indefinite article.

AiÀiÁªÀ G¥À¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀåQÛAiÀÄ£ÁßUÀ°, ¸ÀÜ¼ÀªÀ£ÁßUÀ°, ¥ÁætÂ-¥ÀQëUÀ¼À£Áß° CxÀªÁ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÀ£ÁßUÀ° ¤¢üðµÀÜªÁV ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀÅ¢®èªÉÇÃ CAvÀºÀÄUÀ½UÉ C¤²ÑvÀ G¥À¥ÀzÀUÀ¼É£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.

Ex:

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“A” and “ An” are called indefinite articles, because they do not definitely refer to a person, place, animal, bird or thing.

“A” ªÀÄvÀÄÛ “An” G¥À¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀåQÛ, ¸ÀÜ¼À, ¥ÁætÂ-¥ÀQëUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¤¢ðµÀÜªÁV ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀÅ¢®è. DzÀÝjAzÀ EªÀÅ C¤¢ðµÀÜ G¥À¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ.Ex:

1. He is a boy2. He ate an apple

Use of “A” articlea)“A” article is used before the word which

starts with a consonant.ªÀåAd£ÁPÀëgÀUÀ½AzÀ

¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁUÀÄªÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAavÀªÁV “A”G¥À¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

OR“A” article is used before a noun or adjective

which starts with a consonant.“A”G¥À¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ CxÀªÁ

£ÁªÀÄ«±ÉÃµÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀåAd£À¢AzÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁVzÀÄÝ, CªÀÅUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAavÀªÁV ‘A’ G¥À¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß §¼À¸À¯ÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. Ex:

A boy Achair A school A car A pencil A teacher

A door A shop A cow etc.

b) “A” article is used when a word starts with a vowel but sounds like consonant.

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±À§ÝªÀÅ ¸ÀégÀ¢AzÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁVzÀÄÝ , DzÀgÉ CzÀÄ ªÀåAd£ÀzÀAvÉ GZÁÒgÀªÁzÀgÉ CzÀgÀ ªÀÄÄAavÀªÁV “A”G¥À¥ÀzÀ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Ex:

a univercity, a union, a own etc.

Use of “ An” articleIt is used before the word starts with vowel and

word starts with consonant but sounds like a vowel then we used “ An “ article.

¸ÀégÀ¢AzÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁUÀÄªÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAavÀªÁV ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ±À§ÝªÀÅ ªÀåAd£À¢AzÀ ¥ÁægÀA¨sÀªÁVzÀÄÝ, ¸ÀégÀzÀAvÉ GZÁÒgÀªÁzÀgÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAavÀªÁV “An” G¥À¥ÀzÀ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Ex:

a) words starts with vowel and sounds like vowel.An umbrellaAn apple An assAn idle

b) Words starts with consonant but sounds like vowel.

An honest, an hotel , an hour, an humble etc. 2. Definite Article

“The” is called definite article because it refers to a particular person, place or thing.

“The”G¥À¥ÀzÀªÀÅ ¤¢ðµÀÜªÁV ªÀåQÛ , ¸ÀÜ¼À CxÀªÁ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀ£ÀÄß ¤²ÑvÀ G¥À¥ÀzÀ J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ.[MAzÀÄ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛªÀÅ

31

RArvÀªÁVAiÀÄÆ CxÀªÁ ¤²ÑvÀªÁVAiÀÄÆ UÉÆwÛzÉ JAzÀÄ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀÅzÉÃ “The”G¥À¥ÀzÀzÀ UÀÄt®PÀët]Ex:

The Mysore The Moon The sky The Dharmastal The Gokarn The Himalaya The Ramayan The America The Udupi etc

10. Verbs: QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ gÀÆ¥ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CªÀÅUÀ¼À gÀÆ¥ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß w½zÀÄPÉÆ¼ÀÄîªÀÅzÀjAzÀ PÁ®UÀ¼À£ÀÄß [Tenses]CxÀðªÀiÁrPÉÆ¼Àî®Ä ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð ¸ÁzÀåªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. DzÀÝjAzÀ PÁ®UÀ¼À£ÀÄß w½zÀÄPÉÆ¼ÀÄîªÀÅzÀgÀ ªÀÄÄAavÀªÁV EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß w½zÀÄPÉÆ¼Àî¯ÉÃ ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Present Tense:ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ®

Past Tense:¨sÀÆvÀ PÁ®

Past Participle Tense:¨sÀÆvÀPÀÈzÁéZÀPÀ

Ask Asked AskedBend Bent BentBring Brought BroughtBuy Bought BoughtCatch Caught CaughtChange Changed ChangedCall Called CalledCut Cut CutAre Were BeenAm Was Been

32

Do Did DoneHave Had HadDrink Drank DrunkDrive Drove DrivenDig Dug DugDream Dreamed DreamedEat Ate EatenEnlarge Enlarged EnlargedFear Feared FearedFall Fell FallenFly Flew FlownFind Found FoundHide Hid HiddenNeed Needed NeededPay Paid PaidGo Went GoneClimb Climbed ClimbedDance Danced DancedFolw Flowed FlowedLay Laid LaidGain Gained GainedFeel Felt FeltKeep Kept KeptJump Jumped JumpedKill Killed KilledLike Liked LikedListen Listened ListenedLove Loved LovedWear Wore WornWin Won WonSit Sat SatRead Read ReadSet Set SetHit Hit Hit

33

Wet Wet WetCost Cost CostBlame Blamed BlamedDeal Dealt DealtCome Came ComeLearn Learnt LearntMeet Met MetShut Shut ShutStand Stood StoodLeave Left LeftTake Took TakenUse Used UsedThrow Threw ThrownSell Sold SoldBegin Began BegunBite Bit BittenHave Had HadHelp Helped HelpedLaugh Laughed LaughedLook Looked LookedPut Put PutWrite Wrote WrittenSing Sang SungGrow Grew Grown

11. Tenses [PÁ®UÀ¼ÀÄ]There are three main tenses in English

language.

They are:

1. Present Tense:ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ®2. Past Tense:¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®3. Future Tense:¨sÀ«µÀåvÁÌ®

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1. The Present Tense:ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ®There are four types of present tenses.

a) Simple Present Tense:¸ÁzÁ ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ®

¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ ‘I’ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¢éwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ ‘you’ UÀ¼À KPÀªÀZÀ£À ºÁUÀÆ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ PÀvÀÈð«£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ® gÀÆ¥ÀªÀ¤ßqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. DzÀgÉ vÀÈwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ [he, she, it, they]UÀ¼À §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ PÀvÀÈð«£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ ªÀiÁvÀæ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ®gÀÆ¥ÀªÀ¤ßlÖgÉ CzÀÄ ¸ÁzÁ ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£ÀPÁ®ªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. vÀÈwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀzÀ KPÀªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ°è PÀvÀÈð«£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀPÉÌ ‘S’¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Person¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ

SingulaKPÀªÀZÀ£À

Plural§ºÀÄªÀZÀ£À

First person¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ “I”

I ask£Á£ÀÄ PÀÄrAiÀÄÄvÉÛÃ£É.

We ask£ÁªÀÅ PÀÄrAiÀÄÄvÉÛÃªÉ

Second person¢éwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ “II”

You ask ¤Ã£ÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀwÛ

You ask¤ÃªÀÅ PÉÃ¼ÀÄwÛÃj.

Third personvÀÈwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ “III”

He askCªÀ£ÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÁÛ£ÉShe askCªÀ¼ÀÄ

They askCªÀgÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÁÛgÉThey askCªÀgÀÄ

35

PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÁÛ¼ÉIt askCzÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÁÛgÉThey askCªÀÅ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛªÉ

¸ÀÆZÀ£É: QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÀ£ÀÄß KPÀªÀZÀ£À¢AzÀ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£À gÀÆ¥ÀPÉÌ ¥ÀjªÀwð¸ÀÄªÁUÀ ¤ÃªÀÅ FUÁUÀ¯ÉÃ PÀ°wgÀÄªÀ plural [§ºÀÄªÀZÀ£À] ¤AiÀÄªÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥Á°¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.For ex:Person ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ

SingularKPÀªÀZÀ£À


“I”¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ

I am student£Á£ÀÄ «zÁåyð EzÉÝÃ£É.

We are students£ÁªÀÅ «zÁåyðUÀ½zÉÝÃªÉ.

“II”¢éwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ

You are a boy¤Ã£ÀÄ ºÀÄqÀÄUÀ EgÀÄwÛ.

You are boys¤ÃªÀÅ ºÀÄqÀÄUÀgÀÄ EgÀÄwÛÃj.

“III”vÀÈwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ

He is an engineerCªÀ£ÀÄ EAf¤AiÀÄgÀ EgÀÄvÁÛ£É.She is a doctorCªÀ¼ÀÄ ªÉÊzÉå EgÀÄvÁÛ¼ÉIt is a catCzÀÄ ¨ÉPÀÄÌ

They are engineersCªÀgÀÄ EAf¤AiÀÄgÀgÀÄ EgÀÄvÁÛgÉ.They are doctors CªÀgÀÄ ªÉÊzÉåAiÀÄgÀÄ EgÀÄvÁÛgÉ.They are catsCªÀÅ

36

EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. ¨ÉPÀÄÌUÀ¼ÀÄ EgÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

2) Present Continuous Tense:C¥ÀÆtð ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ®

C¥ÀÆtð ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ® ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀUÉ “am”, ¢éwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀUÉ “are” vÀÈwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀUÉ “ is”¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À¤ßlÄÖ, QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ®gÀÆ¥ÀPÉÌ “ing”¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.[am, is, are –are called helping verbs]Person ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ



“I”¥Àæ .¥ÀÄ

I am singing£Á£ÀÄ ºÁqÀÄvÁÛ EzÉÝÃ£É

We are singing£ÁªÀÅ ºÁqÀÄvÁÛ EzÉÝÃªÉ.

“II’¢é. ¥ÀÄ

You are singing ¤ÃªÀÅ ºÁqÀÄvÁÛ EgÀÄwÛÃj

You are singing¤ÃªÀÅ ºÁqÀÄvÁÛ EgÀÄwÛÃj

“ III”vÀÈ.¥ÀÄ

He is writingCªÀ£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ EgÀÄvÁÛ£ÉShe is writingCªÀ¼ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ EgÀÄvÁÛ¼ÉIt is writingCzÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ

They are writingCªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ EgÀÄvÁÛgÉThey are writingCªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ EgÀÄvÁÛgÉThey are writingCªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄvÁÛ

37

EzÉ EªÉ

¦æÃAiÀÄ «zÁåyðUÀ¼ÉÃ E£ÀÆß ºÀ®ªÀÅ GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ²PÀëPÀgÀ ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄ¢AzÀ w½zÀÄPÉÆ½î , ¥Àj¥ÀÆtðgÁV.

3. Present Perfect Tense:¥ÀÆtð ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ®

A tense which is stated that “an action is just completed” is called P.P.Tense.

AiÀiÁªÀ PÁ®ªÀÅ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄÄ E¢ÃUÀ [just] ªÀÄÄV¢zÉ JAzÀÄ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄªÉÃ ¥ÀÆ.ªÀ.PÁ®. ¥ÀÆ.ªÀ.PÁ® ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¢éwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀUÀ¼À KPÀªÀZÀ£À, §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ PÀvÀÈð«£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ “have” ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ ºÀaÑ CzÀgÀ ªÀÄÄAzÉ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ¨sÀÆvÀPÀÈzÁéZÀPÀ EqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. DzÀgÉ vÀÈwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ KPÀªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ°è

“have”§zÀ¯ÁV “ has” §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Person ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ



“I”¥Àæ.¥ÀÄ

I have learnt£Á£ÀÄ PÀ°wzÉÝÃ£É

We have learnt£ÁªÀÅ PÀ°wzÉÝÃªÉ

“II”¢é.¥ÀÄ

You have learnt¤Ã£ÀÄ PÀ°w¢Ý

You have learnt¤ÃªÀÅ PÀ°w¢ÝÃj

“III”vÀÈ.¥ÀÄ

He has learntCªÀ£ÀÄ §gÉ¢zÁÝ£É

They have learntCªÀgÀÄ PÀ°wzÁÝgÉ.

38

She has learntCªÀ¼ÀÄ PÀ°wzÁÝ¼ÉIt has learntCzÀÄ PÀ°wzÉ

They have leartnCªÀgÀÄ PÀ°wzÁÝgÉThey have learntCªÀÅ PÀ°wªÉ

4)Present Perfect Continuous Tense:ªÀÄÄAzÀÄªÀgÉzÀ ¥ÀÆtð ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À PÁ®.¥Àæ.¥ÀÄ, ¢é.¥ÀÄ, UÀ¼À KPÀªÀZÀ£À ºÁUÀÆ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀUÀ¼À°è ªÀÄvÀÄÛ vÀÈ.¥ÀÄ §ºÀÄªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ°è PÀvÀÈ«£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ “have been” ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ, vÀÈ.¥ÀÄ KPÀªÀZÀ£ÀzÀ PÀvÀÈð«£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ “has been”¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ ElÄÖ, QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀPÉÌ “ing”¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Person ¥ÀÄgÀµÀ




I have been reading£Á£ÀÄ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EzÉÝÃ£É

We have been reading£ÁªÀÅ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EzÉÝÃªÉ.

“II”¢é.¥ÀÄ

You have been reading¤Ã£ÀÄ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄwÛ

You have been reading¤ÃªÀÅ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄwÛÃj


He has been readingCªÀ£ÀÄ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄvÁÛ£É.

They have been readingCªÀgÀÄ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄvÁÛgÉ

39

She has been readingCªÀ¼ÀÄ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄvÁÛ¼É.It has been readingCzÀÄ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

They have been readingCªÀgÀÄ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄvÁÛgÉ.They have been reading.CªÀÅ NzÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

2. Past Tense:¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®There are four types of past tenses.

a) Simple Past Tense:¸ÁzÁ ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®ªÀÄÄVzÀÄ ºÉÆÃzÀ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß w½¸ÀÄªÀÅzÉÃ ¸ÁzÁ ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ® CxÀªÁ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®. CAQvÀ£ÁªÀÄ [noun] CxÀªÁ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄ [Pronoun] UÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ® gÀÆ¥ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß EmÁÖUÀ CªÀÅ ¸ÁzÁ ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ® ªÁPÀåUÀ¼ÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.Person ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ




I came£Á£ÀÄ §AzÉ£ÀÄ

We came£ÁªÀÅ §AzÉªÀÅ

“II”¢é.¥ÀÄ

You came¤Ã£ÀÄ §A¢¢Ý

you came¤ÃªÀÅ §A¢¢ÝÃj


He cameCªÀ£ÀÄ §AzÀ£ÀÄ

They cameCªÀgÀÄ §AzÀgÀÄ

40

She cameCªÀ¼ÀÄ §AzÀ¼ÀÄIt cameCzÀÄ §A¢vÀÄ

They cameCªÀgÀÄ §AzÀgÀÄThey cameCªÀÅ §A¢ªÉ

b) Past Continuous Tense:C¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®

MAzÀÄ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄÄ DgÀA¨sÀªÁV CzÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð ªÀÄÄVAiÀÄzÉÃ EzÁÝUÀ CzÀÄ C¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®.

While making past continuou tense , we keep the helping verb ‘was’ infront of the first person and third person and “were” keeps infront of the second person and add “ing” to the verb.

C¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ® ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ ºÁUÀÆ vÀÈwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ PÀvÀÈð«£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ “ was” ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¢éwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ PÀvÀÈð«£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ “were” ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÀ¤ßlÄÖ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀPÉÌ “ing” ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Person ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ




I was writing£Á£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwzÉÝ£ÀÄ

We were writing£ÁªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄwzÉÝªÀÅ

“II”¢é.¥ÀÄ

You were writing¤Ã£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛ¢Ý

You were writing¤ÃªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛ¢Ýj


He was writingCªÀ£ÀÄ

They were writing

41

§gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝShe was writingCªÀ¼ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝ¼ÀÄIt was writingCzÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛvÀÄÛ.

CªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄThey were writingCªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝgÀÄThey were writingCªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÀÝªÀÅ

c) Past Perfect tense:¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ® A sentence which is stated that ‘an action is completed’ is called past perfect tense.QæAiÉÄAiÀÄÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð ªÀÄÄPÁÛAiÀÄªÁVzÉ JAzÀÄ ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀ ªÁPÀåªÉÃ ¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®.

F PÁ® ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ PÀvÀÈðUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ “had”¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÀ¤ßlÄÖ, QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ¨sÀÆvÀPÀÈzÁéZÀPÀªÀ£ÀÄß EqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.[have £À ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ® gÀÆ¥À had]Person¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ




I had eaten£Á£ÀÄ wA¢zÀÝ£ÀÄ

We had eaten£ÁªÀÅ wA¢zÉÝÃªÀÅ

“ II”¢é.¥ÀÄ

You had eaten¤Ã£ÀÄ wA¢¢Ý.

You had eaten¤ÃªÀÅ wA¢¢ÝÃj

42


He had eatenCªÀ£ÀÄ wA¢zÀÝ£ÀÄ.She had eatenCªÀ¼ÀÄ wA¢zÀÝ¼ÀÄIt had eatenCzÀÄ wA¢vÀÄÛ

They had eatenCªÀgÀÄ wA¢zÀÝgÀÄ.They had eatenCªÀgÀÄ wA¢zÀÝgÀÄThey had eaten.CªÀÅ wA¢zÀÝªÀÅ.

d) Past Perfect Continuous Tense:ªÀÄÄAzÀÄªÀgÉzÀ ¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®

While making P.P.C.tense , we keep the helping verb “ had been” infront of the 1st , 2nd and 3rd

person . And add “ ing” to the first form of the verb.ªÀÄÄAzÀÄªÀgÉzÀ ¥ÀÆtð¨sÀÆvÀPÁ®

ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀªÁV “had been” J®è ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ §¼À¹, ªÀÄÆ® QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀPÉÌ “ing”¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Person ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ




I had been asking£Á£ÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EzÉÝÃ£É

We had been asking£ÁªÀÅ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EzÉÝªÀÅ.

“II”¢é.¥ÀÄ

You had been asking¤Ã£ÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ E¢Ý.

You had been asking¤ÃªÀÅ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ E¢ÝÃj.

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He had been askingCªÀ£ÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EzÁÝ£É.She had been asking.CªÀ¼ÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EzÀÝ¼ÀÄIt had been asking.CzÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EzÉ.

They had been askingCªÀgÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EzÁÝgÉ.They had been askingCªÀgÀÄ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EzÁÝgÉ.They had been askingCªÀÅ PÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EªÉ.

3. Future Tense: ¨sÀ«µÀåvï PÁ® a)Simple Future Tense:¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå

¨sÀ«µÀvï PÁ®.AiÀiÁªÀ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ CxÀªÁ ±À§ÝªÀÅ

ªÀÄÄAzÉ £ÀqÉAiÀÄ§ºÀÄzÁzÀ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄªÉÃ ¸Á.¨sÀÆ.PÁ®.

While making simple future tense “ shall” helping verv is used infront of 1st person and “ will” helping verb is used infront of 2nd and 3rd person . And keep the first form of the verb.¸Á.¨sÀÆ.PÁ® ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ PÀvÀÈð ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ«zÁÝUÀ CzÀgÀ ªÀÄÄAzÉ “shall” ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¢éwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ, vÀÈwÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ«zÁÝUÀ “will” ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ ElÄÖ £ÀAvÀgÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ®gÀÆ¥ÀªÀ£ÀÄß EqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Person ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ

Singular KPÀªÀZÀ£À


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“I” ¥Àæ.¥ÀÄ

I shall write £Á£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄªÉ£ÀÄ.

We shall write£ÁªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄªÉªÀÅ.

“II”¢é.¥ÀÄ

You will write¤Ã£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄ«

You will write¤ÃªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄ«j


He will write CªÀ£ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄªÀ£ÀÄ. She will writeCªÀ¼ÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄªÀ¼ÀÄIt will writeCzÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄªÀÅzÀÄ.

They will writeCªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄªÀgÀÄ.They will writeCªÀgÀÄ §gÉAiÀÄÄªÀgÀÄ.They will writeCªÀÅ §gÉAiÀÄÄªÀªÀÅ.

b) Future Continuous Tense:C¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀ«µÀvï PÁ®.ªÀÄÄAzÉ £ÀqÉAiÀÄ§ºÀÄzÁzÀ QæAiÉÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß C¥ÀÆtðªÁV ºÉÃ¼ÀÄªÀÅzÉÃ C¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀ«µÀvï PÁ®. ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ ¥Àæ.¥ÀÄ.«zÁÝUÀ “shall be” ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¢é.¥ÀÄ.«zÁÝUÀ “will be” ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ ElÄÖ, ªÀÄÆ® QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀPÉÌ “ing” ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀaÑzÁUÀ CzÀÄ C¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀ«µÀvÁÌ®ªÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.Person ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ



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I shall be singing.£Á£ÀÄ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄªÉ£ÀÄ.

We shall be singing.£ÁªÀÅ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄªÉªÀÅ.

“II”¢é.¥ÀÄ

You will be singing.¤Ã£ÀÄ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄ«

You will be singing.¤ÃªÀÅ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄ«j.


He will be singing.CªÀ£ÀÄ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄªÀ£ÀÄ.She will be singing.CªÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄªÀ¼ÀÄ.It will be singing.CzÀÄ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄªÀzÀÄ.

They will be singing.CªÀgÀÄ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄªÀgÀÄ.They will bi singing.CªÀgÀÄ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄªÀgÀÄ.They wil be singing.CªÀÅ ºÁqÀÄvÀÛ EgÀÄªÀªÀÅ.

c) Future Perfect Tense:¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀ«µÀvÁÌ®

A sentence which is said that “ an action is complected in the furure tense” is said to be F.P.T.

AiÀiÁªÀ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ ¨sÀ«µÀvÁÌ®zÀ°è QæAiÉÄAiÀÄÄ ¥ÀÆtðUÉÆ¼ÀÄîvÀÛzÉ JAzÀÄ

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ºÉÃ¼ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀÄªÉÃ ¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀ«µÀvÁÌ®.

***While making F.P.T, in the 1st person “shall have” and in the 2nd and 3rd person “will have” helping verb is used and verb must be in the past participle form.

¥ÀÆ.¨sÀÆ.PÁ® ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀzÀ ªÀÄÄAzÉ “shall have” , ¢é.¥ÀÄ –vÀÈ.¥ÀÄ.UÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ “will have”¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ ElÄÖ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ¨sÀÆvÀPÀÈzÁéZÀPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß EqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Person ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀ



“ I”¥Àæ.¥ÀÄ

I shall have eaten£Á£ÀÄ wA¢gÀÄªÉ£ÀÄ.

We shall have eaten.£ÁªÀÅ wA¢gÀÄªÉªÀÅ.

“ II”¢é.¥ÀÄ

You will have eaten.¤Ã£ÀÄ wA¢gÀÄ«.

You will have eaten.¤ÃªÀÅ wA¢gÀÄ«j.

“III” vÀÈ.¥ÀÄ

He will have eaten.CªÀ£ÀÄ wA¢gÀÄªÀ£ÀÄ.She will have eaten.CªÀ¼ÀÄ wA¢gÀÄªÀ¼ÀÄ.It will have eaten.CzÀÄ wA¢gÀÄªÀzÀÄ.

They will have eaten.CªÀgÀÄ wA¢gÀÄªÀgÀÄ.They will have eaten.CªÀgÀÄ wA¢gÀÄªÀgÀÄ.They will have eaten.CªÀÅ wA¢gÀÄªÀªÀÅ.

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d) Future Perfect Continuous Tense:ªÀÄÄAzÀÄªÀgÉzÀ ¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀ«µÀvÁÌ®

AiÀiÁªÀ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀÆtðªÁV ¨sÀ«µÀvÁÌ®zÀ°è ªÀiÁr¸ÀzÉÃ CzÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄAzÀÄªÀgÉ¹PÉÆAqÀÄ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÆÃ CzÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄAzÀÄªÀgÉzÀ ¥ÀÆtð ¨sÀ«µÀvÁÌ® J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.

In this tense “ shall have been” is used infront of 1st person and “will have been” is used infront of 2nd

– 3rd person, and add “ ing” to the first form of the verb.

ªÀÄÄA.¥ÀÆ.¨sÀ.PÁ®zÀ°è ¥Àæ.¥ÀÄ«£À ªÀÄÄAzÉ “shall have been” ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¢é.¥ÀÄ-vÀÈ.¥ÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄAzÉ “will have been”¸ÀºÁAiÀÄPÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀ ElÄÖ , ªÀÄÆ® QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀPÉÌ “ing” ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ºÀZÀÑ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.“I” ¥Àæ.¥ÀÄ- I shall have been eating.

£Á£ÀÄ w£ÀÄßvÁÛ EgÀÄªÉ£ÀÄ.We shall have been eating.£ÁªÀÅ w£ÀÄßvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄªÉªÀÅ.

“II”¢é.¥ÀÄ-you will have been eating.¤Ã£ÀÄ w£ÀÄßvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄ«.You will have been eating.¤ÃªÀÅ w£ÀÄßvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄ«j.

“III”vÀÈ.¥ÀÄ – He will have been eating. CªÀ£ÀÄ w£ÀÄßvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄªÀ£ÀÄ.

They will have been eating.CªÀgÀÄ w£ÀÄßvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄªÀgÀÄ.She will have been eating.CªÀ¼ÀÄ w£ÀÄßvÀÛ¯ÉÃ

EgÀÄªÀ¼ÀÄ.They will have beeneating.

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CªÀgÀÄ w£ÀÄßvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄªÀgÀÄ.It will have been eating.CzÀÄ w£ÀÄßvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ.They will have been eating.CªÀÅ w£ÀÄßvÀÛ¯ÉÃ EgÀÄªÀªÀÅ.

Active and Passive voice.PÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÀªÀÄðtÂ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀPÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÀªÀÄðtÂ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀªÁV ¥ÀjªÀwð¸ÀÄªÁUÀ UÀªÀÄ£ÀzÀ°èqÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ :- PÀvÀðj [A.V] AiÀÄ°è PÀvÀÈð [subject]ªÉÆzÀ°UÉ §gÀÄvÀÛzÉ. £ÀAvÀgÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ [verb] ªÀÄÆ® gÀÆ¥À §gÉzÀÄ DªÉÄÃ¯É ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ [object] ªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. PÀªÀÄðtÂ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ [P.V] zÀ°è ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ [ object]ªÀ£ÀÄß ªÉÆzÀ°UÉ §gÉzÀÄ CzÀgÀ £ÀAvÀgÀ QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ ¨sÀÆvÀPÀÈzÁéZÀPÀ [past participle]§gÉzÀÄ PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ°è ‘by’¸ÀºÁAiÀÄzÉÆA¢UÉ PÀvÀÈð [subject]ªÀ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Ex: Active voice: Mary eats mango. [A.V] (s) (v) (o) ªÉÄÃj ªÀiÁ«£À ºÀtÚ£ÀÄß w£ÀÄßvÁÛ¼É. Passive voice: Mango is eaten by Mary. [P.V] (o) (v) (s)

ªÀiÁ«£À ºÀtÄÚ gÁtÂ¬ÄAzÀ w£Àß®ànÖvÀÄ.In active voice In passive voiceSubject + verb + object+ ( S + V + O)

Object + verb + subject ( O + V + S)

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Active voice ¤AzÀ passive voice DV ªÀiÁ¥Àðr¸ÀÄªÁUÀ ¸ÀªÀð£ÁªÀÄUÀ¼À°è §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. CªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß E°è PÉÆqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.Active VoicePÀvÀðj ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ

Passive VoicePÀªÀÄðtÂ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ

I MeWe Us You YouShe HerHe HimIt ItThey ThemWho Whom Note: Active voice----- A.V Passive voice…> P.VExamples:Present Tense:

1. A.V: Roopa writes a letter.P.V : A letter is written by Roopa.

2. A.V: He writes a letterP.V: A letter is written by him.

3. A.V: It eats a mango.P.V: A mango is eaten by it.

4. A.V: She brings a cycle.P.V: A cycle is bought by her.

5. A.V: We sings a song.P.V: A song is sung by us.

6. A.V: They writes a letter.7. P.V: A letter is written by them.

A.V: I ask a question.8. P.V: A question is asked by me.

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Past Tense:Examples;

1. A.V: Dhuryodana wrote a letter.P.V: A letter was written by Dhuryodana.

2. A.V: It ate a mango.P.V: A mango was eaten by it.

3. A.V: She killed the bird.P.V: The bird was killed by her.

4. A.V: We sang a song.P.V: A song was sung by us.

5. A.V: I wrote a letter.P.V: A letter was written by me.

6. A.V: Suraj called a cat.P.V: A cat was called by Suraj.

Future Tense:Examples;

1. A.V: He will write a letter.P.V: A letter will be written by him.

2. A .V:It will eat a fruit.P.V: A fruit will be eaten by it.

3. A.V: She will kill the bird.P.V: A bird will be killed by her.

4. A.V: We will sing a song.P.V: A song will be sung by us.

5. A.V: I shall write a letter.P.V: A letter shall be written by me.

Punctuation Marks[«gÁªÀÄ aºÉßUÀ¼ÀÄ]AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉÃ ªÁPÀåªÀÅ PÀæªÀÄ§zÀÝªÁzÀ CxÀðPÉÆqÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ punctuation marks vÀÄA¨Á ¸ÀºÀPÁj.

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1. Full stop [.] ¥ÀÆtð«gÁªÀÄ. 2. Comma [,] C®à «gÁªÀÄ.3. Semicolon[;]CzsÀð«gÁªÀÄ.4. Colon [:] C¥ÀÆtð«gÁªÀÄ.5. Question mark[?]¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðPÀ aºÉß.6. Dash [……….]CqÀØUÉgÉ/C¥À¸ÁgÀt ZÉºÉß7. Hyphen[-] ¸ÀAAiÉÆÃUÀ aºÉß.8. Exclamation mark[!] GzÁÎgÀªÁZÀPÀ aºÉß.9. Single inverted comma[ ‘ ‘ ] Man G¯ÉèÃR

aºÉß.10. Double inverted comma[“ “] eÉÆÃr

G¯ÉèÃR aºÉß.11. Parentheses [ ( ) ] PÀA¸ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ.12. Apostrophe [ k’, g’] CPÀëgÀ¯ÉÆÃ¥À

aºÉß.13. Capital letters [ A, B, C, D………]

¥ÀæªÀÄÄR CPÀëgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ.

Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.[¥ÀævÀåPÀë ºÁUÀÆ ¥ÀgÉÆÃPÀë ªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ]

Direct Speech ¤AzÀ Indirect Speech UÉ §zÀ°¸ÀÄªÁUÀ ±À§ÝUÀ¼À£ÀÄß F jÃw §zÀ°¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

Direct Speech Indirect SpeechI I, he , she, itWe We , theyYou He, she, it, they, weHe, she, it He, she,itThey TheyMy, mine His, her,itsOur, ours Their, theirsYour, yours Our, ours, their, theirs

52

Am, is, are Was, wereHave, has HadCan CouldShall ShouldWill Would, shouldMay MightThis ThatThese Those? Asked! ExclaimedHere ThereToday That dayTonight That nightTomorrow The following dayYesterday The day before Ago BeforeNow ThenJust ThenThus So, in that wayMust Had toPlease RequestedLast day Previous dayThe the before The other daySay to ToldSaid to ToldImperative Ordered , requestedSimple present tense Simple past tensePresent Cont. tense Past cont. tensePresent P.tense Past.P.tenseSimple past tense Past. P. tensePast cont. tense P.P.C.Tense Rules for chaging direct speech to indirect speech.

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1) Assertive Sentence:¸ÁzÁ ªÁPÀåIf the ‘reforting’ verb is in the present tense or

future tense, then the verb in the ‘reforted’ speech remains unchanged

[‘Reforting verb’ ªÀÅ ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À CxÀªÁ ¨sÀ«µÀvÁÌ®zÀ°èzÀÝgÉ indirect speech ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ ‘reforted speech’ £À°è QæAiÀiÁ¥ÀzÀzÀ PÁ®zÀ°è AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉÃ §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉAiÀiÁUÀÄªÀÅ¢®è.]¸ÀÆZÀ£É:

1. Inverted comma zÀ M¼ÀVgÀÄªÀ ªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ½UÉ ‘reforted speech’ J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.

2. Inverted comma zÀ ºÉÆgÀVgÀÄªÀ ªÀiÁvÀÄUÀ½UÉ ‘reforting speech’J£ÀÄßªÀgÀÄ.

3. Inverted comma vÉUÉzÀÄ ºÁQ ‘that’±À§Ý §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

Examples:Direct: Laxmi says , “I am writing”Indirect: Laxmi says that she is writing.Direct: Bhagirathi will say, “I am writing.Indirect: Bhagirathi will say that she is writing.Direct: He says, “I was writing”Indirect: He says that he was writing.Direct: He will say, “I was writing”.Indirect: He will say that he was reading.Direct : Dhareppa said, “She is my sister”.Indirect: Dhareppa said that she was his sister.Direct: Namadev said to Bhupal, “ I have ate an

apple”.Indirect: Namadev told Vijay that he had ate an

apple.

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2. Imperative Sentence: DeÁÕxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀå

If the reforted speech is in imperative sentence then the ‘reforting’ verb ‘say’ should be changed into order, request, command, beg, prohibited etc. And instead of “ that” infinitive ‘to’ is used.

DeÁÕxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀævÀåPÀë¢AzÀ ¥ÀgÉÆÃPÀë ªÁPÀåªÁV ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ reforted speech £À°èAiÀÄ reforting verb ‘say’ EzÀ£ÀÄß command, request, order,beg, prohibited EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. E°è ‘that’ §zÀ¯ÁV “to” §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Direct: Manju said “Please don’t trouble me”Indirect: Manju ordered not to trouble him.Direct: Student said to me, “Good morning sir”Indirect: Student wished me good morning

respectfully.Direct: Krishna said “Keep your heart healthy”.Indirect: Krishna advised to keep our heart

healthy.

3) Exclamatory Sentence:GzÁÎgÀªÁZÀPÀ ªÁPÀå

If the ‘reforted’ speech in exclamatory sentence, the reforting verb is changed to ‘exclam’ and then conjunction ‘that’ is used.

GzÁÎgÀªÁPÀåªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀgÉÆÃPÀëªÁPÀåªÁV ªÀiÁqÀÄªÁUÀ ‘reforting verb’§zÀ¯ÁV exclam §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.[EvÀgÉ reforted verbs-pray , wish]Examples:Direct: Roopa said “ What a beautiful flower it

was!”.

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Indirect: Roopa exclaimed that it was a beautiful flower.

Direct : Prakash said “ What a great book it was!”.

Indirect: Prakash exclaimed that it was a great book.

Direct: Hurrah! “We have won the match” said all the players.

Indirect: All the players exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

2) Interrogative Sentence: ¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀå

If the ‘reforted’ speech is in an interrogative then the question mark is removed , here conjunction ‘that’ is not used , if the question starts with an ‘auxiliary’ verb then the conjunction ‘if’ or ‘whether’ should be used.

‘Reforted speech’ ¥Àæ±ÁßxÀðPÀ ªÁPÀåzÀ°èzÀÝgÉ ¥ÀgÉÆÃPÀëªÁV¸ÀÄªÁUÀ question mark vÉUÉzÀÄ ºÁPÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. E°è ‘that’JA§ conjunction §¼À¸À¨ÁgÀzÀÄ. DzÀgÉ ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðPÀÌ£ÀÄ¸ÁgÀªÁV ‘if’ or ‘whether’ §¼À¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.Examples:Direct: Kamala said to me, “What are you

doing?”Indirect: Kamala asked to me what I was doing.Direct: Teacher said,”Where are you looking

at?”Indirect: Teacher questioned where you were

looking at.

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Opposite words «gÀÄzÁÝxÀðPÀ ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼ÀÄ[antonyms]

All X none accept X rejectArrive X depart allow X forbidBeautiful X ugly bless X curseBrave X coward bold X timidAppear X disappear bottom X topBright X dim black X whiteClean X dirty cruel X kindCold X hot clever X dullDark X light deep X shallowDry X wet close X openStrong X weak light X heavyYoung X old worst X bestSlowly X quickly far X nearHard X soft friend X enemy / foeOld X new unit X partEarly X late agree X disagreePlenty X few,less great X low, meanLoud X soft strict X lenientBroad X narrow popular X notoriousHumble X proud short X longFast X slow careful X carelessMore X few refuse X receiveBehind X infront,before full X emptyFat X lean tame X wildHealthy X unhealthy active X inactiveAble X unable lucky X unluckyHappy X unhappy fit X unfitRegular X irregular equal X unequalLove X hate remember X forget Foolish X wise sweet X bitter/ sour

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Back X front difficulty X easyIntelligent X dull correct X wrongWin X lose begin X endLaugh X weep more X lessBirth X death strange X familiarLike X dislike whole X partFresh X stale rise X fallIdle X busy glad X sadCheap X costly exit X enterence Various X few widi X narrowWarm X cool rural X urbanPeace X war quiet X noisy Obey X command superior X inferiorTragedy X commedy true X false Public X private theory X practiceJustice X injustice slim X stoutOral X written hallow X solidGuest X host belief X doubtHide X seek honour X shameMany X few modern X ancientRough X smooth success X failureInner X outer minimum X maximumNorth X south often X seldomProfit X loss question X answerRigid X flexible paid X unpaidProve X disprove possible X impossibleHope X hopeless safe X unsafeContent X discontent

MY FAMiLYIn my family we are six members . I, my mother

father, brother and two sisters. I like them very much. I help them at home. My mummy cooks our food and

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looks after us. MY father brings toys for us to play. We all help each other and share the things.My parents love me and my sister very much. My family is a happy family.

MY SCHOOLThe name of my school is Shri Taibai Kannad

Madyam Primary School Jalalpur. It is in Jalalpur. I am studying in 7th Standard. My teacher’s name is V.S. Hugar. Shri. S.P.Borganve is our headmaster .I go to school by walk. I study and play in the school . I have many friends in my school . I like my school very much. I learn many good things in my school. I go to school daily, and love my school.

MY COUNTRYMy country is India. The father of our country

is Mahatma Gandhiji. Our national animal is tiger , national bird is peacock and national flower is lotus. In India there are twenty eight states. People speak different languages but all have a feeling that we belong to one country, that is India.We all stay like brothers and sisters here. We respect our country by singing national anthem daily in our school. I love my country very much.

TELEVISION [T.V] The full form of T.V is Television. It is very useful. Through T.V we can know the day –to –day news and get information. We can also see many animals, birds through T.V . There are many programmes like quiz, competitions through which we get more knowledge. But there are some programmes which are not good .

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So we should see only good programmes and make good use of T.V.

Write a letter to your father

From,

Chinnu.V. S 6th

stdshri.T.K.M.P.School.

Jalalpur.To,Savant.K.HSai Nagar, RaibagPin: 591217 Sub: “For toure please send me Rs 1000/-“Dear pappa, How are you? I am fine here. And also I am studying well here. Our principal and teachers have decided to go for toure. Places are Hampi, Badami, Aihole, Pattadakallu, Kudalsangam.Even I want to go, so please pappa send me Rs 1000/-.Geve my love to mummy and Pallavi. Thanks Your loving:C.V.S

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Place: JalalpurDate: 23/01/2009

Write a lette to your class teacher asking him to grant you leave for two days. From, Manju.S.K 7th std Shri T.K.m.p.School. Jalalpur. To,The class teacher,7thstdShri.T.K.M.P.SchoolJalalpur. Sub: “Reagarding two days leave”Respected Sir,I ,Manu.S.K the student of your class, will not be able to attend your class on 27th and 28th January 2009.As I am not feeling well. So please sir I request you to grant me two days leave on 27-01-2009 to 28-012009. Thanking you, Your obedient

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Manju.S.K Place:JalalpurDate:26-01-2009

Writr a letter to your friend explaining your Dharmastal trip.

FromAjay.S.Bekkeri.Chennamma Circle

Hubli-24My dear kiran, Here I am well, with my study and health. This letter is about my tour of Dharmastal. I had gone to Dharmstal in January with my friends. It is very attractive. Idagunji, Gokarna, Karawar and Udupi also attractive places. You have visit once to there places Rewrite a letter about your study and health.

Your loving friendAjay.S.K

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Figures

1. One 2. Two3. Three4. Four5. Five6. Six7. Seven8. Eight9. Nine10. Ten11. Eleven12. Twelve13. Thirteen14. Fourteen15. Fifteen16. Sixteen17. Seventeen18. Eighteen19. Ninteen20. Twenty

31. Thirty one32. Thirt two33. Thirty three34. Thirty four35. Thirty five36. Thiry six37. Thirty seven 38. Thirty eight39. Thirty nine40. Forty41. Forty one42. Forty two43. Forty three44. Forty four45 .Forty five46. Forty six47. Froty seven48. Forty eight49. Forty nine50. Fifty

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21. Twenty one22. Twenty two 23. Twenty three 24. Twenty four25. Twenty five 26. Twenty six27. Twenty seven28. Twenty eight29. Twenty nine30. Thirty

51. Fifty one52. Fifty two 53. Fifty three54. Fifty four55. Fifty five56. Fifty six57. Fifty seven58. Fifty eight59. Fifty nine60. Sixty

61.Sixty one62. Sixty two63. Sixty three 64. Sixty four65. Sixty five67.Sixty Six68. Sixty seven69.Sixty eight70.Seventy71. Seventy one72. Seventy two73. Seventy three74. Seventy four75. Seventy five76. Seventy six77. Seventy seven78. Seventy eight79. Seventy nine80.Eight

81.Eighty one82. Eighty two83.Eighty three84. Eighty four85. Eighty five86. Eighty six87. Eighty seven88. Eighty eight89. Eighty nine90. Ninty91. Ninty one92. Ninty two93. Ninty three94. Ninty four95. Ninty five96. Ninty six97. Ninty seven98. Ninty eight99. Ninty nive100. Hundred

1000. One thousand

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100000. One lakh10000000. One crore.

Proverbs :UÁzÉUÀ¼ÀÄ

1. An empty vessel makes much noise.vÀÄA©zÀ PÉÆqÀ vÀÄ¼ÀÄPÀÄªÀÅ¢®è.

2. No pain, no gain3. ¥Àj±ÀæªÀÄ«®èzÉ ¥sÀ®«®è.4. Union is strength5. MUÀÎnÖ£À°è §®«zÉ.6. Barking dog seldom bite.7. ¨ÉÆUÀ¼ÀÄªÀ £Á¬Ä PÀZÀÄÑªÀÅ¢®è.8. penny wise pound foolish.9. Cw D¸É UÀwUÉr¹vÀÄ.10. Give a loan, an enemy own.11. zÀÄqÀÄØ PÉÆlÄÖ ±ÀvÀÄæ

PÀnÖPÉÆ.12. Where there is will there is way.13. ªÀÄ£À¹ìzÀÝ°è ªÀiÁUÀð«zÉ.14. A man is a slave to his stomach.15. ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀå vÀ£Àß ºÉÆmÉÖAiÀÄ

UÀÄ¯ÁªÀÄ.16. It takes two to make a quarrel.17. JgÀqÀÄ PÉÊ ¸ÉÃjzÀgÉ ZÀ¥Áà¼É.

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18. A friend in need is a friend indeed.19. D¥ÀwÛUÁzÀªÀ£ÉÃ £ÉAl.20. One nail dreves another.21. ªÀÄÄ½î¤AzÀ ªÀÄÄ¼Àî£ÀÄß

vÉUÉAiÀÄ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.22. A dog is a lion in his lane.23. ªÀÄ£ÉAiÀÄ°è ºÀÄ° ºÉÆgÀUÉ E°.24. Silence is half consent.25. ªÀiË£À CgÉ¸ÀªÀÄäw.26. Fools praise fools.27. ªÀÄÆRðzÉÆgÉUÉ ªÀÄÆRð

ºÉÆUÀ¼ÀÄ¨sÀlÖgÀÄ.

1. a)The inglish alphabets.b)Pronounciation of letters.c).Vowelsd)Consonants.

2. Word.3. The sentence.4. The kinds of sentences.5. Parts of speech.6. The kinds of nouns.7. Noun numbers.8. The noun genders.9. The articles.10. Verbs.11. Tenses.

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a) Present tense.b) Past tense.c) Future tense.

12. Active and passive voice.13. Punctuation marks.14. Direct and indirect speech.15 . Opposite words.16. Essays.17. Letter writing.18. Proverbs.19. Figures.

¯ÉÃRPÀgÀ ªÀiÁvÀÄ. £ÁªÀÅ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉÃ ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁvÀ£ÁqÀÄªÀÅzÁUÀ°, §gÉAiÀÄÄªÀÅzÁUÀ° ªÀiÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ, CxÀðªÀiÁrPÉÆ¼Àî¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ D ¨sÁµÉAiÀÄ ªÁåPÀgÀt eÁÕ£À £ÀªÉÄä®èjUÀÆ CwÃ CªÀ±ÀåPÀ. ¸ÀPÁðgÀ £ÀªÀÄä ¥ÁæxÀ«ÄPÀ ±Á¯ÉUÀ¼À°è 1£ÉÃ ªÀUÀð¢AzÀ EAVèÃµÀ PÀ°PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÁægÀA©ü¹zÉ. DzÀÝjAzÀ «zÁåyðUÀ½UÉ CwÃ ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀªÁV, ¥ÀjuÁªÀÄPÁjAiÀiÁV w½zÀÄPÉÆ¼Àî®Ä ¥Àæ¸ÀÄÛvÀ JA§ ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¹zÀÝ¥Àr¸À¯ÁVzÉ. £Á£ÀÄ M§â ²PÀëPÀ£ÁV, «zÁåyðUÀ¼À PÀ°PÁ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðªÀ£ÀÄß DzÁgÀªÁVj¹PÉÆAqÀÄ, F ªÁåPÀgÀt ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀzÀ°è J¯Áè «zÁåyðUÀ½UÀÆ C£ÀÄPÀÆ®ªÁUÀÄªÀAvÉ EAVèÃµÀ ªÁåPÀgÀtzÀ

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J¯Áè ¤AiÀÄªÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß EAVèÃµÀzÉÆA¢UÉ PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ®Æè PÉÆqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.

PÀÈvÀdÕvÉUÀ¼ÀÄF ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ gÀZÀ£ÉAiÀÄ°è ¸ÀºÁAiÀÄ

ºÀ¸ÀÛ ¤ÃrzÀ £À£Àß DwäÃAiÀÄ UÀÄgÀÄUÀ¼ÁzÀ ²æÃ.J£ï.J¸ï.²Ã°(²PÀëPÀgÀÄ),²æÃ.zÉÃ¸Á¬Ä, ²æÃ.zÀ¯Á® ,²æÃ.WÀlßnÖ, ²æÃ. J¸ï.¦. ¨ÉÆÃgÀUÁAªÉ ºÁUÀÆ £À£Àß DwÃAiÀÄ friend PÀÄªÀiÁj. ¨sÁVgÀy.zÉÆqÀØªÀÄ¤ EªÀjUÉ £À£Àß PÀÈvÀdÕvÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß C¦ð¸ÀÄwzÉÝÃ£É,ºÁUÀÆ F ºÀ¸ÀÛ ¥Àæw vÀAiÀiÁj¸ÀÄªÀ°è £ÉgÀªÀÅ ¤ÃrzÀ jUÀÆ ±ÀÄ¨sÀ ºÁgÉÊPÉUÀ¼ÀÄ. DwäÃAiÀÄ ²PÀëPÀªÀÈAzÀzÀªÀgÀÄ, ²PÀët ¥ÉæÃ«ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ C¢üPÁjUÀ¼ÀÄ F ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀzÀ ¸ÀzÀÄ¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀ ¥ÀqÉzÀÄPÉÆ¼Àî®Ä «zÁåyðUÀ½UÉ £ÉgÀªÀÅ ¤ÃqÀÄwÛgÉAzÀÄ D²¸ÀÄªÉ. F ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀzÀ¯ÁèzÀ “vÀ¥ÀÄà-M¥ÀÄà”UÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀªÀÄ£ÀPÉÌ vÀgÀÄªÀªÀjUÉ ¸ÀzÁ ¸ÁéUÀvÀªÀ£ÀÄß §AiÀÄ¸ÀÄvÉÛÃ£É.(¯ÉÃRPÀgÀÄ)

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Inglish Gramar