BA (Hons) Fashion Management Fashion and Textiles Product:

FTMG10352

Charis Walker – N0625274Isabelle Rudd – N0627868

Word Count: 2,740

The Global Fashion Supply Chain and the Future of Garment Manufacture

BA (Hons) Fashion Management Fashion and Textiles Product:

FTMG10352

Charis Walker – N0625274Isabelle Rudd – N0627868

Word Count: 2,740

Contents

List of Figures

1. Introduction

2. The supply Chain (CW)

2.1 Fibres used in knitted apparel

2.2 Spinning

2.3 Dyeing

2.4 Fabric Construction

2.5 cut and sew

2.6 fully fashioned

2.7 whole garment

2.8 Dyeing and Finishing

2.9 Shipping to warehouse

3. Offshore Manufacturing (CW)

3.1 Advantages of offshore manufacturing

3.2 Causes of offshore manufacturing

3.3 Disadvantages

4. Current Sourcing and Production of Knitwear (IR)

4.1 UK based manufacturing

4.2 Less developed countries

5. The future of Knitwear Manufacturing (IR)

5.1 Manufacturing in China

5.2 Emerging opportunities

5.3 Ethical Issues

5.4 Technological Advances

6. Summary

References

Bibliography

Appendices

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List of Figures

Figure 2.1 - The Supply Chain Iceberg

Figure 2.2 - A Warp Knitting Machine

Figure 2.3 - A Circular Knitting Machine

Figure 3.1 - Zara In-House Production

Figure 3.2 - Main Reasons to Outsource

Figure 4 – Protests outside Primark on Oxford Street

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1. Introduction

In today’s society there is a surplus of choice. Businesses are desperately seeking to stand out and entice more revenue. A significant method to achieve this is to provide inexpensive but good quality products through offshore manufacturing. Henry Ford’s assembly line creation at the start of the twentieth century brought great advances in mass production. This was the start of an effective supply chain and the origin of offshore manufacturing. Lower operational and labour costs are among the primary benefits obtained. Through offshore manufacturing there have been numerous developments within mass production and technology. For example, fully fashioned knitwear is now available which uses advanced computerized knitting technology. Also a wider variety of fibres that can be used to create knitted apparel such as natural Bamboo and synthetic Nylon and Acrylic. Different countries offer different talents and skills for example India generates many knowledgeable graduates while China are talented at constructing embroidered garments. Therefore, moving production to another country benefits a company by creating garments that are different from the usual, producing an advantage over other companies and gaining more customers. The objective of this paper is to explain global mass production and the benefits of offshore manufacturing through the development of knitted apparel.

2. The supply chain

The supply chain is the sequence of processes involved in the production and distribution of a garment. A supply chain reduces inventories, waste and variation. The Iceberg theory applies to the current supply chain, at the base of the iceberg are the complex global supply chains that control large businesses today.

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Figure 2.1 The Supply Chain Iceberg Theory

2.1 Fibres used in Knitted apparel

Knitted apparel can be made from numerous fibres. Cotton fibre length commonly used in yarns and fabrics is around 25 – 35 mm long. (Fabric or Fashion, 2014) The longer the fibre length, the finer the diameter and the higher the quality. Cotton demand was up by 1.3% in 2013 while wool was down by 3.9% (Simpson, 2014). Wool is a natural fibre with an estimated annual production over 2 million tonnes. Bamboo is an unusual fibre to use in knitwear with claims of over exaggeration of performance and environmental benefits. However, knitted apparel doesn’t have to be made from natural fibres. There is also Nylon, Acrylic and Viscose which are generally used to blend therefore, the fibre for knitted apparel is constantly changing in popularity.

2.2 Spinning

Spun yarns are ‘composed of staple fibres held together by some binding mechanism’ (Textile Science, 1993). Loose fibres must be used when producing spun yarns. The twentieth century saw fast advances of new spinning methods aimed at increasing production speeds compared to ring spinning. There are many different methods of spinning e.g. Open-end, Warp and air-jet. Open end spinning is when the individual fibres are gathered onto the tail end of the open end. It is then rotated to twist the fibres into a yarn structure (Online Resource, Rieter). Part of open end spinning is rotor spinning; coarser fabric is formed by this process. This is the most successful of the new spinning systems due to the increase of its productivity because of higher speed.

2.3 Dyeing

After the fibre has been spun, the garment may be dyed. Adding colour can happen at more than one point in the supply chain, however the earlier the dye is applied the more time it adds into the critical path. Therefore, the best time to add dye is before the P.O.S

2.4 Fabric construction

There are two ways that the shape of a knitted garment can be constructed. These two processes are commonly referred to as ‘fully fashioned’ and 'cut and sew’.

2.5 Cut and sew

Knitwear is produced on flat machines and on circular machines producing pre-shaped pieces which are then sewn together. The circular knitting machine produces large pieces of fabric that can then be cut to shape. ‘Cut and sew’ garments are produced with a side seam and require a specialist to lay pattern pieces to utilize the most of the fabric. The leading manufacturers of flat knitting machines are Shima Seiki of Japan and Stoll of Germany, these machines produce flat pieces, therefore are used to make the trims. Warp knitting e.g. Tricot & Raschel can produce a variety of patterns in large rolls of fabric

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without shaping. It is a fast technique which requires more than one yarn to produce fabric with a dimensional stability creating very delicate elaborate fabrics (Glam Knits, 2008). Factories adapt to different mass production systems but each objective is to get work through the factory efficiently. In cut and sew garment making, progressive Bundle system is effective as pieces go into storage space in varies parts of the operation, maximising work ethic.

2.6 Fully fashioned

The shaping of knit wear is not complex. Areas of the garment are shaped at the selvedge by increasing/decreasing the number of loops in the width of the fabric. The finer the gauge, the more loops have to be moved compared to the coarse gauge fabrics to obtain the same change in shaping. (Brackenbury,1992). The advantages of this is that there is no yarn wastage and no cutting required except for the neckline. A visit to the luxury brand John Smedley factory revealed their product range includes fine gauge (30 gauge) lightweight garments operating ultra-soft merino wool and Sea Island cotton.

2.7 Whole Garment

Whole garments are fundamentally three tubes with draw thread separation. The only thing after is to stitch labels and finish the hem. This has a slow production rate compared to other ways of manufacturing. Whole garment technology was developed by Japanese manufacturers Shima Seiki which uses advanced computerized knitting technology. Advantages include reversible knitwear, design and silhouette of the garment to be reproduced. Predictions for future shopping sees an ‘on-demand production of customised whole garments, where customers co-designed garments in accordance with personal tastes’ (Brackenbury,1992).

2.8 Dyeing and Finishing

Achieving the right colour is difficult but due to modern technology a computer can match the colour. However, dyeing problems do occur such as off shade where it does not match standard reference sample. All garments are checked for quality and appearance. Most factories will have a quality assurance procedure where they will check for quality through all processes. Finished garments will be checked for faults and where possible faulty goods are mended by hand. This could be seen within the John Smedley factory where three women undertook this job.

Garments which pass this stage will go through the finish press. This is when they are given a light press/steam. Through this stage it is important not to distort the garment (Eberle, H. 2008).

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2.9 Shipping to warehouse

The garment is bagged/boxed prior to dispatching. Penalties on late shipments need to be in place as it will affect the critical path and cause the retailer to miss out on sales. Most companies will have allowances on delivery schedules for this reason. Technology can stimulate an unbroken flow of communication therefore reduces the risks of unforeseen costly events (Hatch,K L.,1993). Therefore, retailers are becoming increasingly dependent on digital technologies to manage supply chain risk management through shipping.

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Figure 2.2 - A Warp Knitting Machine

Figure 2.3 – A Circular Knitting Machine

3. Off shore manufacturing

The fashion apparel industry has evolved significantly in the last twenty years due to an increase in fashion seasons and a modified supply chain. Today, people care less about where something is made as long as it’s cheap, stylish and of good quality. These changes in dynamics and higher customer demand have forced retailers to find new and cheaper ways of producing fast fashion ensuring speed to the market and quality. Therefore, fast fashion e.g. H&M and Topshop manufacture goods now in places such as Istanbul and Vietnam.

3.1 Advantages of offshore manufacturing

Lower operational and labour costs are among the primary reasons why companies choose to outsource. Offshore manufacturing offers a highly skilled workforce. Indian universities produce 3.1 million graduates every year. Other reasons for moving offshore include a company gaining a global network and expanding their consumer base by exploring new market areas and taking their delivery closer to their end users. A good example of this is Zara and their in house production method. “The essence of the Inditex model is to push the moment of production as close as possible to the moment of sale”. More than 60% of their production takes place in Spain, Portugal and other nearby countries e.g. Morocco and Turkey. In moving offshore, Companies can delegate roles which are difficult to manage to external agencies while still reaping the benefits. As a result, internal resources are released that could be put to effective use for other purposes (Drapers, 2016).

3.2 Causes of offshore manufacturing

This was made possible due to the changes in 1990s such as declining transportation, declining communication costs and easier border control. Companies made the most of this opportunity and not just the fashion industry, other industries such as toys also outsourced. “The spread of the telegraph and of railroads encouraged firms to serve larger regional and national markets” (JoAnne Yates, 2008). Then new models of outsourcing in late 1980s included new Internet technology and software encouraging more movement offshore.

While exploring offshore manufacturing, The PEST analysis Model is important where a company looks into the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors. India is a popular outsourcing country due to economically commanding 65% of the world’s BPO offshore outsourcing market. SWOT tests are also in place to examine the strengths and opportunities countries can offer, such as different skills being obtainable in China as they are talented with producing detailed embroidered garments, as well as any threat and weaknesses.

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3.3 Disadvantages

Between 2000 and 2004, the UK gained £16bn from off-shoring. However, this does have some disadvantages. Nike for example are known for their poor working conditions due to moving the majority of its production too far away from its headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon to obtain a manageable supply chain. Fast and effective response to quality problems becomes increasingly difficult to manage when working with partners in another country due to language differences and distance.

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Figure 3.1 – Zara In-House Production

Figure 3.2 – Main reasons to Outsource

4. Current Sourcing and Production of Knitwear4.1 UK based manufacturing

“The fashion industry is becoming a worldwide exchange of ideas, talent, material, and products. Ideas come from all over the world, textiles are imported from one country to another, production is done almost everywhere, particularly in Asia, and nearly every country contributes in some way.” (Frings, 2005, Page 148) However, in more recent years, some countries are contributing less to manufacturing, such as the UK. Scotland especially was a hub of knitwear production. “In it’s heyday, the Scottish Knitwear manufacturing industry employed more than 9,000 locals. Today, fewer than 1,000 people continue to work within the industry ecosystem. Many of these jobs were lost to overseas competition.” (Business of Fashion 2014) One company to make the move overseas from Scotland was Pringle, which closed its Hawick factory in 2008. Former Senior Designer for Pringle, Angela Bell said “When I left there were loads and loads of people being made redundant. They were doing a lot of outsourcing to Mauritius and to China and a bit in India as well. The knitwear was starting to get produced overseas and not so much in Scotland.” (Business of Fashion 2014) The brand however continues to outsource some cashmere production to local Scottish firms.

A company that has decided to invest into production within Scotland is Chanel, “despite the higher labour costs than in other global facilities, due to the specific knowledge of knitwear design and weaving techniques that the site had built up over decades of wool weaving. It is now Chanel’s global knitwear production centre” (Catapult 2015) A designer company like Chanel will be able to operate in a costly area such as the UK due to their high profit margins, and investing into manufacturing in such a way will present high quality products – an important factor when selling at designer prices. Some companies continue to manufacture in the UK to maintain their British image such as Mulberry and John Smedley.

4.2 Less Developed Countries

Many retailers, however, rely on low labour costs when manufacturing and therefore resort to manufacturing in different countries. “According to MacCarthy and Jayarathne (2010), in the last 30 years, textiles manufacturing has shifted significantly to less developed countries. For example 42 percent of the E27’s clothing imports were supplied to China in 2012, with Bangladesh and Turkey accounting for further 13% each. (EC, 2013)” (Altunas & Turker, 2014) The UK is currently associated with quality, but also high costs. Some retailers such as designer labels like Chanel are able to meet these costs as explained above.

Another factor that companies will consider during production is the sourcing of the actual fabric or yarns. Jack Wills, for example, sources ‘from all over the world including

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China, India, Portugal, Turkey and the UK.’ (Jack Wills [website]) Different countries will specialize in certain fabrics or yarns, or retailers may source from a countries due to being able to provide a wide range of yarns. “China’s share in knitwear rose from 20% to 32% of the total world market from 2004 to 2008. This was partly due to the removal of quotas, but also due to the range of yarns and capabilities available. In terms of price, however, China is relatively high.” (Proquest Central 2010) Retailers are likely to keep manufacturing in the country where it sources from, to keep costs of transportation low and to also reduce their CO2 footprint. An “impact of the extended fashion supply chain is the heavy environmental burden it imposes from increased transportation mileage. This is exacerbated by the time pressure on fast fashion industry orders, which means that the majority of shipments are delivered by air, significantly increasing CO2 emissions.” (Atlunas & Tucker, 2014)

A survey of 28 knitted garments revealed some manufacturing locations of eight high street retailers. The results revealed that some retailers such as Topshop and New Look had a large number of manufacturers in different countries such as China, UK, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Turkey and Mauritius – which was especially favored by Topshop with 50% of their chosen garments manufactured there. Other retailers appeared to solely manufacture in one country; as H&M does in Bangladesh and Missguided does in the UK. The UK also, surprisingly, appeared as a manufacturing country for more retailers than expected, accounting for 25% of the chosen garments. (See appendix 2 for results)

“Some companies in Mauritius and South Africa produce high-value added products, such as fully fashioned sweaters in cotton, cashmere, lambswool, and various blends, and apparel from wool and manmade fibre.” (Zoellick, 2004, page 3-42 – 3-43) Fully fashioned knitwear is Madagascar’s main apparel product.

5. The Future of Knitwear Manufacturing5.1 Manufacturing in China

Production of knitwear has developed extensively over the years and it is inevitable that it will change again, but how so? One of the main factors for retailers looking for alternative manufacturers was costs, labour in particular. China has proved popular amongst textile manufacturing due to its costs that were lower than that in the UK, and its surprising quality capabilities. “Many labels on the higher end, such as American Leather brand coach, realised they could create fine handbags in China for a significantly smaller cost” (Forbes, 2008) However, China is no longer the cheapest country to manufacture in. ‘More sophisticated manufacturing facilities – and a growing Chinese middle class demanding high pay – have forced many companies off the coast of China, their traditional stronghold. Some have retreated inland to poorer, work strapped areas, while other have moved out of China entirely. However, the lower end brands, not the fine-goods companies, are the ones departing.’ This has resulted in retailers considering new locations. “In particular, fast fashion retailers – those that push new product onto the floor

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frequently – like H&M or Topshop – manufacture goods in places such as Istanbul and Vietnam.”(Forbes, 2008)

5.2 Emerging opportunities

The future of knitwear manufacturing definitely depends on the specialization of specific countries. Some emerging sourcing opportunities are:

“Albania – has come on strongly in swimwear and intimate apparel Croatia – hosiery, intimate and swimwear Serbia – the second-largest supplier of hosiery to the UK after China Laos – strong in knitwear, tops, dresses, trousers and skirts Cambodia – has grown in knitwear, its main area of strength, but also in woven

garments.”(Proquest Central 2010)

5.3 Ethical issues

Over time consumers have also become more aware of ethical issues that using cheap labour can entail. “The majority of fashion industry labour is located in off-shore countries and composed of young, poorly educated people, since the manufacturing process in this sector does not require high skills. Women and children make up the majority of the workforce in developing countries, since these disadvantaged people accept work at lower wages. In addition, there is significant amount of forced labour in certain countries, such as Bangladesh (Viederman, 2013). Within this employment structure, the workforce is highly vulnerable to discrimination, bad treatment, low wages and long working hours (Ichimura, 2011).” (Atlunas & Tucker, 2014) It was conditions like these that brought Primark into the press for their Sweatshop Scandal in 2008 – although they were allegedly unware of their Indian supplier passing on work to unapproved sub-contractors. It is for reasons like these that “Next states that they conducted 1647 audits in 570 suppliers that they work with in 44 different countries during 2012 (Next CSR Report., 2013)” (Atlunas & Tucker, 2014)

Some retailers may stay with countries or manufacturers where ethical issues are not a problem, such as American Apparel who are proud to promote that their products are made in the USA and are ‘sweatshop free’

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Fig 4. Protests outside Primark Oxford Street

5.4 Technological Advances

Another factor that may influence the future of knitwear manufacturing is technology. Retailers are likely to follow developments in technology in order to obtain a competitive advantage within the market. London based fashion start-up “Knyttan aims to disrupt the $200 billion knitwear market with technology that turns the industrial knitting machines, which make 20 percent of the world’s garments, into the equivalent of 3D printers for clothes, enabling users to design and ‘print’ their own customised sweaters, scarves and other knitted items, made of Merino wool, for 200 pounds (about $315) for sweaters and 80 pounds (about $125 ) for scarves… This means the per item cost of producing one of something is the same as the per item cost of producing 10,000, opening up tremendous potential for what product strategists call “mass customisation,” blending the benefits of craft production, where each item is unique and customised to the aesthetic or functional needs of an individual consumer, with the cost-efficiencies and scalability of mass production.”(Business of Fashion, 2015) Technologies as such have the potential to cause retailers to relocate their manufacturing in order to take advantage of new machinery or the workforces’ acquired skills – such as India’s skills for embellishment. Knyttan’s specific new technology provides the possibility of knitwear manufacturing making a return to the UK as this will provide a competitive advantage for retailers – especially those within the fast fashion market due to the large numbers of products it can produce, however it has the potential to be a highly expensive venture due to the extravagant technology and location.

6. Summary

Knitwear manufacturing is constantly evolving in terms of methods and location in order to become more efficient and reduce costs, whilst still ensuring that quality is maintained. Factors of manufacturing will differentiate between retailers due to the nature of their market, e.g. Premium retailers will be likely to manufacture in more costly locations and perhaps use more luxury animal fibres, and construct fully fashioned or whole garments in order to achieve quality to sell at a higher price. There is no doubt that, as in the 1990’s, global factors may contribute to another major change within manufacturing – possibly environmental issues regarding global warming which may result in retailers having to manufacture elsewhere in order to reduce CO2 emissions, or retailers may also follow technology and skills that different countries utilise. For now, and likely for the foreseeable future, the main objective for companies is and will be profitability and so generally, retailers will follow low labour costs, cheaper fibres and low cost methods of production is order to achieve this.

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References

Academic Reports

Global trends in fibre prices, production and consumption by Paul Simpson, 2014.

Turker, D and Atlunas, C. 2014 Sustainable supply chain management in the Fast Fashion industry: An analysis of corporate reports volume 32. Issue 5. October 2014.

Books

Brackenbury, T., 1992, Knitting Clothing Technology, Blackwell Science

Eberle, H. 2008, Clothing technology: From fibre to fashion. Haan-Gruiten: Eurpa-Lehrmitte.

Frings, G. 2005. Fashion: from concept to consumer. Pearson education

C. Hallett and A. Johnston, 2014, Fabric for Fashion, The Swatch Book,

Hatch, K L., 1993, Textile Science St Paul, USA: West Publishing Company

S. Japel, 2008. Glam knits, designs for luxe yarns, F&W Publications. Taylor, M.A., 1990, Technology of Textile Properties 3rd ed. London: Forbes Publications

The Art of knitting, inspirational stitches, textures and surfaces. 2005, Thames and Hudson.

The Couture of knitting, J. Turney 2009, Berg.

Zoellick, R. 2004. Textiles and apparel: Assessment of the competitiveness of certain foreign suppliers to the U.S. Market. US International Trade Commission

Journals

Drapers, Textile Report 2016. Shaping the material world.

Sherman, L. 2008, Who makes the clothes on your back. May, Forbes

Textile Month

Knitting International

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Bibliography

Books

The Art of knitting, inspirational stitches, textures and surfaces. 2005, Thames and Hudson.

The Couture of knitting, J. Turney 2009, Berg.

Taylor, M.A., 1990, Technology of Textile Properties 3rd ed. London: Forbes Publications

Zoellick, R. 2004. Textiles and apparel: Assessment of the competitiveness of certain foreign suppliers to the U.S. Market. US International Trade Commission

Frings, G. 2005. Fashion: from concept to consumer. Pearson education

Journals

Textile Month

Knitting International

Drapers

Online Resources

https://panjiva.com/ [Accessed 14/03/16]

Outsourcing, Past, Present, and Future A. Gonzales, D. Dorwin, D. Gupta, K. Kaylan, S. Schimler https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/04au/clearedprojects/Dorwin.pdf [Accessed 13/03/16]

3D knitting machines will be in every homes, 2015, Mark Miodownik. http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2015/06/wired-world-2015/3d-knitting [Accessed 2/03/16]

http://www.rieter.com/en/rikipedia/articles/technology-ofshort-staple-spinning/cleaning/impurities-to-be-eliminated/ [Accessed 04/03/16]

Shima Seiki to exhibit latest technology at Première Vision Istanbul 2016, Wakayama. http://www.knittingindustry.com/circular-knitting/shima-seiki-to-exhibit-latest-technology-at-premire-vision-istanbul/#sthash.33s9qESp.dpuf [Accessed 17/03/16]

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Building the OpenKnit machine, 2015, Fabschool http://www.instructables.com/id/Building-the-Open-Knit-machine/ [Acessed 02/03/16]

Production and Business methods in the integral knitting supply chain, 2007, J. Peterson, D. Ekwall http://www.autexrj.com/cms/zalaczone_pliki/6-07-4.pdf [Accessed 04/03/16]

Fully fashioned and cut and sew knitwear, J. Sander 2011 http://thecuttingclass.com/post/3563227104/knitwear-jil-sander [Accessed 16/03/16]

3 core Supply Chain Managemen Trend Gearing Up yo Change SCM forever. A. Robinson, 2015 http://cerasis.com/2015/05/04/supply-chain-management-trends/ [Accessed 04/03/16]

Benefits of offshore manufacturing, East West Manufacturing, 2012, http://blog.ewmfg.com/articles/benefits-of-offshore-manufacturing/ [Accessed 10/03/16]

The knit on demand supply chain J. Larsson, J. Peterson, H.. Mattila. http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/11872/1/THE%20KNIT%20ON%20DEMAND%20SUPPLY%20CHAIN-ARJ-121023.pdf [Accessed 02/03/16]

ASBCI (Association of Suppliers to the British Clothing Industry) Make or Break Available at www.asbci.co.uk [Accessed 9/03/16]

Catapult. 2015 Retaining production in the UK is more significant than Offshoring (online) Available at https://hvm.catapult.org.uk/news-events-gallery/news/retaining-production-in-the-uk-is-more-significant-than-reshoring-sayscatapult/. Accessed 22/02/16

Business of Fashion. Kansara V, 2015. Knyttan aims to disrupt $200 billion knitwear market (online) Available at http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/fashion-tech/knyttan-raises-seed-round-aims-to-disrupt-200-billion-knitwear-market Accessed 22/02/16

Businss of Fashion. Mellery-Pratt, R. 2014. Reinventing the Scottish Knitwear Industry (online) Available at http://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/fashion-tech/knyttan-raises-seed-round-aims-to-disrupt-200-billion-knitwear-market Accessed 22/02/16

Sherman, L. 2008, Who makes the clothes on your back. May, Forbes http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/25/style-clothes-foreign-forbeslife-cx_ls_outsourcing08_0529offshore.html Accessed 18/03/2016

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Online reports

Textile-Focused Shipping and Logistics, Borneman, Jim. Textile World156.2 (Mar/Apr 2006): 38-41,43.

Reasons to rethink your global-supply strategy, Ahmad, Taymar. Machine Design82.8 (May 6, 2010): 31.

Off-shore manufacturing best for Britain, Manners, David (4/27/2005)

Proquest Central, 2010. Apparel industry issues to watch in 2010: Management briefing; Sourcing winners and losers. Jan/Feb 2010. P. 4/5

Academic Reports

Fashion: A better business model by Tobias Buck

Turker, D and Atlunas, C. 2014 Sustainable supply chain management in the Fast Fashion industry: An analysis of corporate reports [online] volume 32. Issue 5. October 2014. Available via Emerald. Accessed 22/02/16

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List of Appendices

Appendix A – An online Survey was undertaken to discover where the majority of people believe knitted apparel is produced.

China37%India

29%

Hong Knong5%

Bangladesh16%

vietnam2%

Turkey11%

1 - Where do you think Knitted apparel is manu-

factured?

The conclusions formed are that most people believe knitted garments are produced in China and India. Yet there is still an understanding that currently there is a variety of countries that manufacturer Knitted apparel.

Appendix B – Primary Research was undertaken looking at knitted apparel in wardrobes and in store. Examining the label and discovering where each individual garment was produced.

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China UK Bangladesh Bulgaria Mauritius Cambodia Vietnam Macedonia Turkey0

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Chart Title

Topshop H&M Miss Selfridge MissguidedZara Newlook Primark Other