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Ministry of public health services of Ukraine
Zaporоzhyе state medical university
Сhair of toxicological and inorganic chemistry
History of cosmetology and aromology
Educational grant for the first year students
of pharmaceutical department speciality TPСZ
Zaporozhye
2015
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Educational – methodical grant , discussed on the sitting of chair of “20” September in 2013 year ( protocol № 2 ), and examined and recommended by cycle methodical committee of pharmaceutical disciplines for statement since 23. 01. 2014 year (protocol № 5 )
Maintained on the sitting of Central Methodical Rada of ZSMU
( protocol № …. since … of 2014 year )
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Educational – methodical grant composed with collaborators of toxicological and inorganic chemistry chair of Zaporоzhyе state medical university:
- d. pharm. , by professor Panasenko A. I.- d. pharm. , by professor Buryak V. P.- d. pharm. , by docent Kremzer A. A.- d. pharm. , by docent Melnik I. V.- d. pharm. , by docent Parchenko V. V.- d. pharm. , by higher teacher Postol N. A.- d. pharm. , by higher teacher Kulish S. N.- d. pharm. , by higher teacher Gotsulya A. S.- by assistant Sсherbina R. A.- by assistant Safonov A. A.- higher laborant Salionov V.A.
under general guidance of manager of the chair dос.оf pharm., professor Panasenko A. I.
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CONTENTS:
PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………6
THEME 1: «INTRODUCTION TO SPECIALITY OF PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY.
HEALING IN EPOCH OF PRIMITIVE SOCIETY».................................................... 8
THEME 2: « THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL
EMBLEMS
CREATION»..............................................................................................................13
THEMES 3-4: «MEDICINE , PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY IN A SLAVE
SOCIETY»..................................................................................................................17
THEMES 5-6: « LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF HIPPOCRATE AND GALEN, THEIR ROLE IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE AND COSMETOLOGY»..................................24
THEMES 7-8: «MEDICINE, PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY IN A PERIOD OF EARLY
AND LATE MIDDLE AGES».....................................................................................30
THEME 9 : «THE APPEARANCE OF TREATMENT AND KNOWLEDGE OF CURE ON
RUS. MEDICINE, PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY OF KYIVSKA RUS AND
RUSSIAN CENTRALIZED STATE (TILL 18TH
CENTURY)»…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
THEMES 10-11: «CREATION OF LEGISLATIVE ACTS, WHICH REGULATE CHEMIST
BUSINESS. MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION (TILL 18TH CENTURY)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
THEME 12 : « SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES IN A REGION OF MEDICINE AND
PHARMACY IN 18-19TH CENTURIES»........................................................................45
THEMES 13-14: «PHARMACY IN RUSSIA (THE SECOND HALF OF 18TH CENTURY -
BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY)»….……………………………………………………………………..49
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THEME 15: «PHARMACY IN THE FIRST YEARS OF SOVIET
POWER»....................................................................................................................54
THEMES 16-17: «PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY OF SOVIET
PERIOD»..................................................................................................................59
THEMES 18-19: «HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN PHARMACY BECOMING AND
DEVELOPMENT IN 16-18 TH CENTURIES. MEDICAL HELP IN THE WEST - UKRAINIAN
LANDS. SYSTEM OF MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL
EDUCATION»............................................................................................................63
THEME 20: « CURATIVE AND CARE ESTABLISHMENTS. AN ACTIVITY OF
ZAPORIZSKA SICH»……...........................................................................................67
THEMES 21 - 23: «UKRAINIAN PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY IN 20TH CENTURY. PERSPECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL PHARMACY DEVELOPMENT »…………………………..70
THEME 24 : «PHARMACEUTICAL AND PARFUMERY- COSMETIC INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE»…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….76
THEME 25 : «PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY ABROAD »…………………………………83
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PREFACE
Medicine, pharmacy and cosmetology - are integral components of the country economy, which has formed among centuries as part of the general history and culture of humanity. They have deep roots and rich history, which requires the modern synthesis and reflection. The history of cosmetology and aromology studies the regularities of development and the history of medical knowledge and medical activity of the peoples throughout history (from ancient times to the present) in indissoluble connection with world history, philosophy, science and culture. As an integral part of world history and culture, history of medicine and pharmacy reflects the development of logic and scientific thought, as in the past, and in the modern world, defines the objective assessment of medicine and pharmacy theories and understanding of the contemporary stage of medical and pharmaceutical science development and practice of public health, and also cosmetology and aromology.
The history of cosmetology and aromology is obligatory normative discipline for all institutions of higher medical and pharmaceutical education, in which study students by specialty pharmacist -cosmetologist.
Studying the history of medicine, pharmacy and cosmetology by students, contributes to the formation of the scientific world outlook and skills of historical thinking , a scientific understanding of the relationship of natural and special disciplines, allows to increase the general cultural level of the modern young specialist. The value of pharmacy history is that it makes visible the role and achievements of national scientists in the development of pharmaceutical sciences, determines their place in the world and the scientific-technical progress, examines the effects of pharmacy on related branches of science and practice, contributes to the understanding of the tasks facing the pharmaceutical sector, and health in general.
The necessity of the own specialty history knowledge is due to the fact that at the present time the central place in production activities is allotted to human. Activities of a pharmacist–cosmetologist was and in the greater degree is being now, than earlier, becomes a humanist, aimed at caring attitude and the preservation of human health, the influence on it of the environment, on the development of knowledge of the true history of the human person, on the study of the socio-economic, social and cultural conditions in which originated, developed and
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accumulated a wealth of experience it’s own rich experience pharmaceutical science and practice.
The study of each pharmaceutical discipline begin with an analysis of the historical path of its development. Detailed and based acquaintance with the history of separate directions of the pharmaceutical science allows more fully internalize the material, which is used to realize the creative potential of the student or young professional. The study of medicine and pharmacy history in the leading universities began in XIX-th century. Famous scholars and scientists D.I. Mendeleev, A. P., Nelyubin, J.K. Thrupp, Str.Drgendorph, K.A. Тimiryzev and many other teaching the special courses and carry out scientific-research work in this area. At the present time, according to the plan of preparation of pharmacy specialists, study the discipline «The history of cosmetology and aromology».
In the proposed manual in adapted form for the students of younger courses outlines the history of cosmetology and aromology from the pharmacology of the Ancient world up to our days, as shown in the development of the pharmaceutical science and education, provides information about the state of pharmacy and cosmetology in foreign countries.
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THEME 1: INTRODUCTION TO SPECIALITY OF PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY.
HEALING IN EPOCH OF PRIMITIVE SOCIETY
The purpose of lesson: to master theoretical knowledge about pharmacy as a
complex scientifically - practical disciplines. To familiarize with the basic periods of
development of primitive treatment.
Term «pharmacy» originates from an ancient Egyptian word «pharmaki» (in
translation - granting healing), which put beginning to a greek word «pharmakon»
(in translation - medications, applications of medications).
Pharmacy is a complex of scientific and practical disciplines which study
problems of creation, research, making, standardization, storage, emission and
marketing of medications, and also search of natural sources of medical substances.
Pharmacy in a complex with pharmacology makes a science – knowledge of cure.
A term «pharmacist» originates from the Latin word « ргоvіdеге » (in translation
- worries in advance, foresee). A pharmacist is a specialist with higher
pharmaceutical education which has a right to be engaged in preparation of
medications in drugstores , factories etc, to carry out a control after quality of
medications, storage and vacation of medications.
Preparation of highly skilled specialist - pharmacist is the basic task of
pharmaceutical faculties. Disciplines which are studied on a pharmaceutical faculty
divide into:
-generally - educational: history of medicine and pharmacy, philosophy, economy,
mathematics, physics, Latin and foreign languages, anatomy, physiology,
microbiology, physiopathology;
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-profile: inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical and
colloid chemistry, biochemistry, botany and hygiene;
-special: pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical chemistry, technology of medications,
organization and economy of pharmacy, pharmacology, clinical pharmacology and
pharmacotherapy.
History of pharmacy - is a science ,which studies an origin and development of
pharmaceutical activity in inseparable connection with general history of human
race , with development and alteration of publicly - economic structures.
History of pharmacy is divided into 5 periods: primitive society, ancient world,
Middle centuries, new and newest history.
The primitive communal system is the first and universal, because it is typical for
all countries and nationalities.
The history of primitive society is selected into 3 stages:
1) Becoming of primitive society (over 2 million years ago - nearly 40 thousand
years ago);
2) A bloom of primitive society (nearly 40 thousand years ago -10 thousand B.C.);
3) Decomposition of primitive society (10-5 thousand B.C.).
Following periods, which answered to this three historical stages in the
development of primitive treatment:
1) In a period of becoming a primitive society and primitive treatment there was
the primitive piling up and generalization of empiric knowledge about medications
of natural origin ( vegetable, animal, mineral);
2) In a period of the bloom of primitive society empiric knowledge begin to be
used purposefully, collective treatment is engendered;
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3) Piling up and generalization of empiric experience of treatment lasted in a
period decomposition of primitive society; the origin of classes and division of work
assisted to development of handicrafts and selection of medicine from their
number.
Information about medicine of primitive society are got and confirmed by
archaeological, anthropological, ethnographic and other sources.
Cosmetology – a scientific discipline, which studies the methods of diagnostics,
treatment and prophylaxis of skin disease , removal of the cosmetic failings, and
also carries out verification of safety and efficiency of cosmetic facilities.
Cosmetology - is a complex science, which studies an anatomy and physiology of
skin, technology of making cosmetic facilities, verification of their quality and
efficiency, and also optimum terms of their use.
Cosmetology – is a comparatively young science, however a cosmetic is «old, as
humanity».
Conceptions «space» and «cosmetic» have a general root and formed by the
greek verb of «cosmeo» - to decorate, to put in order.
The history of cosmetology, as well as many other sciences, takes place from the
oldest times. From ancient times cosmetic finds a link with medicine. Primitive
people had already aspired to a body cleanness, searched the ways of making skin
softer , protection from sun streams, wind, rain, snow, tried to decorate, to perfect
the exterior.
Basic in the cosmetology of ancient people was hygienical direction. In old times
people first began to delete the dead cells of epidermis, and also lead out pigmental
spots. When humanity hadn’t known about soap yet, river sand and ash was used,
which have cleaned an external layer of skin from dirt. After such kind of
procedure it was needed to return skin its natural softing and elasticity. For this 10
purpose from long times ago started to use honey. Next to hygienic, in ancient
times there was a stormily development of other directions of cosmetology : -
aromatic (application of aromas) and esthetical (methods of decoration). Separate
religions developed the art of decoration, as an element of magic. Priests and
sorcerers used sacral make - up, to underline an own meaning and selected from the
number of other supporters and followers.
Separate specialty in the modern culture of beauty is a massage. The origin of
elements of massage probably can be taken to times of appearances of human on
the Earth, so natural is an imagination of an aim to massage and rumple a
hammered place.
Control questions:
1. Determination of pharmacy as complex scientifically - practical disciplines.
2. System of disciplines, which are necessary at preparation of pharmacist.
3. Basic periods of development of medicine and pharmacy.
4. Basic periods of development of treatment in primitive society.
5. Determination of cosmetology as a science.
6. Basic directions of development of cosmetology.
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List of the recommended literature:
1 . Verkhratskiy S.A., Zabludovskiy P. Y. History of medicine: Educ. Textbook.-4-th pub., correction and completment. Higher sch.1991.- P. 5-14.
2. An arising of medicine and its development in a primitive society // of BME - M,1980. - T.14.-P. 10-23.
3. Zabludovskiy P.E., Kryuchek G.R., Kuz'min M.K. - M.: Medicine, 1981.- P. 3 -16. 4. Medicine // of Small med. Enc.. - 1992. –M: Medicine. P. 203 - 210.
5. Mul'tanovskiy M.P. The history of medicine. -M: Medicine., 1967. – P.3-18.
6. Sorokina T.S. The history of medicine: Shot course of lectures. - 2 pub., correct. and compl. - M.: Pub RUDN, 1988. - P. 13 - 24.
7. Sorokina T.S. Medicine of until class society // medical assistant and midwife.- 1983. - 1. - P. 49-52.
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THEME 2 : THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL EMBLEMS
CREATION
The purpose of lesson : an acquaintance with a history of origin of medical and
pharmaceutical symbols and emblems. To learn their evolution and classification.
Symbol is a conventional sign that has a certain interpretation.
An emblem is a conditional mark and image of the definite notion, the idea ,that
has clear semantic interpretation.
Medical emblems divided into general and private. General medical emblems
symbolize treatment in generally, represent only aims and ideas and private -are
the symbols of separate directions of medical activity and represent a concept and
ideas which are typical for different industries of medicine.
To the general medical emblems are taken the different images of blazing fire,
and also snakes.
Totems, that represent a snake in the process of development have transformed
into symbols, that mark a wisdom, medications and eternal youth(as a snake
annually throws down and renews the skin). In a physical plan a divide language of
snake symbolizes her ambivalent nature: good and evil, poison and medications.
The most distribution was got by a well-known medical emblem, which
represents a bowl with a snake that surrounds. She is known after the name "bowl
of Hippocrates" and was offered at the beginning of a 13 century by the chemists of
Padua. Long time it was the emblem of the pharmacy, and then began to symbolize
all medicine. Since 18 century a bowl with a snake was accepted as an emblem of
medicine in all countries, also in Russia.
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A bowl in this emblem long time was examined as a vessel for medical poison, or
vessel with an antidote.
Today, the idea of bowl with a snake is interpreted by such method: for doctors –
to be wise, and to ladle a wisdom from the bowl of cognition of nature.
Except the emblem of "bowl of Hippocrates" ,to general medical emblems are
also taken:
- a snake , which winds around gezl ( staff of Аsklepy);
-a snake, which winds around the tripod of Аppolone;
-a snake, which winds around an olephallos (The Dolphin’s navel );
- two snakes, who wind around gezl (gezl of Hermes-Mercury);
- a snake(or two snakes), which winds around a mirror;
- an egg;
- a blazing torch;
-a blazing candle;
- a lamp;
-a cock;
- a heart on the palm.
Private medical emblems mark separate industries or directions in medicine:
- an image of flower of lily of the valley is the emblem of cardiology;
- an image of hand that feel the pulse is a symbol of therapy;
- an image of drop of blood, and also an image of some surgical
instruments(scalpel, scissors) are emblems of surgical profile;14
-an image of the "Florentine child" became the emblem of paediatrics;
- an image of chemist mortar with a pestle from the period of middle ages is the
emblem of chemists.
Nowadays to the pharmaceutical emblems and symbols are taken accepted in
different countries, the images of cross of green colour(France), capital letter "А" of
red colour(Germany) and chemist mortar with a pestle.
Control questions:
1. Determination of concepts "symbol" and "emblem".
2. Classification of medical emblems.
3. General medical emblems.
4. Private medical emblems.
5. Emblems of pharmacy.
15
List of the recommended literature :
1 .Аntropology - medicine / Under redaction . The wording of T.Аlexeeva . -М.: Publishing house МGY. 1989.- P.5- 15.
2. Аsclepyi. Volume 1. - Sophya, 1970.- P. 23- 49.
3. Gribanov E.D. Medicine in the symbols and emblems. - М.: Medicine. 1990 - 208 p.
4. Gribanov E.D. About an emblems of medicine// medical assistant and midwife - 1973. - №8.- P.47 - 50.
5. Gribanov E.D. Emblems // .3-d publ. - М.: Soviet encyclopaedia. 1986. - V.28. - P.133 - 136.
6. Pohlebkin V.V. International symbolic and emblematic. - М.: International relationships, 1989. -304p.
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THEMES 3-4: MEDICINE, PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY IN A SLAVE
SOCIETY
The purpose of lesson: to study the questions of the formation knowledge of
treatment by medications ,to become acquainted with a condition of development
of pharmacy in some countries (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran, India, China, Greece, the
Roman Empire).
In change to the primitive society became first in a human history class system
- slave. At this stage, there was a division of labor and its specialization, which
assisted a rise of productivity and create conditions for development of science and
culture.
As a result of a new social system - was formed new factors of medicine and
pharmacy. Professional medicine ,which based on the achievements of folk,
enriched by new concepts about the causes of diseases and ways of their
treatment, which corresponding to the progressive development and changes in the
outlook of people of this epoch.
New, that distinguishes medicine of a slave system from primitive society
system - a search of natural causes for explaining the appearance of diseases. In
epoch of slavery appeared materialistic understanding of world and rudimentary
of scientific knowledge about nature.
Development of culture and medicine in the first slave states had in each of
them their own specific, which reflecting an influence of social conditions and
geographical peculiarities.
The earliest in chronological understanding was the emergence of slave system
in the valley of the river Nile (V century BC). An ancient Egyptian civilization, which
17
was formed there, influenced on the development of science in other countries. In
ancient Egyptian medicine were originated two important concepts - humeral and
pneumatic, which have kept in medicine for more than three thousand years.
General -pathological concepts, some of the methods of diagnostics and treatment
were borrowed and developed by ancient physicians. Later, medical knowledge of
ancient Egypt were used by doctors of Byzantium, the Arab Caliphate, Central Asia,
Western Europe, a period of early middle age.
Fatherland of modern dermatology and cosmetology is considered an Ancient
Egypt. In ancient Egypt were familiar with the rules of hygiene care for hair and skin,
showed interest in coloring hair and nails. Rich Egyptian used spices, fragrant
waters, essential oils for flavoring the skin and hair.
In Ebers papyrus are described advices of using vegetable oils (olive, sesame)
not only to cleanse the skin, but also for creation a protective film on it. In the
papyrus also presented the first entries recipe cooking hair dyes with henna.
Close to Egypt, the cradle of culture are consider the states formed in the valley
of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates - Mesopotamia (IV millennium BC). Clay tables in
Sumerian language are the oldest " Pharmacopoeia edition ", is known in history of
humanity (III millennium BC).
Medicine of Mesopotamia was differed in rational using of diagnostic methods
and had influenced on the development of medicine of Syria, Iran and Greece.
Natural-philosophical system of Mesopotamian doctors as an ancient Iran was
based in dependence of human body from 4 elements (sun, water, earth, air) and 4
humidities.
In Assyria and Babylonia paid great attention to care of skin and hair, used for
this purpose rose oil, myrrh, musk.
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Formation of ancient Irish culture, and ,however, medicine began in the end of VI
- th century BC, and was based on cultural and scientific achievements of
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. Egyptian doctors and medical literature had a
great authority in ancient Iran. Iranian medicine without losing earlier gains, have
assimilated many achievements of ancient, and Indian medicine and reached it’s
peak in III – VII – th centuries AD. This medicine identified the contents of Arab
caliphate’s medicine.
In Persia for the first time found its use as a flavoring additive musk, and firstly
appeared rose water and almond milk.
History of Ancient India is divided into several periods, which have their own
peculiarities that influenced on the development of medicine. The oldest was a
period of the so-called Harap culture which had formed in III millennium BC and
was significantly higher than the level of development of ancient Egypt and
Mesopotamia. At the border of II-th and I-th century BC, after Harap culture was
falled, had become the Vedic period, in medicine of which was presented religious
rituals, treatment of illness with witchcraft. Classic period (I millennium BC – VI - th
century AD.) is characterized by significant development of knowledge in various
areas, including medicine. The emergence of diseases were explained by irregular
connection of three substances (bile, phlegm and prana) in human body, but also
was admitted the influence of age, climate, food. In system of medical knowledge
important significance was given to diagnostics. Ancient Indian medicine, compared
with medicine of other countries had the largest number of medicines. Rich culture
of the Indian people was seen on the Near East countries, the Ancient World and
European countries. Achievements of Indian medicine influenced on medicine of
Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago and became the basis of Tibetan medicine. In the 4-6
centuries AD, became stronger ties with India medicine and medicine of Central Asia
and the Near East.
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A special place in history of cosmetology belongs to an ancient India, where was
a cult of female beauty, for support of its was used balms and fragrant with
ambergris and tuberose, plant extracts, mascara, whiteness for face, nail polish.
Merit of India is connected with the creation of surgical cosmetology (operations
with plastic of the nose).
From archaeological sources, the earliest ancient Chinese medical works dating
by II - th century BC. On the development of scientific views in China, a decisive
influence did the natural-philosophical understanding about interaction of passive
force ("yin") and active ("yang"), violation of correlation of which was considered as
a cause of appearance of disease. Chinese doctors had unique methods of diagnosis
(of pulse) and treatment (acupuncture and moxibustion), widely used now. In
ancient China, was widely used diet therapy, water therapy, massage, therapeutic
exercise. Chinese medicine influenced on the development of Tibet medicine, Korea,
Japan, the Far East and Central Asia.
In China's potions was widely used ginseng. Nail and hair polish, mascara for
eyelashes were invented by Chinese aesthetes for their women.
Cosmetics also mentioned in the Bible. In ancient Judea had understood in
lapping and fragrant. The Dead Sea is the most valuable source of raw materials for
cosmetic products. It had given curative mud, which mixed with minerals and resin,
successfully treat lots of skin diseases.
The most important period in its consequences, which originates all modern
European culture and scientific medicine, is an antiquity. Having received and
developed the achievements of the peoples of the Ancient East, the Greeks took
away with them all the most valuable , had been made it an integral part of modern
culture. Greek culture and medicine did a qualitatively new stage of human
development. Medicine of Greece culture was under the influence of religion. There
was a temple medicine, traditional medicine, and till VI - th century BC had formed a 20
social medical aid. The main achievement of ancient medicine is a society of
empirical and philosophical trends that embodied in a basic principle of modern
medicine - the unity of science and practice.
In ancient Greek society had a special cult of the body, cleanliness, hygiene and
health. Since the worship of Greek beauty had matched with their love to sport, in a
period of antiquity wide development has received medical and sport massage. A
Greek physician Hippocrates suggested using a massage as a cosmetic procedure.
In medical history of the Roman Empire a decisive role played medicine of
ancient Greece. Roman medicine is a rather final stage in the development of
Hellenistic culture, than independent learning. In Rome, in condition of a great state,
medicine had received much more development opportunities than in the slave
states of the Ancient East and in ancient Greece. The necessity of guarantee by
sanitary conditions in large cities, servicing many thousands of people, and also an
organization of a consistent army were raised new challenges for medicine. These
tasks couldn’t be solved by private practicing doctors, so in Rome had appeared an
elements of state medical practice.
Ancient Roman medicine developed in two directions: methodological and air
schools. Methodical school based on materialistic views. Causes of disease were
explained by violation of movement of liquid and gaseous atoms, their stagnation,
which leads to a change in dense parts (unification of humoral and solidarity
doctrine). Representatives of pneumatic school considered that principal origins of
nature is a condition of elements (warmth, cold, humidity, dryness), and thought
that the basis of life is breathing. Fundamental positions of pneumatic schools came
from representations of the ancient Egyptians. Inheritance of Roman medicine was
perceived and used by scientists of Byzantium, the Arab Caliphate and medieval
Europe.
21
Based on preparing cosmetics Romans learned from the Greeks, reducing
hygiene of body in cult. In the Roman Empire were very popular bath - houses,
where widely were used various types of massage.
The peak of preparing cosmetics was researched in eastern Romanian yard in
Byzantium, but the decline of Rome had put the end to this wonderful epoch.
Control questions:
1. The difference between medicine of slave society from primitive medicine.
2. Fundamental trends in cosmetics of slave society.
3. Birth of humoral and pneumatic doctrines about the origin of diseases in Egypt.
4. Forms of medical care in Egypt.
5. Aromatherapy in ancient Egypt.
6. Systematic of drugs by Sumerians.
7. Formation of ancient Iran medicine.
8. Harap culture of ancient India.
9. Medicine in India of Vedic period.
10. The development of Indian medicine in the classical period.
11. Features of the methods of diagnosis and treatment in ancient China.
12. Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics means, which were used in ancient China.
13. Using cosmetics in ancient Judea. 22
14. Formation of ancient medicine.
15. Features of ancient medicine.
16. Templin medicine of ancient Greece.
17. Areas of development in cosmetology in ancient Greece.
18. State character of treatment activity in Rome.
19. Methodical and pneumatic medical schools of ancient Rome.
20. Methods and means, used in cosmetics of ancient Rome.
List of recommended literature:
1. Verhratskyi S.A., Zabludovsky P.Y. History of Medicine: Stud. Manual - 4 - Publ.,
corrected and completed. -K.: Higher Sc., 1991. -P. 14-59.
2. Medicine / / Little medical encyclopedia. - 1992. – Publ. 3. - P. 210-233.
3. Multanovskyi M.P. History of medicine. - Medicine., 1967. - P. 18 - 47.
4. Toltsman T.I., Golosova N.A. Textbook with History and organization of
pharmaceutical work. - Moscow, 1961. - P. 12-21.
23
THEMES 5 - 6: LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF HIPPOCRATE AND GALEN, THEIR ROLE IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE AND COSMETOLOGY
The purpose of lesson: to consolidate the theoretical knowledge of the history of
medicine of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, to acquaint with works of
Hippocrates and Galen .
The history of Ancient Greece is a history of division of gendering and formation
of slave relations. It is divided into five periods:
1) Crete - Mycenaean or Aegean ( III-II millennium BC ), excavated on the island
Crete indicate on the presence of unique sanitary facilities (system of baked clay
pipes, drainage channels, ventilation, excellent bath facilities);
2)before polis period ( XI – IX - th century BC ),Also named "Homer" ,because
information gathered from his poems, "Eliade" and "Odyssey";
3) polis period ( VIII – VI - th century BC ) Marked by two major events in the history
of medicine: a) formation of materialist Greek philosophy that developed in VII - th
century BC in Ionia, b) formation of temple treatment;
4) classical period ( V – IV - th century BC ) - Period of greatest economic, political
and cultural development, the highest inner flowering of Greece; treatment
developed in line with the common philosophical knowledge - natural philosophy
(all doctors were great philosophers and on the contrary).
5) Hellenistic period ( second half of the IV - th century BC - mid I - st century AD ) –
time of the most zealous development of medicine of ancient Greece; medicine of
Hellenistic epoch is characterized by rapid development of anatomy and surgery,
because of the activity of Alexandrian medical school in these areas.
After the slave system in ancient Greece, medicine on the one hand remained
temple, on the other - becoming a professional.
24
First of all, professional medicine is characterized by an appearance of first in the
history medical hospitals, first medical schools near this hospitals (hospital medical
school) and rudimentary of the organizations of guarding a health in cities.
In the V - th century BC in city named Kos on the island with the same name on
the shores of Minor Asia was formed a Kos Medical School. Paying attention on the
natural-philosophical views, doctors of Kos schools perceived human’s health and
illness in close contact with the outside world. Disease in their understanding - is
the result of influences of the surrounding world and infringement of nourishment.
Flourish Kos school (second half of V - th - first half of IV – th century BC), is
associated with the name of eminent physician of antiquity - Hippocrates. Kos
school has developed a detailed theory about illness forms. Hippocrates - the head
of the school, went further, claiming that the physician should not treat the disease,
but the patient. He also laid the foundation for clinical medicine.
Hippocrates (460-372 BC) was born on the Kos island. His father - a doctor
Heraclitus, mother - midwife Fenareta, the whole Hippocrates family for 18
generations had practiced medicine. After the death of his parents he moved to
Athens, which at that time became the center of spiritual life of the whole of
Greece. There began a "century of Pericles" (443-429 BC), known as the "highest
internal flourishing of the Greece" classical period.
One of the philosophical trends was a materialist teaching of greatest thinker of
antiquity - Democritus. Democritus works about human’s nature had a great
influence on Hippocrates. This doctrine consists of two provisions:
1)human’s nature "does" its surrounding physical nature ("physis");
2)society with its facilities or laws ("nomos") reconstructs human’s nature.
These provisions of Democritus are formed the basis of the Hippocratic thinking
as a doctor, especially as the basis of his doctrine about human’s nature. 25
Merit of Hippocrates is a liberation of medicine from religious influence, he
analyzed the physiological processes in close communication theory with practice,
observation near the bed of a patient. He was the first medical doctor, who
systematized observation and tried to give them a philosophical justification.
Hippocrates observed humoral theory of the processes, which occurring in the body
and cause disease. Therapeutic system of Hippocrates combined diet - treatment
with treatment by ordinary medicines. Significant place in therapy took herbal
treatment. Hippocrates paid attention to knowledge of treatment and medicines.
In the next period of its activity Hippocrates was a physician-traveler, he traveled
from one city to another. After a study of the nature of different countries and
customs of the peoples, Hippocrates came to his famous study of the four basic
types of physique and temperament of people, laid them in his treatise "On the air,
water and ground."
In his treatise "epidemic", he described his observations of various
epidemiological diseases in many cities of Greece, led 42 miniature histories of
diseases - the first in the history of medicine. Two other treatises: "Prognostics" and
"Aphorisms" were closing all of its huge generalization and in those time - deep
meaningful medical experience.
The historical significance of the Hippocratic activity displayed in his two major
achievements:
1) he put beginning to his own method of medicine - "Observations near a bed of a
patient";
2) put beginning to the teaching of basic types of physique and temperament of
human, and gave it the key to understanding the physiology and pathology, and
therefore to treat humans.
On this basis, Hippocrates is considered as the "father of medicine".
26
In epoch of the highest development of the Roman Empire, when its ruler was
the emperor and philosopher Marcus Aurelius, lived worldwide known physician
Galen. Claudius Galen was born in 131 AD in Pergamum, in Minor Asia in the family
of architect - Nikon, one of the most educated people of his time.
Being a pupil of the school of Pergamum, Galen studied philosophy and science,
and moved to Smyrna to continue education, fascinated by medicine. Deeper
medical knowledge Galen received in the Alexandria school and after had mastered
the art of medicine, he returned to Pergamum and engaged in surgical practice
among gladiators. Surgical and anatomical practice increased his skills. Brilliant
abilities of Galen, allowed him , after settling in Rome, to become the personal
physician of the emperor. In Rome, he wrote his most significant works in anatomy,
physiology, pathology, pharmacology, internal medicine, obstetrics, hygiene,
describes the nature of the disease. He brought in a system biological and medical
knowledge of his time. He has written more than 400 treatises. In his views on the
nature of the body, he followed the teachings of Hippocrates, and the humoral
theory of disease. Causes of disease he shared on the external and internal.
Treatment of diseases, as he thought, must consist from the use of natural forces of
the body and using things, which cause opposite effects to the disease (in the time
of high temperature used cooling, etc.). Great value Galen gave to a diet therapy
and disease prevention measures. Following Hippocrates, Galen linked
"temperament" with the state and the ability of the organism. Galen first in history
introduced an experiment in a practice of medicine and biology, so he is considered
as one of the founders of experimental physiology. In his writings, Galen paid much
attention to the practice of medicine. He described the symptoms of diseases of
most organs, described in detail ocular disease, gave practical advice on medical
gymnastics, describes how to put leeches, apply compresses, operate wounds.
Pharmacy impossible to imagine without "galene preparations ". XVIII - th
centuries ago Galen made a number of recipes for powders, pills, extracts, 27
decoctions, duties, solutions, potions, lotions, compresses, poultices, ointments,
extracts. His recipes, however in slightly modified form used nowadays, and medical
products manufactured by them (that is "galene drugs") are made directly in
drugstores. In the modern sense, all these products should be called as medicine
form, and only mustard, soap, plaster, wine, vinegar – honey are a group of actually
"herbal medicines" that further enriched with syrups and elixirs (by Arabs), tinctures
and extracts (from Paracelsus times).
Namely Galen developed the recipe of still used cosmetic remedy "cold cream",
which consists of essential oils, wax and rose water. And most importantly - he
generalized methods of processing drugs and refuted the views of the followers of
Hippocrates, who believed that in nature there are medicines in finished form, and
therefore they do not require any cleaning.
The famous Roman physician Galen (about 130 - 200 AD) left to posterity
scientific works devoted to cosmetics: he is the author of the first systematic
textbook in cosmetics. In his works, Galen distinguished cosmetics in order to
disguise cosmetic defects (that is makeup) and cosmetics for keeping natural
beauty, emphasizing the link between cosmetics and medicine. Galen was proposed
a recipe of cold ointment. Galene’s cold cream is a flavored emulsion made of wax
and spermaceti in equal amounts of any oil, almond course.
Control questions:
1. Characteristics of medicine and pharmacy of ancient Greece.
2. Fundamental positions of the teachings of Hippocrates.
28
3. Works of Hippocrates in medicine.
4. Medical activities of K. Galen.
5.Treatment and knowledge in drugs of K. Galen.
6. Contribution of K. Galen to the development of cosmetology .
List of recommended literature:
1. Vasilenko V. H. Method of Hippocrates / / Clinic .medicine. 1983. - № 10. -11.
2. [Hippocrates] / / Multanovskyi M. P. History of medicine. - 1961. - P. 47 - 54.
3. Hippocrates / / Sorokina T. S. History of medicine. - M., 1992. -V.1. - P. 99 - 105.
4. Lisitsin Y. P. Hippocrates / /M., 1977. -V.6. - P. 37-38.
5. Kos School. Hippocrates / / Borodulin F.R. Lectures on the history of medicine. Lecture 4, 5, 6. - M., 1955. P. 14 - 28.
6. [Galen] / / Golosova N.A. Materials of history of general pharmacy. - M., 1962. - P.15-17.
7. [Galen] / / Multanovskyi M.P. History of medicine. - M., 1961. - P. 62 - 64.
8. Galen / / M., 1976. -V.4. - P. 552 - 553.
THEMES 7 -8: MEDICINE, PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY IN A PERIOD OF
EARLY AND LATE MIDDLE AGES.
29
The purpose of lesson: To study the development of medicine and pharmacy in a
period of early and late Middle Ages, learn basic provisions of alchemy and its
influence on the further development of knowledges in treatment by drugs.
The feudal system established in different countries in different historical periods.
This process of transition from slavery to feudalism proceeded in country-specific
form.
For the feudal culture is characterized an adherence to traditions and worshiping
in front of the literary authorities. The source of knowledge was considered a
tradition, not an experience. Ancient philosophical systems and some scientific
movements were adapted to the dogmas of faith. Theoretical medicine almost
didn’t develop until the epoch of Renaissance.
In the era of feudalism were introduced significant changes in the system of
training doctors and health care organizations. Near the monastic schools were
common artisan and craft. Later, universities were engaged in preparation doctors.
Finally there was a form of hospital care.
In the period of feudalism, the most favorable conditions for the development of
medicine were made in the eastern regions. After the fall of the Western Roman
Empire (475year) only heir of ancient culture was Byzantium that in the IX – XI – th
centuries became the most cultural center of Eastern Europe. In mid of IX – th
century in Byzantium originated a High School ,from IV – th century started to open
hospitals, organized wards for infectious patients. Byzantium inherited and kept the
ancient culture of the ancient world at the time when Western Europe was in a state
of decline.
In Arab caliphate (from VII – th century) was developed a rich culture, which
inherited the achievements of ancient east and ancient civilization and reached its
peak in the IX – X – th centuries. The centers of higher education and science were
30
so-called houses of knowledge ( were opened in early IX – th century) and societies
of educated people that combined recognized scientists. There was a medical
school near hospitals.
The extensive development has received a medical affair in the caliphate,
appeared first drugstores. The development knowledge in medicines, closely
associated with the achievements of scientists of the East in chemistry. They
improved methods of preparation of medicines and expressed ideas of their
receiving by chemical means. In addition, Arab physicians firstly subjected medicine
means to biological and clinical trials in hospitals. Medicine of Arab East is the
highest achievements of feudalism. It served as one of the sources of formation the
scientific views of medieval Europe.
In IX – XI –th centuries a high development was achieved by the culture of
peoples of Central Asia. In Bukhara, Khorezm were existing hospitals and drugstores.
There was a large library, in Khorezm - the society of scientists. The most famous
representative of doctors in Central Asia was Abu Ibn Sina, known as Avicenna (980
– 1037 years). World fame got his major work "Canon of Medicine", which formed
the medical thinking of many generations.
The formation and development of Tibetan medicine is done under the influence
of medicine of India and China. After summarizing this information, was established
a kind of medical system, practical recommendations of which were used until the
next time.
The era of feudal relations in Western Europe includes the XII – XIII - th centuries
from 476 year and is divided into 3 stages. The first stage of feudalism (V – X - th) -
Early Middle Ages - characterized by deep economic and cultural decline. In the
second stage of feudalism in Western Europe (approximately from XI - th to XV - th
centuries) - developed in the Middle Ages - with the growth of the productive forces
formed centers of crafts and trade. The third stage of feudalism (XV – XVI - th 31
centuries) - Late Middle Ages - the period of its expansion and the formation of
bourgeois society.
Spiritual culture of the Middle Ages was under the yoke of ecclesiastical
ideology. Science served to a church and do not extend beyond the established
faith. The basis of medicine became not an observation and experience, but verbal
conditions, conclusions and deduction. In VI – VII – th centuries at Western
European monasteries have opened the first hospital, modeled on Byzantine. Have
opened hospitals as the refuges for the isolation from lepers. In XIII – XIV -th
centuries some Western European countries was the beginning of sanitary
legislation and urban sanitation.
In XII – XIII – th centuries in Europe were opened first universities. Their
prototypes were schools that existed in the Arab caliphate and School in Solerno.
In some European countries in XII - XIII - th centuries the royal decrees were
separated functions of doctor and pharmacist.
The origin of the bourgeois class, accompanied by changes in ideology, promoted
the formation of humanistic views, which revived and developed the ancient
tradition. A science Center was University in Paduyi town (Republic of Venice),
where appeared iatromechanic and iatrochemistry theories.
Recognized founder of iatrochemistry considered Paracelsus (1493 – 1541
years) ,who refocused chemical experiences from making gold to preparing
medicines. Appeared close relationship between medicine and chemistry. Changed
the character of treatment medicine, which manifested in identifying and
organizing features of the disease and careful observation of the patient. Found
applying more drastic measure of protection against epidemics. Doctors started to
pay attention to professional diseases.
32
Two characteristic features of science XVII – XVIII – th centuries - relying on
observation (experience, experiment) and mathematics. Probability and precision
have become the purpose of the new science. The downside was limited purely
mechanical understanding of the basics of the organism. At the beginning of XVII - th
century, the science began to take an international character, were created research
centers. Famous achievements of natural - scientific research and medical thought
of the New time served as the foundation for the development of medicine in the
XIX – XX - th centuries.
In the Middle Ages the development of cosmetics hampered, because church
persecuted those who tried to care for his "sinful body". During this period
cosmetology develops only in the Arab East. Ibn Sina left to humanity his work
"Canon of Medicine", where were presented nearly five hundred cosmetic means
that show therapeutic effect. He not only developed diagnosis and methods of
treatment of cosmetic skin diseases, but suggested preventive measures for their
prevention. Avicenna believed that many cosmetic defects of skin associated with
general condition of organism. By chemists of Arab East were created perfumes by
distillation plant substances.
Interest to cosmetic products recovered from the Crusades. From Arab countries
to Europe Crusaders brought water with rose petals. Perhaps the fragrant of rose
water and inspired anatomist Moundville to write one of the first medieval works
on cosmetics (1306 year). In this book, Henry Mondvyl attributed to aromatic
cosmetics the magical power, and he was not mistaken.
In the Middle Ages, pale skin was a sign of wealth, but bleaching products were
dangerous because they had in their structure arsenic. Pale face was in fashion until
the XVIII - th century. Cosmetics started in Europe with the XVI – th century,
although it was more decorative than curative nature - ladies began rouge cheeks,
painted lips, eyebrows, eyelashes and thickly sprinkled with powdered his wig.
33
Then first started using sunscreen: beach umbrellas and hats.
Most cosmetic recipes used herbs, flowers, vegetables, berries, water from the
source. Cosmetics was prepared by local pharmacist. Men also used cosmetics until
the middle of XVII - th century.
Control questions:
1. To enumerate the features of the development of medicine in the medieval period.
2. Sources of formation of Byzantine culture.
3. Byzantine hospital.
4. Centers of higher education in the Arab caliphate.
5. Influence of alchemy on the development of pharmacy in Arab caliphate.
6. Avicenna contribution to medical science.
7. Achievements of Tibetan medicine.
8. Impact of transition to Western European to feudal society on cultural development.
9. Scholastic nature of Western medicine.
10.Lacks and benefits of alchemy.
11.Lasarets and hospitals in Western Europe.
12.Openings of the first universities.
13The division of functions of physician and pharmacist.
14.Appearance of humanistic direction.
34
15.The role of iatrophysics in the history of medicine.
16.The essence and value iatrochemistry.
17.The character of clinical medicine in the Renaissance.
18.The influence of scientific progress on the development of Western medicine in modern times.
19.The development of cosmetics in the Middle Ages
List of recommended literature:
1. Verhratskyi S.A., Zabludovskyi P.Y. History of Medicine: Educ. Grant. – 4 - th ed., corrected and continued -Book: Vysha sch., 1991. - P. 61-138.
2. Medicine / / Little med. Encyclopedia - 1992. - P. 233-259.
3. Multanovsknyi M.P. History of medicine. - Medicine, 1967. - P. 48-63, 77-97.
4. Toltsman T.I., Golosova N.A. Textbook on History and organization of pharmaceutical case. - Moscow, 1961.-P.21-38.
35
THEME 9 : THE APPEARANCE OF TREATMENT AND KNOWLEDGE OF CURE ON RUS.
MEDICINE, PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY OF KYIVSKA RUS AND RUSSIAN
CENTRALIZED STATE (TILL XVIII TH CENTURY)
The purpose of lesson : to learn the origins of the formation of medicine and
pharmacy in Rus and in Moscow state, to noting their characteristic features.
First information about the state of Rus and the people that inhabited the
Middle Dnieper, are relation to VI – VIII - th centuries. In this period taking its place
the disintegration of the primitive communal system and the emerging of feudal
relations. In IX – th century Eastern Slavs had formed a feudal state – Kievska Rus.
Medical knowledge in Rus were common among the people, thus medicine till
accepted the Christianity was carried the national character and relied on huge
empirical evidence.
The adoption of Christianity in Kievan Rus (988 year) attracted Eastern Slavs to
the culture of Byzantine Empire. In a period of early feudalism (IX- XII - th centuries)
in Rus were existed two areas of medicine: the monastic church and secular. The
first Russian doctors were monastic "persons, that treat " from monks. In the
monasteries appeared, like in Byzantium, hospitals and almshouses. First Russian
hospital was opened in XI - th century , in the first Russian monastery - in Kiev-
Pechersk Lavra.
The surgery was very progressive in Rus as the most important branch of
practical treatment, the need for which was caused by frequent wars. The people
treated with traditional healers, with using plots and medicinal plants. Anti-epidemic
system of measures of Ancient Rus had a very high level. Condition of medicine of
the Kievska Rus is reflected in a work "The ointments", was written by Evpraksieya
Kievska (Zoe), granddaughter of Vladimir Monomakh.
36
At the beginning of XIII - th century Russ was attacked by the Mongol invasions,
which delayed the cultural development of the Russian people. Secular medicine
that had developed in the XI – XIII – th centuries, was hampered. At the same time,
the tradition of national treatment has not been lost.
Only after had conquered the Mongol-Tatar ego (1480 year) is beginning the
revival of secular medicine. In the end of XVth - beginning of XVIth century was
created the Russian centralized state with its center - Moscow.
Wide spreading in Rus in XV - XVIth centuries were found herbalists and
greenlists. In these manuscripts are described dosage forms (powders, ointments,
plasters, rinsing, rubbing, oil), pays attention to the quality of medicines, describes
the causes of disease and symptoms.
Ancient Russian physicians (as on the West) were at the same time pharmacists.
Separation of Medicine and Pharmacy happened, when preparing medicines
complicated and started to require specialized knowledge. Medications dispensed to
population from green, herbal and other shops which were prototypes of
drugstores. In 1672 year the government issued a decree , where they banned
selling drugs by green stores.
In 1581 year was opened the first "tsarist " drugstore and was organized a
Drugstore order, and in 1673 year was opened a second drugstore ("new"), but
these drugstores served only people which were close to the king and the army. In
1682 year in the first civilian hospital in Moscow is opening a third drugstore. But,
despite the opening of drugstores in Russia, and even in Moscow, was flourished
out drugstore trade of drugs through green stores.
Much attention in Ancient Rus paid to hygiene and skincare. Were distribution
Russian bath - houses with massage, using birch broom. Home cosmetics of Russian
women were based on the use of animal products (milk, whey, sour cream, honey,
37
eggs, animal fats) and various plants (cucumber, cabbage, carrots, beets, etc.), for
hair care was used burdock oil . Russian women knew very well about drugs, made
from wild herbs (chamomile, plantain, celandine, burdock, nettle and mint). Juice of
onion and garlic used to treat warts, scratches, mucous mouth disease.
Grated potatoes used for burns, cabbage leaves – from purulent skin diseases .
Information about the use of cosmetics in Russia we received from written sources,
one of which is a work "Ointments " , written in XIIth century by granddaughter of
Vladimir Monomakh - Zoya (Eupraxia).
Control questions:
1. Medicine of ancient Rus of the pre - Christian period.
2. Trends in medicine of Kievska Rus (IX - XIIth centuries).
3. The historical root of the monastic medicine.
4. Medicine in Moscow.
5. Characteristic of green stores.
6. Opening of the first drugstores in Moscow.
38
List of the recommended literature:
1. Verhratskyi S.A., Zabludovsky P.Y. History of Medicine: Training grant. – 4 - th publication, - High school, 1991.-P.190-196 , 211-217.
2. Multanovskyi M.P. History of medicine. - Moscow: Medicine, 1967.-P. - 64-72, 74-76.
3. Medicine of the Ancient Russian state / / -T.14 - P.193-198
4. Toltsman T. I. Textbook of the organization of pharmaceutical case. - Moscow: Medgiz .
5. Pharmacy of the Kiev Rus in the 9-13th centuries. / Toltsman T. I., Golosova N.A. Textbook in history and organization of pharmaceutical case .-M., 1974.-P-16
39
THEMES 10 - 11: CREATION OF LEGISLATIVE ACTS , WHICH REGULATE CHEMIST
BUSINESS. MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION ( TILL XVIIITH CENTURY )
The purpose of lesson : to study the history of creation the "Drugstore’s edict",
its function; to learn the value of the reforms of Peter I in the development of the
drugstore’s affair; to familiarize yourself with the questions of medical and
pharmaceutical education till XVIIIth century.
Pre-Petrine Russia hasn’t got a state authority to manage the medical case. In
some extent, it functions were performed by drugstore’s chamber (XVIth century ).
Later, it was renamed into the drugstore order. The word "order" appeared in 1512
year and refers to the central institution that stands at the head of a separate
branch of the government. The exact date of organization the drugstore’s order
hadn’t been installed, probably it was organized in 1581 year by the decree of Ivan
IV at the same time with the opening of the first "imperial" drugstore. During the
period of "Troubles" (1609 - 1612) activity of the drugstore’s order was significantly
curtailed. In 1612 year, the national militia, led by K. Z. Minin and D. Pozharsky
liberated Moscow from the forces of the Rich Pospolita, the political government in
the country began to recover only after the Land Council in 1613 year. Restoration
of the activity of order includes approximately till 1620 year.
At the head of the order were nobles, who were appointed by tsar. At first, order
worked with the questions of treatment of royal family, then became the central
leadership of manage of the medical affair of the Russian state.
The most important function of the Drugstore’s order was to ensure treatment
and medical care of the army. Drugstore’s order involved the selection of doctors
and pharmacists, controlled their knowledge. Because of their own training
physicians in the country did not exist, invited doctors - foreigners. From them the
order required diploma (certificate), recommendations, and are often subjected to 40
examination. The remand in doctors was grew, so the Drugstore’s order in 1654 year
was opened the first medical school.
The Drugstore’s order has ordered the collection of medicinal plants, in its state
were skilled people, called pom'yases, herbalists, which were engaged in timber of
plants. In gathering also took part medical students, and the population. Most part
of plants were collected in palace villages, which were situated near the Moscow,
yield of herbs sometimes taking a character of duties, burdensome to the
population. Order ascribed to the magistrates to take measures to search for new
medicinal plants. In the first half of the XVII - th century in order were guided
Drugstore’s Chamber ( with a drugstore ), drugstore’s garden and a kitchen garden
(which had the Drugstore’s yard). Yards were businesses of industrial type : they
spent blank, drying herbs and produce drugs (plasters, ointments, oils, tinctures,
extracts, syrups, juices), produced distillation of essential oils, water, infusions,
received alcohol by distillation. In 1670 year in Moscow was arranged a new
drugstore yard.
Drugstore’s order executed a control over the cooking drugs in the "royal", and
later in "free" drugstore . In the order was carried out forensic - medical
examination of herbs and medicines of unknown composition, as well as medical
examination (examination of persons, sometimes corpses). One of the objectives of
the order was to carry out preventive measures.
Beginning of the XVIIIth century was marked by a number of reforms of Peter I.
To the main reforms in the area of medicine and pharmacy include opening
hospitals, special schools for the training of doctors and pharmacists, free
drugstores for selling drugs to the population, a monopoly on opening drugstores
(1701 year) and drugstore’s gardens .
By the decree of 1701 year ordered to open in Moscow on 8 private (free)
drugstores and to close green stores. In 1707 year, Drugstore’s order was 41
reorganized and called the Drugstore’s Office, in 1714 there was put a doctor as
archiatre. In 1921 The Drugstore’s Office renamed in Medical College. Medical
office, which was reorganized from the main office of Drugstore (in 30 – th years of
the XVIIIth century), controlled the work of drugstores, sale by them of toxic drugs,
haunted witchcraft. However, in Rus existed a native medicine and monastery
medicine. Doctors of the native ( traditional ) medicine have passed on their
knowledge and secrets from generation to generation in so-called family medical
schools. In life of secular doctors – foreigners and monastic doctors significant
place occupied journeyman, students (vocational teaching). Sometimes medicine
studied women - aristocratic, for example Yefrosinya Chernigov (XVIIIth century)
under the Russian teacher Theodore studied Greek medicine, founded the hospital
in Suzdal and engaged in treatment. In a period of the Mongol- Tatar invasion a
secular medicine was absent, and medical care provided doctors of the folk
medicine. After the liberation of the Rus in XIV -XVIth centuries there was no secular
schools and universities, which greatly affected on the development of natural -
scientific knowledge. The archives at the end of the XIVth century remembered
about the organization in cities of Ukraine of guilds, there is information about
artisans - medical advisers or barbers. Except bleeding and heal wounds, treatment
of internal diseases, dermatology, dental disease subject competence barbers,
because in the majority of populated points of Ukraine doctors were absent . Each
master had several students and apprentices. Barber, who served urban and rural
population, were the main staff of medical workers for several centuries. After the
joining of Ukraine with Russia first ruling doctors had to fight with the barbers to
take control of their activities.
In the XVIIth century in Moscow at St. Andrew monastery was organized medical
school, in which the teaching of "free sciences" led the Ukrainian scientist
Epiphanius Slavinetskyi (died in 1675 year ). In 1654 year, by the Drugstore’s order
42
in Moscow was opened the first medical school. Its first students were 30
shooters, who were preparing for the regiments of the Russian army.
In 1632 year in Kiev was founded Kiev board, which in 1701 year by decree of
Peter I got the title and the right of the academy. Kiev Academy has played a
significant role in training medical personnel and organization of hospital medical
schools.
Control questions:
1. Drugstore’s order: its organization and activity.
2. Functions of the Drugstore’s order.
3. Reforms of Peter I in areas of medicine and pharmacy.
4. Features of medical education in Russia.
5. Fundamental levels of medical and pharmaceutical education (XVIIIth century).
43
List of recommended literature:
1. Drugstore’s order / / Little medicine Encyclopedia. - M., 1992. - P.299
2. Verhratskyi S. A. , Zabludovsky P.Y. The history of medicine; Educational grant 4 - th publication High school , 1991. – P.214 - 220
3. Myrskyi M.B. Drugstore’s order (To the 410-year of the State government medical affairs in Russia) / / Sov. of Health. - 1991. - № 11.-P. 72.
4. Multanovskyy M.P. History of medicine. – L. Medicine 1967. - P.72-76, 98-103.
5. Palkyn B. N. Drugstore’s order / / - M., 1975. - Vol.2. - 121-122.
6. Salo V.M. Drugstore’s Reform of 1701 year / / Pharmacy. - 1989. - № 5. - P.88-91.
7. Toltsman T.Y. Book in organization of pharmaceutical case. - M.: Medgiz., 1961. , P.41-53
44
THEME 12: SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES IN A REGION OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY
IN XVIII - XIXTH CENTURIES.
The purpose of lesson: to study the questions of the development of medicine and
pharmacy in the XVIII - XIXth centuries, to acquainted with the scientific discoveries
of scientists - doctors and pharmacists of this period.
In the development of chemistry since the middle of VIth to middle of XVIth
centuries dominated an alchemical direction. Under alchemy is understood the art
of turning base metals into gold by "philosopher's stone". From the middle of XVIth
century replaced alchemy comes new direction - iatrochemistry (or medical
chemistry). Its creator was Paracelsus. "Not extracting gold, but health protection
should serve chemistry" - Paracelsus proclaims. New chemicals Paracelsus employed
as medicines and herbal medicinal products after chemical treatment containing
only active ingredients. Supporters Paracelsus rejected the teaching of Galen.
The development of the pharmaceutical industry contributed to the opening of
new facts that do not fit into the framework of alchemical and iatrochemical
explanation. In the second half of the XVIIIth century appeared a new theory - the
theory of phlogiston. The creators of this theory Johann Becher and Georg Steel
tried on its basis to explain the phenomenon of combustion and oxidation.
One of the followers of this theory was the Swedish pharmacist K. W. Scheele
(1742 - 1786). Scheele discovered a number of new substances, organic acids
(tartaric, citric, apple, oxalic, lactic, uric), opened glycerol, chlorine, manganese and
at first received oxygen. At the same time , oxygen was received by British chemist
Priestley.
Despite the progressive significance of the theory of phlogiston, its disadvantage
was to study only qualitative sides of the effects, ignoring the importance of weight
relations. First false phlogiston theory proved Russian scientist - Mikhail 45
Lomonosov (1711-1765), disproving his theory of oxidation (His experience proved
a significant role in the process of combustion air and oxidation). He at first pointed
the significance of the mathematics and physics for chemical researches,
significance of " measure of weight" in chemical reactions, he discovered the law of
conservation of mass substances. He founded a new science - physical chemistry,
with his name linked the beginning of quantitative of analytical chemistry. In the
development of analytical chemistry also contributed a pharmacist Maur, who
designed a new type of weight, and at first use burettes and pipettes in volumetric
analysis.
Russian chemist – pharmacist T. E. Lovitz (1757-1804)have opened the adsorption
ability of coal and proposed to use it for clearing water, alcohol, etc.. substances.
He has received glacial acetic acid, and also conducted discoveries in the area of
substance crystallization from solutions.
Opening morphine and narcotine by Parisian pharmacist Charles Derozi (1802
year) initiated the research of alkaloids and releasing them in a pure form.
English chemist Humphrey Davy (1778-1829) have discovered drunkenness
effect of nitrous oxide (1799), received the metallic potassium and sodium from
hydroxides (1807) and amalgam metals by electrolytic way (1808), identified boron
from boric acid (1810).
Second half of the XIXth - century landmarked by discoveries in organic
chemistry: French chemist Shevrel (1786-1889) established the chemical
composition of fats, singled stearic and other fatty acids. Synthetic obtaining of
aniline by Russian chemist N. N. Zinin initiated the rapid development of the
pharmaceutical industry.
46
By works of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and the development of microbiology
made a significant impact on pharmacy: appeared the doctrine about asepsis and
antiseptics and appeared a group of antiseptics.
Control questions:
1. Fundamental positions of iatrochemistry.
2. Teachings of Paracelsus in area of iatrochemistry.
3. The essence of the theory of phlogiston.
4. K. V. Scheele – a follower of the phlogiston theory, his scientific discoveries.
5. Scientific discovery and basic researches of M. V. Lomonosov.
6. Contribution of T. E. Lovitz in the development of chemistry.
7. The value of discoveries in the area of organic chemistry.
8. Scientific discoveries in the area of microbiology.
47
List of recommended literature:
1. Verhratskyy S. A., Zabludovsky P. Y. History of Medicine - Kyiv, 1991,-P. 109-129.
2. Multanovskyy I. B. Essays from the history of fatherland pharmacy. - M.D956.-P-8-12.
3. Toltsman T. I. , Golosova N. A. History of medicine; Medicine, 1967. - P-80-81.
4. Toltsman T. I. Textbook about organization the pharmaceutical case.-M., 1961. - P. 29-38.
5. Salo V. M. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pharmacist T.E. Lovyts / / Pharmacy 1975. - № 1.-P.36-39.
6.Pharmacists of the XVIII - XIXth centuries . / / Textbook about organization the pharmaceutical case. - M.D961., P.61-67.
48
THEMES 13-14: PHARMACY IN RUSSIA (THE SECOND HALF OF THE XVIIITH -
BEGINNING OF XXTH CENTURIES )
The purpose of lesson : learned the questions of further development of medicine
and pharmacy after the reforms of Peter I : the state system of management and
control for the activity of drugstores, medical and pharmaceutical education, and
activities of Russian scientists physicians and pharmacists.
Beginning of the XVIIIth century was characterized by rapid cultural and
economic recovery of the Russian state, which is associated with the cultural
transformations carried out by Peter I. In 1701 was issued a decree on the opening
of "free pharmacy" in Moscow, and in 1721 - the decree about the establishment of
free (private ) drugstores in Sankt - Petersburg, and in the provinces. Till the end of
the XVIIIth century in Russia there were several ten private drugstores, but their
number is rapidly increasing. Except drugstores, that were served the civilian
population, have opened military drugstores - hospital, field, garrison, and their
activities was regulated by military charter. Increase the number of drugstores has
led to the necessity of establish some rules, which are governing their work.
In 1737, by the Medical Office had issued an instruction, for which was
controlled an activity of drugstores, drugstore’s gardens. In 1763 year the Senate
got a decision about the inspection of private drugstores and publication of
Pharmaceutical taxes . In 1783 it was decided to produce drugs only by prescription.
In 1784 were established rules for the sale of finished drugs. In 1789 was
granted the first drugstore’s charter in Russia. Moreover, by Russian doctors and
pharmacists were developed first Russian pharmacopoeias both : civilian and
military.
49
In 1724, Peter I issued a decree about the organization of the Academy of
Sciences, it was opened in 1725 with a participation of Lomonosov. In Academy was
opened a printing house, and the first printing article in Russia was a short note
about the therapeutic properties of berries of honeysuckle, published in the
"Comments" of the Academy of Sciences in 1732.
In 1755year in Moscow at the initiative of Lomonosov was opened the first
university, in 1764 in the university was established the Medical Faculty. According
to the first charter of the Medical Faculty of the University isn’t singled a special
pharmaceutical department, and in accordance with the new statute in 1804, was
the division of medical and pharmaceutical departments. To the receivers of
traditions of Lomonosov school one can include Russian scientists, who have
worked a lot on the development of medical science: K. I. Schepin, S. P.
Krashennykov, N . M. Maksimovich - Ambodik.
Except Moscow University in the XVIIIth century was discovered medical -
surgical Academy in Sankt - Petersburg. In 1808, in the Academy was opened a
pharmaceutical division, which became a center of pharmaceutical education and
research.
In 1802 in Russia were created Ministry and to the Ministry of internal affair was
assigned a Medical College, which was responsible for questions of pharmacy. In
1810 was organized a new ministry - the Ministry of Police, which was responsible
for the medical affair in Russia. In the Ministry of Police since 1811 year was
created a medical department and medical soviet. To medical soviet near with
doctors entered pharmacists. To Medical Soviet were delivered questions related
with the supply of military department by pharmacy materials. To Medical
Department was delivered the managing by state-owned drugstores, the control of
system and inspection of private drugstores. In 1819, the Ministry of Police again
became a part of the Ministry of the internal affair.
50
In 1801 was established three pharmaceutical titles: pharmacist and hezel
(assistant of a pharmacist). In 1809, the right of receiving examinations on the
pharmaceutical title was given to the Sankt - Petersburg Medical - Surgical
Academy.
At the beginning of XIXth century in Russia continued to operate a Drugstore’s
Charter ,approved of medical college in 1789. It consisted of 23 points and
predicted the organization of drugstore’s premises, storage and dispensing of toxic
substances. The new, more detailed Drugstore’s Charter was introduced in action
23.12.1836 and it existed till the end of the century. It includes the following
sections: the order of creation, an equipment of the drugstores, approved an
internal structure of drugstores, order of management of the drugstore , preparing
and dispensing of drugs in prescriptions , the rights and responsibilities of
pharmacists.
In 1789 at first was published only drugstore’s taxes for medicines and also set a
payment for the preparation of drug. The downside of the taxes was the lack of the
time limit commercial prices. New taxes, which was published in 1882 year
describes the procedure for pricing creation.
Till 1884 year there was a regime of the drugstore’s monopoly, introduced by
the Charter of 1836year : the opening of new drugstores were required a consent of
holders of existing pharmacies.
In 1864 was conducted a rural reform. To provide medical care for the rural
population were opened rural drugstores. Opening rural drugstores with free
selling drugs was complicated, because the rules of discovering were identical with
private drugstores. In accordance with the new rules opening drugstores in
metropolitan and provincial cities (1864), acted normal numbers of inhabitants,
number of prescriptions, and also cash flow per drugstore. Each independent
council imposes a principle and a size of payment for utensils and medicines. Larger 51
sizes of payment led to a decrease in visits to the sick, it made a part of councils to
refused from abandon charge of outpatients. However, this kind of supply of drugs
cannot be called free, because farmers pay the cost in advance in the form of rural
tax. Refusing of councils from taking a payment for medicines caused by owners of
private drugstores a stream of complaints to the government and "free" vacation
was limited to 10% from the prescribed recipes.
In the second half of the XIXth century the pace of development of drugstore’s
affair little hampered , because in terms of rapid development of capitalism, this
process is impeded by drugstore’s monopoly, by hard competition of pharmacists,
and also adjusting the industrial production of medicines.
After 1908 year there was an expansion of rural drugstore’s. Accordingly to
the law, counsels were allowed to open drugstores , based on the decision of
councils gathering, despite on the number of population and recipes, including only
a set distance between drugstores - 7 miles. Council drugstores played an
important role in improving population by drug provision and approaching of
medical care to rural areas.
Control questions:
1. Opening of "free" and hospital drugstores.
2. The main documents, which regulating the activities of the drugstores.
3. Fundamental provisions of the Drugstore’s Statute (1789 year).
4. Publication of the first Russian pharmacopoeias.
5. The opening of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
6. Opening of the Moscow State University and Sankt - Petersburg Medical - Surgical Academy.
52
7. The role of ministries in managing by medical affairs in the XIXth century.
8. New Drugstore’s Statute (1836 year).
9. Drugstore’s taxes.
10. The procedure for opening drugstores by statute (1836 year).
11. Opening of the rural drugstores and their implications for improving drug provision to population.
List of recommended literature:
1. Military and civil Pharmacopoeias / / Zarhin I. B. Essays from the history of patriotic pharmacy of XVIIIth century and in the first half of XIXth century M. 19, 1956.-P.39-43.
2. Verhratskyy S. A. , Zabludovskyy P. Y. History of Medicine; Educational grant. - 4-6 Public.-K.: High sch., 1991.-P.336-346.
3. Zarhin I. B. Essays from history of patriotic pharmacy .-M.: Medhyz.1956.-P.39.
4. (Rural medicine) / / Malaya honey. Ensiclopedya.-M., 1992 -P.311.
5. Rural Medicine / / Sorokina T. History medicine.T.2-M., 1992.-P.272-273.
6. Nemchenko A. C. , Chmyhalo N.V. Chornuha V. M Drugstore’s taxes and their significance in the development of drugstore’s affair / / Pharm. Journal -1992. - № 3.-P.31-35.
7. Salo A. M. The order of opening drugstores and vacationing drugs in the first half of 19th century/ / Pharmacy -1992. - № 1., P.78-80
8. Salo V. V . To the history of laborum taxes / / Pharmacy.-1992. - № 3.-P.71 -73
9. Salo V. M. The development of rural drugstore’s net / / Pharmacy.-1974. - № 5.-P 85-86.
Toltsman T. I. A book in organization of pharmaceutical affair.-M.: Medgiz, 1961. P.59-,68-70 ,76-81.
53
TOPIC 15: PHARMACY IN THE FIRST YEARS OF SOVIET POWER
The purpose of lesson: to study the history of pharmacy in the years of Soviet
power.
Till the revolution in Russia in the Ukraine was practically absent industrial
production of medicines. Medicines, mostly imported from abroad. Medical care, in
fact, was not available to the wide masses of workers.
Almost all pre-revolutionary drugstores belonging to private owners. The idea of
extracting drugstores from the hands of the owners emerged till Great October
Socialist Revolution. The idea was expressed in resolution of the first Russian
Congress of employees - pharmacists, which held 25 - 26 august in 1917year in
Petrograd.
Creating of a State service of protecting health began on the second day after the
revolution .11 June 1918 year Lenin signed a decree about the approving the
National commissariat of protecting health - the first state organ of management by
health protection, which was led by N. A. Semashko and his deputy Z. B. Solovyov.
Since the first days of Soviet power with initiatives of local organs began to
installed a nationalization of drugstore’s charters. The decree about the
nationalization of drugstores was signed by V. I. Lenin in 28 December, 1918 year.
The nationalization of drugstores put forward a number of problems ,for
discussion of which in 15 – 18 February was created I Russian Congress of
representatives of the pharmaceutical subdivisions of provincial councils. Congress
defined the task for the nationalized drugstore’s service: to do medical help fast,
affordable and reasonable.
54
In June 21-25 in 1920 year in Moscow hosted the II All-Russian Congress of
heads of pharmaceutical subdivisions, which summed up the work of nationalized
drugstores in the past period. On the II Congress was at first generalized an
experience of work of the nationalized drugstore’s sector and in specific forms
developed the perspective of further development of the drugstore’s services.
The nationalization of drugstores was conducted in the most difficult moment
for the young state - during the Civil War. In a country dominated a famine,
epidemics. In the first years of Soviet power the country experienced an acute
shortage of medicines, imported drugs across the border stopped. The economic
blockade was accompanied by rampant speculation of medicines on the internal
market. The main attention was paid to medicinal service of army and health - care
institutions.
Situation of drugstore’s affair is becoming more difficult. A part of the drugstores
is closed. To restore the drugstore’s affair was introduced economic calculation, on
which since 1922 year have been translated all drugstores except hospital. These
drugstore called "united."
In January of 9-th , in 1922 year, by resolution of the Native Commissars was
authorized opening of private drugstores. This resolution was caused by lack of
resources, which were necessary for the approval of all nationalized drugstores in
state hands. An admission of private capital in a drugstore was allowed for a short
period. Till the end of 1925 year, all private and leased drugstores were
transferred on cost accounting and transferred to state ownership.
In 1928, for scientific work of questions , connected with the activity of
drugstore’s establishments next to the People's Commissariat of Health of the
RSFSR created a central " drugstore’s experienced station " on which later was
established the Union scientific - research Institute of Pharmacy.
55
At the same time with the nationalization of drugstore’s sector flowed a process
of transferring to the state a drugstore’s industries. Restoring of the pharmaceutical
industry went quite rapidly, and in 1926 year native enterprises satisfied the 2/3 of
the country's needs in medicines.
In the prewar years was conducted an extensive work to improve the leadership
of a drugstore’s service.
For the purpose of organizational and economic strengthening of the drugstore’s
affair, which was developing, in each area were organized regional drugstore’s
management. In order to central planning of drugstore’s network and its medicines
in 1931 year in a staff of the Native Commissariat of health protection of the
RSFSR was established the Russian drugstore’s association (RALO).
In 1935 year, at the RALO base was organized the Main drugstore’s department
of the Native’s Commissariat of health protection of the RSFSR (GALY RSFSR). On
GALA was lied down the operational management by drugstore’s companies.
In 1936 was created the Ministry of health protection SRSR, in structure of which
began its work a drugstore’s inspection, that committed the general management
and supervision after the activity of GALY.
In years of the prewar five-year plans successfully were developed all aspects of
drugstore’s service of the country. Till the beginning of the 1941 year were
functioned 9723 drugstores , 109 branches, 1,400 pharmacy stores, 270 drugstore’s
warehouses, 149 galena’s - pharmaceutical factories, 170 workshops optics.
On the development of cosmetology, NEP has contributed to the rapid recovery
of three factories of Moscow and Sankt - Petersburg - "Freedom," "Sankt -
Petersburg techno chemical laboratory" and "New star." In 1924, resumed an
import of essential oils, fragrances and perfumes. Necessary was to create a native
raw base materials for the manufacturing industry, which has achieved a rapid
56
development. By organizing the production of essential oils have been involved
scientists of Research Chemical-Pharmaceutical Institute, Nikita’s Botanical Garden,
and many newly established laboratories and research facilities. A creation of
enterprises by synthesis of aromatic substances in the years before II World War
began with the organization of research laboratories with a small volume pilot
productions. In the mid-thirties years was centralization of the entire industry of
SRSR. In the system of the Native's Commissariat of food industry was established
the main management of perfumery - cosmetic industry ("main perfumery") .
Control questions:
1. Medicines provision of the population in the pre-revolutionary period.
2. Work on the creation of a state service of health protection .
3. Nationalization of drugstore’s service.
4. Medical help to the population in a period of the Civil War.
5. Organizing of medical care during the years of the rebuilding period.
6. Organization of medical service of population in years of the prewar five-year plans.
7. Development of perfume and cosmetic industry in years of the prewar five-year plan.
57
List of recommended literature:
1. Apazov N.D. The development and problems of pharmacy (To 70-year nationalization of drugstores ).) / / pharmacy. - 1988. - № 6. - P. 1-7.
2. Arzhanov N. Short summer NEP "/ / pharmacist. - 2002 - № 9. - P. 28-31.
3. Verhratskyi S. A. , Zabludovskyi P. Y. History of medicine. - Kyiv. - 1991. - P. 350-356.
4. Krikov V. I. Organization and economy of pharmacy. - M.: "Medicine", 1983. - P.45-60.
5. Kuzmin M. K. Soviet medicine and doctors in the years of the Great Patriotic War. / / Sov.medicine. - 1990. - № 5. - P. 9-13.
6. Patriotic pharmaceutical science for 60 years of soviet power. Scientifically overview / Publication by Tentsova A. I. - M. - 1977. - P. 4 - 17.
7. Toltsman T. I. , Golosova N.A. Textbook on history and organization of pharmaceutical affair - Moscow, "Medicine", 1974. - P. 22-30.
58
THEMES 16 -17: PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY OF THE SOVIET PERIOD
The purpose of lesson : to study the recovery of drugstore’s network in the postwar
period, learn the development of pharmacy in 60 – 90 years of XX - th century.
In 1922 - 29 years drugstore’s affair continued to gradually grow and develop,
despite significant economic difficulties, shortage of pharmaceutical personnel, lack
of many medical products and drugs.
A change of drugstore’s structures on economic calculation contributed to
strengthening the material base of drugstore’s sector, which led to the
reconstruction of drugstores and their equipment.
In order to ensure the population by drugs was deployed a network of
drugstore’s points, kiosks and drugstore’s stores with objects of sanitation and
hygiene.
In 1935 year in Ukraine for the first time with the rural paramedic - midwife
stations were established drugstore’s points, which allowing to organize supply of
medicines to the population in the villages where weren’t situated drugstores. In
May of 1930 year for the organization of the management of a drugstore’s affair was
established a republican organization of Ukrainian drugstore’s management (UDM),
which was subordinated to all self-supporting pharmacy network.
On 1 March , in 1935 year instead offices UDM was created regional
management of drugstores .
In 1935 year the Council of Native Commissars adopted a special resolution
"About a trade by medicines", by which was completely kept a free service and
medical help to patients in hospitals and clinics.
59
For the organization and economics of pharmacy, the development and
introduction of new drugs were established scientific - research organizations. Thus,
in 1941, was opened a "Scientific - research laboratory" in Kharkov.
During the Great Patriotic War on the drugstore’s sellers was given a more
demanding job of medical services for the population and medical institutions.
Drugstore’s offices rebuilds its work in accordance with the objectives of time. It was
conducted a great work with the evacuation medical of the property. So, UDM was
evacuated in 1942 to the Saratov region.
Stocks of medicines and materials during the II World War primarily directed at
hospitals and health care facilities, which serve the working industrial and defense
enterprises.
In order to coordinate the development and recovery of drugstore’s network by
the Ministry of Health in 1945, was established General Drugstore’s Management
(GDM).
To accelerate the development of drugs and medical devices (which in recent
years were lacked) was reorganized the management of the medical industry.
To improve the work of the drugstore’s network in the period from 1949 to 1955
years was adopted a number of organizational measures: was introduced a bonus
system of the dividing material responsibility for commodity - material assets.
In order to preparing new pharmaceutical personnel and improve their
professional level in 1952 year in Moscow was organized by the department of
improving pharmacists at the Central institute of advanced doctors.
All self-supporting drugstores in 50 - 60 years were submitted to the Drugstore’s
management.
60
In 1960 year by the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "About
measures to further improving of the medical service and health protection of
population of the USSR", which envisaged the development of scientific - research
work in the area of pharmacy, construction factories of the medical industry,
industrial production of new drugs.
All these measures and new legislation acts gave a possibility of the active
development of pharmacy, up to 9 - th years.
Simultaneously, there were changes in perfume and cosmetic industry. Till 1940
year, was established a system of ether- oil factories and farm-factories, to which
were included 25 companies of the Belgorod region, Ukraine, Crimea, the Northern
Caucasus, of the Transcaucasia republics, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Invasion in
1941, of German troops to the USSR caused enormous damage to the national
economy of the country. In the cosmetic industry most affected plants essential oils
in Ukraine, Crimea and North Caucasus. Were completely destroyed Kharkiv and
Mykolaiv perfume factories.
Since January 1946 year was transformed Central scientific laboratory of the
"Main perfumer" in scientific - research institute, which since 1947 year had a
name: All-Union Scientific Research Institute of synthetic and natural fragrances
(ASRISNF).
In general, till beginning of the 50's years, perfume and cosmetic industry of
USSR embarked on intensive development and has received significant investment.
To increase the effectiveness of cosmetic products in their composition began to
introduce different combinations of plant extracts. On this basis, were created
cosmetics for different age groups.
61
In the mid 70's and early 80's was dramatically expanded range of color
cosmetics. At the end of 80's and early 90's by cosmetic industry of the USSR were
produced about 400 items of cosmetics.
Control questions:
1. Pharmacy in the prewar years.
2. Medicinal providing people in the Great Patriotic War (WWII).
3. Recovered further development of the drugstore’s network in the postwar period.
4. Development of the drugstore’s service during 1950 - 1990 years.
5. Perfume and cosmetic industry of the Soviet period.
List of recommended literature:
1. Apazov N. D. The development and problems of pharmacy (to 70-year of the nationalization of the drugstores) / / Pharmacy. - 1988. - № 6. - P. 1-7.
2. Arzhanov N. Short summer NEP "/ / Pharmacist. - 2002 - № 9. - P. 28-31.
3. Verhratskyi S. A. , Zabludovskyi P. Y. History of medicine. - Kyiv. - 1991. - P. 356-359,384-421.
4. Kricov V. I. Organization and economy of pharmacy. - M.: "Medicine", 1983. - P.45-60.
5. Kuzmin M. K. Soviet medicine and doctors in the Years of the Great Patriotic War. / / Sov.medicine. - 1990. - № 5. - P. 9-13.
6.Native pharmaceutical science for 60 years of soviet power.
Scientifically overview / Publication by Tentsova A. I. - M. - 1977. - P. 4 - 17.
7.Toltsman T. I. , Golosova N. A. Textbook of history and organization of pharmaceutical case. - Moscow, "Medicine", 1974. - P. 22-30.
62
THEMES 18 - 19: HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN PHARMACY BECOMING AND
DEVELOPMENT IN XVI - XIIITH CENTURIES. MEDICAL HELP IN THE WEST-
UKRAINIAN LANDS. SYSTEM OF MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION
The purpose of lesson: To study the history of pharmacy in various regions of
Ukraine the period XVI -XVIIIth centuries ; learn peculiarities of preparation of
doctors and pharmacists.
Since the XIIIth century it was a difficult period in the history of Kievska Rus
associated with the invasion of Khan Batiu. In December of 1240 year was captured
Kyiv. Least affected from nomads western Russian lands - Volhynia and Galicia. Later
was established Galicia – Volhynia kingdom, which played a significant role in the
development of culture and medicine. In 1349 year Galician lands were seized by
the Polish feudal lords, and the Hungarian nobles captured Transcarpathian Rus. In
1362 year united Lithuanian kingdoms captured almost all western Russian lands.
Since this period, ways of the Kiev region, Podol and Galicia for centuries differ
from the history of the Slavs, which inhabited the north-eastern lands, which were
concentrated around Moscow and soon established a Moscow centralized state.
In the XVth century Kyiv, which was destroyed by the troops of the Golden Horde
temporarily loses its central role in the culture of the Ukrainian lands. During the
Mongol-Tatar yoke the special role was played by a monastic medicine: all Russian
medicine of that time found refuge in monasteries.
However, monastic medicine in Rus was not a monopoly, there was a socialite,
despite the antagonism between them, they were a single system of medical
knowledge and care.
63
A cultural and Medical Center on Ukrainian lands becomes Lviv. Opening of
medical schools at the Western Ukrainian land and training soviet doctors in
Ukraine relation to the end of XVIth century ( in 1581 year was founded a medical
school in Ostrog, in 1593 year - Zamoyska Academy). Till this period a wide
spreading received a craft medicine, whose representatives were barbers. Their
treatment was based on age-old experience of traditional medicine, and having
close business ties with certified doctors, joined their knowledge. Documentary
information about barbers found in the archives of the XIVth century. It is known
about the presence of 16 guilds, in subordinate of Kyiv magistrate in the XVth
century. The model shop of barbers in Ukraine was a Lviv shop, founded in 1512
year. Due to the high expense of treatment, the broad mass of the population were
not served by certified doctors and basic medical assistance provided barbers. Also
shop barbers were kind of school of training medical personnel for the masses. Each
master taught several students (premasters).
In 1593 year in Zamost city (near Lviv) was founded Zamoyska Academy, which
had close ties with the University of Padua, and was its cultural heritage. Academy
had a medical school to train professional doctors. The most famous of them
doctors of medicine: Yuriy Drogobith, George Francis Skorina, Philip Lyashkovskyi.
Among the Ukrainian scientists more late time should mention a Epiphany
Slavenetskiy, who became a monk and taught at the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium. Then
he led teaching "free science" in the Moscow medical school , which was opened in
1654 year.
In preparing medical personnel a significant role played, founded in 1632 year
Kiev board, which was granted in 1701 year by a decree of Peter I with the title of
the academy. Kiev Academy played an important role in training medical personnel
in connection with the organization of hospital medical schools. For 14 years (1784-
1798) from the Kiev Academy entered to medical schools more than 300 graduates.
Later footage for medical schools prepared in Chernihiv, Pereyaslav, Kharkiv. 64
Yelisavethradska (Kirovogradska), medical and surgical school was the only
school in the Ukraine , which was training doctors for the army. School lasted from
1788 to 1797 years, released during this period 153 doctors.
After the division of Ukraine on Left Bank and Right Bank from the Polish
occupation was liberationed Kyiv and Left-bank Ukraine, which after the Pereyaslav
Council ( in 1654 year) reunited with Russia. Right Bank remains under Polish rule till
1793 year.
At the beginning of the XVIIIth century Left-bank Ukraine had 2 state drugstores:
Kievska and Lyubnenska and 3 private: Kievska, Nezhinska and Glukhivska.
To Lubnenska drugstore an important role belonged in the development of
pharmacy XVIIIth century. It was opened in 1720 year in order of priority providing
of military units with medical supplies and medical instruments. It was the largest
drugstore in Ukraine throughout the XVIIIth century and even was engaged in
preparing herbal drug for Moscow drugstores. In addition, Lubnenska drugstore
conducted a preparation of pharmaceutical personnel by the way of individual
student learning. In the first half of the XVIIIth century also opening private
drugstores : in 1728 - in Kiev, in 1740 year - in Nizhin, in 1743 year – in Gluchiv. In
the second half of the XVIIIth century drugstore’s network grows significantly, new
drugstores were opened in district towns.
Control questions:
1. Reasons for separation of Kievska Rus on specific regions and features of the development of medicine and pharmacy in these regions.
2. Unity of monastic and secular medicine.
3. Guild medicine in Ukraine. 65
4. Training of health professionals in the Ukrainian Academies.
5. Opening of drugstores in Ukraine in the XVIIIth century.
List of recommended literature:
1. Viktorov O. Stages of the development (Part Two). / / Bulletin. Pharmacology and Pharmacy. - 2001. - № 10, № 11.
2. History of pharmacy of Ukraine / R. V. Bohatyryova, Y. P. Spizhenko, V.P. Chernyh and others.-H; Flag, Publisher UFAD999, P.64-96
3. Kievska Academy / / URE.-k., 1980, t.5.-P.123-124.
4. Materials to the history of medical education in Ukraine (18th century-1917 year)., Odessa, 1953., 46P.
5. Otamanovskyi V. D. The development of pharmacy business in Ukraine since the middle of the XVII till the end of the XX century / / Pharmaceutical journal -1963. - № 5.-p.48-56; № 6.-P.56-67.
6. Tertyshnyk A. G. Preparation of pharmaceutical personnel in Kievskyi University in the pre-revolutionary period / / Pharmaceutical journal -1990. - № 2, P-74 - 76.
66
THEME 20: CURATIVE AND CARE ESTABLISHMETS. AN ACTIVITY OF ZAPORIZSKA
SICH
The purpose of lesson: To investigate the activity of fraternities and therapeutic –
care activity of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks.
Fraternities played an important role in the history of medicine of Ukraine. They
existed for ever, and in the XV - XVIIIth centuries were important in the life of the
people by conducting charitable, educational activities, helped the poor and sick.
One of the largest in Ukraine was Lvivske fraternity was the first information of
which relate to 1439 year. From fraternity school came first teachers of "free
science" for Kiev, Lutsk (Epiphanius Slavenetskyi – the beginning of the XVIIIth
century.) By the Onufriyevskiy monastery brotherhood in 1522 year organized a
hospital. In the suburbs of Lviv in Ukrainian churches were discovered four small
hospitals. Fraternal hospitals and schools were kept by means of parishioners and
material assistance provided by tsar Fyodor Ivanovych.
Had its hospitals also large craft guilds in the cities. In some cities, hospitals were
kept on local products, derived from crossing over bridges, ferry crossing. Except
hospitals that existed at public expense, also in the Ukraine were hospitals that kept
on money of the rich people. All hospitals had a care aim.
Kyivsk fraternity was founded later - in 1615 year. It had its own school and
hospital "for poor people, old, religious as well as secular people knight"-was
determined in its charter.
Important role in the fight against the Ukrainian people for their national identity
played a Ukrainian Cossacks. Zaporizhzhya Sich became a military bulwark against
67
trekking north troops of Crimean Tatars in the XVIth -XVIIth centuries often reached
even to Moscow.
Life of Zaporozhye Cossacks took place in most of the campaigns and fighting.
Medical care for injuries and illnesses they provided to the means of traditional
medicine. Cossacks were able to conduct bloodletting, remove teeth, producing
patches to treat wounds, apply splints for fixation of fractures. With a lot trekking
Cossacks returning disabled, so there was necessary to have their own hospital.
The first such hospital was founded in the end of XVIth century on the island
between the Old and New rivers Samara. There were built houses and a church,
surrounded by protective moats, from Kyiv to hospital was invited monk Pais, to
whom were relied obligations of treatment invalids and wounded. The main
Cossacks hospital at the end of XVIth century becomes a hospital in Trahtemirivskiy
monastery on the Dnieper (below Kahn). Military hospitals were in monasteries:
Lebedinskiy (near Chyhyryn) and Levkyvskiy (near Ovruch). Monasteries followers
assume custody of the Cossacks, because the cost paid by the treasury of the
Zaporizhzhya. Cossack military hospitals were the first hospitals in Ukraine. Hospital
in Mezhyhirya after 1755 year planned to convert in a public house for the disabled,
but that institution was organized in St. Cyril's Monastery in Kiev, and Mezhyhirya in
1787 year was destroyed by fire.
In Sich also were barbers – professionals, who provide emergency medical
assistance in an attack on Turkish troops in January. Graduate doctor on a regular
service in the army of the Cossacks was not even after the reunification of Ukraine
with Russia, despite on the requests of ataman to Sankt - Petersburg.
68
Control questions:
1. Fraternities in Ukraine.
2. Types of medical care of Zaporozhye Cossacks
3. Medical institutions in Zaporizhzhya Sich
4. Sources of funding therapeutic measures in Zaporizhzhya Sich.
List of recommended literature:
1. Benuk N. History of pharmacy in Galicia (XII-XX centuries) / / Pharmacist-1999-№ 22.-P. 13-15, 1999 - № 23-P. 44-45, 1999 - № 24.-P.40-41, 2000 - № 3, P.23-24, 2000 - № 2.-P. 30-32, 2000 - № 1-P. 36-38; № 3-P.23-24.
2. Borodiy N. K. From the history of medicine of New Zaporizhia Sech. (1734 - 1775) / / Soviet health protection-1975. - № 12.-P.55-60.
3. Verhratskyi S. A. , Zabludovskyi P. Y. History of Medicine; Training. Grant – 4 – th publication, High school, 1991.-P.202-209 ,232-236.
4. Oborin N. A. From the history of medicine in Zaporizhia Sechy / / Medical affair - 1995. - № 11.-P.115-118.
5. Pushin G. L. , Pushin S. G. , Medicine in Zaporizhia Sech / / Medical affair-1993. - № 9.-P. 108-111.
6. Rudick S. How cured Cossacks / / Your Health. - 1998.-4.
7. Yavornytskyi D. I. History of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. - Lviv 990.-P. 192-23
69
THEMES 21-23: UKRAINIAN PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY IN XXTH CENTURY.
PERSPECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL PHARMACY DEVELOPMENT
The purpose of lesson: to systematize knowledge about the history of the
development of pharmacy in Ukraine, to study the common features of Ukrainian
pharmacy, identify the characteristics of the development of the drugstore’s affair
in Ukraine.
In 1913 year in Ukraine operated 1067 drugstores (714 rural and 353 urban),
from which only 43 belonged to the state and 1024 to owners.
After the proclamation of Soviet power in Ukraine ( in December 1917), was
realizationed a program of health protection , which was based on the transfer of
medical and drugstore’s institutions to the property of the state. The process of
nationalization in Ukraine had characteristics, which was connected with
insufficiently strong position of Soviet power in the republic. So, the dykret "About
the nationalization of drugstores " in Ukraine was adopted twice: in May 17, in
1919 year and in March 14 in 1920 year. He approved the transfer of all drugstores
to the state property and banned a private trade of medicines. Till June, 1920 year
all existing Ukrainian drugstores were nationalized.
Afterwards the lack of foreign economic relations and omissions of domestic
pharmaceutical industry, there wasn’t revenues of medicines for the central
drugstore’s warehouse. Preparing of medicines and bandages conducted by the
forced removal of inventory. From the second half of 1921 year started to come in
Ukraine medicines from international organizations. Instead pharmaceuticals trade
operated a system of their centralized distribution, based on the affirmed
coefficients. Free medical assistance to the population of Ukraine was given by the
drugstores of treatment establishments.70
In order to use private stocks of medicines and improving the resource bases of
drugstores in May 5 in 1922 year Narkomzdrav gave a permission for the
temporary transfer of some drugstores in a rent to individuals. Was transferred only
9 drugstores in Ukraine. The action of this law was stopped in 1924 year.
Since June 1, of 1922 year drugstores started to transferred to self-sufficiency.
Medicines started to dispense for free for medical assistance at hospitals and
clinics and charge for treatment at home.
In 1935 year was conducted a classification of drugstores into 5 groups: self-
supporting drugstores, factories of drugs, drugs - distributors, drugstores at
treatment - care facilities, drugstores bases.
Accordingly to the Regulation of People's Commissars of the USSR " About trade
by medicines" from 02.07.1935 year and to a similar Regulation administration of
Ukraine from 01.09.1935 year were liquidated almost all drugstores of medical -
care institutions, and all others , which left, had lost its independence and the right
to trade by medicines. Furthermore, in order to approached medical care to the
population, from 1935 year began to open drugstore’s points at rural hospitals.
During IIWW medical and drugstore’s property ,and also the Drugstore’s
management of Ukraine were evacuated from the occupied territory. Using the
resources of medicines is strictly regulated: first supplied military hospitals, then
supplied the needs of other medical facilities, to the population medicines almost
didn’t arrive.
During the occupation by fascist troops were destroyed 75% of the pre-war
number of drugstores and all drugstore’s points. Drugstore’s network of Ukraine
was restored in the end of 1940 year: at the end of 1946 year restoration its work
80% of the pre-war number of drugstores.
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The need of medicines in Ukraine satisfied mainly by imports. Till the beginning of
60-years in Ukraine were only 14.3% enterprises of the medical industry of the
USSR, fundamental mass of the medicines needed to import from outside of the
country. In 1960 - 1980 years the dynamics of imports significantly increased.
Dramatic political and economic changes at the beginning of 1990- s years
caused the crisis in pharmaceutical industry. Afterwards the violation of economic
ties with enterprises, that were outside of Ukraine, decreased a volume of
shipments of finished drugs and raw materials for the Ukrainian pharmaceutical
industry. In addition, the previously existing problem aggravated the crisis of
material - technical base and its inconsistency with international standards.
With the adoption of market laws in area started a process of demonopolization
and transfer of state property into other property. Simultaneously started the
intensive penetration into the sphere of pharmacy commercial structures.
Principal legal document, that approved changes in the domestic industry, was
the Law of Ukraine "About medicines" adopted by the Supreme Rada of Ukraine on
4 April 1996.
Special organ of the state control quality of medicines was appointed the State
Inspectorate for quality control of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. According to
the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 707 from 07.07.97 year on base of property
liquidated PO "Pharmacy" was formed the State Joint Stock Company "Medicines of
Ukraine."
In order to ensure the legitimacy and stability of the pharmaceutical industry, for
the recommendation of the VOOZ developed and transformed into action a state
program providing population by drugs; it takes into account the interests of all
stakeholders of the pharmaceutical market (producers, regulation organs and
72
consumers), have a comprehensive approach and guarantees: accessibility, quality
and rational use of medicines.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union was the rapid development of new
cosmetic market. Large foreign cosmetic companies, that came on market, had and
have not only enormous financial opportunities for advertising, but also highly
qualified personells, without which is impossible the promotion of production.
During the 2000-2001 years in Ukraine began a production growth. Its paces -
one of the highest in the CIS and Europe. Cosmetics of multiple production
cooperatives, associations, that emerged in 1990-1994 years, and survivors perfume
and cosmetic companies of the Soviet period was uncompetitive in faded, because
of the uninteresting packaging and lack of advertising, although often was a very
good by quality.
This cosmetic market is actively growing, but paces of its growth are holding of
rather low level of incomes of the population.
In general, on the Ukrainian market of perfumes and cosmetics dominated the
import production. However, in each group of assortment turning its own situation.
For example, in decorative cosmetics is almost completely dominated the import.
But in such segments, as remedies for hair care, skin and body, positions of
Ukrainian producers are quite durable. At the local production accounts from 40% to
60% of sales (in quantitative terms).
In Ukraine works more than a dozen trade missions of transnational corporations
and dozens of companies, that have distribution rights for the promotion of a
particular brand.
Development of the Ukrainian perfumery and cosmetics market is significantly lag
behind Russia. Unlike Russian companies, local businesses do not have any
significant foreign investment.
73
How progressively would not promote the domestic industry, a large segment of
perfumery - cosmetic products market is still belonged to imported goods. It is
connection with financial problems, which prevent of the further development of
domestic cosmetic firms. Why on serious scientific researches, as well as on new,
modern packaging and advertisement, needed cash. Firms can earn them only in
condition of the successful sale of their products, which, in turn, is impossible
without the same research and advertising. That is why there exists serious
problems with the creation of professional domestic cosmetics.
In the last decade, the evolution of cosmetology observed in three areas: legal,
social and technological.
Cosmetology of the third millennium will be a functional, prevention, scientific
cosmetology. Principal attention will be focus on the use of cosmetics, which
warning or correcting the influence of all factors, that cause a biological aging.
Control questions:
1. Pharmacy business in the first years of Soviet power.
2. Renewal of market relations in Ukraine.
3. Pharmacy of soviet Ukraine in the 30's.
4. Pharmacy during the IIWW.
5. Restoring of destroyed drugstore’s network.
6. Drugstore’s service of Ukraine in 1950 - 1980's years.
7. Pharmacy in Ukraine in the 90-ies of XX - th century.
8. Perspectives of the development for the national pharmacy.
9. Ukrainian cosmetology in the 90-ies of XX - th century and its perspectives of development.
74
List of recommended literature:
1. Hunskiy I. M. , Tkachuk V. A. Reconstruction and development of the drugstore’s enterprise in the USSR in postwar years / / Pharmaceutical magazine - 1975. - № 2. - P. 10-14.
2. Zelinskny A. M. , "Investigation of pharmaceutical science and practice in Ukraine for 60 years of Soviet power" / / Pharmaceutical magazine - 1977 - № 5. - P. 12-14.
3. History of pharmacy in Ukraine / R. V. Bohatyryova, J. P. Spizhenko, V. P. Chornych and others. - X.; Flag. Public. UFA, 1999. - P. 109-158.
4. Miniovych I. O. The history of drugstore’s affair/ / Pharmaceutical magazine - 1974. - № 4. - P. 83-85.
5. National politic of medicines in Ukraine: current state and future prospects / / Journal of pharmacology and pharmacy. - 2003 - № 1. - P. 11.2.
6. The development and achievements of pharmaceutical science in area of the organization and economics of pharmacy in Ukraine / / Pharmaceutical Journal - 1974. - № 3. - P. 33-38.
7 .The development of pharmacy for the period from the first to the second congress of pharmacists USSR / / Pharmaceutical magazine - 1972. - № 2. - P. 3-5.
8. Satin M. L. Pharmaceutical affair in Ukraine: Past Present. Day to come. - K.: Institute of History of Ukraine 1998. - 336 p.
75
THEME 24: PHARMACEUTICAL AND PARFUMERY - COSMETIC INDUSTRY OF
UKRAINE.
The purpose of lesson: to learn the peculiarities of the development of
pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine, identify and summarize the stages of
development.
First enterprises of industrial type were Drugstore’s yards. With the organization
of the Drugstore’s order (1581 year) started to work a yard ("old"), and in 1670
year was built "new". Yards spent harvesting herbs, their grinding, drying and
storage. From medical forms produced patches, ointments, oils, extracts, syrups,
juices, teas. Also held a distillation of essential oils and obtaining alcohols.
The rapid development of the Drugstore’s affair in the XVIIth century
contributed not only to the expansion of drugstore’s network, but also to changing
functions of drugstores: drugstores become research, chemical and industrial
laboratories.
The first big drugstore of the production type in Ukraine was Lubnenska
drugstore, which was opened in 1720 year in Poltava province. It was the center of
medicine’s storage, mainly of plant origin. Except of the security of the Ukrainian
population, Lubnenska drugstore also provide drugstores in Moscow.
In the first half of the XIXth century pharmaceutical production, already
developed, centered at the drugstore. At each drugstore were equipped
laboratories for the preparation of galenes medicines, obtaining essential oils,
aromatic waters, salts. During the first half of the XIXth century drugstores kept a
profile complex of pharmaceutical company, that operated on the principle of self-
service. Since that time, there weren’t pharmaceutical industry, and we can
76
conclude, that in drugstores were prepared drugs not only for prescription but also
for wholesale.
The end of the XIXth century characterized by an increase of drugstores.
Drugstores, that have in its instruction a production base, sell their products to
other drugstores.
The end of the XIXth -early XXth centuries is characterized by the discovery of large
industries of some drugs and the displacement from drugstores craftsmanship. Like
that opened galene laboratories and from the drugstores eliminates production
tinctures, extracts, liniments. An example of such production in Ukraine may naming
the Odessa (1886 year).
In the end of the XIXth century conditions for the development of chemical-
pharmaceutical industry in Galicia were favorable. In 1900 year was established a
firm "Peter Mykolyash & Company," which established partnerships with well-
known European companies as "Schering", "Bayer" and "La Roche". All this allowed
in 1910 year to select one of the divisions from the firm into a separate company
"Laocoon" ( in after called "Galichfarm").
Chemical - pharmaceutical industry those regions of Ukraine, which came to a
part of the Russian Empire, developed very slowly, and there have been a number of
reasons, due to long before the birth of the industry. Firstly, drugstore’s production
in Russia ruled obsolete laws, passing under Peter I. Secondly, in rural Russia
practically was absent chemicals industry, on the basis of which would develop
pharmaceutical manufacture. Pharmaceutical market has been flooded with
imported products (90%), and to this led many tariffs. Thus, the duty on the finished
medicinal products was in ten times less than the duty on the raw material, needed
for their manufacturing.
77
In the end of the XIXth century galena’s medicines produced in sufficient
quantities for the needs of the population (up to 97% domestic and 3% of imports),
thanks to the network galenic laboratories.
At the beginning of World War stopped the supply of drugs from Germany, and
the war, that began, finally destroyed the traditional channels of supply of
medicines. Trying somehow to compensate a catastrophic lack of medicines, the
government adopted a number of resolutions that promote the development of the
industry, in particular, were canceled existing bans on private pharmaceutical
activities.
In January 1918 year in Ukraine began a nationalization of the pharmaceutical
industry. In the 20-ies years began an intensive discovery of large enterprises and
for 3 years the output of production has grown more than in 5 times. It was
possible to expand the range of products and to improve a manufacture of
medicines, that are not produced in tsarist Russia (iodine, barbiturates, insulin
anastezynu, amidopirina). An important role in the formation of the Ukrainian
pharmaceutical industry played founded in 1920 year Ukrainian institute of
experimental pharmacy.
Since the mid-20's year share of private production was dramatically reduced
and the production of medicines in the country passed solely in frames of the state
order. But population’s requirements in medicines had satisfied only on 58%.
On the eve of WWII pharmaceutical industry of Ukraine was a formed branch
( worked 20 companies ), which intensively developed, but the war destroyed
everything (destroyed 96 thousand metros of production areas).
After the war had finished, the demand for medicines was huge, by the end of
1945 year in Ukraine was restored 10 galena’s laboratories. Recovered Ukrainian
enterprises mastered a production of new medicines (from 1945 to 1950 years).
78
Mastered the production of 170 names of products, special attention was paid to
the production of antibiotics, vitamins, organopreparations. By 1960 year a
production increased in 5 times, but these volumes did not cover the growing
demand. In Ukraine has placed 14% enterprises of Medical Industry. During the
60s years annual growth in output was 15-18%.
Over a long period, industry growth was achieved not so much by through
investment and modernization of production, but because of the intensity of
scientific – research works , which ensured the introduction of new products and
optimize of their manufacturing processes. In the 70s-80s years there was a decline
in the industry, to which contributed also general political , and social events. At
the beginning of 90-ies industry crisis became apparent. In Ukraine has produced
only 11% of its consumed medicines, Ukraine imported more than 80% available in
it raw materials for manufacture medicines. Obviously, in such a market structure a
decay of constant channels supply was disastrous for the industry. In addition,
aggravated a previously existing problem of the crisis of material – technical base
of enterprises and its inconsistency with international standards.
Manufacturing pharmaceutical area at the end of the 20th century
characterized by technical and moral degradation of equipment (depreciation of
fixed assets 70 - 80%, the level of manual labor 40%), insufficient budget funding of
branch of the science. Subordinate of State Committee of Ukraine passed a
decision, on the basis of which the design and construction of new industry from
January 1, 1997 year, and their reconstruction from 1 June 1998 year should be
conducted in accordance with GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice). From January1,
2002 rules compulsory in the Ukraine.
Today in Ukraine works more than 50 pharmaceutical factories, 21 factory and
nearly 120 firms. The vast majority of drugs (75-80%) produced by the largest
79
enterprises of the industry, "Darnitsa" ,"Kyyevmedpreparat", "Farmak", "Arterium",
"Borschagovskyi Chemical-Pharmaceutical Factory", "Health" (Kharkiv) and others.
Since virtually all drugs, that produced, focused on the domestic market,
perspectives of the development of Ukrainian pharmaceutical industry lies not only
in increasing the market share of domestic producers, but also in their output to
foreign markets. To this facilitated a certification of Ukrainian pharmaceutical lines
according to standards of GMP.
Its own history also was in the development of perfumery - cosmetic industry.
In the period before World War II domestic perfumery - cosmetic industry was
represented by small-scale research laboratory that is experienced production.
By 1940 year , was established a system of ether- oil factories and farm-factories
of Ukraine, Crimea and other Soviet republics.
Invasion in 1941 year of Nazi troops in the USSR caused enormous damage to
the national economy of the country, including a perfume - cosmetics industry.
Injured factories of making essential oils (in the Crimea), were completely
destroyed Kharkiv and Mykolaiv perfume factories.
After WWII the restoration of its peace industry of manufacturing went by quick
temps.
Since January 1946 year transformed the scientific - research laboratory "The
main perfumery" in scientific - research Institute, which in 1947 year became
known as the All-Union Scientific - Research Institute of synthetic and natural
fragrances (AUSRISNF).
In general, till the beginning of 50's years perfumery - cosmetic industry of the
USSR got on the way of intensive development and has received a significant
investments. To increase the effectiveness of cosmetic products, inside of them
80
started to introduce various combinations of plant extracts. On this basis, were
created cosmetics for different age groups.
In the mid of 70's and early 80's years was dramatically expanded a range of
color cosmetics.
At the beginning of XXth century domestic perfumery - cosmetic industry
engaged in the production of essential oils and perfumes, based as on imported raw
materials as domestic. For this purpose, was opened a number of chemical
laboratories, research facilities, and were involved scientific –research and chemical
- pharmaceutical institutions.
Control questions:
1. A value of the drugstore’s yards, as the first industrial enterprises.
2. Drugstores of the production type.
3. Pharmaceutical market in Ukraine at the turn of the XXth century.
4. Pharmaceutical industry in the early years of Soviet power.
5. Pharmaceutical industry in the prewar period.
6. Restoration of pharmaceutical production in the postwar period.
7. A condition of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical industry in the 60 - 80s years of XX - th century.
8. The crisis of the pharmaceutical industry in the 90s years of XX - th century.
9. The requirements of accordance of the material – technical base of the pharmaceutical enterprises to international standards.
10. The current condition of the pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine and perspectives of its development.
81
List of recommended literature:
1. Zelinsky A. M. Researches of pharmaceutical science and practice on
Ukraine during 60 years of Soviet power, / / Pharmaceutical magszine -1977. - № 5.-P.12-14.
2. History of pharmacy in Ukraine / R. V. Bohatyryova, Y. P. Spizhenko, V. P. Chornych and others -H.: flag . Publication Ukrainian RF , 1999. - P. 597-713.
3. National politic of medicines in Ukraine: current state and perspectives on future / / Journal of pharmacology and pharmacy-2003. - № 1.-P.2-11.
4. Pharmaceutical Industry in Russia till 1914 year / / Shymanko A. I. , Melnichenko A. K. Organization of pharmaceutical affair-M., 1961. S.254-256.
5. Pharmacy in numbers: [Official Statistic :trade and production in Ukraine] / / pharmacist. -2002. - № 9. - P. 11-13.
82
THEME 25: PHARMACY AND COSMETOLOGY ABROAD
The purpose of lesson: to acquainted with the principles of medical care in
individual foreign countries; understand the importance of international experience
for the modern Ukrainian pharmacy.
Dramatic political and economic changes, that occurred at the beginning of 90-
ies in Ukraine and led to changes also in the area of pharmacy. Using the experience
of pharmacy development in other countries , in the area were established market
laws and began the process of monopolization and a passage of drugstore’s
companies from state ownership to other types of property. A part of the
drugstores transferred to the municipal property. Collectives of some drugstores
took their own drugstores in the lease, in addition, began an intensive penetration
into the sphere of pharmacy private commercial structures. Immediately was
elucidated an uncompetitive of state-owned drugstores in comparison with their
own. The experience of foreign countries confirmed patterns, found in market
conditions - private form of property in pharmacy has a number of advantages
associated with:
1) lack of stock of unpopular products;
2) the possibility of free choice of supplier;
3) the material interest in eventual result of a work.83
Thus, in accordance with the laws of the market, the number of commercial
pharmaceutical structures in Ukraine grew rapidly, thanks to flexible pricing
formation and organization of own network.
Providing of medicine abroad has three areas: state, own, and insurance
coverage of the population. In some countries, these trends are combined with each
other, such as in the U.S.A, has its place a private and insurance coverage. In many
Western European countries (Denmark, Sweden) introduced a necessary system of a
state social insurance. Buying a medical product, part of its cost is paid from social
insurance funds. The sources of social insurance funds is deduction of insurances
investments of private individuals, deduction of businesses and government
payments financing.
In some countries (Middle East) combined private and public forms of medical
services.
A condition of health protection and pharmacy determined by level of the
economy as a whole. Nowadays, high temps of growth of the economy observed in
China. In particular, rapidly growing a pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical
health protection sector in China . The main directions in the development of
China's pharmaceutical industry are attracting foreign investments into the country
and the development of high scientific technologies. Are creating joint ventures,
including with the world's leading pharmaceutical companies. Most companies
produce finished medicinal products (mostly generics). About 10% of companies do
drug substance. Cheap labor, available raw materials and advanced production of
Chinese substances determine their low cost. And today, in China produces 90% of
all substances for the global pharmaceutical industry.
84
Trends of development in the perfumery industry in the XXI- th century, which
will shape our perception of beauty, and also to determine, what products, tools
and services will be relevant.
I. Focus on Health
The most important component of "beauty in a modern" - a feeling of health and
vigor. Now is experiencing a market of means that unification in their recipe
classic cosmetic ingredients with vitamins, herbs and pharmaceuticals. Cosmetic
market is growing due to an aging population and the growing number of wealthy
people.
II. Underline naturalism
Fundamental style of cosmetics and perfumes - natural compositions in a simple
package. And emphatically natural accessories.
III. Multifunctionality and universality
In the cosmetic industry requirements of buyers, primarily limited to
multifunctionality. Increasingly, cosmetic means offered in the set, in boxes with
two or three compartments. Another option - the appearance of products , which
are carrying some functional loads: moisturizing of skin, protecting it from harm,
such as solar. Is action the principle of multifunctionality, especially is demanded
now in decorative cosmetics.
IV. Individual cosmetics
At the beginning of the new century a distinct character received a tendency of
individualization in all business areas. The wishes of consumer to use by a product
85
made for his custom-made, on the one hand, based on the desire to satisfy their
personal needs. On the other hand, for person is very important to prized him as
the most important, unique customer and created a product personally for him.
V. Gerontological cosmetics
Analysts say, and statistics confirm: began a rapid growth in demand for services
and facilities that are struggling with aging of skin and hide the signs of age. In the
market of cosmetic services has become very popular to use the rejuvenating
hormone therapy. Also expected a growth in the sector of cosmetics that hide the
signs of age. In addition, increased a demand for cosmetic procedures, plastic
surgery and fitness - programs for peoples of old age.
VI. Oral Care Products
The skin condition only reflects the state of the overall physiology of the
organism. Therefore there is a need for oral cosmetology that cares about
promoting human health. In connection with its, on market started to appear oral
capsules. On the legal side, these drugs are not cosmetic, acting on the skin, in order
to correct aesthetic defects, they can probably be attributed to the preventative
cosmetics. Logically to combine external and oral means. Today, buyers are
increasingly offering a set: Food capsules + cream. Assumed, that they complement
each other. Capsules with antioxidants "against age" for combat with dry skin, for
combat with cellulite, etc.
VII. Ajurvedic cosmetics
Cosmetics, based on ajurvedic traditions - one of the last grips of Europe and
especially of America. Here, natural simplicity based on deep philosophical theories
and Eastern spirituality. The abstract says, that ajurvedic cosmetics "helps to reveal
the spiritual power to clear the chakras, restore a sense of harmony in the soul." To
86
ajurved is closely related the aromatherapy. Famous brand released Aroma
therapeutic lines for stress relief, raising a tone, care for face skin and body etc.
VIII. Cosmetics of Zen style
Features of skin care products in Zen style in the performance of major Japanese
manufacturers. It should be chosen, based on the events that are happening now in
your life. The starting point here is the flavor, that best fits your present state of
soul.
IX. Ethnic cosmetics
This trend is based on the desire of the Western world to multiethnic : every
nation, every ethnic group should have its makeup that takes into account the skin
of inhabitants of the region.
X. Biotekstyle
Last time, appeared new forms of products: adhesive pieces of fabric that are
used to remove bags under the eyes, cleansing oily skin etc.
Control questions:
1. Advantages of private form of ownership in the pharmaceutical industry.
2. Forms of provision by medicines in foreign countries.
3. A condition of pharmacy in economically developed countries.
4. Trends of the development of perfumery – cosmetic industry in the XXI - th
century.
87
List of recommended literature:
1. Mil. Dzh. V. F. Nelsen D. Public Pharmacy in Denmark / / Pharmaceutical Journal - 2002. - № 2. - P. 15 - 19. Meyson P. Pharmacy of the Great Britain / / Pharmaceutical journal - 2002. - № 1. - P. 32 - 35.
2. Marchetti M. Pharmacy of the Italy: Advertising of drugs / / your health. - 2002. - 15 Posk pharmacy in the 21th century / / pharmacist. - 2002. - № 3. - P.9-10.
3. Holt V. Assessment of quality of Health in the USA / / The main doctor - 2001. - № 12. - P.37-40.
4. I. Varpahovskaya , A. Sardyko, Pharmaceutical Market in Turkey / / Yaetes Nyt - 1998. - № 5. - P.50-54.
5. Stepaniuc S. M. , Foals S. State pharmacy in Canada State / / Pharmaceutical magazine - 2002. - № 5. - P.38-42
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