CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

The purpose of this study to figure out the intention of adopting Low Loss

Microwave Transmission Glass (LLMTG), to establish a theoretical framework by

examining the relationship adoption factors and its adoption and to innovate the existing

model and analysed on the adoption of LLMTG. The study utilized a quantitative method

approach whereby employing survey instrument in order to get users perception on

adoption of LLMTG. The questionnaire was distributed using non-probability convenience

sampling. At the end of data collection period, a total of 123 usable questionnaires from

users. To figure out the intention of adopting LLMTG, the study calculated the percentage

of adoption stage among users. To assess the relationship of adoption factors and analysed

adoption of LLMTG, the study performed multi regression analysis (MRA) whereby the

study formulated hypotheses in order to innovate the existing model. The findings show

that a majority respondent considering to adopt LLMTG in the future which is positively

associated between characteristics of LLMTG, characteristics of the users and external

factors towards the adoption of LLMTG. Moreover, characteristics of the users are the

most determinant factor in order to adopting LLMTG. The study also develops formula

equation from data statistical analyses.

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1.2 Background of the study

A recent innovation in the glass technologies for building known as Low Loss

Microwave Transmission Glass (LLMTG) and users’ characteristics has led to a renewed

interest in the study of its adoption among users in Malaysia. Malaysia which is a tropical

rainforest country, experienced consistently hot and rainfall throughout the year.

According to data from Official Website Malaysian Meteorological Department

(MetMalaysia 2018), the temperature at night is still minimum, but during the day, the

highest temperature recorded almost at 34.90C. As aresult, the majority all of workplaces,

business edifices and homes are furnished with air-conditioning in Malaysia for

diminishing high temperature (Sadrzadehrafiei et al., 2012; Lundgren & Kjellstrom 2013,

Zaki, et al., 2017). With a specific end goal to overcome the risk of great warmth, a few

studies explore diverse building outline setups to give an ideal backing to architects in

choosing the configuration of the building (Echenagucia, Capozzoli, Cascone & Sassone

2015; Kwong, et al., 2017). The government of Malaysia has taken decisive steps to

embrace energy saving designs of its buildings, influencing other sectors to adapt the same

concept in the future. The establishment of the Energy Comission on 1 May 2001 under

Energy Comission Act 2011 is an example of the effort for enhancement of energy sector

in Malaysia. They proposed a diamond shaped building as an artistic base structure which

incorporates energy saving building components, and considering is more productive

utilization of energy source rather than the ordinary buildings. It was officially launched on

31 May 2011 (Energy Commission Diamond Building, 2013). Mao et al., (2017) studied

that one of the main factors of residential cooling barrier is solar heat gain through

windows. Therefore, this provides the need for necessary solar control to minimize energy

use, then the combination of good shade management with windows will be the best

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strategy with their specific relevance to hot climates (Allen, et al., 2017; Dutta, Samanta, &

Neogi, 2017; Nazi, et al., 2017). This can be observed at the Energy Commission building

in Putrajaya which implemented with the shape of diamond to reduce solar impact with the

tilted energy saving glass (Chan,2018).

Among the innovation technologies that lead to energy efficiency in new

construction and, that is one of the most effective in terms of energy savings is the energy

saving glass (Ye et al., 2013; He et al., 2014; Khandelwal, et al., 2017; Yildiz, Bilbao, &

Sproul, 2017). It was found that the design of a building is very important because it is one

of the determinations whether the cooling loads by using cooling systems or power

ventilation system. The effectiveness of the innovation glass is important in moderating

energy utilization when the ratio of glass is higher in the building envelope. This is

admittedly since windows act as a medium of heat exchange with infrared waves (IR)

where the glass absorbs and consequently expanded temperature inside of the room

(Yildiz, Bilbao, & Sproul, 2017). However, the cost will also be important aspects in the

selection of glass with the best thermal reduction thus minimize the cooling barrier (Tibi &

Mokhtar 2014; Chu, Cui, & Liu,2017). The Malaysian government has prepared a scheme

for the implementation of green technology, Green Technology Financing Scheme. Among

the criteria that could be related to LLMTG are criteria for building and township sector

(GreenTech Malaysia, 2018). Building envelope, lighting acceptable levels, low internal

noise levels and good thermal comfort control system listed in the two important which is

the criteria of the usage of renewable energy savings, including also indoor environmental

quality (KeTTHA 2015; Green Technology Financing Scheme 2018).

In further support of this finding, Kiani et al., (2011), Disteldorf, Dietrich, &

Swamynaidu, (2018), Wang, & Shi, (2017) discovered the enhancement of thermal

3

insulation when the glass's surface is modified with low emissivity coating and added an

additional pane of glass. Scholars discovered that, the coating surface of the glass

enervating important signals to pass through them (Munk 2005; Kiani et al., 2011; Ullah

2012). The significant signals that are intended heavily involved in telecommunication

systems and wireless internet. Hence, frequency selective surface (FSS) was proposed for

the enhancement of low loss transmission signals (Munk 2005; Kiani et al., 2011; Ullah,

2012; Md Shukor et al., 2014a & Md Shukor et al., 2014b). With this enhancement,

LLMTG with the combination of FSS improved the transmission an important signal and

at the same time reduce radiation levels.

The importance of low loss microwave transmission glass (LLMTG) is increasingly

gaining attention amongst organizations in building design, hence driving the efforts by

organizations to adopt LLMTG to provide good thermal isolation to the buildings and

improve the energy efficiency. A previous study by Department of Energy (The United

States of America) has mentioned that, global carbon emissions are increasing per year and

they expected that it will be more than 50% above 1997 level by 2015, due to the

inefficient way of energy use and rising energy demand (Abdelaziz, Saidur, & Mekhilef,

2011). In order to raise the performance of microwave signals transmission and lowering

number of return loss, Shukor et al., (2014, May) proposed a new complex coating shape

of energy saving glass structure with less percent of the coated area through an application

of genetic algorithm (GA) approach. As the visibility through the glass kept good, the

buildings can be remains cool in summer and kept warm in winter for a long period of time

(Srivastava, 2018), hence this transmission glass precisely suit with a hot climate weather

condition in Malaysia. In general, this new technology of energy saving property is

achieved using special sputtering processes by providing thin layer of metal-oxide over one

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side surface of normal float glass. As a concern, LLMTG has grown very popular into the

plan of many organizational strategies, due to the useful shield of building with infrared

(IR) radiation (Musa, 2016).

Many organizations all over the world have been practicing LLMTG based on their

cultural, technological and industrial situations. Thus, the advancement of technology has

aided the manufacturing industry to provide good product quality to the users. In this

technology advancement world market, manufacturers have to go further in manufacturing

and provide aftermarket service to maintain the competitive advantage and remain the

customer ( Chen, & Kuan‐Shun Chiu, 2010; Hu, & He, 2018, Lin,).

1.3 Problem statement

Scholars has mentioned that the number of users that adopting LLMTG or also

known as energy saving glass (ESG) are still low as they are lacking of knowledge about

low loss microwave transmission glass and how it is produced (Musa et. al., 2016). Hence,

it is a positive sign to the manufacturers to keep on manufacturing this high quality of glass

as the Malaysian users are welcoming on new product innovation development. However,

Musa & Chinniah (2016) claimed that the most challenges faced by Malaysian

organizations to go green is influenced by resource availability encompasses monetary,

human and time. Additionally, many organizations are still adopting the ordinary float

glass, which exposes with the infrared radiation from outside (Kumar, et al., 2018, March).

Thus, examining the adoption of LLMTG in Malaysia organizations is essential as it can

develop the understanding of LLMTG technology which will subsequently provide good

thermal isolation and upgrade the transmission of useful signals, such as GSM mobile

phones, infrared, WLAN, personal communication signal, Wi-Fi, GPS, wireless

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broadband, wireless network, and 3G systems. Therefore, this study is crucial to

investigated as Malaysia still lack of studies on glass technology adoption.

Diffusion of innovation in general is a prominent research arena which has attracted

diverse researchers. Although a great body of literature can be traced in these research

areas, it is believed that further research is justified. On the one hand, innovation studies

have reported contradictory findings on specific innovations in different contexts. In

addition, more research on different types of innovations in different contexts is needed to

develop a good base for comparing the results and enriching the theory of innovation

diffusion.

The definition of innovation given by Kreps, (2017) used in this study is one

employed by many social scientists. Kreps, (2017) defined innovation as “the adoption of

an idea or behaviour – whether product, device, system, process, policy, program or

service – that is new to the adopting organisation”. Innovation concerns an idea, behaviour,

product, service, practice, process, system, or programme which is new to the adopter

( Rogers, 2002; Franceschinis, et al., 2017). The main criterion here is the novelty of the

object to the adopter/user. As long as the idea is perceived as new by the adopter, it is an

innovation. In the light of this definition, the present study conceptualises LLMTG as

innovations, and particularly recognises it as product innovations. The study then develops

a conceptual model that describes its adoption by the users. The model integrates and

builds on the work of Rogers to propose factors which influence the adoption of the

innovation.

Since there has been an enormous quantity of focus in developing these

technologies, the study for energy-efficient technologies or green technologies is

significantly necessary. The percentage of negative effects on resource use and towards the

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environment able been reduced significantly with these technologies (Huang, & Li, 2017).

In order to gain the complete benefits of new technologies, the learning of its utilization

and its advantages is crucial so the adoption of this particular technology succeed among

users (Zailani et al., 2015). From the former study, knowledge, persuasion, decision,

implementation, and confirmation have been defined as the five stages that involves by

Rogers (2003) in the process of adoption. This shows that the acquisition proper

knowledge of the particular technology is an essential initial step in the process of

technology adoption. However, there still exist of several factors may weakening any of

those steps resulting in rejection to adopt the technology (Darko, & Chan, 2017). The

possible barriers in technology adoption specially to go green from previous research was

the shortage of information, lack of awareness, policies and social acceptance (Flamos et

al., 2008; Suzuki, 2015; Darko, & Chan, 2017). Aligned with the passage of time, the

global market is narrowing the direction of a market channel with the utilization of energy-

efficient sources regarding the rise of electricity cost and consideration towards global

climate change. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2018). With the emphasis on global

temperatures that may affect the comfort inside the building, the discussion by Friess, &

Rakhshan, (2017) can be taken which stated that the amount of energy savings by the

utilization of a suitable glaze window to minimize heat absorptivity without compromising

visual requirements. But in the meantime, the transition for a user becoming alert with the

technology that needs to adopt and utilize it required a positive belief among the

user(Darko, & Chan, 2016).The inspiration to study technology adoption enlightens by the

context of behavioral factors, which are vital with the constant progress of adoption. The

comprehension of ways that may affect users through this adoption factors likewise is

essential since the encouragement of green technology adoption involves of data

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collections that been able to utilize as a designation of a business model and innovative

product. (Suki, 2013).

The purpose of this study is to focus specifically on the adoption level of Low Loss

Microwave Transmission Glass (LLMTG) among the user in Malaysia, and analysing the

adoption factors towards the adoption of the technology. The LLMTG is encompassed as

an innovation that is new to users. As innovations includes three (3) phases: initiation,

decision and implementation (Rogers 2003; Franceschinis et al., 2017), this study will look

at the adoption of LLMTG when it is accepted by the users and is regularly used by them.

1.4 Significance of the study

The purpose of this study is to focus especially on the adoption of Low Loss

Microwave Transmission Glass (LLMTG) among users in Malaysia, and analyzing the

adoption factors towards the adoption of the technology. The LLMTG is encompassed as

an innovation that is new to users. Diffusion of Innovation theory, Characteristics of user

and external factors has largely been applied with the studies of technology adoption in

various countries, where the users’ participant after the implementation is critical. To

ensure the fulfilment of the advantages are received by the user once the implementation

achieved, it is compatible with the similarities approaches to the study for green

technologies adoption. The DOI model consists of five core variables: relative advantage,

complexity, compatibility, observability and trialability, meanwhile characteristics of user

(commitment to product field, innovation related core benefit, expected financial benefit,

user-manufacturer interaction) and external factors (technological opportunities, market

demand condition, appropriability). This study will look at the adoption of LLMTG by

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using the DOI, characteristics of user and external factors model as an important concept

because it integrated major theories and was tested on a large real-world data set.

1.5 Research objectives and research questions

1.5.1 Research objectives

a) To figure out the intentions of adopting low loss microwave transmission glass

among users in Malaysia.

b) To establish a theoretical framework by examining the relationship between user’s

adoption decision with the low loss microwave transmission glass characteristics,

users’ characteristics and environmental uncertainties.

c) Innovate the existing model and analysed on the adoption of low loss microwave

transmission glass (LLMTG)

d) To analyse the organizational financial performance towards adoption of LLMTG.

1.5.2 Research questions

a) What is the intention of LLMTG adoption among users in Malaysia?

b) Do the characteristics of LLMTG itself influence its adoption?

c) Do the characteristics of the users influence the adoption of LLMTG?

d) Do the external factors influence the adoption of LLMTG?

e) Do financial performance been affected by adopting LLMTG?

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1.6 Summary of Chapter

This chapter presents the background of the study that related to energy saving

glass which can be narrowed to LLMTG and the purpose of green building’s type in

section 1.1 and section 1.2. Section 1.3 discover problems of the intention to adopt any sort

of related to the green concept in present time which encompasses time and monetary.

Section 1.4 presents the significance of the study since LLMTG can be categorized as a

new innovation to users’ in Malaysia, so the intention of LLMTG adoption need to study to

ensure the advantages towards the building are able to receive by the user. The study

focused on energy saving glass in the green building's type in Malaysia. The last section

1.5 presents the research questions and objectives.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of low loss microwave transmission glass

A comprehensive literature was accomplished to perform the objectives of this

study regarding on developing the LLMTG issue. The first energy efficiency term was

recognized as one of the main parts in the industrial sector in the 1970s. In recent decades,

an increasing concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere has been

identified(Chu,Cui, & Liu, 2017). Scholars agreed that the energy efficiency is vital in

industry.

Although the common term used by scholars are energy saving glass (ESG) or low

emissivity glass (Low-e Glass), authors decided to rebranding the term become low loss

microwave transmission glass (LLMTG) as both are actually the same glass, due to

lowering the loss of energy transmitted by the glass. As time goes, energy is kept on use in

the industrial development across the world, which will bring to more greenhouse gases

such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), as all of these gases have

destructive effects for the earth’s humidity such increasing temperature, floods and drought

(Musa, 2016).

A previous study carried out by Ullah et al., (2011) proven that the transmission of

W-LAN, and 3G mobile signals were improved through the hard-coating by using the

frequency selective surface (FSS) on energy saving glass. Hence, this research has been

proved that there is an increase of 150C achieved when double coating glass with a

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thickness of 3-10mm is used. Otherwise, the room temperature is only rising by 8’C when

the single coating ESG window is applied. Furthermore, scholars categorized into two

forms of coating which are soft-coating (metal-oxide) and hard-coating (pyrolytic coating

layer) through different processes. A study done by Ullah et. al (2011) identified that the

hard coated is more lasting and simpler in handling, instead of the soft coated. The coat

sheet can transmit sunlight whereas the infrared radiation(IR) is reversed at normal

temperature(Sun, et al., 2017).

In further support of this finding, Kiani et al., (2011) discovered the enhancement

of thermal insulation when the glass's surface is modified with low emissivity coating and

added an additional pane of glass. Scholars discovered that, the coating surface of the glass

enervating important signals to pass through them (Munk 2005; Kiani et al., 2011 & Ullah

2012). The significant signals that are intended heavily involved in telecommunication

systems and wireless internet. Hence, frequency selective surface (FSS) was proposed for

the enhancement of low loss transmission signals (Munk 2005; Kiani et al., 2011; Ullah,

2012; Md Shukor et al., 2014a & Md Shukor et al., 2014b). With this enhancement,

LLMTG with the combination of FSS which one side of the glass will be coated by

dielectric substrate and will be etched with either square loop or circular loop are able to

improve the transmission an important signal and at the same time reduce radiation levels.

Recent literature on innovation pointed out an innovation is interpreted as a

concept, process, or plan that recognized as different and unique by an individual or

adopter (Franceschinis, et al., 2017). Importantly, organizations need to innovate in

feedback to change customer needs and lifestyles to capitalize the chances offered by

technology (Gupta, & Barua, 2017). Additionally, scholars agree that all firms need to

always continue adopting an innovation by time so that customers can make a right

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decision by purchasing their product or services. Innovation concerns an idea, behaviour,

product, service, practice, process, system, or program which is new to the adopter

(Rogers, 2002; Franceschinis et al., 2017). In accordance, Rogers (2003) proposed that

relative advantage, complexity, compatibility, observability and trialabilityare the five

important characteristics of innovation.

2.1.1 The characteristics of user towards energy consumption

The assumption of main obstacles to attaining the reduction of energy consumption

in the building nowadays often relate to the additional cost connected with certain goals or

the technical complexity in achieving those criteria (Fedoruk, et al., 2015). In practice,

achieving its very ambitious energy performance design goals was not economic or

technical. The difficulties related much more to the lack of important information,

information interpretation, communication, feedback, and interaction than the costs and

technical difficulties involved in the implementation of the green design objectives.

Previous research shows that management policy making is the most organizations have

mainly focused, with fewer stressed on occupants' behaviour toward energy efficiency

(Kwong, Adam, & Sahari, 2014). There is no limitation in design and construction for

energy-efficient buildings. The behaviour of the occupant is able to influence the energy

utilization. Energy efficiency can be part of the sustainability agenda as an environmental

control strategy for existing buildings (Ruparathna, Hewage, & Sadiq, 2016). In order to

ensure positive achievements in terms of the building's efficiency towards energy saving,

the consideration should make by the engineers regarding the relationship between the

occupants and the building management systems (De Wilde, 2014). Whereas majority in

developed countries, the tendency of people to spend 80 - 90% of their time in the building

13

is higher (Cui et al., 2013, Arif et al., 2016, & Al Horr, et al., 2016). The prediction of the

level interaction of occupants is difficult at the individual level rather than the use of

patterns for a group of occupants and general behavioural trends related to its control. The

environmental measurement able been assist by the patterns and trends such as outdoor and

indoor activities (GhaffarianHoseini, et al., 2013). As it becomes "a habit", a deliberative

evaluation is no longer required when behaviour is often repeated (Nisiforou, Poullis, &

Charalambides, 2012). The activities and methods of energy consumption of the occupants

are the main determining factor in the consumption of residential buildings but depending

on the certain situation either its temporary or long-term impact (Hassan et al., 2014).

Energy consumption can be influenced in various ways by building's occupants

(Yan et al., 2015). One of the effects due to the occupants' economic status is the

enhancement of energy consumption of buildings in the residential sector in Malaysia.

Good annual income influences the lifestyles of the occupants (Das, & Paul, 2015).

Various factors able to influence the behaviour of the building energy including the

climate, used physical materials, heating ventilation and air condition (HVAC), lighting,

occupants' behaviour, and building construction (Hong, & Lin, 2013, Cabeza et al., 2014).

In this study is about LLMTG which categorized as buildings’ envelope which is used

physical materials for the purpose towards green building.

2.1.2 Malaysian green building adaptation to Malaysian climate

The standard that rigorous that yield various of research results and among of them

is Canada (R-2000 Standard); Swiss (Minergie Standard); Australia (NatHERS-

Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme); Germany (DIN-Deutsche Industrie Normen,

Passivhaus Standard, EneEV-Energy Saving Ordinance); France (RT2012-Reglementation

14

Thermique); Finland (NBCF-National Building Code of Finland), and UK (BS-British

Standard).The standards that need to be applied are constantly been issued by European

Normative (EN) and some of the requirements are based on the ISO Standard for all

member states (Testa et al., 2014; Doan et al., 2017).

Meanwhile, In Malaysia, the introduction of the Green concept in early 2007 affect

the flourishment of Green property investments. Following this, in 2009 is the

establishment of the green building index (GBI) that suitable with the Green concept. And

the matter of that, Green Building Index (GBI) was drafted by the Malaysian Institute of

Architects (PAM) and The Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM) aimed

for the certification and accreditation of green buildings in Malaysia. There were six (6)

main criteria in GBI evaluation which are (i) Energy Efficiency (EE), (ii) Indoor

Environment Quality (EQ), (iii) Management and Sustainable Planning Area (SM), (iv)

Material Resources (MR), (v) Water Efficiency (WE), and (vi) Innovation (IN). From here

on, GBI rating will be certified when the collected points are above 50 points from 100

points and be in four (4) different group which has been set. But the rate of the number

shows the commercial properties is the higher in the number of green buildings rather than

residential sector. Until November 2016, its only about 31 buildings have been finally

certified from 402 commercial buildings that have applied for the GBI green certification

under the category of new commercial buildings (Green Building Index, 2016). There are

several office buildings that met the recognition of GBI which is, the Putrajaya’s Energy

Commission building, Tower of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI),

Menara CIMB KL Central and the Horizon projects.

According to Zainordin, Abdullah & Ahmad (2012) and Lim, et al., (2017), the

buildings that have been designed based on green concepts have a specific goal to satisfy

15

users in promoting healthy living, thermal comfort, intended to achieve energy efficiency

and reduce cooling cost. The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water's office

building (KeTTHA) that have been studied by scholars indicates the enhancement of

working conditions been influenced by positive impacts from ample space and natural

lighting. These beneficial in Malaysia which is, GBI-certified green buildings are qualified

for the exemptions from taxes and stamp duty application (Mohd Adnan, et al., 2017). In

Malaysia, the requirement of energy is increased for cooling purposes because the

Malaysian's building surface are constantly exposed to solar radiation. For this reason, the

protection directly or indirectly towards these surfaces is crucial in order to reduce the flow

of heat (Mirrahimi, et al., 2016). The techniques of heat avoidance are one of the

prevention strategies of solar radiation towards the building. Meanwhile, preparation to

comfort indoor temperature involves some intelligent strategies such as building

vegetation, relevant façade materials, relevant shading, especially for openings and

building orientation. Furthermore, it’s impossible to avoid the high amount of solar

radiation for a tropical climate and therefore these strategies are proposed and applicable

(Daghigh, 2015). In the same manner, the consideration to deal with this situation is vital

by using different building envelope assemblies and design configurations.

2.1.3 Hot climate glazing for building's exterior

Energy load contributed by one of the most important components which is through

the windows (Yildiz, Bilbao, & Sproul, 2017). In addition, it performs a significant role in

the exterior aesthetics of the building (Cuce, Young, & Riffat, 2014). In order to

understand the impact of various types of glazing on energy utilization, considerable

amounts of research work have been carried out. In addition, further studies were

16

conducted to make a comparison with an ordinary window by the establishing energy

rating system and energy labeling for windows (Cuce, Riffat, & Young, 2015, Rezaei,

Shannigrahi, & Ramakrishna, 2017). According to Mirrahimi et al., (2016) glazing types

that are commonly been utilized is clear glass, low-emissivity glass, energy saving glass,

heat absorbing glass, gray glass, coloured glass, heat reflecting glass, and super-insulating

glass.

Moreover, the efficiency during the daytime is completely affected by glass

transmission, which has led to energy savings. In the same manner, the energy savings for

lighting are decreased when the transmission of glass is decreased. Windows that been

tinted able to save energy but the abilities are limited which dependent to the area of the

window compared to the lower returns’ abilities of higher transmission glazing (Hee et al.,

2015).

The type of glazing and the number of glazing layers is important factors that

should be considered by the designer when designing windows. The enhancement of

cooling load will be occurred when the intense heat of solar and the penetration of light to

the built space are increased equally (Hassan, & Al-Ashwal, 2015).In the same description,

the improvement of thermal performance can be seen when the rate of heat transfer (U-

value) decreases and this achievement are compatible with various weather conditions in

different options such as the application of special coated layer on the glass. In Hassouneh

(2010), studies indicated that the key to a good of window should save energy from an

energy point, affordable cost, decrease heat loss, and save money. Therefore, the team

optimized economically for designers in the selection of glazing types in their country

which categorized situated in hot climate with done several researches of the glazing

17

properties accordingly. The results show the cost is proportionally with the performances

of glazing and qualities.

Actually, there is varies of glazing type besides clear glass and low-e glass, but the

popular type that affordable is those two types that has mentioned meanwhile for other

glazing is intolerable for payback period (Hee et al., 2015). The most cost-viable is the

application of double-glazed windows, meanwhile technically, more efficient is triple

glazed window but the cost is unfeasible. All those types categorized by the researchers as

static glazing. In the meantime, dynamic glazing in the market nowadays, which includes

suspended particles, thermotropic, chromogenic technologies, and liquid crystal that filled

the space between the glazing layer. As a result, the cost of dynamic glazing is much

higher so it's suggested compatible for a high-performance building such as the

commercial building that stressed on the priority of day lighting and energy saving.

A simulation study was done by Ye et al., (2013) that showed a better effect for

energy saving of the low-emissivity window in hot weather where the emission of solar

heat is relatively small due to the low transmission, which shows that this type of glass is

compatible with the tropical climate. For single low-emissivity glass, the perfect location

for the coating of low emissivity is the indoor side. When the emission of long wave

through the glass surface decreased, there will be differences of temperature between the

surface of indoor and the window which caused by the reduction of radiation heat transfer.

That situation generally attributed as the saving energy performance of these type of glass.

To sum up, by applying a low-e window glass according to the window facing and climate

able reducing energy consumption in buildings effectively.

2.2 Adoption factors and conceptual framework

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Innovation is defined an idea, behaviour, product, service, practice, process, system

or program that is seen as new by other group or an individual of adoption” (De Vries,

Bekkers, & Tummers, 2016, Rogers, 2003). Product innovations refer to outputs

(products/services) which are produced for the benefit of customers or clients; these

include the development of a new product or modification of an existing product by

introducing new features to enhance its value (Qureshi, Ullah, & Arentsen, 2017). It is

worth noting that since product innovation is produced to satisfy the actual or anticipated

needs of customers, it has a market focus and requires the identification of customer

demands, the ability to design, and also the manufacturing and marketing of the product.

The issue of marketing-related obstacles has received considerable critical attention since it

will be faced by industrial. This matter should be emphasized since the inability to produce

competitive product, formulate appropriate design, and plan of good marketing are affected

by the lack of knowledge regarding of the market needs among them (Katsikeas, et al.,

2016; Singla, Sethi, & Ahuja, 2018). The empowerment of systematic process in

developing and plan to identify consumer's expected benefit denoted as the power of

marketing and in other words, specified as the strategy to enhance profit based on

marketing activities.

2.2.1 Roger’s model of innovation characteristics

The characteristics of the innovation has been discussed in the earlier chapter,

indicated that there are five crucial attributes of innovation's characteristics identified by

Rogers in the adoption of innovation clarification (Rogers, 2003: pg 15). The attributes are

Relative Advantage, Complexity, Compatibility, Observability and Trialability. Trialability

defined by Rogers (1995: pg 15) as the rate to what extent can innovation be further tested

19

with on a limited basis. This means that trialability is about being able to try the innovation

before adopting it. Rogers (1995: pg 16) defined complexity as the difficulties level

associated with comprehension and figuring out how to utilize an innovation. The

evaluation and decision of innovation's adoption with respect to the organization could be

influenced by the qualities of a new idea (Kapoor et al., 2014). Determinants of adoption

have been identified with the development and advancement of several models of diffusion

of innovations and a number of innovation characteristics by previous scholars. Five (5)

attributes of innovations identified by the former researchers is relative advantage,

compatibility, complexity, divisibility and communicability. Subsequently, Franceschinis

et al., (2017) and Koebel, et al., (2015) identified them all as perceived relative advantage,

compatibility, complexity, observability and trialability as the modification from previous

attributes. Hence, the characteristics will be measured as the dimension of LLMTG

adoption.

Innovation is defined an idea, behaviour, product, service, practice, process, system

or program that is seen as new by other group or an individual of adoption” (Franceschinis

et al., 2017; Koebel, et al., 2015). Product innovations refer to outputs (products/services)

which are produced for the benefit of customers or clients; these include the development

of an existing product into a latest product or modified of by introducing new features to

enhance its value (Tukker, 2015).

2.2.2 Conceptualized the adoption factors of LLMTG

Literature searches have been conducted using databases like ScienceDirect,

Emerald, and Google Scholars on the topics related to energy saving glass or low-e glass

and an innovation to get an overview of the driving factors of LLMTG. By adopting DOI

20

theory, this research extracted DOI variables that indicated their significance. Table shows

adoption factors related to LLMTG and green product. This study presents an overview of

the identified variables or significant factors of LLMTG according the number of usages in

several studies. This overview includes the variables that the studies applied to identify the

factors of adoption.

Table 2.1: Paper discussing green product/innovation adoptionAuthors/Years Innovation

CharacteristicsCharacteristics of User

External Factors

Jansson, J. (2011). Relative Advantage, Compatibility,Complexity,Trialability, Observability

Personal, social norms, attitudes, and novelty seeking.

-

Lin, C. Y., &Ho, Y. H. (2011).

Relative advantage, Compatibility, Complexity.

- Customer pressure*,Regulatory pressure*, Governmental support*, Environmental uncertainty

Chou, C. J., Chen, K. S., & Wang, Y. Y. (2012)

Relative Advantage, Compatibility,Complexity,Observability

Self-efficacy,Organizational resources,Environmental features,Innovation belief,

External pressure,Internal pressure,Network

Triguero, A., Moreno-Mondéjar, L., &Davia, M. A. (2013).

- - Supply side factors, Demand side factors, Environmental policy influences

Koebel, C. T., McCoy, A. P., Sanderford, A. R., Franck, C. T., & Keefe, M. J. (2015)

Relative Advantage, Compatibility,Complexity,Observability

- Market area characteristics, Industry characteristics,Public policy

Franceschinis, C., Thiene, M., Scarpa, R., Rose, J.,

Relative Advantage, Compatibility,

Communication channelsWillingness to pay

-

21

Moretto, M., &Cavalli, R. (2017).

Complexity,Trialability, Observability

Knowledge

2.2.3 The characteristics of LLMTG

The evaluation of a new idea and determination of its adoption on the part of the

organization affected by a new idea's characteristics. For this reason, there are several

models of the diffusion of innovations have gone through the process of development and

advancement by the scholars and identified variety of innovation characteristics as the

determinants of adoption. As a result, there are five (5) characteristics of innovations have

been identified by researchers which are known as relative advantage, complexity,

compatibility, divisibility, and communicability. Afterward, Koebel, et al., (2015) and

Franceschinis et al., (2017) done the modification from previous attributes and identified

them all as the perceived relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and

observability.

2.2.3.1 Relative advantage

The interpretation of relative advantage by Koebel, et al., (2015) and Franceschinis

et al., (2017) as the rate to what extent an innovation is been viewed as an improvement

than the idea it wants to replace. For green technology like LLMTG, relative advantage is

the conceivable development over the current conditions got from the advancement, for

example, monetary advantages, cost decreases, enhanced picture, advancement,

accommodation and fulfilment (Chou, Chen, & Wang, 2012).According to Koebel et al.,

(2015), relative advantage contrasts the new item and past forms in light of value,

efficiency, and execution and is relied upon to give one of the essential legitimizations for

22

the adoption.Therefore, the diffusion's researchers often emphasize with the investigation

of the relationship between the percentage and range of innovation adoption and the

perceived relative advantage of them. There were abundant of sustainability innovations

been invented towards the same goal which is directly to cost savings with the criteria of a

building’s “green” intentions such as waste reduction, improved product design, improved

efficiency, and renewable energy (Smerecnik, & Andersen, 2011), and therefore the focus

of profitability in economic is often expressed as the relative advantage of the innovation

(Rogers, 2003; Chu, Cui, & Liu,2017). A study in the Asian nation for the buildings, the

overall building performance indicated positively affiliated with the implementation of

green initiatives. But the main concern for common buildings is to confront the initial cost

to innovate towards green, which this situation is proven by one study of the primary

barrier adoption of green technology for buildings was the cost of maintenance and the

implementation (Balaban, & de Oliveira, 2017). At this point, overall can be concluded

through abundant of empirical studies which admitted that one of the most influencing

factors of the adoption of innovation is the relative advantage. Consequently, the following

hypotheses are proposed:

H1: The more Relative Advantage of LLMTG, the more likely the intention of

LLMTG adoption.

2.2.3.2 Complexity

Koebel, et al., (2015) and Franceschinis et al., (2017) elaborates complexity from

Rogers’ theory was the rate of difficulties in understanding and utilization an innovation.

Generally, the potential adopter is probably going to adopt an innovation sooner when it is

easy to understand rather than the complicated one, meanwhile, the duration of adoption

23

may take longer when the requirement of the innovation involves new understanding and

skills. However, there were conflicting findings with previous studies regarding the

connection between the complexity of innovation and the adoption of it. Some previous

study has claimed that complexity has a negative correlation with the adoption of

innovation. Furthermore, Rogers (2003) recommends that complexity has a negative

correlation with the perception of choice maker in order to adopt an innovation. In contrast,

Khorasanizadeh,et. al., (2016) however found that complexity is not correlated to the

utilization of innovation technology adoption. Consequently, the following hypotheses are

proposed:

H2: Complexityhas positive, significant relationship with the intention of LLMTG

adoption.

2.2.3.3 Compatibility

The rate that perceived as the consistency with the prevailing values, the

requirements and past experiences of the potential adopter been interpreted by Koebel, et

al., (2015) and Franceschinis et al., (2017) as the compatibility of an innovation.

Meanwhile, description from other researchers regarding of compatibility, it’s may act as

the complement, supplement, or replacement which actually possess the similarities of an

existing product to the innovation (Wolske, Stern, & Dietz, 2017). The definition of

compatibility from earlier scholar been concluded later as the connection between other

elements and innovation, in order to influence an innovation adoption in a particular

context perceived. This is seen one of the deep interests because, the compatibility of the

innovation towards processes, nature of work, and activities in the certain organization are

crucial to the desired adoption. Strengthening by Lioutas, and Charatsari, (2018) stated the

24

essential of result from the changes through the adoption of innovation is appropriate with

the values and the conviction frameworks of the organization. Furthermore, a building

receiving maintainability of innovation depending on the innovation's compatibility with

the facilities especially in the context of technically in the organization (Smerecnik, &

Andersen, 2011). Consequently, the following hypotheses are proposed:

H3: Compatibility has positive, significant relationship with the intention of

LLMTG adoption.

2.2.3.4 Observability

Rogers (2003) and Franceschinis et al., (2017) claimed the assessment of the

innovation may be improved by the organization through the observation result of

innovation adoption instead of observation towards innovation alone and the connection

between innovation adoption and observability show a positive result. However, according

to Smerecnik, & Andersen, (2011), and Du et al., (2014), this sort of innovation study may

be less suitable characteristics to address with the term of observability since the quick

impact of sustainability, such as a proof of decreased utilization of water and electricity,

commonly are not physically obvious. However, there is a proof that able to strengthen of

the 'observability' attribute which is the comparative billing of the building’s energy

consumption once adopting the innovation (Wilson, Crane, & Chryssochoidis, 2015).

Consequently, the following hypotheses are proposed:

H4: Observability has positive, significant relationship with the intention of

LLMTG adoption.

25

2.2.3.5 Trialability

Rogers (2003) and Franceschinis et al., (2017) claimed that the rate of the

innovation which may be tested on a limited basis is the definition of trialability. This

shows that trialability is about the ability to try on the innovation before adopting it. For

instance, in Rogers (2002) study shown a positive result to the relationship between an

innovation adoption and the trialability of an innovation. Trialability may be more feasible

for innovations that relate to new products such as LLMTG.In line with time circulation,

researchers have essentially centred on trialability of sustainability for diffusion studies

exterior of organizations (Koebel, et al., 2015). Such as an example that been given by

Chan and Ho (2006) about “energy performance contracting” which is buildings able to

utilize the trial of sustainability innovations. Hence, these approaches regarding to try the

sustainability innovations are suitable for building’s studies which able to enhance energy

efficiency or produce sustainable energy (Gan et al., 2015). Consequently, the following

hypotheses are proposed:

H5: Trialability has positive, significant relationship with the intention of LLMTG

adoption.

2.2.4 The characteristics of users

One of the most points of the advancement writing is to recognize users’

characteristics that able act as the catalyst to the adoption of innovation (Franceschinis,

2017). There are numbers of empirical research in various fields have shown that in the

advancement of latest product, commonly users play an important role. A noteworthy

division of the advancements inside an industry is straightforwardly started by demands

and users' concrete needs. Subsequently, the initiative combined with the concept and idea

26

for the advancements regularly stems from the users' side (Darko, & Chan, 2017). A few

considerations from several studies might indeed appeared that the users may lead the

ensuing stages of the advancement growth. They often act as a key in creating and utilize

prototype versions of what afterward gotten to be commercially noteworthy as new

industrial products.

2.2.4.1 Commitment to product field

In the Lüthje (2004) study, ‘the experiences of usage’ and ‘knowledge about the

products’ are able to show the level of user expertise. The usage experience arises by

means of the repeated utilization of the products. Those who had an experience with the

implementation of innovation could influence others to adopt the innovation (Caird, Roy &

Herring 2008). In this way, clients with use experience get extremely striking, suitable and

high trustworthy information about the products (Darko, & Chan, 2017). Awareness and

concerns for the environment could influence users’ decisions and enhance the

understanding of the importance and advantages of adopting green technologies that

conserve energy (Sari, 2012). Further study by Suki (2013), stated that strong knowledge

of the users encourages them to adopt the innovation especially when they realize the

advantages of the product. Strengthened by Lüthje (2004) findings, knowledge about the

products consists of the latest products’ details and its potential in current market. This

knowledge is necessary for users to understand their needs and requirements to achieve the

satisfaction of using an innovation. Hence, this paper will find out user in Malaysia with

their awareness and product knowledge this kind of materials, LLMTG as an innovation.

Consequently, the following hypotheses are proposed:

27

H6: Commitment to product field has positive, significant relationship with the

intention of LLMTG adoption

2.2.4.2 Innovation-related core benefit

Krause (2004) and Darko, & Chan, (2017), explored with their study that

expectations of innovation-related benefit affected the rate of innovation. The high

expectations benefit of certain product influence user's intention to adopt innovation as a

solution (Darko, et al., 2017). Based on user’s capability to define the advantage towards

technology innovation contribution either directly or indirectly may represent their

distinctive measure of involvement with the product. Hence, the positive expectation

always attracts users to continue using the product (Doherty & Sorenson 2015). An

everlasting advantage of the innovation is essential in determining the pace of growth of

the organization (Bjornali & Ellingsen 2014). According to von Hippel (2005), experience

of the new requirements often less dealt with existing markets offers will affect the

expected level of interest by users. Therefore, Lüthje (2004) conclude that normally they

are often less satisfied with existing products because they felt it was not compatible with

their current needs. This shows the users which always aware with the innovation are

always thirsty for something new and more exciting than the existing ones (Flowers et al.,

2010). By the existence of LLMTG in global market development can create advantages

and benefits for the daily lives of consumers. LLMTG has a smarter attribute, particularly

when compared with the similar range to the products of the competitor.

H7: Innovation-related core benefithas positive, significant relationship with the

intention of LLMTG adoption.

28

2.2.4.3 Expected financial benefit

Findings from Lüthje (2004), show that it is probable that users are not just desired

the benefits of using the product, but certainly the financially reward once adopting the

innovation. There is no negative argumentation with the relationship between human

characters and financial rewards. According to Kats (2003), Butler (2008) and Du et al.,

(2014), expected financial benefit is involve with the increasing of productivity and health,

energy conservation, environmentally friendly and cost reduction of waste, water costs and

preservation cost of building. The expenses of building development differ between areas

even though located under the same climate zone depends on the design of building and

property values of the area (Spanos, & Duckers, 2004; Kneifel 2011; Gan et al., 2015). The

huge obstacles in commercialize energy saving products is unwillingness of user to make

the vital advance investments (Baden et al., 2006). In addition, funds are required to

provide financial support such as incentives towards users to encourage the development of

green technology activities. Similarly, with Bjornali & Ellingsen (2014) found that

financial motivators are part of important roles in top management to establish

commitments towards betterment innovation. Government Policy is essential in motivate

and encourage the adoption of Green Technology (Kuusisto et al., 2013). Therefore, a

study of expected financial benefit of the Malaysian upon LLMTG was carried out and a

few questions were created.

H8: Expected Financial Benefit has positive, significant relationship with the

intention of LLMTG adoption

29

2.2.4.4 User-manufacturer interaction

There have been many terms used in earlier studies to describe users and

manufacturers. According to Franceschinis et al., 2017, any organization or person who

expects to gain benefit towards usage of services or products, they can be defined as the

term of users. Meanwhile, any organization that expects benefit by offering their services

or products to others is manufacturers. Therefore, users and manufacturers can be

distinguished from the point of acquisition and benefit costs during the innovation process

(Baldwin & von Hippel, 2011). Despites these differences, both collaborations are greatly

functional in enhancing innovation opportunities (Raasch & Von Hippel, 2012). The

conspicuous of this interaction are that it empower the user–manufacturer to market a

consistent stream of user innovations while and concurrently permitting the in-house user

to receive an advantage directly from products innovation (Block, Bock &Henkel, 2016).

Interaction is important to exchange information of a novel product consequently

encouraged significant firms applying information technology to create their networks to

outsiders that cover all their marketing activities. Besides, decision-making procedures in

adoption of technology in a firm, frequently influenced by the role of top management

(Musa, 2014). There has been an assortment of sectors to encourage vitality proficient

structures development and retrofits in certain nation. Knowledge should be shared to

enhance future attempts (Baden et al., 2006). For industrial markets, the market potential

of a new product often plays an important role in influencing users’ involvement in

commercial exploitation (Foxall, 1986; Foxall & Johnston, 1987; Gan et al., 2015). Hence,

Lüthje (2004) and Du et. al, (2014) concludes that innovation benefit is not only dependent

on the result of user inventions. Innovating users should also profit from the innovating

process itself. Users should experience an enjoyable situation during the process of

30

adapting innovation. Financial reward from the manufacturers could be expected by

innovating users and convincing either they need to authorize or commercial their

development (Von Hippel, 2005). Therefore, a study of the capabilities of the Malaysian

characteristics upon LLMTG was carried out and a few questions were created.

H9: User-manufacturer interactionhas positive, significant relationship with the

intention of LLMTG adoption.

2.2.5 The external factors

2.2.5.1 Technological opportunities

Just as important for industrial sectors innovating, ease of conducting Research and

Development (R&D) which may persist and for the relative cost yield from technological

opportunities (or innovative).Enhancement the rate of technological opportunities is

anticipated to display more turbulent designs of development in terms of innovative

passage and exit and the stability of firms’ hierarchies (Dosi, & Nelson, 2016).Without a

doubt, a firm that has solid connections with providers may indirectly get an innovation

from the providers and consolidate it into its items, ease the innovative activities. Within

the same way, a firm that has solid connections with clients can moreover get useful

knowledge, reducing their endless innovative activities (Triguero, & Córcoles, 2013). In

this way, the endless input of the latest innovators able facilitated by technological

opportunities which at the same time at the firm level, the persistence of innovation may

decrease. In the same sense, the stability of the major innovators may increase due to the

persistence in innovation. According to Chien, &Weng, (2012) the innovative

advancement, behaviours of technological communities, and format able been influenced

by the various of studies that related to them with the collaboration of the social network.

31

H10: Technological Opportunities interactionhas positive, significant relationship

with the intention of LLMTG adoption.

2.2.5.2 Market demand conditions

The opportunities that including the ease of passage for modern firms and the

strength of rivalry often associated with the given incentives which able exploit those

opportunities.According to the study by Wilsona, Cranea, & Chryssochoidis (2015), in

order to analyse a high propensity of market segments in renovations or with certain

particular needs which ordinarily is focused by supportive that involves financial

incentives, and certification of energy performance, whereby the characteristics of a

property and household are required to elaborate the purpose of energy efficiency policies.

The role to embed energy saving "measures" (devices) into the context of the users, giving

the comparable services which focused to decrease energy levels. The infusion program

should accurately to be pertinent to benefit necessities and to the financial matters of the

measure. Expected to have been met by the interaction of market powers (Lutzenhiser,

2014). In fact, the hypothesis of demand-pull has stated that demand conditions are a major

driver of the adoption of innovation even though with the existence of incentives rather

than competitive pressures in clarifying the innovation process.(Olubunmi, Xia, &

Skitmore, 2016).In this sense, technological opportunities able been exploited with the

enhancement of incentives that yielded from positive demand conditions which in the same

time enhance the adoption of innovation.There's a solid demand to look at user’s

inclination qualities when they make buying choice, in the same manner, consumer's

purchasing behaviour naturally significantly can give an impact on the market performance

of the product (Hamid et. al., 2014).

32

H11: Market Demand Conditions interactionhas positive, significant relationship

with the intention of LLMTG adoption.

2.2.5.3 Appropriability

The prevention of imitation the innovations is organizations’ ability that related to

the appropriability term, from here on, monopolistic opportunities will exist which able to

extract profits (Chang & Chen, 2016). As noted above, the conditions for appropriability

context are necessary from leadership in technological activities in order to generate and

maintain its revenue. As knowledge cumulativeness can not only be observed at local and

sector level, a high appropriability of innovations at the company level indicated from high

average cumulativeness (persistence). On the other hand, the tendency to secure innovation

from imitation and the extent to which innovative efforts are based on the linkage of

appropriability and persistence that gathered from previous innovative activities.

Therefore, the presence of prevention strategies opens up the probability of recognizing a

sequence of innovative practices (Cohen, 2010). The enhancement of cumulativeness and

appropriability conditions in firm-level would ultimately lead to a potent and relatively

stable innovators' population.Based on the literature findings on the appropriability, the

researcher identified that the probability has been defined in previous researches as the

innovation protection from the imitators. It is due to the cases that have long been

recognized when the innovating companies were losing out customers in the

commercialization race to the imitators. In order to tackle this issue, various of

perspectives from different angles have been studied on the incompetence of an innovative

company to restore on its investment in innovation which known as the problem of

appropriability (Zhang et. al, 2017). According to Montero, Pennano, & Sánchez, (2017), it

33

is prevalent these days for those company that initiates the new product into the market

(the innovators) to accept or realize with the facts that the return of profits for imitators or

competitors is much better than the early pioneer. Altenburg, & Rodrik, (2017) also

clarifying that pioneering investment due to financial uncertainty, market and

technological are highly risky and their attempts for a new market creation, however,

facilitate those who imitate gain more the advantages especially the quick follower. So,

instead of investing in technology and market experiments, it is an economic benefit to

imitators since they can let the pioneer to clearly identified the cohesive plan first and so

they will have lower costs for the same actions (Swann, 2018).

Besides, a better recommendation suggested by Filippetti, & D’Ippolito, (2017)

based on the company's level of appropriability. If the degree is high for appropriability,

companies would still have time to improve the idea, experiment with effective design

research and gain advantageous of any technological success. Just as important, the

innovative company should integrate laterally to create a solution thoroughly or look

forward in developing a contract that solid with the complementary products' suppliers and

at the same time gain abilities to patent the innovation.

H12: Appropriability has positive, significant relationship with the intention of

LLMTG adoption.

2.2.6 Impact of energy efficiency products towards financial performance

The values energy efficiency projects in the investment decision is essential been

analyse by quantitative risk. Whereby, financial community are well-established with the

identifying, quantifying and managing risk techniques. While focusing on implementing

this thought process in the building sector, the underlining perspective has applications in

34

virtually any context of energy use, especially towards the supervision of energy-using

equipment by decision makers (Abdmouleh, Alammari, & Gastli, 2015).It also provides

new opportunities for a wide range of financial risk management products, such as

derivatives for energy efficiency and insurance for energy savings (Mills et al., 2006;

Crawford et al., 2016). However, according to (Cajias, & Piazolo, 2013), once financial

benefits surpass lost investment opportunities, the potential of energy saving is able to be

paid off. Therefore, the reduction of operational costs that positively affect the property

value can motivate the willingness to spend money on any criteria involves energy savings.

It is to be expected that the criteria energy efficiency of the building will increase its

financial performance through various angles of strategies. Firstly, create the reduction

costs for energy consumption which at the same time the tenant able experienced a lower

cost of energy. Thus, the tenant would rather have an energy- efficient building and be able

to afford the landlord a higher base rent. Secondly, occupying an environmentally

sustainable building is economically advantageous for a company's reputation as well as its

connection with various interested parties such as the public, employees and, of course, the

investors (Cajias & Bienert, 2011; Cajias, Geiger, & Bienert, 2012; Cajias et al., 2014).

Accordingly, the willingness of the company to spend on higher rental for the building

using an energy saving concept compared to the ordinary building, which is directly

unmatched in all other aspects. Thirdly, the discussion upon global climate change and the

responsibility of different sections of society to practice attitude saving energy likely acts

as the prevention of choosing energy-waste buildings by tenants and investors in the future.

In this situation, energy-saving buildings would then enhance in its own quality compared

to expensive and inefficient buildings. Transmission strategies, therefore, function through

the enhancement of capital growth and enhanced net income returns. The conclusion is, the

35

higher rate of return and a higher relative value are meant to the energy-saving buildings

(Nicolae, & George-Vlad, 2015).

H13: LLMTGhas positive relationship with the business financial performance.

36

37

Financial

+H13

+H12

+H11 +H10

+H6 +H7

+H8 +H9

+H1 +H2 +H3 +H4

+H5

Business Performance

Intention of LLMTG Adoption

External Factors Technological Opportunities Market Demand Condition Appropriability

Characteristics of User Commitment to Product

Field Innovation-related Core

Benefit Expected Financial

Benefit User-manufacturer

Interaction

Characteristics of LLMTG Relative Advantage Complexity Compatibility Observability trialability

36

Figure 2.1: Conceptual model

38

2.3 Summary of Chapter

In this chapter, the study covered the overview definition of LLMTG, users'

characteristics towards energy consumption, the adaptation of the green building according

to Malaysian climate, and the suitable of glazing due to a hot climate for building's

exterior. In section 2.1, those are the scenario that able to relate with LLMTG which act as

the energy saving glass, how the users react with such a product that able to save energy

consumption in a hot climate in Malaysia. In section 2.2, the theoretical background has

been studied which later the DOI theory are utilized in the study. Next, the

conceptualization of the adoption factors of LLMTG are presents based on the extent of

literature includes the characteristics of innovation, the characteristics of the user, external

factors and the possible impact of green technology or products towards financial

performance. The study develops a conceptual model and hypotheses.

39

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology of the study by framing all methods used in

the study. On section 3.1 discuss about research design whereby how the process of the

study is performed and development of the questionnaire. On the section 3.2 the study

presents the population of the study and sampling technique and sample size determination.

Followed by section 3.3 whereby the study distributes of survey and performed data

collection. Lastly, the study briefly presents data analysis procedure whereby the study

performed missing data analysis check for outlier, reliability analysis, frequency and mean

score analysis, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis.

3.2 Research design

A research design is basically the study plan that specifies the procedures to be

followed by researchers in order to achieve their research objectives or test the hypothesis

formulated for their studies (Kumar,Talib, & Ramayah, 2013). The researcher also

indicated that it is particularly one of the steps in the research manner to assist establish the

manner in which researchers move approximately reaching the goals of the studies. This is

a systematic classification of research in terms of philosophy, procedures, data selection,

approach, time horizons, strategy, and techniques (Bernard,2017). Philosophical

dimensions include pragmatism, realism, positivism, objectivism, interpretation, and

40

constructivism. The study's dimension is positivism, in which the study draws up

hypotheses (or research questions) which can be examined. The comprises of inductive and

deductive yield as the approaches dimension. The study applied a deductive approach, in

which its hypotheses were derived from theories, the literature was reviewed and the

hypotheses were confirmed. For this study, a survey strategy has been applied because it is

often linked to a deductive approach. The study collected large amount of data to address

company which is adopted and aware about green concept and criteria. The study utilized

large amount of data obtained from GBI directory database.

The study obtained primary data from the survey in order to respond to all research

goals using causal research. Explanatory research is also known where the main goal of

this research approach is to obtain evidence or test hypotheses concerning the relationship

between cause and effect (Vogt & Johnson, 2015.).

3.2.1 Research process

Figure 3.1 showed the research process to better understand application and

theories used to conduct the study. The process consists of literature reading, whereby the

study analysed literature review related to the adoption of energy saving or green

technology studies. Next steps, the study construct the framework of the study from

literature reading. Frameworks of the study are translated to the conceptual model to test

the framework. The study developed questionnaire to obtained primary data in order to test

the model of the study. The questionnaires are distributed to the respondents and pilot test

are performed to the reliability of the survey instrument. If the pilot test showed reliable,

the study goes to the next steps whereby collecting the data. The study getting the usable

data from respondents and performed statistical analyses as discussed in data analysis

41

procedure. The study performed one more time reliability analysis to test reliability of the

instrument in a big scale of the respondents. If the data showed reliable, the study analysed

survey data in order to achieving objective of the study. The last steps are evaluation of

the research objectives whereby the study ensured the analyses are achieved the objectives

of the study.

Figure 3.1: Research process

42

End

Evaluation of the research objectives

Analyse survey data

Reliable?

Statistical analysis

Pilot test (Reliability of instrument)

Construct framework of study

Collecting data

Develop Questionnaire

Distributing the questionnaire

Literature Reading

3.2.2 Development of questionnaire

The present study employed a self-completion questionnaire for data collection.

Questionnaires are commonly used for collecting data in a social research context as most

people are familiar with questionnaire forms and respond to them confidentially

(Denscombe, 2014). When designing the questionnaire, two main issues are taken into

consideration: structure and disguise. Structure refers to “the degree of standardization

imposed on the questionnaire” (Churchill & Iacobucci, 2002). In this context, three types

of questionnaire can be identified. The first is highly structured questionnaire, in which the

questions are asked and the respondents choose from completely predetermined responses.

Second, is a highly unstructured questionnaire, in which the questionnaire is “loosely

predetermined” and respondents answer them using their own words. The third type

involves an intermediate degree of structure since “the questions are fixed but the

responses are open-ended”. Disguise questionnaire refers to “the amount of knowledge

about the purpose of a study communicated to a respondent”.

In the case of a disguised questionnaire, the purpose of the study is hidden from the

respondents. Conversely, in an undisguised questionnaire, the purpose of the study is made

clear in the posed of questions (Churchill 1999). The present study has adopted the

structured-undisguised questionnaire. The questions and responses are standardized using

closed questions with fixed alternative answers from which respondent can choose, apart

from Q2, Q3, and Q6 which are open-ended questions. Q2 was about company’s name

(optional), Q3 was about email address (optional) and Q6 was about respondent’s job

position.

The purpose of the study was made clear to respondents in the cover sheet and the

questions. The required data are not sensitive or embarrassing to the respondent. Thus,

43

undisguised questions are used. The structured-undisguised questionnaire is commonly

used in social research and has many advantages (Churchill, 1999), such as:

a) Structured-undisguised questionnaire is simple to administer and easy to

tabulate and analyse

b) Closed questions are suitable for collecting data regarding attitudes (as in the

present study)

c) Respondents do not find it difficult to reply and complete the closed-ended

questionnaire since the answers are easy to process

d) Fixed-alternative responses enhance the clarity of the questions and the

reliability of answers

e) Closed questions enhance comparability of answers

f) A closed, fixed-alternative response questionnaire may elicit a high response

rate

A five-point Likert-scale was used to rate the responses to the questions since it can

capture all the required data about attitudes (Bryman, 2016) and enhances the

comparability of answers. With regard to the sequencing of questions, guidelines on

question order, suggested by many researchers e.g., Bernard, (2017) and (Bryman, 2016),

were taken into consideration. The questions follow a logical order, beginning with

questions related to the topic of research which was communicated to the respondents.

Questions on similar themes were grouped together, and branching questions were used to

direct the respondents to different sections of questions. This questionnaire contains

thirteen (23) questions in four (4) parts: Part A: General Users Information, Part B:

Intention to Adopt LLMTG, Part C: User's knowledge and perception of LLMTG in

44

general (Characteristics of LLMTG), Part D: User’s characteristics, Part E: External

Factors, Part F: The Impact when adopt LLMTG to Organization’s Financial Performance.

Bryman (2016) and Bernard (2017) suggested several methods of administering the

questionnaire to be considered including mail, telephone, online or personal interview. The

present study used a questionnaire survey in the pilot test, in which the researcher had the

opportunity to meet the respondents and explain the purpose of objective of the study. The

aim of the pilot test was to refine and further develop the model and questionnaire used in

the main survey. A pilot test was carried out on the 5th May 2016 among 58 out of 100

senior administration managers who tested the questionnaire. The result from the interview

session to answer the questionnaire, we received responses towards LLMTG was a new

innovation and new knowledge of Green Technology for them which majority of them

stated they didn’t aware about this technology even such as Energy Saving Glass in

Malaysia.

45

Table 3.1: Construct and operational measure for questionnaire

Variables Construct Comments Operational Measure

Questions/Location of Question in the Questionnaire

Innovation Characteristics

Relative advantage

Rogers (2003) interpreted the interpretation of relative advantage by Koebel, et al., (2015) and Franceschinis et al., (2017) as the rate to what extent an innovation is been viewed as an improvement than the idea it wants to replace. Through adopting LLMTG, organizations anticipate gaining several benefits such as satisfying customers, which involve According to involve with the increasing of productivity and health, energy conservation,environmentally friendly and cost

Mean of seven items of a five-point Likert scale to indicate organization’s agreement towards the benefit of adopting LLMTG.

Please indicate the extent which you agree that the following benefits have been/ or would be achieved through adopting LLMTG.

1. Reducing utilization of energy during the organization's operations

2. Improved room brightness in the building and reducing electric usage for lighting.

3. Establishing better resilience of the building with the climate in Malaysia.

4. Achieving its term of environmentally friendly product.

5. Demonstrate reliability in process of environmentally friendly.

6. Substantially improve the comfortable environment in the organization.

7. Increasing profitability in managing energy conservation.

46

42

reduction of waste, water costs and preservation cost of building.

Complexity Koebel, et al., (2015) and Franceschinis et al., (2017) elaborates complexity from Rogers’ theory was the rate of difficulties in understanding and utilization an innovation.

Mean of four items of a five-point Likert scale to indicate organization’s difficulties towards understanding and learning to adopt LLMTG.

8. The adoption of the LLMTG in my organization’s building glass is/ will be difficult

9. Our employees find/ will find the LLMTG as easy to adopt and adapt with its condition.

10. To replace existing ordinary glass in the building with LLMTG will be difficult

11. The maintaining of quality and the maintenance of LLMTG will be difficult.

Compatibility The rate that perceived as the consistency with the prevailing values, the requirements and past experiences of the potential adopter been interpreted by Koebel, et al., (2015) and Franceschinis et al., (2017) as the compatibility of an innovation. Strengthening by Lioutas, and Charatsari, (2018) stated the

Mean of three items of a five-point Likert scale to access the degree of compatibility of LLMTG with the organization’s activities, values, environment, and existing system.

12. The adoption of LLMTG is/will be compatible with the nature of my organization’s work and processes

13. The changes caused by the adoption of the LLMTG is/will be compatible with my organization’s values and beliefs

14. The LLMTG is/will be compatible with other technology in my organization.

15. The adoption of LLMTG is/will be compatible with the climate of Malaysia

47

43

essential of result from the changes through the adoption of innovation is appropriate with the values and the conviction frameworks of the organization.

Observability The definition of observability by Koebel, et al., (2015) and Franceschinis et al., (2017) is the visibility rate of the innovation's result towards others that may influence its adoption and at the same time it’s able creating an opportunity to the adopter for grasp and assess the innovation instead. There is a proof that able to strengthen of the 'observability' attribute which is the comparative billing of the building’s energy consumption once adopting the innovation

Mean of three items of a five-point Likert scale to access the extent to which LLMTG in action and the related benefits are observable.

16. Staff in my organization have seen the LLMTG being adopted by other organizations.

17. Staff in my organization have observed the benefits of other organizations adopting the LLMTG.

18. Staff in my organization have experienced the benefits of other organizations adopting the LLMTG.

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44

(Wilson, Crane, & Chryssochoidis, 2015).

Trialability Koebel, et al., (2015) and Franceschinis et al., (2017) claimed that the rate of the innovation which may be tested on a limited basis is the definition of trialability. This means that trialability is about the ability to try on the innovation before adopting it. Rogers (2003) reported a positive relationship between the trialability of an innovation and its adoption. Trialability may be more feasible for innovations that relate to new products such as LLMTG

Mean of three items of a five-point Likert scale to access the extent to which the organization want to try on the LLMTG in action before adopting it.

19. Staff in my organization like being able to try out of LLMTG adoption before deciding whether like it or not

20. My organization really won’t lose much by trying LLMTG, even if don’t like it.

21. Being able to try out LLMTG was important in my/our organization decided to use it.

Characteristics of the user

commitment to product field

Awareness and concerns for the environment could influence users‘ decisions and enhance the understanding of

Mean of six items of a five-point Likert scale to access the extent to which the

22. LLMTG is important to provide good thermal isolation and improve the energy efficiency to our organization

23. We are seriously concern and responsible about energy consumption and the effects of it in our organization

49

the importance and advantages of adopting green technologies thatconserve energy (Sari 2012). Further study by Suki (2013), stated that strong knowledge of the users encouragesthem to adopt the innovation especially when they realize the advantages of the product. Strengthened by Lüthje (2004) findings, knowledge about the products consists of the latest products ‘details and its potential in currentmarket. This knowledge is necessary for users to understand their needs and requirements to achieve the satisfactionof using an innovation.

organization commit and aware of green product; LLMTG before adopting it.

24. We are aware of the important of LLMTG in ensuring the effectiveness of communication signals in our organization

25. The effectiveness of communication signal (e.g. Wi-Fi, mobile phone) is very necessary in our organization

26. LLMTG is a necessary glass in controlling the solar energy to minimize the energy use in our organization

27. We will strictly influence people to adopt energy-saving product (e.g. LLMTG)

Innovation-related core benefit

Krause (2004) explored with their study that expectations of

Mean of five items of a five-point Likert

28. LLMTG is important to provide higher value to our organization.

1. LLMTG is a higher quality glass

50

innovation-related benefit affected the rate of innovation. The high expectations benefit of certain product influence user's intention to adopt innovation as asolution (Darko, et al., 2017).

scale to access the extent to which the organization’s expectations towards adopting LLMTG.

compared to other ordinary glass in transmitting good communication signal wave in our organization

2. LLMTG benefit our organization to meet an unmet need of consumers

3. LLMTG is a higher superior glass compared to other ordinary saving glass

29. LLMTG offers unique feature that benefit to our organization

Expected financial benefit

In addition, funds are required to provide financial support such as incentives towards users to encourage thedevelopment of green technology activities. Similarly, with Bjornali & Ellingsen (2014) found that financialmotivators are part of important roles in top management to establish commitments towards betterment innovation.Government Policy is essential in motivate and encourage the

Mean of three items of a five-point Likert scale to access the extent to which the organization’s financial expectations towards adopting LLMTG.

30. We will adopt LLMTG when this able to increase the productivity and health, energy conservation, environmentally friendly and cost reduction of waste, water costs and preservation cost of the building.

31. We will purchase LLMTG if there are funds available to provide financial support such as incentives towards adopting development of green technology.

32. We willing to change the existing building glass of our organization into LLMTG if the related manufacturer able sponsored these products to us.

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46

adoption of Green Technology (Kuusisto et al., 2013).

user–manufacturer interaction

Interaction is important to exchange information of anovel product consequently encouraged significant firms applying information technology to create their networks to outsiders that cover all their marketing activities. Besides, decision-making procedures in adoption of technology in a firm, frequently influenced by the role of top management (Musa 2014). Financial reward from the manufacturers could be expected by innovating users and convincing either they need to authorize or commercial their development (Von

Mean of six items of a five-point Likert scale to access the extent to which the organization’s influences within user-manufacturer interaction towards adopting LLMTG.

33. We are willing to purchase the energy efficiency products

34. We will purchase the LLMTG even though it is more expensive than the ordinary glass

35. We are preferring the energy efficient glass compared to non-energy efficient glass

36. It is normal when the energy efficient glass come smaller in portion but higher in price.

37. Although it is high in price, any energy efficient products (e.g. LLMTG) influence us to spend more

38. A low cost of LLMTG will encourage us to change to oriented green technology lifestyle

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Hippel, 2005).Technological Opportunities

Just as important for industrial sectors innovating, ease of conducting Research and Development (R&D) which may persist and for the relative cost yield from technological opportunities (or innovative). Enhancement the rate of technological opportunities is anticipated to display more turbulent designs of development in terms of innovative passage and exit and the stability of firms’ hierarchies. Within the same way, a firm that has solid connections with clients can moreover get useful knowledge, reducing their endless innovative activities (Triguero, &

Mean of six items of a five-point Likert scale to access the extent to which the organization’s awareness towards technologies opportunities in adopting LLMTG.

39. The technologies opportunities influences our organization to adopt LLMTG

40. Technological opportunity in the existing glass is the most incremental technological change for our organization

41. Technology produces branches in the process of LLMTG evolution process and many of them lead to effective innovation

42. Direct interaction among social actors is an important aspect for technological embeddedness in our organization

43. Our organization needs new technological knowledge to combat the risk of the current technologies being dominated out by rival technologies

44. Technology transfer will contribute to the region’s economic growth and stability of our organization in the long run

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Córcoles, 2013).Market Demands

The opportunities that including the ease of passage for modern firms and the strength of rivalry often associated with the given incentives which able exploit those opportunities. According to the study by Wilsona, Cranea, &Chryssochoidis (2015), In order to analyse a high propensity of market segments in renovations or with certain particular needs which ordinarily is focused by supportive that involves financial incentives, and certification of energy performance, whereby the characteristics of a property and household are required to elaborate the purpose of

Mean of two items of a five-point Likert scale to access the extent to which the organization’s participation towards market demands in adopting LLMTG.

45. Marketing and promotion regarding of green concept able to influence our organization to adopt LLMTG.

46. Awareness and the government’s call able to change the priority for our organization to adopt LLMTG

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5049

energy efficiency policies.

Appropriability

The prevention of imitation the innovations is organizations’ ability that related to the appropriability term, from here on, monopolistic opportunities will exist which able to extract profits (Chang& Chen, 2016). Therefore, the presence of prevention strategies opens up the probability of recognizing a sequence of innovative practices (Cohen, 2010).

Mean of three items of a five-point Likert scale to access the extent to which the organization’s feels the appropriabilities in adopting LLMTG.

47. Our organization favour to adopt LLMTG, which related with green concept, where we will gain the advantage.

48. The capacity of our firm to retain the added value will be considered once we adopt the LLMTG technology.

49. Our organization benefits from this added value depends on the decisions of the firm, the structure of the market in which it operates, and the sources of the added value itself.

Financial Performance

In this situation, energy-saving buildings would then enhance in its own quality compared to expensive and inefficient buildings. Transmission strategies, therefore, function through the

Mean of four items of a five-point Likert scale to access the extent to which the organization’s feels or may experience when

50. Adopting LLMTG can saves more energy which reduce the cost of energy consumption and enhance the profitability to our organization

51. The providing of comfortable conditions inside the building able to increase in term of sales growth to our organization

52. There is an increase in operational cost in our firm because of maintenance of green

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50

enhancement of capital growth and enhanced net income returns. The conclusion is, the higher rate of return and a higher relative value are meant to the energy-saving buildings (Piazolo and Wilke, 2012; Wilke, 2012).

adopting LLMTG in general.

materials cost for LLMTG.53. There is an increase of budget allocation

for energy saving or environmental activities.

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3.3 Population and sampling

The complete set of people, situations or interesting things the researcher wants to

investigate refers as the population. Afterward, the subset of the population is the sample

(Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). The target population for the present study obtained 180 which

is limited to companies stated in Malaysia, buildings and constructions which are meet

criteria for building and township sector from GBI directory website. This population was

based on GBI’s progress updates released at the time of research.

3.3.1 Sampling technique

In the study, a convenience sample was used for the collection of data from

companies that are accessible and available to the researcher. Convenience sampling refers

to the information that have been collected from members of the population who are

available to provide it conveniently (Kumar, Talib, & Ramayah, 2013).When the size of

the population is too large or the frames are not available which will be result the sampling

of groupings will be inefficient, this technique is suitable to apply(Vogt, & Johnson,

2015). In addition, this application of method is often applied in social research and widely

applied in the study of organizations (Bryman,2016). Although in this research will be

applied the non-probability sampling, we have observed every online response, so the

number of answers for each characteristic studied is monitored closely.

In this case, the most convenient way to find the sampling unit was to visit GBI

directory website to obtain data such as full address, name of company, type of industry,

email address, telephone number and contact person.

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3.3.2 Sample size determination

According to Krejcie and Morgan (1970), if the given population size is 180, the

requirement of sample size for this study is 123 respondents. Table 3.2 shows determining

sample size from given Population by Krejcie and Morgan (1970). The commonality in

this group is they are Malaysian citizens who live in Malaysia. This study required 123

respondents for the sample size.

Table 3.2: Determining sample size from a given population

N S N S N S10 10 220 140 1200 29115 14 230 144 1300 29720 19 240 148 1400 30225 24 250 152 1500 30630 28 260 155 1600 31035 32 270 159 1700 31340 36 280 162 1800 31745 40 290 165 1900 32050 44 300 169 2000 32255 48 320 175 2200 32760 52 340 181 2400 33165 56 360 186 2600 33570 59 380 191 2800 33875 63 400 198 3000 34180 66 420 201 3500 34685 70 440 205 4000 35190 73 460 210 4500 35495 76 480 214 5000 357100 80 500 217 6000 361110 86 550 226 7000 364120 92 600 234 8000 367130 97 650 242 9000 368140 103 700 248 10000 370150 108 750 254 15000 375160 113 800 260 20000 377170 118 850 265 30000 379180 123 900 269 40000 380190 127 950 274 50000 381200 132 1000 278 75000 382210 136 1100 285 100000 384

58

Sample size for

the study

3.4 Distribution of survey and data collection

Bryman (2016) and Bernard, (2017) and proposed a number of methods for

managing the questionnaire, including mail, telephone, online or personal interviews. This

study performed several options such as mail method and message attachment through

social media messenger to distribute the survey through online survey. Online survey is

used by SurveyMonkey applications, which can help generate results and report them as

descriptive statistics or charted data to the specialist. The survey was launched using

SurveyMonkey applications on the 1st November 2016. The advantage of SurveyMonkey

applications is the abilities to compile the results as descriptive statistics or as charted data

and report them back to the specialist. For further analysis, the results may be downloaded

to a spreadsheet or database. Hence, researchers able to speed up the process in creating

surveys through this service by using custom templates and post them on websites, e- mail

addresses, message on their social media messenger for participants to complete (Creswell,

2013).

The present study used a questionnaire survey for a pilot test in which the

researcher had the opportunity to meet respondents and explain the purpose or objectives

of the study. The aim of the pilot study was to refine and further develop the model and

questionnaire used in the main survey. The pilot test was carried out for 58 companies that

intent applied GBI in Malaysia. The results of the pilot test were discussed on Chapter 4.

The main survey was mostly administered using online via SurveyMonkey website.

3.5 Pilot testing of instrument

The aim of a pilot study is the feasibility's evaluation of an approach intended for a

large - scale study (Lancaster, 2015). Hence, in this research, the purpose of the pilot study

59

is the instrument's (survey questionnaires) validation. Performing these analyses act as the

measurement of the respondent's comprehension in the survey questionnaires’

construction. There are 100 samples of questionnaires been giving out via email as a pilot

test towards the staff of companies that adopting GBI. Afterward, 58 of questionnaires

been responded and returned via an online survey for the pilot test. The numbers of

minimum samples for a pilot test suggested by Fink (2015) is 10 and it is often between

100 and 200 for the large survey (Dillman, 2000).

Cronbach Alpha been utilized in this study for the reliability coefficient analysis for

variables. The results obtained from the pilot study can be considered as good and the

value of coefficient was more than 0.6.

3.6 Data analysis procedure

In a survey process, the exciting step which is important is analysing survey data.

Before analysing the data, the preparation of data for analysed was conducted includes

coding, data entry and data editing. The data that obtained from the target respondents need

an editing which consists of examining the completed survey tool in identifying and

minimizing errors, misclassification, incompleteness, and information gaps(Kumar, Talib,

& Ramayah, 2013). In the meantime, coding is carried out when the data were converted

into numerical values after the data collection was completed before the data was kept in

the spreadsheet. For data entry, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version

22.0) been applied in the study. Table 3.3 presents the types of analysis for the study.

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Table 3.3: Type of analysis

Type of

Analysis

Variables

Mean Score

and

Frequency

analysis

a) Demographic profile of the company

b) Intention of LLMTG adoption (dependent variables)

c) Business Financial Performances (dependent variables)

Reliability

and Validity

Analysis

a) Characteristics of LLMTG

b) Characteristics of User

c) External Factor

d) Business Financial Performances (dependent variables)

Exploratory

Factor

Analysis

(EFA)

a) Characteristics of LLMTG

b) Characteristics of User

c) External Factor

Regression

Analysis

(MRA,

Linear)

a) Characteristics of LLMTG

b) Characteristics of User

c) External Factor

3.6.1 Missing data analysis

Missing data occurs when incomplete data are gathered from the returned

questionnaires. If the missing data are less than 10 percent, it will not give any effect on the

61

Independent variables

Intent to adopt LLMTG

Intent to adopt LLMTG

Intent to adopt LLMTG

Financial Performance

Financial Performance

Financial Performance

results. In this study, the expectation maximization (EM) technique was used to estimate

the missing values when using SPSS 22.0.

3.6.2 Check for outlier

An outlier is an observation point that is distant from other observations (Grubbs,

1969). To determine the normality of distribution in the SPSS, the present study used

skewness and kurtosis measurement where skewness values of within +2 and kurtosis

values of less than 7 indicate normality (Henderson, 2006).

3.6.3 Reliability analysis

The consistency and early indication of the stability of the instrument's concept

required the reliability of measurements (Kumar, Talib, & Ramayah, 2013). The utilization

of correlation factor technically referred to as the factor of reliability typically reported the

reliability. When the correlation coefficient rate increase, the more the reliability it gets

(Vogt, & Johnson, 2015). The Cronbach alpha is one of the most commonly used

reliability coefficients. The reliability coefficient of Cronbach alpha act as the positive

correlation indicator between the items in a set (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). Cronbach alpha

takes a value between 0 and 1 inclusive, with higher values indicating greater reliability

Cronbach alpha greater than 0.60 is generally accepted for exploratory research to indicate

reliability for the measurement although a value greater than 0.70 is more preferable

(Bagozzi, 1994; Martinez-Conesa, Soto-Acosta,& Palacios-Manzano, 2016). The study

performed reliability test to validate three (3) factors namely the characteristics of

LLMTG, the characteristics of Users and external factors in order to demonstrate a

preliminary survey. Section 3.4.3 highlighted the pilot test and the results of reliability

analysis (Chapter 4, section 4.1, page 60)

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3.6.4 Frequency and mean score analysis

Frequencies refer simply to the number of times a certain phenomenon occurs in

different subcategories, which makes it easy to calculate the percentage and the cumulative

percentage of data (Sekaran and Bougie, 2016). The ratio of observations or the full

observation number within each range can be represent as the distributions of frequency

(Kumar, Talib, & Ramayah, 2013). Therefore, the calculation for company profile applied

this type of analysis for this study. The measurement of central tendency that provides a

general picture of the data without unnecessarily flooding it with almost every observation

in a data set been measured by the application of basic statistics which is mean or average

score (Field, 2013). For this study, these analyses were used for the determination of mean

score for each variable in the research tool that been observed. Chapter 4 reported the

results of this analysis.

3.6.5 Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)

One of the factor analyses is the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). EFA is

performed if the researcher has a doubt on quantities of underlying factors can be found in

the data set has or no knowledge about it (Kumar et al., 2013). EFA is applied to fulfil the

requirement of the researcher assessing of the scale by dimensionality with factor structure

(Sangroya, & Nayak, 2017). The purpose of using EFA in this study was to determine the

factors of LLMTG adoption from the data survey in order to determine a solution for the

first research objective. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for EFA because

the variables of the study consisted of interval and ratio scale.

63

3.6.6 Regression analysis

Regression analysis is a statistical procedure for analysing associative relationships

between a metric dependent variable and one or more independent variable/s (Kumar,

Talib, & Ramayah, 2013; Vogt,& Johnson,2015). The study demonstrated two (2) types of

regression analysis; Multiple linear (MRA) and linear regression analysis. MRA analysis

was carried out to predict the values of a dependent variable given in a set of explanatory

variables (Kumar, Talib, & Ramayah, 2013). The study performed these analyses to test

hypotheses are formulated in this study. Linear regression was performed to examine

characteristics of LLMTG, characteristics of users and external factors influence the

adoption of LLMTG. Regression analysis was conducted to fulfil the first and second

objectives.

3.7 Summary of Chapter

This chapter presents the methodology used in this study to demonstrate all the

variables and instrument of the study. this study is a causal research study or known as

explanatory research because the study uses primary data to answer all research objectives.

To formulate a survey instrument in this study, the measurement has been constructed

according to the previous study. This chapter also justifies the population of study based on

GBI directory website and sampling determination based on Krejcie and Morgan (1970). A

pilot study is to validate the instrument of the study and the results show a good reliability

analysis. Lastly, data analysis procedures are highlighted to discover research objectives.

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CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the analyses and results of this study which provide answers

for the objectives. Section 4.1 covers reliability analysis for the pilot study. While, section

4.2 highlights frequency analysis to explain the respondent’s profile. Section 4.3 provides

descriptive analysis of adoption factors for LLMTG based on mean score in section 4.4,

utilizes EFA to discover adoption factors of LLMTG. Hypothesis testing was tested in

section 4.6. Section 4.7 presents MRA to discover the strongest factors determinant of

LLMTG. Lastly, linear regression is utilized to measure how the impact LLMTG adoption

towards organization’s financial performance.

4.2 Reliability analysis result

Technically the reliability referred to as a reliability analysis which is typically

using a correlation coefficient. Cronbach Alpha is one of the most commonly used

reliability coefficients. A value between 0 and 1 inclusive taken in Cronbach Alpha, which

is indicating better reliability with higher values. For exploratory research, a Cronbach

alpha is generally accepted when the value greater than 0.60 to indicate the measurement's

reliability, although the preferable value is greater than 0.70 (Bagozzi, 1994). The

reliability analysis using the Cronbach’s Alpha shown in Table 4.1.

65

For the characteristics of LLMTG, Relative advantage showed 0.812 (7 items)

coefficient value, complexity showed 0.714 (4 items), Compatibility 0.706 (3 items),

Observability 0.709 (3 items) and Trialability 0.706 (3 items). For Characteristics of user,

Commitment to Product Filed showed 0.834 (6 items), Innovation-related core benefit

showed 0.724 (5 items), Expected Financial Benefit showed 0.695 (3 items), and User-

manufacturer interaction showed 0.630 (6 items). For external factors, Technological

Opportunities showed 0.712 (6 items), Market Demand Condition showed 0.699 (2) and

Appropriability 0.694 (3 items).

Table 4.1: Reliability analysis

Construct/VariablesNumber of items in scales

Place in the questionnaire

Cronbach’s Alpha

Characteristics of LLMTGRelative Advantage 7 Q12 0.812Complexity 4 Q13 0.714Compatibility 4 Q14 0.706Observability 3 Q15 0.709Trialability` 3 Q16 0.706Characteristics of UserCommitment to Product Filed 6 Q17 0.834Innovation-related core benefit 5 Q18 0.724

Expected Financial Benefit 3 Q19 0.795User-manufacturer interaction 6 Q20 0.630External FactorsTechnological Opportunities 6 Q21 0.712Market Demand Condition 2 Q22 0.699Appropriability 3 Q23 0.694

4.3 Frequency analysis result (respondents’ profile)

Table illustrates the results from 123 respondents of the study. There are 43 males

and 80 females, aged 20s-50s (average:35 years), participated in this study which is this

66

gender distribution agrees with actual gender population enrolled in universities in

Malaysia having 35.2% Males and 64.8% Females (Ismail, 2015). Subjects were informed

that the purpose of the study was to investigate the perceptions and factors that influence

Malaysian toward adopting energy saving glass technology, in particular, Low Loss

Microwave Transmission Glass (LLMTG). The highest group of education level were

bachelor degree (41.5%), followed by bachelor (27.6%), SPM/O-Level and

STPM/Diploma/A-Level have the same value (13.8%), and the lowest is PhD (3.3%).

The highest group for main sector of company is finance, insurance and real estate

(32.5%), followed by construction (16.3%), communications/electronics (13%), other and

government share the same value (11.4%), health (7.3%), lawyers and lobbyists (4.9%) and

the lowest is energy & natural resources is (3.3%). In term of sales turnover, the highest

responding companies were calculated more than RM 1 million (81.7%) of the sales

turnover and the lowest responding companies were calculated less than RM 1 million

(18%) of the sales turnover.

The results showed the majority of respondents were located in the WP Kuala

Lumpur area (33.3%), followed by Selangor, Putrajaya, Melaka, Johor, Pahang, Perak,

Pulau Pinang, Negeri Sembilan and the lowest is Kedah. The highest number of employees

were greater than 1001 (36.6%), followed by 251-100 (25.2%), 51-250 (17.1%), 11-50

(14.6%), none (i.e. sole trader) (4.1%) and the lowest is 1-10 (2.4%). For adoption level,

results showed 42% or 52 organizations has not adopted and is not considering to adopt

LLMTG in the future whereas 71% organizations (58%) is considering to adopt LLMTG in

the future.

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Table 4.2: Respondent profile

Characteristics NumberN = 123 Percentage

Gender Male Female

4380

34.965.0

Age Range 20s 30s 40s 50s

23404812

19.132.239.19.6

Education Qualification SPM/O-Level STPM/Diploma/A-Level Bachelor Degree Bachelor PhD

171751344

13.813.841.527.63.3

Main sector of company Communications/Electronics Construction Energy & Natural Resources Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Health Lawyers & Lobbyists Other Government

1620440961414

13.016.33.332.57.34.911.411.4

Sales Turnover <RM1,000,000 >RM1,000,000

23100

18.781.3

Company location Johor Kedah Melaka Negeri Sembilan Pahang Perak Pulau Pinang Selangor WP Kuala Lumpur Putrajaya

10124986284114

8.10.81.63.27.36.54.922.833.311.4

Numbers of Employee(s)

None (i.e sole trader) 1-10 11-50 51-250 251-1000 >1001

5318213145

4.12.414.617.125.236.6

Adoption Level Has not adopted and is not considering Is considering the adoption in the future

5271

4258

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4.4 Descriptive analysis for intention of LLMTG adoption

Table presents the descriptive analysis for characteristics of LLMTG. The highest

mean score for relative advantage was Q11_1 (mean 4.02). The respondents agreed the

utilization of energy able to reduce during the organization’s operations. The respondents

agreed their space in the office or room will be improved and able reducing electric usage

for lighting during the day Q11_2 (4.01). By adopting LLMTG also establishing better

resilience of the building with the climate in Malaysia Q12_3 (mean 4.00) and achieving

its term of environmentally friendly product Q11_4(mean 4.00) which is demonstrate

reliability towards environment Q11_5 (mean 4.00). They are nearly agreed LLMTG

improve the comfortable environment in the organization Q11_6 (mean 3.99) and the

lowest mean score was Q11_7 (mean: 3.98) in which the profitability may increase in

managing energy conservation. The highest mean score for complexity was Q12_3 (mean:

4.38). the respondents agreed that it will be difficult to replace existing ordinary glass in

the building with LLMTG and Q12_4 the maintenance of quality and the glass also will be

difficult (mean: 4.38). Hence, Q12_1 (mean:4.17) the adoption adoption of the LLMTG in

my organization’s building glass is/ will be difficult but the lowest score which is Q12_2

(mean:4.01) mentioned the employees will find the LLMTG as easy to adopt and adapt

with its condition. The highest score for compatibility was Q13_1 (mean:4.03), the

respondents agreed the adoption of LLMTG is/will be compatible with the nature of my

organization’s work and processes and Q13_4 (mean:4.03) compatible with the climate in

Malaysia. Meanwhile Q14_2 (mean:4.00) the changes towards LLMTG suitable with their

organization’s values and belief, hence Q13_3 (4.00) the technology in the organization

also compatible with the LLMTG. The highest mean score for observability was Q14_1

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(mean:4.03), the respondents have seen the LLMTG being adopted by other organizations.,

and have observed the benefits by adopting LLMTG Q14_2 (mean:4.02). The lowest mean

score was Q14_3(mean:4.02), experienced the benefits of other organization adopting

LLMTG. The highest mean score for trialability was Q15_3 (mean:4.01). The respondents

agreed that it’s priority their organization to try out the LLMTG before decide to adopt it.

Even their staff in the organization want to try the experience before deciding to like it or

not Q15_1 (4.00). The lowest mean score is Q15_2 (mean:3.94), where respondents won’t

lose much by trying LLMTG, even if don’t like it.

Table 4.3: Descriptive analysis for characteristics of LLMTG

Variables Mean SDRelative Advantage

Q11_1 Reducing utilization of energy during the organization's operations 4.02 .374

Q11_2 Improved room brightness in the building and reducing electric usage for lighting. 4.01 .248

Q11_3 Establishing better resilience of the building with the climate in Malaysia. 4.00 .296

Q11_4 Achieving its term of environmentally friendly product. 4.00 .350Q11_5 Demonstrate reliability in process of environmentally friendly. 4.00 .350

Q11_6 Substantially improve the comfortable environment in the organization 3.99 .162

Q11_7 Increasing profitability in managing energy conservation. 3.98 .229Complexity

Q12_3 To replace existing ordinary glass in the building with LLMTG will be difficult 4.38 .506

Q12_4 The maintaining of quality and the maintenance of LLMTG will be difficult 4.38 .506

Q12_1 The adoption of the LLMTG in my organization’s building glass is/ will be difficult 4.17 .396

Q12_2 Our employees find/ will find the LLMTG as easy to adopt and adapt with its condition. 4.01 .162

CompatibilityQ13_1 The adoption of LLMTG is/will be compatible with the nature

of my organization’s work and processes 4.03 .208

70

Q13_4 The adoption of LLMTG is/will be compatible with the climate of Malaysia 4.03 .208

Q13_2 The changes caused by the adoption of the LLMTG is/will be compatible with my organization’s values and beliefs 4.00 .132

Q13_3 The LLMTG is/will be compatible with other technology in my organization. 4.00 .187

Observability

Q14_1 Staff in my organization have seen the LLMTG being adopted by other organizations. 4.03 .208

Q14_2 Staff in my organization have observed the benefits of other organizations adopting the LLMTG. 4.02 .131

Q14_3 Staff in my organization have experienced the benefits of other organizations adopting the LLMTG. 4.02 .187

Trialability

Q15_3 Being able to try out LLMTG was important in my/our organization decided to use it. 4.01 .248

Q15_1 Staff in my organization/ my organization like being able to try out of LLMTG adoption before deciding whether like it or not 4.00 .132

Q15_2 My organization really won’t lose much by trying LLMTG, even if don’t like it. 3.94 .358

Table presents the descriptive analysis for users’ characteristics. The highest mean

score for Commitment to product field was Q16_2 (mean 4.03) where the respondents is

concern and responsible about energy consumption and the effects of it in their

organization, and Q16_3 (mean:4.03) awareness of the important of LLMTG in ensuring

the effectiveness of communication signals are existing. In Q16_1 (mean:4.02), they also

agreed that LLMTG is important to provide good thermal isolation and improve the energy

efficiency to their organization. The effectiveness of communication signal (e.g. Wi-Fi,

mobile phone) is very necessary in the organization in Q16_4(mean:4.01). Meanwhile the

lowest score was Q16_5 (mean:3.99), LLMTG is a necessary glass in controlling the solar

energy to minimize the energy and Q16_6 (mean:3.99) where respondents able to influence

people/others organization to adopt energy-saving product. For Innovation-related core

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benefit category, the highest score mean was Q17_1(4.03) which the respondents agreed

LLMTG is important to provide higher value to the organization, followed by Q17_5

(mean:4.03) with the unique feature that able gain benefits from it, and agreed that

LLMTG is a higher quality glass compared to other ordinary glass in transmitting good

communication signal wave Q17_2 (mean:4.02). The lowest score was Q17_3 (mean:3.99)

which is LLMTG benefit our organization to meet an unmet need of consumers.

For Expected Financial Benefit category, the highest mean score was Q18_2 and

Q18_3 (4.61) which respondents agreed that they will adopt LLMTG if financial support

or incentives are available towards green technology especially from the manufacturer of

the products. The lowest mean score was Q18_1 (mean:4.05) where funds for innovation

towards adopting green technology able influences them to adopt LLMTG. The highest

mean score for user-manufacturer interaction was Q19_6 (mean: 4.77). Majority of the

respondents agreed by the cost of LLMTG will encourage them to adopt it. Even though

they aware that commonly energy efficient glass come smaller in portion but higher in

price Q19_4(mean: 4.03). followed by Q19_1 (mean:4.02) stated that they willing to buy

the energy efficient product. Instead of that, other questions show low mean score which is

Q19_5(3.19), Q19_3(mean:2.81) and Q19_2(mean:2.53). The respondent’s intents to agree

to adopt LLMTG even though the cost is higher than ordinary glass.

Table 4.4: Descriptive analysis for characteristics of user

Variables Mean SDCommitment to product field

Q16_2 We are seriously concern and responsible for energy consumption and the effects of it in our organization 4.03 .208

Q16_3 We are aware of the importance of LLMTG in ensuring the effectiveness of communication signals in our organization. 4.03 .246

Q16_1 LLMTG is important to provide good thermal isolation and 4.02 .229

72

improve the energy efficiency to our organization

Q16_4 The effectiveness of communication signal (e.g. Wi-Fi, mobile phone) is very necessary in our organization 4.01 .248

Q16_5 LLMTG is a necessary glass in controlling the solar energy to minimize the energy use in our organization 3.99 .162

Q16_6 We will strictly influence people/others organization to adopt energy-saving product (e.g. LLMTG) 3.99 .248

Innovation-related core benefit

Q17_1 LLMTG is important to provide higher value to our organization. 4.03 .160

Q17_5 LLMTG offers a unique feature that benefit to our organization 4.03 .208

Q17_4 LLMTG is a higher superior glass compared to other ordinary glass 4.02 .187

Q17_2LLMTG is a higher quality glass compared to other ordinary glass in transmitting good communication signal wave in our organization

4.02 .131

Q17_3 LLMTG benefit our organization to meet an unmet need of consumers 3.99 .209

Expected Financial Benefit

Q18_2We will adopt LLMTG if there are available funds to provide financial support such as incentives towards adopting development of green technology.

4.61 .490

Q18_3We willing to change the existing building glass of our organization into LLMTG if the related manufacturer able sponsored these products to us.

4.61 .490

Q18_1We will adopt LLMTG even when this able to increase the productivity and health, energy conservation, environmentally friendly and cost reduction and preservation cost of the building

4.05 .223

User-manufacturer interaction

Q19_6 A low cost of LLMTG will encourage us to change to oriented green technology lifestyle 4.77 .426

Q19_4 It is normal when the energy efficient glass come smaller in portion but higher in price. 4.03 .263

Q19_1 We are willing to purchase the energy efficiency products. 4.02 .187

Q19_5 Although it is high in price, any energy efficient products (e.g. LLMTG) influence us to spend more 3.19 .963

Q19_3 We are preferring the energy efficient glass compared to non-energy efficient glass 2.81 .954

Q19_2 We will purchase the LLMTG even though it is more expensive than the ordinary glass 2.53 .851

73

Table presents the descriptive analysis for external factors. The highest mean score

for technological opportunities was Q20_1 (mean:4.02) where the respondents agreed that

technologies opportunities influence the organization to adopt LLMTG. Followed by

Q20_2 (mean:3.99), the respondents feel that technological opportunity in the existing

glass is the most incremental technological change for the organization and Q20_6

(mean:3.98), the transition of the technology will contribute to the region’s economic

growth and stability of the organization in the long run. Q20_4 (mean:3.97), the

respondents intend to agreed that in the process of LLMTG evolution process and many of

them lead to effective innovation, and the lowest mean score was Q20_5(mean:3.96) which

is their organization needs new technological knowledge to combat the risk of the current

technologies being dominated out by rival technologies. The highest mean score for market

demand condition was Q21_2(mean_1:4.02) where the respondents agreed the

government’s call and level of awareness are able influence their organization to adopt

LLMTG. Besides that, Q21_1(mean:4.01) shows that the promotion and marketing about

green concept also have an impact towards the intention of LLMTG adoption in their

organization. The highest mean score for appropriability was Q22_1 (mean:3.93) where the

respondents agreed in favor to adopt related green concept of technology where their

organization also able to gain the benefits in the same time. Meanwhile, Q22_2

(mean:3.93), the capacity of the firm to retain the added value will be considered once they

adopt the LLMTG technology. Hence the lowest score was Q22_3 (mean:3.89) which is

benefits from this added value depends on the decisions of the firm, the structure of the

market in which it operates, and the sources of the added value itself.

74

Table 4.5: Descriptive analysis for external factors

External Factors Mean SDTechnological opportunitiesQ20_1 The technologies opportunities influence our organization to

adopt LLMTG 4.02 .264

Q20_2 Technological opportunity in the existing glass is the most incremental technological change for our organization 3.99 .248

Q20_6 Technology transfer will contribute to the region’s economic growth and stability of our organization in the long run 3.98 .264

Q20_3 Technology produces branches in the process of LLMTG evolution process and many of them lead to effective innovation

3.98 .187

Q20_4 Direct interaction among social actors is an important aspect for technological embeddedness in our organization 3.97 .184

Q20_5 Our organization needs new technological knowledge to combat the risk of the current technologies being dominated out by rival technologies

3.96 .335

Market demand conditionQ21_2 Awareness and the government’s call able to change the

priority for our organization to adopt LLMTG 4.02 .131

Q21_1 Marketing and promotion regarding of green concept able to influence our organization to adopt LLMTG. 4.01 .093

AppropriabilityQ22_1 Our organization favor to adopt LLMTG, which related to the

green concept, where we will gain the advantage. 3.93 .413

Q22_2 The capacity of our firm to retain the added value will be considered once we adopt the LLMTG technology. 3.93 .413

Q22_3 Our organization benefits from this added value depends on the decisions of the firm, the structure of the market in which it operates, and the sources of the added value itself.

3.89 .558

4.5 Exploratory factor analysis

Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify latent variables when intent

to apply the adoption factors of LLMTG in Malaysia. By conducting EFA, variables will

be reduced to a small number compared to the original variables. The study performed

EFA for the constructs which were characteristics of LLMTG (19 items), Characteristics of

75

user (20 items) and external factors (11 items). The measure of sampling adequacy (MSA)

is to quantify the variables’ degree to ensure the appropriate amount. The measure of

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) – Measure of Sampling Adequacy (MSA) needs to be above

0.80 to be considered good and variables with values less than 0.50 are unaccepted (Hair

et. Al., 2006).

In the first procedure, a total of (19 items) were analysed with the 123-sample size

and grouped into five (5) factors using the direct oblimin technique for technological

factors. Table 4.7 shows KMO and Bartlett’ test for characteristics of LLMTG. KMO-

MSA showed the value above 0.60 which was 0.657. Hair et. Al. (2006) stated that

variables with value less than 0.50 are unaccepted. Hence, variables value of characteristics

of LLMTG factors was accepted because the value was greater than 0.50. Meanwhile

Table 4.6 shows that total variance explained the variables. The coefficient must be greater

than 0.55. Hair et. Al., (2010) stated that the significant factor loading for sample size of

100 is 0.55. the sample size of this study is 123 sample. Hence, this is supported by

scholars. A total of (19 items) were cleanly extracted at the loading of above 0.55 from the

factor analysis with direct oblimin to obtain the practically significant result and give

information to decide whether it is reasonable to assume that intention factors to adopt

LLMTG items for characteristics of LLMTG were not related or necessary to use. The

overall variables revealed that the factors loading was above 0.55 as illustrated in table 4.8.

EFA revealed five (5) factors which collectively explained 77.84 percent of the variance.

Factor 1, with eigen value of 6.484, captured 6 items that accounted for 34.12 percent of

the variance. The Cronbach’s Alpha for this factor was 0.873. Factor 2 with eigenvalue of

3.225, captured 4 items that accounted for 16.98 percent of the variance. For this factor the

Cronbach’s Alpha value was 0.844. The eigen value of factor 3 is 2.042, 3 items captured

76

that accounted for 10.75 percent of the variance. The Cronbach’s Alpha for this factor was

0.783. The eigenvalue of factor 4 is 1.722, with 2 items captured that accounted for 9.07

percent of the variance. The value is 0.709 for the Cronbach’s Alpha of this factor. The

eigenvalue of factor 5 is 1.316, with 3 items captured that accounted for 6.93 percent of the

variance. The value is 0.726 for Cronbach’s Alpha of this factor. The EFA analysis showed

KMO and Barlett test of sphericity x2 (df = 153, n = 123) = 0.657, p < 0.000. For

exploratory research, a Cronbach alpha is generally accepted when the value greater than

0.60 to indicate the measurement's reliability, although the preferable value is greater than

0.70 (Bagozzi, 1994). Table 4.9 shows results of the reliability test. The first factor was

0.873, second factor was 0.844, third factor was 0.695, fourth factor was 0.709 and fifth

factor was 0.726. This value is accepted, indicating reliability for this measurement.

Collectively, six items in factor 1 described “relative advantage” which was

compromised to the extent to which respondents were intended to adopt LLMTG because

the organization or business able to gain benefits by adopting LLMTG to their building.

This was the most influential factor in determining the respondent's perception of LLMTG

adoption. Factor 2 was labelled as “complexity” for it captured the respondent’s intention

to adopt LLMTG because the level of difficulties to adopt LLMTG or replace existing

glass with LLMTG to their buildings able influenced their intention. Factor 3 was labelled

as “compatibility” which was compromised to the extent to which respondents were

intended to adopt LLMTG because their nature of business, values and belief compatible

with the benefit of LLMTG. Factor 4 was labelled as “observability” for it captured the

respondent’s intention to adopt LLMTG because the benefits LLMTG being adopted by

other organization have been observed. Factor 5 was labelled as “trialibility” for it captured

77

the respondent’s intention to adopt LLMTG because being able to try out the benefits of

LLMTG was important before they deciding to adopt it.

Table 4.6: Total variance explained for characteristics of LLMTG

Component

Initial EigenvaluesExtraction Sums of Squared

Loadings

Total% of

VarianceCumulative

% Total% of

Variance

Cumulative

%1 6.484 34.127 34.127 6.484 34.127 34.1272 3.225 16.976 51.103 3.225 16.976 51.1033 2.042 10.745 61.848 2.042 10.745 61.8484 1.722 9.066 70.914 1.722 9.066 70.9145 1.316 6.928 77.842 1.316 6.928 77.8426 .621 6.128 83.9707 .565 4.109 88.0798 .479 3.105 91.1849 .378 2.642 93.825Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Table 4.7: KMO and Bartlett’s test for characteristics of LLMTG

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

.657

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1013.245df 153Sig. .000

Table 4.8: Exploratory Factor Analysis Final Results for Characteristics of LLMTG

Factors1 2 3 4 5

78

RA4 - Increasing profitability in managing energy conservation

.992

RA7 - Demonstrate reliability in process environmentally friendly.

.925

RA5 - Achieving its term of environmentally friendly product

.923

RA3 - Substantially improve the comfortable environment in the organization

.882

RA2 - Establishing better resilience of the building with the climate in Malaysia.

.776

RA6 - Improved room brightness in the building and reducing electric usage for lighting.

.675

CX1 - The adoption of the LLMTG in my organization’s building glass is/ will be easy

.882

CX2 - Our employees find/ will find the LLMTG as easy to adopt and adapt with its condition.

.859

CX3 – It is not difficult to replace existing ordinary glass in the building with LLMTG.

.843

CX4 - It is not difficult to do the maintenance of LLMTG

.630

CP1 - The adoption of LLMTG is/will be compatible with the nature of my organization’s work and operations

.841

CP2 - The changes caused by the adoption of the LLMTG is/will be compatible with my organization’s values and beliefs

.788

CP3 - The LLMTG is/will be compatible with other technology in my organization.

.699

OB1 - Staff in my organization have seen the LLMTG being adopted by other organizations.

.829

OB2 - Staff in my organization have observed the benefits of other organizations adopting the LLMTG.

.706

TR1 - Staff in my organization/ my organization like being able to try out of LLMTG adoption before deciding whether like it or not.

.829

TR2 - My organization really won’t lose .776

79

much by trying LLMTG, even if don’t like it.TR3 - Being able to try out LLMTG was important in my/our organization decision to adopt it.

.597

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization.

Table 4.9: Reliability test for characteristics of LLMTG

Factors Cronbach’s Alpha

N of items

1 0.873 7

2 0.844 4

3 0.695 4

4 0.709 2

5 0.726 3

In the first procedure, a total of twenty (20) items were analysed with the 123-

sample size and grouped into 4 factors using the direct oblimin technique for

characteristics of user. Table 4.11 shows KMO and Bartlett’ test for characteristics of user

factors. KMO-MSA showed the value above 0.50 which was 0.575. Hair et. Al. (2016)

stated that variables with value less than 0.50 are unaccepted. So, variables value of

characteristics of user factors was accepted because the value greater than 0.50.

meanwhile, table 4.10 shows that total variance explained the variables. A total of (20)

items were cleanly extracted at the loading of above 0.55 from the factor analysis with

direct oblimin to obtain the practically significant results and give information to decide

80

whether it was reasonable to assume that adoption factors of LLMTG items for

characteristics of user were not related or necessary to use. EFA revealed four (4) factors

with collectively explained 63.304 percent of the variance. Factor 1 with eigenvalue of

6.47, captured 6 items that accounted for 32.39 percent of the variance. The Cronbach

Alpha for this factor was 0.899. Factor 2 with eigenvalue of 2.54, captured 5 items that

accounted for 12.71 percent of the variance. The Cronbach Alpha for this factor was 0.764.

Factor 3, had three items with an eigenvalue 2.05. It accounted for 10.27 percent of the

variance. The Cronbach Alpha 0.852 for this factor. Factor 4, with an eigenvalue 1.59 had

6 items accounted for 7.93 percent of the variance. The Cronbach Alpha for this factor is

0.630. The EFA analysis showed KMO and Barlett’ test of sphericity x2 (df = 136, n = 123)

= 0.628, p < 0.000. the study also performed reliability test for each factor measured by

EFA. For exploratory research, a Cronbach alpha is generally accepted when the value

greater than 0.50 to indicate the measurement's reliability, although the preferable value is

greater than 0.70 (Bagozzi, 1994). Table 5.14 shows reliability test results. The first factor

was 0.899, second factor was 0.764, third factor was 0.852, and fourth factor was 0.630.

This value is accepted, indicating reliability for this measurement.

Items in factor 1 described the “Commitment to product field” whereby the

knowledge about the products consists of the latest products’ details and its potential in

current market intended in adopting LLMTG among Malaysian. This was the most

influential factor in determining the respondent's perception of LLMTG adoption.

Collectively, five items in factor 2 described “Innovation-related core benefit” for it

captured the respondents’ capability to define the advantage towards technology

innovation contribution either directly or indirectly that commonly been emphasized by the

users included austerity economically, quality, comfort, the values, analysis, and

81

satisfaction. This was the third most influential factor in determining the respondent's

perception of LLMTG adoption. Factor 3 was labelled as “Expected financial benefit” is

the second most influential in determining the LLMTG adoption which involving with the

increasing of productivity and health, energy conservation, environmentally friendly and

cost reduction of waste, water costs and preservation cost of building able to achieved

when financial support especially from the Government is allocated.

Table 4.10: Total variance explained for characteristics of user

Table 4.11: KMO and Bartlett’s test for characteristics of user

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .628Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1757.398

df 136

82

Component

Initial EigenvaluesExtraction Sums of Squared

Loadings

Rotation Sums of Squared

Loadingsa

Total% of

VarianceCumulative % Total

% of Variance

Cumulative % Total

1 6.478 32.392 32.392 6.478 32.392 32.392 5.4512 2.543 12.713 45.105 2.543 12.713 45.105 4.4683 2.054 10.268 55.373 2.054 10.268 55.373 3.0764 1.586 7.932 63.304 1.586 7.932 63.304 2.8345 1.443 7.217 70.52120 .010 .050 100.000Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.a. When components are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance.

Sig. .000

Table 4.12: Exploratory factor analysis final results for characteristics of user

Component1 2 3 4

CPF6 - I will strictly influence people/others organization to adopt energy-saving product (e.g. LLMTG)

0.908

CPF1 - LLMTG is important to provide good thermal isolation and improve the energy efficiency to our organization

0.896

CPF2 - I am seriously concern and responsible about energy consumption and the effects of it in our organization

0.865

CPF5 - LLMTG is a necessary glass in controlling the solar energy to minimize the energy use in our organization

0.785

CPF3 - I am aware of the important of LLMTG in ensuring the effectiveness of communication signals in our organization

0.630

CPF4 - The effectiveness of communication signal (e.g. Wi-Fi, mobile phone) is very necessary in our organization

0.571

ICB1 - LLMTG is important to provide higher value to our organization.

  0.915

ICB5 - LLMTG offers a unique feature that benefit to our organization

  0.769

ICB2 - LLMTG is a higher quality glass compared to other ordinary glass in transmitting good communication signal wave in our organization

0.646

ICB3 - LLMTG benefit our organization to meet an unmet need of consumers

0.649

EFB2 - We will adopt LLMTG if there are available funds to provide financial support such as incentives towards adopting development of green technology.

0.925

83

EFB1 - We will adopt LLMTG even when this able to increase the productivity and health, energy conservation, environmentally friendly and cost reduction and preservation cost of the building

0.799

EFB3 - We willing to change the existing building glass of our organization into LLMTG if the related manufacturer-sponsored these products to us.

0.575

UMI5 - Although it is high in price, any energy efficient products (e.g. LLMTG) influence us to spend more

0.781

UMI1 - We are willing to purchase the energy efficiency products

0.739

UMI3 - We are preferring the energy efficient glass compared to non-energy efficient glass

0.657

UMI2 - We will purchase the LLMTG even though it is more expensive than the ordinary glass

0.610

UMI4 - It is normal when the energy efficient glass come smaller in portion but higher in price.

0.507

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization.a. Rotation converged in 6 iterations.

Table 4.13: Reliability test for characteristics of user

Factors Cronbach’s Alpha

N of items

1 0.899 7

2 0.764 3

3 0.852 3

4 0.630 2

In the first procedure, a total of twelve (12) items were analyse with 123 sample

size and grouped into three (3) factors using the direct oblimin technique for external

factors. Table 4.15 shows KMO and Bartlett’ test for external factors. KMO-MSA showed

84

the value above 0.50 which is 0.530. meanwhile table 4.14 shows that total variance

explained the variables. A total twelve (12) items were cleanly extracted at the loading of

above 0.55 from the factor analysis with direct oblimin to obtain the practically significant

result and give information to decide whether it was reasonable to assume that adoption

factors of LLMTG items for external factors were not related or necessary use. EFA

revealed three (3) factors which collectively explained 85.47 percent of the variance.

Factor 1, with eigenvalue of 4.28, captured 6 items that accounted for 38.93 percent of the

variance. The Cronbach’s Alpha for this factor was 0.812. Factor 2, with eigenvalue 3.37,

captured two items that accounted for 30.68 percent of the variance. The Cronbach’s Alpha

for this factor was 0.799. Factor 3, with eigenvalue 1.75, captured 3 items that accounted

for 15.90 percent of the variance. The Cronbach’s Alpha for this factor was 0.794. The

EFA analysis showed KMO and Barlett test of sphericity x2 (df = 153, n = 123) = 0.693, p

< 0.000. The study also performed reliability test for each factor measured by EFA. For

exploratory research, a Cronbach alpha is generally accepted when the value greater than

0.50 to indicate the measurement's reliability, although the preferable value is greater than

0.70 (Bagozzi, 1994). Table 5.18 shows results of reliability test. First factor was 0.812,

followed by 0.799 for second factor, and 0.794 for fourth factor. These values were

accepted, indicating reliability for this measurement.

Items in factor 1 described “Technological opportunities” for it captured the

respondents’ perception in adopting LLMTG because exploring technology opportunities

is an essential process which brings innovations in a given field of knowledge and a given

industry in terms of time and costs. Technological opportunity also reflects the cost of

achieving some normalized unit of technical advance. This factor was the most influential

in determining the respondents’ intention of the adoption of LLMTG. Collectively, two

85

items in factor 2 described “Market demand condition” for it captured the respondents’

perception in adopting LLMTG because high demand for greening, highly prospect in the

current and future market in Malaysia emphasize green certified green products towards

greening cost or saving energy cost in daily task. Factor 3 was labelled “appropriability”

which compromised to the extent to which respondents intended to adopt LLMTG because

appropriability can influence how firms' confidence and motivated to respond to market

opportunities, go about developing, as well as profit from the innovation.

Table 4.14: Total variance explained for external factors

Component

Initial EigenvaluesExtraction Sums of Squared

Loadings

Rotation Sums of Squared

Loadingsa

Total% of

VarianceCumulative

% Total

% of Varian

ceCumulative

% Total1 4.279 38.903 38.903 4.279 38.903 38.903 3.8112 3.374 30.675 69.577 3.374 30.675 69.577 3.5953 1.749 15.896 85.473 1.749 15.896 85.473 2.8174 .629 5.718 91.1915 .562 5.106 96.2976 .265 2.410 98.707Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.a. When components are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance.

Table 4.15: KMO and Bartlett’s test for external factors

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

.693

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity

Approx. Chi-Square 1990.301df 153

86

Sig. .000

Table 4.16: Exploratory factor analysis final results for external factors

Component1 2 3

TO6 - Technology transfer will contribute to the region’s economic growth and stability of our organization in the long run

0.949    

TO3 - Technology produces branches in the process of LLMTG evolution process and many of them lead to effective innovation

0.920    

TO2 - Technological opportunity in the existing glass is the most incremental technological change for our organization

0.898    

TO4 - Direct interaction among social actors is an important aspect for technological embeddedness in our organization

0.741    

TO5 - Our organization needs new technological knowledge to combat the risk of the current technologies being dominated out by rival technologies

0.352    

TO1 -The technologies opportunities influence our organization to adopt LLMTG 0.264

MD1 - Marketing and promotion regarding of green concept able to influence our organization to adopt LLMTG.

  0.225  

AP1 - Our organization favour to adopt LLMTG, which related with green concept, where we will gain the advantage.

    0.964

AP3 - Our organization benefits from this added value depends on the decisions of the firm, the structure of the market in which it operates, and the sources of the added value itself.

    0.718

AP2 - The capacity of our firm to retain the added value will be considered once we adopt the LLMTG technology.

    0.656

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization.

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a. Rotation converged in 4 iterations.

Table 4.17: Reliability test for external factors

Factors Cronbach’s Alpha

N of items

1 0.812 4

2 0.799 2

3 0.794 2

4.6 Regression analysis

To analyse the associated relationships between a metric dependent variable and

one or more independent variable need a statistical method which named as the regression

analysis (Kumar et al., 2013; Vogt, & Johnson, 2015) the study demonstrates two (2) types

or regression analysis which were multiple linear (MRA) and linear regression analysis.

The prediction values of a dependent variable given in a set of explanatory variables were

carried out by MRA analysis (Kumar et al., 2013). The study performed this analysis to

examine the strongest determinant factors of LLMTG which were explained in section 4.7.

Meanwhile, Linear regression was performed to explore the financial performance towards

the adoption of LLMTG (section 4.8). The study tested each variable to explore how far

LLMTG adoption enhanced company financial performance.

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4.6.1 Hypotheses testing

The relationship between the dependent variable and each category based on

independent variables will be examined by The Multi Regression Analysis (MRA). Table

4.18 – Table 4.20 shows the MRA in determining the relationship between the independent

variables and the Adoption of LLMTG. Hypotheses 1-12 aimed to test the influences of

three (3) factors which were the characteristics of LLMTG, the Characteristics of user and

external factors. The linear multiple regression technique was used to test these

hypotheses.

Table 4.18: Multiple regression analysis for determining the relationship between the

characteristics of LLMTG and the adoption of LLMTG

Variables(Characteristics of LLMTG)

Regression Models(Intention of LLMTG Adoption)B Sig

(H1) Relative advantage 0.370 0.04**(H2) Complexity -0.622 0.60**(H3) Compatibility 0.282 0.04**(H4) Observability 0.211 0.00**(H5) Trialability -0.073 0.06**R2 0.39Adjusted R2 0.23F 53.0

Table 4.18 shows the results of the multiple regression analysis that Characteristics

of LLMTG explained 39% of the variance in the adoption of LLMTG. Relative Advantage

showed significant relationship with the adoption of LLMTG with the value (β = 0.370, p

= 0.04). Thus, H1 supported. Whilst complexity was not significantly related to the

adoption of LLMTG which the value is (β = -0.622, p = 0.06). Therefore, H2 is rejected.

Compatibility (β = 0.282, p = 0.04) and observability (β = 0.211, p = 0.00) were found to

have positive influences on the intention to adopt LLMTG. Hence, hypotheses H3 and H4

89

are supported. Whilst trialability (β = -0.073, p = 0.06) was not significantly related to the

adoption of LLMTG. Therefore, H5 is rejected.

In relation to second category of factors which is the characteristics of user, the

results of multiple regression analysis show that this category explains 67% of the variance

in the adoption LLMTG. For the intention to adopt LLMTG, it is found that innovation-

related core benefit (β = 0.158, p = 0.00), expected financial benefit (β = 0.282, p = 0.02)

and user-manufacturer interaction (β = 0.211, p = 0.02) have positive effects. Therefore

H7, H8, H9 are supported. Whilst commitment to product field (β = -.206, p = 0.00) was

not significantly related to the intention to adopt LLMTG. H6, therefore is rejected.

Table 4.19: Multiple regression analysis for determining the relationship between the

characteristics of user and the intention of LLMTG adoption

Variables(Characteristics of User)

Regression Models(Intention of LLMTG Adoption)

B Sig(H6) Commitment to product field -0.206 0.05**(H7) innovation-related core benefit 0.158 0.05**(H8) expected financial benefit 0.282 0.02**(H9) user-manufacturer interaction 0.211 0.02**R2 0.67Adjusted R2 0.66F 70.8

Table 4.20: Multiple regression analysis for determining the relationship between the

external factors and the intention of LLMTG adoption

Variables(External Factors)

Regression Models(Intention of LLMTG Adoption)

B Sig(H10) Technological opportunities -0.105 0.06**(H11) Market demand condition 0.105 0.05**(H8) Appropriability 0.121 0.05**

90

R2 0.27Adjusted R2 0.24F 10.44

Regarding the third category of variables, it was found that external factors

explained 27 percent of the variance in the intention of adoption LLMTG. Technological

opportunities (β = -0.105, p = 0.06) showed insignificant relationship with adoption of

LLMTG. So H9 was not supported. While, market demand condition (β = 0.105, p = 0.05),

appropriability (β = 0.121, p = 0.05) showed significant relationship with the intention to

adopt LLMTG. So, H11, H12 were supported.

Table 4.21: Summary of testing the hypothesis

Hypotheses Proposed Hypothesis ResultsH1 Relative advantage has positive

significant relationship with the adoption of LLMTG

SUPPORTED

H2 Complexity has positive significant relationship with the adoption of

LLMTG

NOT SUPPORTED

H3 Compatibility has positive significant relationship with the

adoption of LLMTG

SUPPORTED

H4 Observability has positive significant relationship with the

adoption of LLMTG

SUPPORTED

H5 Trialability has positive significant relationship with the adoption of

LLMTG

NOT SUPPORTED

H6 Commitment to product filed has positive significant relationship with the adoption of LLMTG

NOT SUPPORTED

H7 Innovation related core benefit has positive significant relationship with the adoption of LLMTG

SUPPORTED

H8 Expected financial benefit has positive significant relationship with the adoption of LLMTG

SUPPORTED

H9 User-manufacturer interaction has positive significant relationship

SUPPORTED

91

with the adoption of LLMTGH10 Technological opportunities have

positive significant relationship with the adoption of LLMTG

NOT SUPPORTED

H11 Market demand condition has positive significant relationship with the adoption of LLMTG

SUPPORTED

H12 Appropriability has positive significant relationship with the

adoption of LLMTG

SUPPORTED

92

Figure 4.1: The Relationship between the independent the independent variables and the adoption of LLMTG

93

+**

+**

+**

+**

+**

+**

+**

+**

Intention to Adopt Low

Loss Microwave

Transmission Glass

Expected financial benefit

Innovation-related core benefit

User-manufacturer interaction

Commitment to Product filed

Characteristics of User

Appropriability

Market Demand Condition

Technological Opportunities

External FactorsTrialability

Observability

Compatibility

Complexity

Relative Advantage

Characteristics of LLMTG

86

4.6.2 The strongest factor towards intention of LLMTG adoption

Multiple variables (characteristics of LLMTG, characteristics of user and external

factor) were used to predict intention of LLMTG adoption. Table 4.22 shows model of

summary for the study. The results of regression analysis showed factors of LLMTG

adoption had significant relationship with intention of LLMTG adoption with R = 0.650.

the adjusted R2 of the model was 0.174 which indicated that 42.2% of the variation in the

LLMTG adoption was explained by the factors of adoption.

Table 4.22: Model summary

Model R R Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

1 .650a .422 .405 .307

a. Predictors : (Constant), characteristics of LLMTG,

characteristics of user, external factor

Table 4.23 shows ANOVA for adoption of LLMTG whereby (F = 21.395, p =

0.000) indicated that the results of the regression model could occur by chance. However,

the significance of ANOVA and p-value of coefficients must indicate p<0.05. Hence the

model was significant with 0.000 significant value.

Table 4.23: ANOVA for intention of LLMTG adoption

ModelSum of Squares df

Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 8.229 12 2.076 21.395 .000Residual 9.587 102 .094Total 11.612 114

a. Dependent Variable: intention of LLMTG adoptionb. Predictors: (Constant), characteristics of LLMTG, characteristics of user,

external factor

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Table 4.24 shows coefficients of the variables. The study illustrates statistical

diagram in Figure for the regression analysis. The beta values of unstandardized coefficient

were used for regression equations. From the equation, the coefficient of characteristics of

LLMTG was 0.181. hence, for every unit increase in these factors, there would be an

increase in the intention of LLMTG adoption. The standardize beta value was 0.278 with t-

value of 2.102.

The unstandardized coefficient for characteristics of user was 0.213 whereby for

every unit increase in these factors, there would be an increase in the intention of LLMTG

adoption. The standardized beta value was 0.128 with t-value of 3.143. The p-value of this

factor was significant.

The unstandardized coefficient for external factors was 0.036 whereby for every

unit increase in these factors there would be an increase in the intention of LLMTG

adoption. The standardized beta value was 0.036 with t-value of 1.650. The p-value of this

factor was significant.

Table 4.24: Coefficient result for adoption factors

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficientst Sig.B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 1.349 112 8.707 .000Characteristics of LLMTG

.181 .073 .278 2.102 .005

Characteristics of User

.213 .092 .128 3.143 .000

External Factors .036 .056 .083 1.650 .006

a. Dependent Variable: intention of LLMTG adoption

95

The regression equation is shown below:

Adoption of LLMTG = 0.181(Characteristics of LLMTG) + 0.213 (Characteristics of User)

+ 0.036 (External Factors) + 1.349

Figure 4.2: Statistical diagram

4.6.3 Analyse the organization’s financial performance towards the adoption of

LLMTG

The study performs linear regression to predict company financial performance

towards adoption of LLMTG. The result reveals adoption of LLMTG have insignificant

relationships with the company financial performance whereby, R = 0.45 and R2 of this

model was 0.45, indicating almost 5 percent of the variation company financial

performance when adopting LLMTG.

The significance of ANOVA and p-value of coefficient must indicate p < 0.05. Thus,

the model was significant with 0.02 significant value. Unstandardized beta value showed -

0.141, indicating that for every unit increase in the adoption, organization’s financial

performance would affect negatively about 14 percent. The results also showed negative

96

0.1550.181

0.036

0.213 Intention of LLMTG Adoption

External Factors

Characteristics of User

Characteristics of LLMTG

Beta value which indicated that H13 showed negative, insignificant relationship with the

organization’s financial performance.

Table 4.25: Model summary

a. Predictors : (Constant), Adoption of LLMTG

Table 4.26: ANOVA for intention of LLMTG adoption

ModelSum of Squares df

Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression .519 1 .519 5.288 .020b

Residual 11.093 113 .222Total 11.612 114

a. Dependent Variable: organization’s Financial Performanceb. Predictors: (Constant), intention of LLMTG adoption

Table 4.27: Coefficient result for intention of LLMTG Adoption

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

t Sig.BStd.

Error Beta1 (Constant) 5.240 .273 19.197 .000

Intention of LLMTG adoption

-.141 .061 -.211 -2.300 .020

a. Dependent Variable: Company financial performance

97

Model R

R Squar

eAdjusted R

SquareStd. Error of the

Estimate1 .211a .045 .036 .471

4.7 Discussion of the results

The findings provide empirical evidence that the Roger’s Innovation

Characteristics, Characteristics of User and External Factors are important factors that

contribute to the intention of LLMTG adoption. With regard to Rogers to Roger’s

Innovation Characteristics (Rogers, 1983, 1995, 2003), five attributes, namely relative

advantage, complexity, compatibility, observability and trialability were presented.

Researchers of innovation rely extensively on employing these characteristics (all or some

of them), or using other terms mapped on those of Roger’s Innovation model. This study

employed five characteristics suggested by Rogers, these are relative advantage,

complexity, compatibility, observability and trialability since it more suitable for products.

In regard to Roger’s innovation characteristics, relative advantage, compatibility

and observability were all found to have significant relationship with the intention of green

technology (LLMTG) adoption. Relative advantage of the products is the most influential

factor in intention of LLMTG adoption. These result support findings of Smerecnik, &

Andersen, (2011), Chou, Chen, & Wang, (2012), and Rezvani, Jansson, & Bodin (2015),

when supporting Rogers (1995) regarding relative advantage, compatibility and

observability which the innovation is perceived to be better than the current product it is

replacing especially toward environmentally friendly. Typically, the strongest predictor of

innovation adoption is the relative advantage. In order to provide the company with a

competitive advantage and understand the integrative long-term benefits of all operations,

all type of businesses is progressively searched an advancement (Horng et. al., 2017). In

regard to compatibility of LLMTG, Horng et al., (2017) when studying sustainable

innovation in modern hotel management discussed how innovation potential in company

can be increased. It suggests that’s that the more compatible LLMTG with the existing

98

activities and management in an organization, the more likely LLMTG will be adopted.

When touch the term of observability, the instantaneous effects of sustainability are often

not physically visible, such as reduced electricity or water consumption. However, Wilson,

Crane, & Chryssochoidis, (2015) support for this attribute because there has an

enhancement of ‘observability’ of energy consumption which able been seen by

comparative billings.

The characteristics of user become more important to influence intention of

LLMTG adoption in the organization. The result show innovation-related benefit, expected

financial benefit and user-manufacturer interaction have significant relationship with the

intention of green technology (LLMTG) adoption. Similarities in Samari et al., (2013) and

Onuoha, Aliagha, & Rahman, (2018) studies which found that government financial

incentives have essential rules to provide green developers in both the commercial and

residential sectors with low risk and affordable financial resources. Thus, accordance to

conclusion of Du et al., (2014) in promoting of energy-saving technologies' adoption one

of the most efficient ways is the cost reduction and the encouragement for new

technologies opportunities exploration still on a long journey rather than passively

accepting the standards only. Hence, user-manufacturer interaction is essential for the

development of an effective communication approach that should be made by the related

party such as materials manufacturer, architects, research institutes, contractors, and local

governments since energy-saving technologies still shaky in convincing frontline

employees. In this way, frontline employees will benefit from their experiences and able

promoting the widespread use of energy-saving technologies (Shi et al. 2013; Du et al.,

2014,).

99

External factors also show significant relationship toward intention of LLMTG

adoption. The factors that influence the intention is market demand condition and

appropriability. This result show that Malaysian is aware and have the knowledge

regarding of green technologies trend and the availability. Gan et al., (2015) stated that

consideration should be given to the decision - making process related to urban and

regional planning. In addition, more research and development related to sustainable

construction is also needed, especially in the development of technology and material

codes and standards. This will able to assist on the reduction of their current high costs and

contribute to the sustainable development of the market for sustainable buildings.

Similarly, strengthening and improving the education of sustainable building and

professional training programs as the training concept, higher education institutions, and

more technical information would be beneficial. Enhancing stakeholder engagement and

cooperation is crucial to improve the current situation, with the support of related

authorities, professional organizations, industry bodies, and in particular, the local

governments (Shi et al. 2013; Long, Du et al., 2014, Blok, & Coninx, 2016,)

However, the study found the adoption of LLMTG will not enhance financial

performance of organization in Malaysia. Major barriers identified by Chan et al. (2018),

the Malaysian included lack of incentives. Two incentives have just been introduced in

Malaysia by the government for the development of green buildings, and it was stamp duty

and tax exemption (ACEM, 2012). According to the findings of Samari et al. (2013), the

effectiveness of the current incentives still has a low impact towards the development of

green buildings and unable to encourage construction. The high initial costs of green

buildings incapable to restored by allocated financial incentives, and also unable to change

the cost becomes reasonable for construction companies. Moreover, the willingness of the

100

consumer to pay extra may increase by the influences of cost savings criteria. And the

matter of that, it was a crucial issue in order to balance the profits of related companies and

green building owners' benefits in the achievement of sustainable development of green

buildings.

101

4.8 Summary of Chapter

This chapter has presented a discussion and interpretation of the findings of the

present study and has also shown what extent the results are consistent with the results

presented in the innovation literature. This chapter constitutes the outcome of this study.

The discussion of the empirical findings concerns the factors which influence the intention

of LLMTG adoption, and hypotheses are discussed in relation to empirical results. This

chapter reveals the important factors related to Roger's Innovation Characteristics, the

Characteristics of Users and External Factors which play key roles in facilitating the

adoption of these innovations. Some broader aspects of statistical analysis and of the study

have been discussed. Having discussed the main findings of the study, the next chapter will

present the contribution of the study, as well as its limitations, and finally will suggest the

direction for future research.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction

The key objective of the study is to determine factors that influence the intentions

of LLMTG adoption in Malaysia. From literature review and specific analysis, the study

determines the intentions of adopting low loss microwave transmission glass (LLMTG)

among users in Malaysia. The second objectives of this study are to establishes a

theoretical framework by examining the relationship between users’ adoption decision with

the low loss microwave transmission glass characteristics, users’ characteristics and

environmental uncertainties. The third objectives are innovating the existing model and

analysed on the adoption of LLMTG. Lastly, the fourth objective is to analyse the

organizational financial performance towards adoption of LLMTG.

To discover those objectives, systematic literature review related to LLMTG as a green

technology, energy saving glass and many names that share the similar functions as

LLMTG all over the country especially the adoption of energy-saving glass is conducted.

A theoretical framework has been developed (chapter 2) and is supported by hypotheses.

Afterwards, a quantitative approach is conducted through survey questionnaires distributed

randomly in Malaysia through email and social media. A total 123 respondents with

various background of company responses to the questionnaires.

The measurement of the structure is evaluated by EFA and Regression Analysis on the

basis of data collection. Chapter 4 in this study present all the results. This chapter

103

summarizes the results, the contribution of the study, the limitation of the study and the

future direction.

5.2 Summary of the finding

Malaysia is now in the forefront to adopt green technology in many ways. An

embankment on energy and environmental challenges in line with the rapid economic

growth in Malaysia, indirectly able to create a sustainable development in the present and

the future. Green building concept could be an outstanding sector which will facilitate

reduce the issues regarding the depletion of energy resources, and enhance

environmentally friendly characteristics. It involves two sets of methods generally to

attenuate the utilization of energy consumption in the buildings which is through the

measurement of energy efficiency and the fulfilment of building energy demand with the

integration of renewable energy or green technology within the country (Shaikh et al.,

2017). Moreover, the Government has always encouraged developers in this country to

provide a building design that has green building features as a proactive initiative in the

future and achieve the recognition of the Green Building Index (GBI) (Utusan,2014).

Hence, LLMTG which is an enhancement of energy efficient glass window which

classified as part of green technology has opportunities to expand and been adopted due to

its abilities of advancement whether by the government, non-governmental organizations

or educational institutions (Voegtlin, & Scherer, 2017). However, the capabilities of

LLMTG been adopted by users in Malaysia should be considered in order to become the

competitive product in the market. The study identifies the factors that influence LLMTG

adoption and combine them into four key issues based on research objectives. The research

objectives/questions of this study will review and evaluate the results of the existing

literature on LLMTG adoption.

104

The first objective of the study is to figure out the intentions of adopting low loss

microwave transmission glass among users in Malaysia. The study reviews theories of

adoption and research papers as mentioned in Chapter 2 to conceptualize the factors of

adoption of LLMTG. The study utilizes three (3) factors that may lead the intention of

LLMTG adoption which are the characteristics of LLMTG yield from diffusion of

innovation (DOI) theory (Rogers, 2003), the characteristics of user yield from Lüthje

studies (2004) and external factors. Determination those factors are able to answer the

second objective which is the establishment a theoretical framework by examining the

relationship between user’s adoption decision with the low loss microwave transmission

glass characteristics, users’ characteristics and external factors. Hence, questionnaires have

been distributed randomly through SurveyMonkey applications to obtain data from users in

Malaysia and factor analysis (EFA) is performed. The findings yield that diffusion of

innovation (DOI) theory by Rogers (2003) which is relative advantage, complexity,

compatibility, trialability and observability are five (5) factors grouped by the

characteristics of LLMTG. In the context of LLMTG’s characteristic, relative advantage is

the most influential factor in determining the adoption of LLMTG. In addition,

commitment to product field, innovation-related core benefit, expected financial benefit,

and user-manufacturer interaction are four (4) factors group by the characteristics of user.

In the context of the characteristics of user, expected financial benefit is the most

influential factor determining the adoption of LLMTG. Lastly, Technological

opportunities, Market demand condition, and Appropriability are three factors grouped by

external context. Besides, appropriability is the most influential factor determining the

adoption of HS among user in Malaysia.

The third objective of the study is to innovate the existing model and analysed on the

adoption of low loss microwave transmission glass (LLMTG). The findings yield that

105

external factor is the strongest determinant factor through MRA. External factor refers to

environmental uncertainties overview which may influence the organization in order to

determine their intention to adopt green technology especially in this study which was

LLMTG to their building structure. The fourth objective of the study is to analyse the

organizational financial performance towards the adoption of LLMTG. Unfortunately, the

linear regression shows that adoption of LLMTG will not enhance the financial

performance due to the enhancement of maintenance and costing of the green technology.

5.3 Contribution towards knowledge

The study contributes to the management literature by focusing on the factors that

influence the LLMTG adoption. The study has identified the factors of LLMTG adoption

which lead users in Malaysia to adopt LLMTG.

With respect to the characteristics of LLMTG contexts, relative advantage appears

to be the most important influential factor. The statistical analysis shows that relative

advantage is positively related to the intention of LLMTG adoption. Organizations that

intent to adopt LLMTG can be expected to view this green technology contribute

advantages to their space environment in the building. LLMTG adopters are comfortable to

create an atmosphere that suitable with Malaysia's climate while maintaining the natural

brightness and reduce energy and electric consumption.

With respect to the characteristics of user contexts, expected financial benefit

appears to be the most influential factor. The statistical analysis shows that expected

financial benefit is positively related to the intention to adopt LLMTG. The organization

will have a higher intention to adopt LLMTG because they expecting two way of financial

benefits once adopting the LLMTG. The first expectation which LLMTG been ensured

harmless towards the environment and reducing of cost energy consumption and the

106

second one is financial incentives or motivator from the manufacturer or the government.

The manufacturer which may ensure the green product is affordable to purchase and

financial support from the government is the encouragement for the users in Malaysia

taking the challenge of switching to the green technology concept.

In terms of external factors contexts, appropriability is the most influential factor.

The statistical analysis shows that appropriability is positively related to the intention of

LLMTG adoption. The availability of the contingency upon the level of appropriability to

the organization is crucial with the combination of strategic recommendation. This is

because, the organization would have time to develop the concept, experiment in search

dominant style, and luxuriate in the fruits of any ultimate success of the technology when

the amount of appropriability is high. Otherwise, in order to gain chances forming an

associate degree enforceable contract with suppliers of complementary merchandise and

capabilities necessary to commercialize the innovation, the innovative firm should

vertically integrate to make an entire resolution or an ejection. Hence, it is crucial with the

studies to overcome the inability of an innovating organization to get returns on its

investments in innovation from a range of views from completely different points of

perspectives.

The study contributes to the impact of LLMTG adoption in which organization are

negatively perform in their financial performance. The statistical analysis shows that

LLMTG is negatively related to the organizations’ financial performance. The

reimbursement of initial cost for green building unable to achieve even though with the

availability of financial incentives. Whereby, the potential for high spending among user or

organization may increase in terms to gain the benefits from the cost savings.

107

5.4 Contribution towards organization

The findings of present study have several relevant contributions towards

organization which intend to adopt LLMTG. In the context of external factor,

appropriability is the most influential factors in determining the intention of LLMTG

adoption. In order to adopt LLMTG, the organization must expertise and knowledgeable

about green technology to develop the embodied concept, researching the dominant style,

and luxuriate in the fruits of any ultimate success of these technologies. Moreover, since

this green adoption involves high-cost products, the consideration of decision was made

mainly by the owner of the organization. Therefore, the interaction between the

manufacturer and government should robust to gain awareness of the long-term advantages

and utilize the availability of incentives towards users to build and operate green. This

aspect includes of market demand condition to create awareness and expected financial

benefits that emphasized by users. Construction economics is almost a subset of building

economics, where able been affected by the concerning cost of constructors and designer.

In general, economics is about choosing how scarce or limited resources are and should be

allocated between possible uses. The determination's procedure of the actual costs for an

organization or the community needs to use the accepted principles and procedures.

5.5 Contribution towards industry

The specific needs and requirements of the manufacturing or construction industry

consist the application of the principles associated with general economic theories which

simplified as construction economics. The processes used and the final product of

buildings and other structures, the roles of designers and builders, the construction

company, and its place in the economy is the related study which been concerned with. The

requirement to contribute a green building to meet the expectations of a new generation has

108

changed in the manufacturing industry in the conjunction with the new industries that

requiring investment in new premises to adapt to technological changes. All of these

contributed to the need for construction and development and a relatively fruitful and

enhancing construction industry.

5.6 Contribution towards government

The new process protocols are suggested to develop and strengthened by the

government's plans, policies and plans for future construction. This is because the

awareness of the social, economic and environmental impact of the built environment is

higher among the building's clients. Whereby the consideration by them includes,

construction costs must always be predicted, monitored, budgeted, accounted and

reviewed. With the matter of that, the related industry able to do its work better, faster, and

cheaper with the utilization of allocation benefits come from the government.

5.7 Limitation of present study

The current study has several limitations which are the most important is the

sampling method. The sample size (123) is low but adequate for this type and conventional

methods have been applied. The respondents were mainly from higher management,

although they able to influence the adoption of green technology, but still the exactly of a

decision maker is the owner of the organization or the building. Thus, the sample group

might not fully accurate and robustness to represent the right users of Malaysia in the

adoption of green technologies. However, the range of the management background may

be the future users and decision maker which been at the forefront of the rapid adoption of

green technology. Majority of the participants were located in four states which is

Selangor, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, and Putrajaya where are the most developed states

109

in Malaysia. The availability of innovative technologies in these regions much higher than

in other parts of Malaysia.

5.8 Direction of future study

In the conduct of this study, several possible areas that merit examination in future

research have been identified. These areas are identified as:

Specific factors have been focused in this study that related to the innovation

characteristics, characteristics of user and external factors. However, the adoption of

innovations may be influenced by other factors, such as political factors, rules and

regulations, and/or network effects. The investigation of these factors may give more

insight into future research.

Alternative approaches utilization with the combination (e.g. case study research)

as well as case study and questionnaires, one can also investigate why and how LLMTG or

green technology is adopted by organizations. This able assist to identify any obstacles to

the implementation of the innovation and to explore its success in meeting its objectives.

The ambiguity in future studies able may be reduced by face-to-face approach during the

conduct of the survey. In order to enhance the consistency of the responses, the best data

can be obtained at the variety of higher director levels; the owner, since green technologies

currently come with higher cost rather than ordinary technologies.

110

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.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Online Questionnaire

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

APPENDIX B

Output of Reliability Analysis (4.3)

Case Processing Summary (Relative Advantage)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

149

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Case Processing Summary (Complexity)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Case Processing Summary (Compatibility)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Case Processing Summary (Trialability)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

150

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.812 7

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.714 4

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.873 7

Case Processing Summary (Observability)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.706 4

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.709 2

Case Processing Summary (Commitment to Product Filed)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Case Processing Summary (Innovation-related core

benefit)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Case Processing Summary (Expected Financial Benefit)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Case Processing Summary (Technological Opportunities)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

151

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.630 2

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.706 3

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.834 7

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.724 3

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.795 3

Case Processing Summary (User-manufacturer

interaction)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.712 4

Case Processing Summary (Market Demand Condition)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Case Processing Summary (Appropriability)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

APPENDIX C

Output of Descriptive statistics (Section 4.4)

Descriptive Statistics (Characteristics of LLMTG)

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

RA1 123 1 5 4.02 .374

RA2 123 2 5 4.01 .248

RA3 123 3 5 4.00 .162

152

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.699 2

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.694 2

RA4 123 2 5 4.00 .296

RA5 123 1 5 4.00 .350

RA6 123 3 5 3.99 .162

RA7 123 1 5 3.98 .229

CX1 123 1 5 4.17 .396

CX2 123 1 5 4.01 .162

CX3 123 1 5 4.38 .506

CX4 123 1 5 4.38 .506

CP1 123 1 5 4.03 .208

CP2 123 1 5 4.00 .132

CP3 123 1 5 4.00 .187

CP4 123 1 5 4.03 .208

OB1 123 1 5 4.03 .208

OB2 123 1 5 4.02 .131

OB3 123 1 5 4.02 .187

TR1 123 2 5 4.01 .248

TR2 123 2 5 4.00 .132

TR3 123 3 5 3.94 .358

Valid N (listwise) 123

Descriptive Statistics (Characteristics of user)

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

CPF1 123 1 5 4.02 .229

CPF2 123 2 5 4.03 .208

CPF3 123 3 5 4.03 .246

CPF4 123 2 5 4.01 .248

CPF5 123 1 5 4.00 .162

CPF6 123 3 5 4.00 .248

ICB1 123 1 5 4.03 .160

153

ICB2 123 1 5 4.02 .131

ICB3 123 1 5 3.99 .209

ICB4 123 1 5 4.02 .187

ICB5 123 1 5 4.03 .208

EFB1 123 1 5 4.05 .223

EFB2 123 1 5 4.61 .490

EFB3 123 1 5 4.61 .490

UMI1 123 1 5 4.02 .187

UMI2 123 1 5 2.53 .851

UMI3 123 1 5 2.81 .954

UMI4 123 1 5 4.03 .263

UMI5 123 2 5 3.19 .963

UMI6 123 2 5 4.77 .426

Valid N (listwise) 123

Descriptive Statistics (External Factors)

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

TO1 123 1 5 4.02 .264

TO2 123 2 5 3.99 .248

TO3 123 3 5 3.98 .187

TO4 123 2 5 3.97 .184

TO5 123 1 5 3.96 .335

TO6 123 3 5 3.98 .264

MD1 123 1 5 4.01 .093

MD2 123 1 5 4.02 .131

APP1 123 1 5 3.93 .413

APP2 123 1 5 3.93 .413

APP3 123 1 5 3.89 .558

Valid N (listwise) 123

APPENDIX D

Output for Factor Analysis – Explanatory Factor Analysis and Reliability Analysis (Section 4.5)

EFA for The Characteristics of LLMTG

KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .657

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1013.245

154

df 153

Sig. .000

Total Variance Explained

Component

Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings

Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance

Cumulative

%

1 6.484 34.127 34.127 6.484 34.127 34.127

2 3.225 16.976 51.103 3.225 16.976 51.103

3 2.042 10.745 61.848 2.042 10.745 61.848

4 1.722 9.066 70.914 1.722 9.066 70.914

5 1.316 6.928 77.842 1.316 6.928 77.842

6 .621 6.128 83.970

7 .565 4.109 88.079

8 .479 3.105 91.184

9 .378 2.642 93.825

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

155

Rotated Component Matrixa

Factors

1 2 3 4 5

RA4 .992

RA7 .925

RA5 .923

RA3 .882

RA2 .776

RA6 .675

CX1 .882

CX2 .859

CX3 .843

CX4 .630

CP1 .841

CP2 .788

CP3 .699

OB1 .829

OB2 .706

TR1 .829

TR2 .776

TR3 .597

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization.

Reliability for Factor Component 1

Reliability for Factor Component 2

156

Case Processing Summary (Relative Advantage)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.873 7

Case Processing Summary (Complexity)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability StatisticsCronbach's

Alpha N of Items.844 4

Reliability for Factor Component 3

Reliability for Factor Component 4

Reliability for Factor Component 5

EFA for The Characteristics of User

KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .628

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1757.398

df 136

Sig. .000

157

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.726 3

Case Processing Summary (Compatibility)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.695 4

Case Processing Summary (Observability)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

eliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.709 2

Case Processing Summary (Trialability)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Rotated Component Matrixa

Component

1 2 3 4

CPF6 0.908

CPF1 0.896

CPF2 0.865

CPF5 0.785

CPF3 0.630

CPF4 0.571

158

Total Variance Explained

Component

Initial Eigenvalues

Extraction Sums of Squared

Loadings

Rotation Sums

of Squared

Loadingsa

Total

% of

Variance

Cumulative

% Total

% of

Variance Cumulative % Total

1 6.478 32.392 32.392 6.478 32.392 32.392 5.451

2 2.543 12.713 45.105 2.543 12.713 45.105 4.468

3 2.054 10.268 55.373 2.054 10.268 55.373 3.076

4 1.586 7.932 63.304 1.586 7.932 63.304 2.834

5 1.443 7.217 70.521

20 .010 .050 100.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

a. When components are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance.

ICB1   0.915

ICB5   0.769

ICB2 0.646

ICB3 0.649

EFB2 0.925

EFB1 0.799

EFB3 0.575

UMI5 0.781

UMI1 0.739

UMI3 0.657

UMI2 0.610

UMI4 0.507

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization.

a. Rotation converged in 6 iterations.

Reliability for Factor Component 1Case Processing Summary (Commitment to

Product Filed)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Reliability for Factor Component 2Case Processing Summary (Innovation-related core

benefit)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

159

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.899 7

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.764 3

Reliability for Factor Component 3Case Processing Summary (Innovation-related core

benefit)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability for Factor Component 4Case Processing Summary (Expected Financial Benefit)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability for Factor Component 5Case Processing Summary (User-manufacturer

interaction)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

EFA for The External FactorsKMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .693

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1990.301

df 153

Sig. .000

Total Variance Explained

160

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.764 3

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.852 3

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.630 2

Component

Initial Eigenvalues

Extraction Sums of Squared

Loadings

Rotation

Sums of

Squared

Loadingsa

Total

% of

Variance

Cumulativ

e % Total

% of

Variance

Cumulative

% Total

1 4.279 38.903 38.903 4.279 38.903 38.903 3.811

2 3.374 30.675 69.577 3.374 30.675 69.577 3.595

3 1.749 15.896 85.473 1.749 15.896 85.473 2.817

4 .629 5.718 91.191

5 .562 5.106 96.297

6 .265 2.410 98.707

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

a. When components are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance.

Rotated Component Matrixa

Component

1 2 3TO6 0.949    TO3 0.920    TO2 0.898    TO4 0.741    TO5 0.352    TO1 0.264MD1   0.225  AP1     0.964AP3     0.718AP2     0.656

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser

Normalization.

a. Rotation converged in 4 iterations.

Reliability for Factor Component 1Case Processing Summary (Technological Opportunities)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability for Factor Component 2

161

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.799 2

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.812 4

Case Processing Summary (Market Demand Condition)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability for Factor Component 3Case Processing Summary (Appropriability)

N %

Cases Valid 123 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 123 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

APPENDIX E

Output of Regression (MRA) (Section 4.7)

Model Summary

Model R R Square

Adjusted R

Square Std. Error of the Estimate

1 .650a .422 .405 .234

a. Predictors: (Constant), characteristics of LLMTG, characteristics of user, external factor

162

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.794 2

ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 8.229 12 2.076 21.395 .000

Residual 9.587 102 .094

Total 11.612 114

a. Dependent Variable: intention of LLMTG adoption

b. Predictors: (Constant), characteristics of LLMTG, characteristics of user, external factor

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig.B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 1.349 .112 8.707 .000

Characteristics of

LLMTG.181 .073 .278 2.102 .005

Characteristics of

User.213 .092 .128 3.143 .000

External Factors .036 .056 .083 1.650 .006

a. Dependent Variable: intention of LLMTG adoption

APPENDIX F

Output of Regression (Linear Regression) (Section 4.8)

Model Summary

Model R R Square

Adjusted R

Square Std. Error of the Estimate

1 .211a .045 .036 .471

a. Predictors: (Constant), intention of LLMTG adoption

163

ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression .519 1 .519 5.288 .020b

Residual 11.093 113 .098

Total 11.612 114

a. Dependent Variable: Organization’s Financial Performance

b. Predictors: (Constant), intention of LLMTG adoption

Coefficientsa

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig.B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 5.240 .273 19.197 .000

Organization’s

financial

performance

-.141 .061 -.211 -2.300 .020

a. Dependent Variable: intention of LLMTG adoption

164