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STUDY GUIDE FRENCH 5/6 1

NOUNS

ALL NOUNS ENDING WITH THE LETTER E ARE FEMININE. ALL OTHERS ARE MASCULINE.

EXCEPTIONS:

____________________ ____________________ ________________________________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

IRREGULAR PLURAL:

. NOUNS ENDING IN (E)AU/EU (PLURAL TAKES AN - ____)

EXAMPLES:

SINGULAR PLURAL____________________ ________________________________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

. NOUNS ENDING IN AL (PLURAL CHANGES TO _______)

EXAMPLES:

SINGULAR PLURAL____________________ ________________________________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

SUPERLATIVE WITH NOUNS

• There is a formula to follow with BANGS adjectives that go before the noun (beau, bon, grand, gros, haut, jeune, mauvais, nouveau, petit, vieux, vilain...):

le/la/les + plus/moins + adjective + nounC’est le plus joli bébé que j’ai jamais vu!C’est la plus belle enfant du monde!

• And another formula to follow with adjectives that go after the noun (all the other adjectives):le/la/les + noun + le/la/les + plus/moins + adjectiveC’est le garçon le plus intéressant que je connaisse!Ce sont les voitures les plus rapides qui soient!


ARTICLES

• DEFINITE THE (SPECIFIC) / DEFAULT (GENERIC)

LE ___________ LA ___________ L’ ___________ LES ___________

1. LIKES AND DISLIKES VERBS FUNCTION WITH LE/LA/LES (GENERIC): AIMER, DÉTESTER, PRÉFÉRER

J’AIME ________ TOMATES MAIS JE N’AIME PAS ________ ÉPINARDS.

2. POSSESSION WITH DE: ___(1)___’S ___(2)___ = LE/LA/LES ___(2)___ DE ___(1)___

SALLY’S FRIEND = L’AMIE DE SALLYTHE CLASSROOM = ____________________________

• INDEFINITE (A/AN + PLURAL FORM)

UN ____________ UNE ____________ DES _____________

JE VEUX _________ PIZZA ET _________ CHIPS.

• PARTITIVE (THE PART OF _____ SOMETHING) (-YOU CANNOT COUNT LIKE LIQUIDS)

DU ____________ DE LA ____________ DE L’ ____________ DES ____________

JE VOUDRAIS ______ SEL ET ______ SALADE.

• QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS : WITH DE/D’

TROPBEAUCOUPASSEZ + DE/D’ -OR- +LE/LA/LES WITH LIKES AND DISLIKESUN PEUPEU

UN MORCEAUUNE TRANCHEUNE BOÎTEUNE TASSE + DE/D’UN VERREUNE BOUTEILLEUNE DOUZAINEUN KILO

J’AIME BEAUCOUP _____ TOMATES ET _____ POULET.JE VEUX _____ TOMATES ET _____ POULET.JE VOUDRAIS BEAUCOUP _____ TOMATES.

• NEGATION + DE


1. AFTER NEGATION WORDS (pas, jamais, plus, pas encore …) UN(E)/DES/DU/DE LA/DE L’ BECOME ‘DE’

JE VEUX DU PAIN, MAIS JE NE VEUX PAS ____ PAIN COMPLET.

2. EXCEPTION: WITH ÊTRE

C’EST DU PAIN. CE N’EST PAS DU PAIN.

• NUMBERS

1. NUMBERS: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 … + NOUN

_____ FILLE_____ FILLES

2. CARDINAL NUMBERS: LE/LA/LES 1er, 2e, 3e, … (BANGS ADJ/BEFORE NOUN)

______________ FILLE______________ LIVRE

• POSSESSIVE

MY = _________ (+ MASCULINE NOUN -OR- FEMININE NOUN STARTING WITH A VOWEL) _________ (+ FEMININE NOUN)

_________ (+ PLURAL NOUN)

YOUR = _________ (+ MASCULINE NOUN -OR- FEMININE NOUN STARTING WITH A VOWEL) _________ (+ FEMININE NOUN)


HIS = _________ (+ MASCULINE NOUN -OR- FEMININE NOUN STARTING WITH A VOWEL) _________ (+ FEMININE NOUN)


HER = _________ (+ MASCULINE NOUN -OR- FEMININE NOUN STARTING WITH A VOWEL) _________ (+ FEMININE NOUN)


ITS = _________ (+ MASCULINE NOUN -OR- FEMININE NOUN STARTING WITH A VOWEL) _________ (+ FEMININE NOUN)


OUR = _________ (+ SINGULAR NOUN)_________ (+ PLURAL NOUN)

YOUR = _________ (+ SINGULAR NOUN) _________ (+ PLURAL NOUN)

THEIR = _________ (+ SINGULAR NOUN)



_________ LIVRE ET _________ LIVRE SONT IDENTIQUES.

• DEMONSTRATIVE

1. CE/CET/CETTE/CES

THIS/THAT = _________ (+ MASCULINE NOUN STARTING WITH A CONSONANT) _________ (+ MASCULINE NOUN STARTING WITH A VOWEL

OR AN -H)_________ (+ FEMININE NOUN)

THESE/THOSE = _________ (+ PLURAL NOUN)

2. ______-CI (THIS/THESE) / ______-LÀ (THAT/THOSE)

_______ CAHIER _______ ET _______ CAHIER _______


ADJECTIVES

ALL ADJECTIVES AGREE IN GENDER AND NUMBER WITH A NOUN. YOU USUALLY USE THEM TO ANSWER THE QUESTION HOW.

• MOST ADJECTIVES HAVE FOUR FORMS: MASCULINE SINGULAR, FEMININE SINGULAR, MASCULINE PLURAL, FEMININE PLURAL.

EXAMPLE:_________________ ________________E ________________S _________________ES

• SOME ADJECTIVES ONLY HAVE TWO FORMS: ONE SINGULAR, ONE PLURAL.EXAMPLE:

_________________E _________________ES

• SOME ADJECTIVES ARE IRREGULAR: 5 FORMS.

BEAU ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________NOUVEAU ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________VIEUX ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

• SOME ADJECTIVES DOUBLE THE CONSONANT IN THE FEMININE.

-IL -ILLE -ILS -ILLES_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

-ON -ONNE -ONS -ONNES_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

-EL -ELLE -ELS -ELLES_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

-IEN -IENNE -IENS -IENNES_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

• SOME ADJECTIVES HAVE AN IRREGULAR FEMININE FORM.

-EUX -EUSE -EUX -EUSES_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

-ER -ÈRE -ERS -ÈRES_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

-ANC -ANCHE -ANCS -ANCHES_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

-ONG -ONGUE -ONGS -ONGUES_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________


• SOME ADJECTIVES ARE CALLED BANGS ADJECTIVES: THEY ARE PLACED BEFORE THE NOUN. ALL OTHERS GO AFTER THE NOUN.

B A N G SBEAUTY AGE NUMBER GREATNESS SIZE______________ ______________ _______________ _____________ __________________________ ______________ _______________ _____________ __________________________ ______________ _______________ _____________ ____________

• SOMETIMES THE ADJECTIVE IS DIRECTLY BEFORE OR AFTER THE NOUN, SOMETIMES IT COMES AFTER THE VERB TO BE.

MA __________________ SOEURMES SOEURS __________________________MA SOEUR EST _________________________MES SOEURS SONT __________________________

• COMPARATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

MORE ADJECTIVE THAN LESS ADJECTIVE THAN AS ADJECTIVE ASPLUS ADJ QUE MOINS ADJ QUE AUSSI ADJ QUE

ATTENTION: THE ADJECTIVE STILL NEEDS TO AGREE WITH THE NOUN IT QUALIFIES.

THOMAS EST PLUS ___________ QUE SES PARENTS.ELSA EST MOINS ______________ QUE SA TANTE.TIM ET SOPHIE SONT AUSSI ______________ QUE LEUR FAMILLE.

• SUPERLATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

THE MOST ADJECTIVE IN THE NOUN THE LEAST ADJECTIVE IN THE NOUNLE PLUS ADJ DE + LE/LA/LES + NOM LE MOINS ADJ DE + LE/LA/LES + NOM

ATTENTION: BOTH ARTICLE AND ADJECTIVE NEED TO AGREE WITH THE NOUN THEY QUALIFY.

Example: Marie est la moins sérieuse de la classe.

• BETTER

1. The adjective bon(ne)(s) has irregular forms in the comparative and superlative - meilleur(e)(s) and le (la, les) meilleur(e)(s).

Examples: Charles est bon en maths. Mais Vincent est meilleur en maths que Charles.

Caroline est la meilleure en maths de la classe.


Caroline et son frère sont les meilleurs en maths de toute l’école!

2. The adverb bien also has an irregular comparative and superlative: mieux, le mieux.

Luc chante bien. Mais moi, je chante mieux.Mais c’est Virginie qui chante le mieux.

Note that mieux, just like bien, is an adverb and therefore is invariable.

• QUEL + NOUN

WHICH/WHAT (A) + NOUN

___________ SURPRISE ___________ JOLI PANTALONTU VEUX ___________ CAHIERS ?

• TOUT + LE/LA/LES + NOUN

THE WHOLE/ENTIRE EVERYALL + SINGULAR ALL + PLURAL TOUT LE TOUS LES TOUTE LA TOUTES LES

_______________ CLASSE _________________ PROFESSEURS

ADVERBSDescribing how you do things

1. You form most adverbs in French by adding -ment to the feminine form of the adjective.Examples: certain ___________________ annuel ____________________ complet ___________________ soigneux ____________________

2. However, if the masculine form of the adjective ends in a vowel you add -ment to the masculine form.Examples: poli __________________ absolu ______________________

3. With adjectives that end in -ent or -ant, replace this ending by -emment or -amment.Examples: évident __________________ courant ______________________


PRONOUNS

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

________ I________ YOU (SINGULAR)________ HE________ SHE______/______ IT______/______ WE (SOMEBODY AND I)________ YOU (FORMAL OR PLURAL)/(SOMEBODY AND YOU)______/______ THEY

STRESSED PRONOUNS1. ME = ______YOU = ______HIM = ______ HER = ______US = ______YOU = ______THEM = ______

2. USE AFTER ALL PREPOSITIONS AND ‘QUE’ in COMPARATIVE.

IL PARLE DE ________.ELLE EST PLUS GRANDE QUE ________.

OBJECT PRONOUNS

1. A DIRECT object receives the action of the verb. A direct object pronoun can replace either a person or a thing (that is specific - introduced by a specific article such as the definite (le, la, les), the demonstrative (ce, cette, ces), or the possessive (mon, ma, mes).)

______/______ ME______/______ YOU (SINGULAR)______/______ HIM______/______ HER______/______ / ______ IT______ US______ YOU (FORMAL OR PLURAL)______ THEM

ALL PRONOUNS ARE PLACED BEFORE THE VERB IT IS THE OBJECT OF.

Examples: Elle M’aime. Il ne veut pas L’écouter.


2. The INDIRECT object indicates to whom the action was done. The indirect object is preceded by the preposition à. An indirect object pronoun can only replace a person. The indirect object pronoun replaces both à and the person.

______/______ TO ME______/______ TO YOU (SINGULAR)______ TO HIM______ TO HER______ TO US______ TO YOU (FORMAL OR PLURAL)______ TO THEM

Examples: Elle ME parle. Il ne va plus LUI parler.

NB : Some verbs call for a direct object in English but not in French (e.g. to phone somebody = téléphoner à quelqu’un) and some verbs call for an indirect object in English but not in French (e.g. to listen to somebody = écouter quelqu’un).

3. EN

The object pronoun EN can either be direct or indirect.

- DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN ENEN is used replace a direct object, either a person or a thing (that is NON specific - introduced by a non specific article such as the indefinite article (un, une, des), the partitive (du, de la, des), a number (un, deux, trois, etc.), or a quantity (beaucoup de, trop de, etc.). Remember to keep the quantity.

Examples: Je veux des tomates. J’en veux. Je veux deux tomates. J’en veux deux. Je veux un kilo de tomates. J’en veux un kilo.

- INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN ENEN is used replace an indirect object introduced by the preposition DE (from, of, about).

Example: Il parle de son école. Il en parle. Il sort de l’école. Il en sort.

4. Y

The object pronoun Y is indirect. Use Y to replace any location. Example: Tu vas à Paris? Oui, j’y vais. Non, mais je veux y aller.

Remember: The verb aller cannot stand alone. You use y with aller to refer to places already mentioned.- Tu vas au restaurant?- Oui, j’y vais. On y va ensemble?


5. SEVERAL PRONOUNS WITHIN A SENTENCE = FOLLOW THE ORDER OF THE CARROT.

me (m’)te (t’) le (l’)se (s’) la (l’) luinous les leur y envous

Example: Il me la donne.

6. PRONOUNS IN THE IMPERATIVE

• In the affirmative command, object pronouns follow the verb. They are attached to the verb by a hyphen.

Example: La piqûre? Faites-la tout de suite!

NB: in the negative command, the pronouns precede the verb in the usual way.

Example: La piqûre? Ne la fais pas tout de suite!

• In the affirmative command, me becomes moi and te becomes toi.

Example: Parle-moi !

• In the affirmative command, the pronouns le, la, les always precede the other object pronouns - lui, leur, moi, toi, nous, vous. Note that in the negative command the order is the usual one.

Examples: Donne-le moi ! Ne le lui donnez pas !

7. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

To say this/that (one), these/those (ones), use the demonstrative pronouns celui, ceux, celle, celles. Note that demonstrative pronouns can never stand alone. They are followed by:

• -là to single something or someone out.De toutes ces voitures, laquelle tu préfères? Celle-là.Of all these cars, which one do you prefer? That one.

• de to indicate possession.C’est ta voiture? Non, c’est celle de mon frère.Is that your car? No, it’s (that of) my brother’s.


• the relative pronouns qui or que (qu’) to identify which one.Lequel de ces garçons est ton frère? Celui qui parle, celui que tu vois là-bas.Which one of these boys is your brother? The one who speaks, the one you see other there.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

WHERE = OÙWHEN = QUAND (+ est-ce que + SUJET + VERBE) HOW = COMMENT ou (VERBE-SUJET)WHY = POURQUOIHOW MUCH/MANY = COMBIEN (+ DE/D’) + nom

EXAMPLES: Où est-ce que tu habites ? Où habites-tu ?

WHO = QUI ( + est-ce + QUI (sujet)1. WHAT = QUE + QUE (objet)

EXAMPLES: Qui (est-ce qui) parle ? Qui est-ce que tu veux aider ?Qu’est-ce qui est arrivé ? Qu’est-ce que tu veux ?

2. WHAT : question du dictionnaire= Qu’est-ce que + nom / Qu’est-ce que c’est que + nom

EXAMPLE: Qu’est-ce qu’un chapeau ? = Qu’est-ce que c’est qu’un chapeau ?

3. WHAT + NOUN= QUEL / QUELLE / QUELS / QUELLES + NOM

EXAMPLE: Quels livres est-ce que tu aimes ?

4. PREPOSITION + WHAT = Préposition + QUOI

EXAMPLE: À quoi est-ce que tu joues ? De quoi as-tu besoin ?

5. PREPOSITION + WHAT + NOUN = Préposition + QUEL / QUELLE / QUELS / QUELLES + NOM

EXAMPLE: Dans quel livre est-ce que tu as trouvé ça ?

NB: Do not mix the interrogative WHAT with the relative WHAT. See relative pronouns.


INVERSION

Inversion is used mostly in formal French. Reverse the order of the subject and verb.

Example: Parlez-vous français?

ATTENTION: When the pronouns il(s), elle(s), and on are inverted, there is a /t/ sound between the subject and the verb. This /t/ sound is represented by the t or d already present at the end of the verb. However, if the verb ends in a vowel, you add a -t- between the subject and the verb.

Examples: Comment vont-elles au bureau?Où prend-il le métro?A quelle station monte-t-elle?Où va-t-on?

When the verb is in the passé composé, you invert the subject and the auxiliary verb, avoir or être. The same rule applies to verbs followed by an infinitive.

Examples: Combien as-tu payé?Combien peux-tu payer?

With a noun subject, you can use both the noun and the inverted subject. However, this type of inversion is used only in formal, written French.

Examples: Marie parle-t-elle français?Les garçons vont-ils au match de foot?Combien ce chemisier coûte-t-il?

You can simply invert the subject and the verb for questions beginning with question words (où, combien, que, comment, à quelle heure, etc.).

Examples: Où habite Marie?Combien coûte ce chemisier?Que fait Paul?

LEQUEL

Use a form of the interrogative pronoun lequel to ask “which one” in French.

Example: J’aime beaucoup ce livre. Lequel ?

Attention: with verbs that function with a preposition, you need to lequel after the preposition.

Example: Je vais préparer le dessert pour la fête. Pour laquelle?

Attention: CONTRACTIONS


À + LE = ______QUEL DE + LE = ______QUELÀ + LES = ______QUEL(LE)S DE + LES = ______QUEL(LE)S

Example: Je vais au cinéma. Auquel?


RELATIVE PRONOUNS

The relative pronoun QUI can replace either a person or a thing. It joins two short sentences into one longer sentence. QUI is always the subject of the clause it introduces = that, which, who.

Example: Je parle à un employé qui travaille à la poste.

NB: QUI directly replaces what precedes it (un employé) which is the subject of the following verb (travaille).

The relative pronoun QUE can also refer to people or things. It is also used to join two short sentences into a longer one, but QUE is always the direct object of the clause it introduces = that, which, whom.

Example: Je parle à un employé que vous connaissez.

NB: In English, you can do without the direct object pronoun that, which, or whom, but not in French. NB: Because QUE replaces a direct object, if the following verb is in the past tense, the past participle will agree with the direct object placed before the verb.

Example: J’aime les lettres que vous m’avez envoyées.

WHATTo introduce an indirect question with “what” in French, you use ce qui or ce que. Note that ce qui, just like qu’est-ce qui, is used as the subject and that ce que, just like qu’est-ce que, is used as the object.

Examples: Elle lui demande ce qui l’intéresse. Elle lui demande ce qu’il veut faire.


VERBS

VERBS ARE CONJUGATED ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECT (PRONOUN). THERE ARE 82 PATTERNS.

GROUP 1 VERBS GROUP 2 VERBS GROUP 3 VERBS-ER -IR IRREGULAR___________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ______________________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ___________


• PRESENT OF THE INDICATIVEEquivalent to “I do”, “I am doing”, “I have been doing”, and sometimes “I have done”

GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 -ER (PATTERN 6) -IR (PATTERN 19) -IRREGULAR

JE ________________E _______________IS ______________S/XTU _______________ES _______________IS ______________S/XIL/ELLE/ON ________________E _______________IT ______________T/DNOUS _____________ONS __________ISSONS _____________ONSVOUS _______________EZ __________ISSEZ ______________EZILS/ELLES ______________ENT __________ISSENT _____________ENT

EXAMPLES

JE _________________ _________________ _________________TU _________________ _________________ _________________IL/ELLE/ON _________________ _________________ _________________NOUS _________________ _________________ _________________VOUS _________________ _________________ _________________ILS/ELLES _________________ _________________ _________________

SOME VERBS ARE REFLEXIVE: LES VERBES PRONOMINAUX. The reflexive pronoun refers to the self: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

EXAMPLES: Je ME couche tôt.

JE ____ _____________ ____ _____________ ____ _____________TU ____ _____________ ____ _____________ ____ _____________IL/ELLE/ON ____ _____________ ____ _____________ ____ _____________NOUS ____ _____________ ____ _____________ ____ _____________VOUS ____ _____________ ____ _____________ ____ _____________ILS/ELLES ____ _____________ ____ _____________ ____ _____________

ACTIONS RÉCIPROQUES - EACH OTHERReflexive pronouns can also express a reciprocal action or interaction between two or more people. They can be either a direct object or an indirect object.

Direct Object

Jean voit souvent son ami.Son ami voit souvent Jean. Jean et son ami se voient souvent.

Indirect ObjectTu parles souvent à Marie.Marie te parle souvent. Vous vous parlez souvent.

NB : In the past, the past participle agrees with the direct object, not the indirect object.


• PASSÉ COMPOSÉ OF THE INDICATIVEused to express actions that started and ended at a specific time in the past.equivalent to “I did” or sometimes “I have done”

être/avoir + past participle ending in:in the present -ER -IR -IRREGULAR

-é (e,s,es) -i (e,s,es) -u/i/é/ert/is/it (e,s,es)JE ai/suis ___________TU as/es ____________IL/ELLE/ON a/est _____________NOUS avons/sommes ____VOUS avez/êtes _________ILS/ELLES ont/sont __________

EXAMPLES

JE _________________ _________________ _________________TU _________________ _________________ _________________IL/ELLE/ON _________________ _________________ _________________NOUS _________________ _________________ _________________VOUS _________________ _________________ _________________ILS/ELLES _________________ _________________ _________________

NB: Some verbs called movement verbs (GO verbs) function with être instead of avoir. They do so because they are INTRANSITIVE (THEY CANNOT BE FOLLOWED BY A DIRECT OBJET). These verbs have their PAST PARTICIPLE AGREE WITH THE SUBJECT, just like any adjective after être.

DEVENIR REVENIR MONTER RESTER SORTIR VENIR ALLER NAÎTRE DESCENDRE ENTRER RENTRER TOMBER RETOURNER ARRIVER MOURIR PARTIR

NB: Reflexive verbs all function with être and have their past participle agree with the direct object placed before the verb (often the reflexive pronoun, but not always)

Examples: Elle s’est habillée. Elle s’est brossé les dents.


• PRESENT OF THE IMPERATIVEused to give commands and make suggestions. The forms are usually the same as the je, nous, and vous forms of the present of the indicative. Don’t forget the exclamation point.

parler aux profs finir les devoirs répondre aux questions

_________________! _________________! _________________!

_________________! _________________! _________________!

_________________! _________________! _________________!

Exception: ALLER = Va à l’école! Vas-y!

• IMPARFAIT OF THE INDICATIVEused to describe continuous, repeated, or habitual actions in the past. Also used to describe persons, things, places, situations, and physical and emotional conditions or states, or setting in the past. Verbs such as aimer mieux, préférer, vouloir, pouvoir, savoir, croire, that describe mental and emotional states are often used in the imperfect.Equivalent to “I was doing”, “I used to do”, or sometimes “I did”

To form the imperfect, drop the -ons ending from the nous form of the present tense and add the imperfect endings to this stem: ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient

finir répondre manger placer

______________ ______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

NB: Be careful of verbs ending in -cer (C + i or e or y = S ; C + o or a or u = K - add a cédille ç) and verbs ending in -ger (G + i or e or y = J ; G + o or a or u = GU - add an -e)

NB: There is only one exception : être. Its stem is -ét to which you add the regular endings.

être____________________________________________________________________________________


• PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT OF THE INDICATIVEused to relate a past action in a past context. Equivalent to “I had done”To form the pluperfect, use the auxiliary - helping verb (être or avoir) in the imperfect and add the past participle.

Example: Elle m’a montré le dessin que j’avais fait quand j’avais 10 ans.She showed me the drawing (that) I had done when I was 10.

aller faire s’amuser______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

Imparfait Passé composé Plus-que-parfait

was/were + ingused to(Preterit)

(Preterit)(Present perfect)

had + past participle

Settingto describe persons, things, places, situations, and physical and emotional conditions or states in the past

(New) Actions Actions in the past in a past context

to describe a continuous or repeated, or habitual action in the past

To relate actions or events that began and ended at a specific time in the past

Expressions:avantsouventle matinle vendreditous les vendredisoften used in the imperfect: aimer (mieux), préférer, vouloir, pouvoir, savoir, croiretoujours

Expressions:HierLa semaine dernièrece matinvendredi dernierl’été dernierhier soirle mois derniercette annéele week-end dernier

Expressions:La veille (the day before)La semaine précédente (the previous week)Le vendredi précédentL’été précédentLa veille au soirLe mois précédentL’année précédenteLe week-end précédent


• PAST PARTICIPLE AGREEMENT IN COMPOUND TENSESA compound tense is a tense that is composed of two verbs: avoir or être + past participle. Both the passé composé and the plus-que-parfait are compound tenses.

- with êtreagreement with the subject, the past participle becomes an adjective.

Example: Elle est sortie.

- with avoiragreement with the direct object if it is placed before the verb.

Example: Tu as reçu mes lettres ? Tu les as reçues ? Les lettres que j’ai reçues.

- with reflexive verbsagreement with the direct object if it is placed before the verb.

Examples: Tu t’es brossé les cheveux ? Tu te les es brossés ? Ils se sont aimés. Ils se sont écrit. (no direct object, no agreement)


• THE FUTURE OF THE INDICATIVE - WILL

used to express the future. Equivalent to “I will do”.To form the future tense in French, use the infinitive and add the future endings: ai, as, a, ons, ez, ont. Drop the -e before adding the endings to verbs ending in -re.

parler finir attendre______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

NB: Memorize the irregular verbs:

être - ser voir - verr pouvoir - pourr devoir - devr

faire - fer envoyer - enverr vouloir - voudr recevoir - recevr

aller - ir venir - viendr savoir - saur yer - ier

avoir - aur mourir - mourr falloir - faudr eCer - èCer

NB: you must use the future tense after quand or lorsque when the main verb in the sentence is in the future tense.

Example: Je te ferai un bon repas quand tu seras à Paris.

• THE PAST FUTURE OF THE INDICATIVE - WILL HAVEused to relate a past action in a future context. Equivalent to “I will have done”To form the past future, use the auxiliary - helping verb (être or avoir) in the future and add the past participle.

aller finir s’amuser______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

NB: This is a compound tense, all rules of past participle agreement apply.


• THE PRESENT OF THE CONDITIONAL - WOULDused to express what would happen under certain circumstances. Equivalent to “I would do”.To form the conditional in French, use the future stem and the imperfect endings: ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient. Drop the -e before adding the endings to verbs ending in -re.

parler finir attendre______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

NB: It is necessary to use y with aller when no place is mentioned. However, y is not used with the future or conditional.

J’y vais maintenant. J’irais maintenant, mais je ne peux pas.

ATTENTION. Two verbs have their special meanings.

pouvoir devoir

I could ...You could ...He could ...We could ...You all could ...They could ...

Je pourrais + inf.Tu pourrais ...Il pourrait ...Nous pourrions ...Vous pourriez ...Ils pourraient ...

I should ...You should ...He should ...We should ...You all should ...They should ...

Je devrais + inf.Tu devrais ...Il devrait ...Nous devrions ...Vous devriez ...Ils devraient ...

Examples: Tu pourrais faire la vaisselle : You could do the dishes. Tu devrais faire attention : You should pay attention.

• THE PAST OF THE CONDITIONAL - WOULD HAVEused to express what would have happened under certain circumstances. Equivalent to “I would have done”. To form the past conditional, use the auxiliary - helping verb (être or avoir) in the present conditional and add the past participle.

aller finir s’amuser______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________



• LES PHRASES HYPOTHÉTIQUESThe “if” clauses have the following sequence of tenses (same as in English).

• Si + Présent , Futur

Si j’ ai assez d’argent, je ferai un voyage.

• Si + Imparfait , Conditionnel

Si j’ avais assez d’argent, je ferais un voyage.

• Si + Plus-que-parfait , Conditionnel passé

Si j’ avais eu assez d’argent, j’aurais fait un voyage.

• THE PRESENT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

The subjunctive is used to express that which is not necessarily a fact. It describes actions, events, or situations that may or may not happen.

Example: Le petit garçon est sage. Il faut que le petit garçon soit sage.= FACT = NOT A FACT

To form the present subjunctive, drop the -ent ending of the ils form of the present indicative and add the subjunctive endings to this stem : e for je, es for tu, e for il/elle, and ent for ils/elles forms of the present subjunctive; and drop the -ons ending from the nous form of the present indicative and add the subjunctive endings to this stem: ions for nous and iez for vous. The subjunctive ending are regular: e, es, e, ions, iez, ent.

étudier choisir prendre______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

Beware of verbs that have 2 stems like prendre (pren and prenn), venir (ven and vienn), recevoir (recev and reçoiv), and boire (buv and boiv).

Memorize the 7 irregular verbs: être, avoir, aller, faire, vouloir, pouvoir, savoir.


SUBJUNCTIVE USES

1. The subjunctive is used with expressions of wish such as vouloir que, aimer mieux que (préférer que), souhaiter que.

Example: J’aimerais que tu viennes. I would like for you to come.

Remember 2 things:1. You need two subjects to use the subjunctive.2. Pay particular attention to how it is translated in the above examples.

2. after impersonal expressions such as: Il est possible queIl est impossible queIl est important queIl est nécessaire queIl vaut mieux queIl est indispensable queIl est bon queIl est temps queIl est rare que

3. after expressions of emotion such as: J’ai peur queJe suis content(e) queJe suis heureux(se) queJe suis furieux(se) queJe regrette queJe suis triste queJe suis étonné(e) queJe suis désolé(e) que

4. after expressions of doubt such as:Je doute queJe ne pense queJe ne crois pas queJe ne suis pas sûr(e) queJe ne suis pas certain(e) que + SUBJONCTIFça m’étonnerait queIl n’est pas évident queIl n’est pas sûr queIl n’est pas certain queIl est peu probable que


5. in a relative clause: qui/que The subjunctive indicates uncertainty - it is not certain that you will be able to find the person or thing in question. However, if there is no doubt, you use the indicative in the relative clause.

Certainty = Indicative Uncertainty = Subjunctive

Elle a un ami qui sait conduire.J’ai un métier qui est intéressant.

Elle cherche quelqu’un qui sache conduire.Je voudrais un métier qui soit intéressant.

6. INFINITIVE VS SUBJUNCTIVE

Use the subjunctive when the subject of the second clause and the subject of the main clause are not the same. You use the infinitive when there is only one subject.

Different subjects Same subject

J’aimerais que tu sois informaticien.Il voudrait que vous réussissiez dans la vie.

J’aimerais être informaticien.Il voudrait réussir dans la vie.

• THE PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

Used to describe actions, events, or situations that may have or may have not happened.To form the past subjunctive, use the auxiliary - helping verb (être or avoir) in the present subjunctive and add the past participle.

aller finir s’amuser______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ____________________________ ______________ ______________



NEGATION

IN THE PRESENT, ADD NE OR N’ BEFORE THE VERB AND PAS AFTER THE VERB.

EXAMPLES

JE ______ DORS _______.TU ______ ECOUTE _______.IL NE ______________ PAS.ON N’ _______________ PAS.

NB : With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun is not separated from the verb, therefore the negation goes around both pronoun and verb.

Example: Ils NE se comprennent PAS.

IN THE PAST, THE NEGATION GOES AROUND THE AUXILIARY AVOIR OR ETRE.

Ex. Je N’ai PAS regardé la télévision hier soir. Elle NE s’est PAS couché tard hier soir.

OTHER NEGATION WORDS

NOTHING / NOT ANYTHING = NE … RIEN (quelque chose)NOBODY / NOT ANYBODY / NO ONE / NOT ANYONE = NE … PERSONNE (quelqu’un)NEVER = NE … JAMAIS (quelquefois, souvent, toujours …)NO MORE / NOT ANYMORE = NE … PLUS (encore)NOT YET = NE … PAS ENCORE (déjà)

NB: In the past, the negation word “PERSONNE” goes after the whole verb.EXAMPLE: Il N’a écouté PERSONNE.

NB: Nothing and nobody can also be the subject of the sentence: RIEN NE + VERB, PERSONNE NE + VERB. Nothing comes between the two negation words RIEN and NE, or PERSONNE and NE.

EXAMPLE: Personne ne lui a dit qu’il avait réussi.


VERB + INFINITIVE

VERBS LIKE ALLER, AIMER, POUVOIR, VOULOIR CAN BE FOLLOWED BY A SECOND VERB IN THE INFINITIVE.

J’AIME ____________________.TU VAS ____________________.NOUS POUVONS __________________.ILS VEULENT ___________________.VOUS N’AIMEZ PAS ___________________.

NB: REFLEXIVE VERBS WILL HAVE THEIR REFLEXIVE PRONOUN CHANGE ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECT REFLECTED.

EXAMPLES: Je vais M’habiller. Vous allez vous coucher tard.

VENIR DE + INFINITIVE• used in the present tense to indicate that an action has just taken place.

Example: The subway just left. Le métro vient de partir.

• used in the imperfect (imparfait) to indicate that an action had just taken place.

Example: Mary had just left when Lewis arrived. Marie venait de partir quand Louis est arrivé.

FAIRE + INFINITIVEused to express what you have someone else do for you.

Example: I have my mother wash my clothes. Je fais laver mes vêtements par ma mère.


PREPOSITIONS

1. PREPOSITIONSÀ = ______/______/______DE = ______/______/______PENDANT = ______AVANT = ______APRÈS = ______DEVANT = ______DERRIÈRE = ______À CÔTÉ DE = ______PRÈS DE = ______LOIN DE = ______AUTOUR DE = ______SUR = ______SOUS = ______AVEC = ______CHEZ = ______EN = ______ENTRE = ______

…

JE TRAVAILLE _______ L’ÉCOLE.

2. CONTRACTIONSÀ + LE = ______ DE + LE = ______À + LA = ______ DE + LA = ______À + L’ = ______ DE + L’ = ______À + LES = ______ DE + LES = ______

J’AIME ALLER ______ RESTAURANT.

3. TOPPINGS

UN SANDWICH JAMBONUNE GLACE VANILLEUNE OMELETTE AU/À + LA/À + L’/AUX CHAMPIGNONSUNE PIZZA FROMAGEUNE SOUPE OIGNON…

4. VERBS + CERTAIN PREPOSITIONS

VERB + PREPOSITION + INFINITIVECHOISIR _____ARRIVER _____

JE CHOISIS ____ ETUDIER POUR AVOIR UN A.


VERB + PREPOSITION + NOUNRENTRER _____ LA MAISONPARLER _____ TELEPHONEDONNER _____MONTER _____ PIEDSMONTER _____ ASCENSEURFAIRE _____ 40ETRE _____ L’HEUREETRE _____ RETARDETRE _____ AVANCEPASSER _____TELEPHONER _____MONTER _____ VOITURECHANGER _____REPONDRE _____DESCENDRE _____…

ATTENTION:

ECOUTER _____TELEPHONER _____ATTENDRE ____…

5. PREPOSITIONS WITH GEOGRAPHICAL PLACES

to / in from

Cities à de

All continents and countries with the exception of masculine countries that begin with a consonant.

en de/d’

All masculine countries that begin with a consonant.

au du

All plural countries aux des

Examples: J’habite en Europe. Je reviens d’Europe. J’habite à Saint Louis. Je reviens de Chicago.

6. DEPUIS VS PENDANT


1. Use the preposition depuis with the present tense to describe an action that began at some time in the past and continues into the present.

Example: Vous attendez le bus depuis combien de temps? Je l’attends depuis cinq minutes.How long have you been waiting for the bus for? I have been waiting for it for five minutes.

2. Use depuis with the imperfect (imparfait) to describe an action that began at some time in the past and continues into the past.

Example: Vous attendiez le bus depuis combien de temps? Je l’attendais depuis cinq minutes.How long had you been waiting for the bus for? I had been waiting for it for five minutes.

3. Do not mix depuis (continuing action in the present - present tense or in the past - imparfait) with pendant (the action is over in the past - passé composé).

Example:Elle a attendu le bus pendant combien de temps? She waited for the bus for how long?

PREPOSITION + INFINITIVE

Use an infinitive after a preposition: à (to); de (from); pour (in order to); avant de (before); sans (without); après (after) (Attention, après is followed by the past infinitive, ex. après avoir mangé..)

Examples: Elle est allée en ville pour faire des courses.She went downtown to go shopping.Avant d’aller au magasin, elle est allée à la banque.Before going to the store, she went to the bank.On ne peut rien acheter sans payer.We can’t buy anything without paying.

ATTENTION: Some verbs are directly followed by the infinitive, some are followed by à + infinitive, and some are followed by de + infinitive. Memorize the following .

verbs + infinitive verbs + à + infinitive verbs + de + infinitive

allerpouvoirvouloirvaloir mieux

chercherhésiterrenoncertravailler

féliciternégligerremercierreprocheravoir peuravoir besoinavoir enviecraindre


verbs + infinitive verbs + à + infinitive verbs + de + infinitive

refuserregretterse passersuffireconvenir


THE PRESENT OF THE INDICATIVE

PATTERN 1 PATTERN 2 PATTERN 7 PATTERN 8AVOIR ETRE -CER -GER

COMMENCER MANGER_________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

PATTERN 9 PATTERN 10 PATTERN 15 PATTERN 16-ECER -ÉCER -IER -AYERLEVER PRÉFÉRER ÉTUDIER PAYER_________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

PATTERN 17 PATTERN 18 PATTERN 22 PATTERN 23-OYER/ -UYER ENVOYER ALLER VENIR_________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

PATTERN 25 PATTERN 27 PATTERN 32 PATTERN 35-TIR SOUFFRIR/OUVRIR DORMIR SERVIRSORTIR/PARTIR_________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ _________________


PATTERN 38 PATTERN 39 PATTERN 41 PATTERN 42RECEVOIR VOIR SAVOIR DEVOIR_________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

PATTERN 43 PATTERN 48 PATTERN 53 PATTERN 54POUVOIR VOULOIR -DRE PRENDRE_________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

PATTERN 56 PATTERN 57 PATTERN 62 PATTERN 64METTRE -EINDRE FAIRE CONNAÎTRE_________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

PATTERN 68 PATTERN 69 PATTERN 75 PATTERN 76CROIRE BOIRE SUIVRE VIVRE_________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

PATTERN 77 PATTERN 78 PATTERN 80 PATTERN 82LIRE DIRE ECRIRE CONDUIRE_________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ __________________________________ _________________ _________________ _________________


THE PASSÉ COMPOSÉ OF THE INDICATIVE













THE IMPARFAIT OF THE INDICATIVE













THE PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT OF THE INDICATIVE













THE FUTURE OF THE INDICATIVE













THE PAST FUTURE OF THE INDICATIVE













THE PRESENT OF THE IMPERATIVE













THE PRESENT OF THE CONDITIONAL













THE PAST CONDITIONAL













THE PRESENT OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE













THE PAST SUBJUNCTIVE












Documents

€¦ · Web viewThe INDIRECT object indicates to whom the action was done. The indirect object is preceded by the preposition à. An indirect object pronoun can only replace a