Important Question Answers for I.C.SE 2020 Examination

Question 1:1. What is meant by Quorum?ans-A quoram is the minimum number of members required to be present before a meeting is allowed to begin, it is one-tenth of the total number of members.

2. What is a casting vote?ans-The Speaker shall not vote in the first instance in Lok Sabha, when the votes for and against a proposal are equal the speaker gives a Casting Vote.

3. When does the censure motion moved in the Parliament?ans-Censure motion may be moved against a group of ministers or an Individual minister expressing a strong disapproval of their policy, adoption of the motion would result in resignation of the government.

4. State one difference between question hour and zero hour?ans-

Question Hour Zero Hour The First hour of sitting in both the

house is the question hour

The purpose of question Hour is to gather Information on matter of Public importance and the Question must not exceed 150 words

Questions are given in advance

The time which begins at 12 o clock soon after the question hour is the Zero hour

During zero Hour all types of questions are raised, sometime the questions are raised simply to gain publicity or to embarrass the government.

Questions are asked on spot

5. State the meaning of the term Ordinance.ans-An Ordinance is a direction or command of an authoritative nature, it has the same force and effect as an act of Parliament./ temporary law issued by the President when the Parliament is not in session.

6. When is President’s Rule imposed?ans-If the President on receipt of a report from the governor or otherwise is satisfied that the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution he may declare a state emergency and assume all the function of State government, this is called President’s Rule.

7. State any two conditions when Vice-president takes over the office of the president.ans- Death of the President/ Resignation of the President/ Removal of the President/When President Owing to absence, illness or any other cause is unable to discharge his functions.

8. Who is the ex-officio chairman of Council of Ministers?ans- Prime Minister9. What is a Cabinet?ans- Cabinet is an inner body within the Council Of Minister, it acts in the name of Council of Ministers and exercises all power on its behalf, they hold major portfolios.10. What is the limitation of size of Union Council of Minister made by 91st Amendment?

ans- The Constitution’s 91st amendment Act Limits the size of the Union Council of Ministers, including the Prime Minister to 15 percent of the total number of members of the Lok sabha.11) What is the Anti-Defection Law?Defection means giving up the membership of that party to which a person belonged or on whose ticket he or she contested an election and joining another party or group. Voting in the house against the directions of he part also amount to defection.Under the Anti-Defection Act of 1985 if there is a question as to whether a member of Lok Sabha stands disqualified, the question is referred for the decision of the Speaker, His/ Her decision is final in this regard.12) What is the difference between a bill and an Act?13 Bill is the draft of a “legislative proposal” while an Act is a bill is the draft of a “legislative proposal”, which when passed by both Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an Act. 14 How is the President removed from power?The President is removed from office for violation of the Constitution by Impeachment. The resolution to impeach the president may be moved in either house of the Parliament . It must be passed by two-thirds of the total membership of the house.15 State the role of the council of Ministers in relation to formulating the policy of the GovernmentThe Cabinet formulates external and domestic policies of the Government. It takes decisions on all major problems like defense and security needs, energy requirements, economic reforms etc. The Cabinet ministers have freedom of action but on all major matters they should necessarily consult the Cabinet16 Who presides the joint sitting of the two Houses?Ans. Speaker17 What is residuary power?Ans. It means that it can make laws with respect to all those matters which are not mentioned in any of the three lists.18. Who is the supreme commander of the Defence Force of India?Ans. Presidentr). How long can a Ministry stay in office?Ans. The Ministry shall hold office till they enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha19 Why Ordinance is regarded as a temporary measure?Ans. If the Ordinance is not disapproved, it will automatically cease to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of Parliament.20. Differentiate between Consolidated Fund of India and Contingency Fund.Ans. Consolidated Fund of India – the expenditure charged on Consolidated Fund of India include the salaries of President, Vice President etcContingency Fund – It enables to advance some money for the purpose of meeting unforseen expenditure21. Under what circumstances President Rule can be extended beyond one year?

Ans. When the proclamation of Emergency is in operation in the whole of India or in any part of the state

When Election Commission certifies that holding elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State is difficult.

22. What do you mean by Original Jurisdiction of High Court?Ans. The Original Jurisdiction extends to those cases which High Court has authority to hear and decide in the first instance.

23. Which is the highest revenue court in the district?Ans. Court of the Collector24. How are the judges of the Supreme Court appointed?

Ans. The CJI is required to consult the four senior most judges of the Supreme Court before making recommendations to the President.

25 Who presides the joint sitting?Ans. Speaker26. What is the composition of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha?Ans. Rajya Sabha - 552Lok Sabha - 25027. How long does the ordinances ceases to operate?Ans. Six weeks.28. Who is the Head of the state?Ans. The President29. From where does the President advance funds for meeting unforeseen expenditure?Ans. Contingency Fundg. State the term of office of Vice-President.Ans. 5 years.30. Can a non-member become a minister? Justify.Ans. Yes. He has to get himself elected or nominated to either House within a period of six months after their appointment.i. Who decides the foreign policy?Ans. Cabinetj. What is difference between collective responsibility and individual responsibility?Ans. collective responsibility – The Council of Ministers hold office so long they enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha./ The whole Council of Ministers is removed by no-confidence motionindividual responsibility–The Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the President. / They can be removed individually by the President on the advice of the Prime minister.

Question 2:1. State two provisions of the Subsidiary alliance.ans-

Accept the British as Supreme Power Surrendered their foreign relations to the East India company and agreed that they

would not enter into any alliance with any powers and not wage wars Accepted a British resident at their headquarters and agreed not to employ any

European in their service without consulting the company Agreed to maintain British troops at their own cost Virtually lost their independence.

2. Who founded the Indian association? State any one objective.ans-Surendranath banerjeeObjectives-

Creation of a strong body of Public opinion Integration of Indian people on the basis of common political interests Promotion of friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims Mass participation in public movement.

3. Name one newspaper written, and one book edited by Bal gangadhar Tilak.

ans-Newspaper-Mahratta, KesariBook- Gita rahasya, The Arctic Home of the Vedas. 4. Explain the method of Revivalism used by assertive nationalist.ans- Assertive Nationalists revived self-respect by referring to India’s past glory, they planned the movement on people’s religious beliefs. Tilak revived the shivaji festival in 1895, assertive nationalists presented Chandragupta Vikramaditya, Rana Pratap and Shivaji as national heroes, whose memory could inspire the masses to fight for their country.

5. State any two national events that led to the signing of Lucknow Pact.ans-First, partition of Bengal was cancelled, Second, Nationalist Muslims like Abul kalam Azad, Ali Brothers made use of this opportunity to spread nationalist ideas among the Muslims for mobilizing public opinion in favour of self- government, Third- Tilak was released from jail, Fourth- Under Seditious meeting act some prominent Muslim leaders were arrested, this brought Muslim and congress closer.

6.Write any two objectives of the Muslim League.ans-

To promote among the Muslims of India, support for the British government and to remove any misconceptions regarding the intention of government in relation to Indian Muslims

To protect and advance the political rights and interest of the Muslims and to represent their needs and aspirations to the government in mild and moderate language.

To prevent the rise of feelings of hostility between the Muslims of India and other communities. (any 2)

7. When did Gandhi call Ahmadabad Satyagraha?ans-Gandhi led the mill workers of Ahmadabad in a strike against the mill-owner who refused to pay them higher wages, when the workers seemed to weaken he provided support to them by undertaking a fast / afraid of the consequences the mill-owner agreed on the fourth day of Gandhiji fast to give a 35 percent increase in wages.

8. Mention any two impact of Quit India Movement.

ans- The Movement failed due lack of coordination and organization. But it still left a great impact on the people. It gave them confidence and made the British realize that their days are numbered. The movement also strengthened the Congress Socialist Party and its

leaders Jai Prakash Narayan became a legendary figure.

9. Which party was formed by Bose? State its immediate Objectives.Ans-Forward BlocImmediate objective was liberation of India with the support of workers, peasants, youth and other organizations.

10. What is meant by the term aggressive Nationalism?ans-Aggressive nationalism meant love for one’s own country and hatred of other countries/Each nation thought of its own national interests and did not care for the interest of the other nations.

11. State any two territorial arrangements done immediately after the WWI in Europe.ans- Three ruling dynasties were destroyed- Romanov in Russia, Hohenzollern in Germany, Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary/ The rule of ottoman came to an end in Turkey/ Austria and Hungary became separate independent states/ Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as independent states

__ 12) State any two aims of Nazism.

To exalt nationalism / To advocate the rule by a great leader from a single party / To despise internationalism , peace and democracy / to use force and brutality / to extol war / To uphold the racial supremacy of the Germans to hate the Jews.ii)State any two impact of the Quit India Movement.

It demonstrated the depth that nationalist feelings had reached in the country and the great capacity of struggle and sacrifice that people had developed.

a) It was evident that the British would no longer find it possible to rule India against the wishes of the people

b) It was the mass uprising before attaining independence. People from all parts of India took part in processions and demnstrations. The Hindu, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Parsis and even people of the princely states participated.

c) It strengthened the Congress Socialist Party because of its heroic role in the movement.

d) After the Quit India movement, the Constitutional questions remained dormant till the close of the War in 1945.

iii) State any two reasons how Labour Unrest led to the Cabinet Mission coming to India?[2]In July 1946, there was an all-India strike by the postal and telegraph workers. / Railway workers in South Indai went on strike in August 1946 / Peasant movement acquired a fresh thrust after 1945 / The most militant of the post-war struggles was the Tebhaga struggle by the shared croppers of Bengal who declared that they would pay not one-half but one-third of the crop to the landlords./ Struggles for land and against high rents took place in Hyderabad, Malabar, Bengal, Bihar etc.  

a. Name the two Acts passed by Lord Lytton.Ans. Vernacular Press Act and Indian Arms Act.b. Who set up the Servants of India Society? What was the aim of the society?Ans. Gopal Krishna Gokhale. The aim of the society was to train national leaders who would dedicate themselves to the service of India.c. Mention the reason behind the Surat split of 1907.Ans. Early Nationalism Assertive Nationalism1. Wanted the swadeshi and boycott confined in Bengal only.

1. Extend the swadeshi and boycott confined in Bengal only.

2. Proposed Rashbehari Ghosh as the president

2. Proposed LalaLajpat Rai as the president

d. Why was Tilak regarded as the forerunner of Gandhi?Ans. Idea of swaraj/close contact with the masses/preached the idea of swadeshi, boycott and prohibition.e. What led to the Khilafat Movement?

Ans. In the First World War British fought against Turkey. Turkey was defeated and the Ottoman Empire was divided. The Sultan of Turkey,

who was the Caliph was deprived of all authority. The Caliph was looked upon as the

religious head. Weakening of Caliph’s position would adversely affect the position of the Muslim.

f. Why was Wavell Plan rejected by Congress and Muslim League?Ans. The Wavell Plan was rejected by the Muslim League because it fell short of its demand for Pakistan. The Congress rejected as the plan did not accept the total independence of India from the foreign rule.g. Name the leaders who signed the Treaty of Versailles.

Ans. Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States Lloyd George – Prime Minister of Britain George Clemenceau - Prime Minister of France

h. Why did Britain and France follow the policy of appeasement towards Germany? Ans. They felt that the dictators had a real cause of grievance due to the humiliating

terms of the treaty of Versailles and if their grievances were removed, they would not disturb world peace.

They wanted to check the rising tide of Communism and Russian Bolshevism

i. Who adopted the ‘Uniting for peace’ resolution and why?Ans. General Assembly. The Assembly may take action if the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of its permanent members, fails to act in a case where there appears to be a threat to the peace. The assembly is empowered to consider the matter immediately to members for collective measures.j. Mention any two principles of Panchsheel Treaty.

Ans. Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs Mutual non-aggression Equality for mutual benefit Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty Peaceful co-existence.a. What is Doctrine of lapse?

Ans According to this doctrine, heirs adopted without the consent of company could inherit the private property of the deceased ruler and not his territory which would come under Company’s rule.k. Name the two organisations founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and JyotibhaPhule.Ans. Brahmo Samaj and Satya Shodak Samajl. Who were the Early Nationalists? Name any two Early Nationalists leaders from Bengal.Ans. The members of this group were drawn from the educated middle class consisting of professionals like lawyers and teachers. They drew inspiration from Western Liberal and Radical thought. Rash Behari Ghosh and Surendranath Banerjeem. Mention any two methods adopted by the Assertive Nationalists.Ans. Swadeshi and Boycott [Explain]n. Who appointed the Arundale Committee? Why was it formed?Ans. Lord Minto. To work out an expansion of the Legislative Council.o. What is Rowlatt Act? Why was it passed?Ans. This act authorised the government to imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. It was passed to curb the growing upsurge in the country.p. Why was August Offer rejected by Congress and Muslim League?Ans. Congress- the minorities were assured that no constitutional scheme would be acceptable to the government until and unless it was agreed to by the minorities.Muslim League – no assurance for the establishment of Pakistan.

q. Name the two leaders who were put on trial in the Red Fort.Ans. Shah Nawaz Khan, Gurdial Singh Dhillon and Prem Sehgal.r. Mention two clauses of treaty of Versailles which affected Germany’s economy.

Ans. Lost all her colonies to Britain, Belgium, South Africa and Portugal. Saar was ceded to France for 15 years.

s. Why did Austria declare war on Serbia?Ans. Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by Black Hand/ Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia making eleven demands/ Serbia accepted most of the demands except the loss of sovereignty.

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Long Questions3. The Parliament came to be recognized as a symbol of Nation’s hope and aspirations.With reference to Union Legislature answer the following Questions:

a. How did Speaker regulate the debates and proceedings of the House?ans-

Speaker presides over meetings of the house, all speeches and remarks are addressed to the Chair

Speaker decides the admissibility of Questions and all resolutions, final judge to decide the admissibility of Motion of adjournment

All bills passed by the House are authenticated by his/her signatures before they are sent to the rajya sabha for its consideration or to the President for his assent

If any question arises whether a bill is a money Bill or not the decision of the speaker thereon shall be final

The speaker shall not vote in the First Instance, when the votes for and against are equal, speaker gives a casting vote to decide whether the proposal will be passed.(any 4)

b. Disciplinary functions of the speaker

Ans. Preserves order in the house/Name a member for suspension if he disregards the authority of the chair/in case of grave disorder, the speaker may adjourn the house/expunge unparliamentary words/decides whether there is a prima facie case regarding breach of privilege or contempt of house.

c. Supervisory control over Parliamentary committeesAns. ex-officio of some committees/ appoint chairpersons of other committees/if a document is secret,then it is refered to the speaker.

d. State any three ways by which the Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.ans-

The Union Council of Minster is collectively Responsible to the Lok sabha-the President invites the leader of the majority party or parties to form the government, the ministers continue in office so long as they enjoy the confidence of majority in the Lok sabha

No- confidence motion against Council of Minister can Only be moved in the Lok sabha- if the motion is passed it implies loss of confidence and the Prime Minister has to resign with the council of Minister

An adjournment Motion is the way through which Lok sabha Exercises control over the ministers it is moved only in lok sabha, shows strong disapproval of government policy

Money bill originates in Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha has only advisory role on money bill.

Disagreement between two houses on a Bill other than Money Bill is resolved by a Joint sitting of Both the Houses, since the total Membership of Rajya Sabha is less than that of Lok sabha The will of Lok sabha will prevail/

Censure Motion is also moved in Lok sabha, it can be moved against an individual minister or a group, the member should state why he is moving the Censure Motion and it should specify the policies or acts that are being Censured.

c. What are the three ways for making amendment in the Constitution?ans-

Articles which would be open to simple majority-Nearly two dozens of articles of the constitution are such as would be open to amendment by parliament by simple majority, this includes creation of new states or reconstruction of existing ones and creation or abolition of upper chambers in the state

Articles which can be amended by a Two-Third majority- the second set of articles that can be amended by special majority i.e. a majority of total members of the house and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of each house present and voting. All the articles other than those which require the ratification by the States come within this category.

Articles which require a Two-Third majority of Parliament plus ratification by the States- The constitution can be changed by a two-third vote in parliament followed by ratification by the legislature of at least half of the States. Many provisions of the constitution fall under this category such as the articles which deal with the Supreme Court, the high court and the Legislative Relations between the Union and the States i.e., Union, State and Concurrent list.

d. How can a person be disqualified to be a member of Lok sabha?

If he holds an office of profit under the Government of India or of any state/ If a person is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court/ if one is an undischarged insolvent/ if a person has ceased to be a citizen of India/ if one is disqualified under any law made by Parliament

e. How does the Parliament exercise control over the Executive? Ans.The question Hour/ Adjournment Motion/ Censure Motion/ No-Confidence Motion, Monetary Control (To be explained)

f. Differentiate between Adjournment and Prorogation of the House. Adjournment-temporary suspension of the sitting of the House , done by the speaker Prorogation- Ending of the session,done by the President

g. Discuss the Procedure relating to ordinary bills. Ans. There are three stages through which a bill is has to pass – first

reading, second reading and third reading. Then sent to the other house.

The other house also goes through all the stages. But if the bill passed by one house is amended by the other house it goes back to the house where it originated. If the house originating the bill does not agree to the amendments, then joint sitting will happen.

In case when more than 6 months elapse without the bill being passed by the other House, the president may summon a joint sitting of the two houses.

President’s assent.h. What is the Zero Hour? How is it different from a Question Hour?

Ans. The time which begins at 12 o’clock soon after the question hour is known as the Zero Hour. The zero hour would not extend for more than an hour.

Question hour is the first hour of a sitting in both houses is allotted for asking and answering of questions

During zero hour members raise all types of questions Sometimes they raise matters simply to gain publicity and to embarrass the government , whereas during Question hour only the questions based on public importance is asked.

During Zero hour questions were asked on spot where as during Question hour a prior notice of 10 days is given.

i. State the Powers exclusive to Rajya Sabha.Ans. Rajya sabha may declare it would be in the national interest for the

parliament to make laws with respect to matters in the state list/creation of all india services/it is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution.

j. Advantages of Rajya Sabha.Ans. A check on hasty legislation/lok sabha is relieved much of its

burden/rajya sabha role in india’s federal set up/rajya sabha is a permanent chamber/rajya sabha is a permanent chamber/means of providing representation to independent talented persons/better representation of new issues and changing public opinion.

k. Qualification for membership of Rajya SabhaAns. Must be a citizen of india/must not be less than 30 years/ must possess additional qualification as prescribed by law from time to time.

4. The President is the head of the state and First Citizen of India, in this context answer the following questions:a. Write any two executive and two judicial function of the President?Ans-Executive Powers-(any 2)

Head of the Union Executive- All executive orders are issued in the name of the President Formation of the Council Of Ministers- The constitution lays down that the Prime Minister

is to be appointed by the President and the other ministers are appointed by the President on

the Advice of the Prime Minister. It is the Duty of the Prime Minister to communicate to the president all decisions of the council of ministers.

Powers to appoint and remove the high Dignitaries of the State- The president appoints the Attorney-General of India, the comptroller and Auditor- General of India, the judges of the Supreme Court and those of the High court, the Governors and Ambassadors. The President also appoints the Finance Commission, The Union Public Service Commission, The Chief election Commissioner and members of Election Commission. The President has the power to remove the ministers, the attorney-general, the governors and some other high-dignitaries of State.

Administration of Union territories- The constitution provides that every Union territory shall be administered by the President, President acts through an administrator with such designation as the president may specify.

Control Over State Governments-The Union government may give necessary directions to a state, during President’s rule the control of the Union government over States is complete

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon or reduce the punishment that a person receives. He can grant pardons only in the following cases: a. where the punishment or sentence is by a court martial, b. where the punishment is for offences against Union Law, c. in all cases of sentence of death. A pardon may be absolute or conditional, pardoning power is exercised on the advice of Council of Ministers. The President is not answerable to any court for the exercise of the powers and duties of his

office No criminal proceedings shall be instituted against the President in any court during the term

of office.

b. What are the effects of National emergency?ans-

So long as the emergency lasts the federal provision of the constitution to some extent remain suspended. The Union parliament can legislate upon any subject even though it is included in the State List.

Fundamental Rights Guaranteed under article 19 remains suspended. The articles contain Freedom of speech and expression, assembly. The president may suspend the right to move any court for the enforcement of such rights as may be mentioned in order (except the rights guaranteed under Articles- 20, 21).Article 20 says that no person shall be punished for the same offence more than twice, article 21 declares that “no person shall be deprived of his life, personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law”.

Life of the lok Sabha may be extended by parliament for a period not exceeding one year at a time, but in some case it may be extended beyond six months after proclamation of Emergency ends.

c. State the financial power of the President.ans-

A Money Bill cannot be introduced except on the Recommendation of the President The President shall cause to be laid before the houses of parliament the Annual Budget The Contingency Fund is placed at the disposal of the president, which enables president to

advance some money for the purpose of meeting the unforeseen expenditure. The president appoints the Finance commission after every five years. The commission makes

recommendations about the distribution of the income from Central taxes between the Union and States.(any 3)

d. In which cases can the president grant pardon?Ans. Where the punishment is by the court martial/offenses against

union laws/sentences of deathe. The power to promulgate ordinances is subjected to limitations. Mention them.

Ans. The president must be satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary to take immediate action/it should be laid before the houses when they reassemble/if one house is present there is no bar in issuing of ordinance.

f. State the discretionary powers of the President. Ans. Appointment of the prime minister when no single party commands the clear

support of the majority of the Lok Sabha members and there is a hung Parliament. When a vote of no-confidence have been passed and the ruling party recommends to

the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha, then it is the discretion of the President to either dissolve the house or ask another Party to prove its majority on the floor of the house.

The President can dismiss ministers in case the council of Ministers loses the confidence of the house but refuses to resign.

The President may withhold assent to a bill or may send it back for reconsideration, if it is not a money bill..

The Constitution does not prescribe any time limit within which the President is to declare his/her assent or refusal or return the bill for reconsideration.

g. Discuss the legislative powers of the Parliament.Ans Addresses sessions of the Parliament-The President addresses both houses of the Parliament assembled together for the first session after each General Election to the Lok Sabha and at the commencement of the first session each year.Messages-He has the power to send messages to either house of the Parliament.

The President has the power to Summon and Prorogue the houses of parliament.He can dissolve the Lok Sabha and order fresh elections.The president nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha. He may nominate 2 members of the Anglo-Indian community to the lok Sabha,if he feels that the community is not adequately represented in the house.Assent to bills-No bill can become a law without the assent and signature of the president.

Promulgate ordinance-The President can promulgate an ordinance which has the same status as an Act of the Parliament, when either or both the houses of the Parliament is not in Session.

Assent to some State Bills-The Governor may reserve some bills passed by the State Legislature for the consideration of the President. A bill affecting the powers of High court must always be reserved for the consideration of the President.Previous sanction to the introduction of a bill.A Money bill or a bill for the formation of the new States or alteration of the areas of the existing States can be introduced only with Presidents recommendations.

h. When is the President’s rule imposed? What is the impact of the President’s rule on the administration?

Ans. If the President on receipt of a report from the Governor is satisfied that the governance of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution,he/she may declare emergency in the State.The State administration is directly placed under the President.The Governor act in accordance to the instructions issued by the Union Government.The President may dissolve the Vidhan Sabha and dismiss the Council of ministersHe may keep the Assembly and the council of ministers in suspended animation.The union Parliament may make laws on the subjects in the State list.When the Loksabha is not in session the President may authorize expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.

5. There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advice the President, following this answer:

a. What are the legislative functions of the Council of Ministers?ans-

Although the houses are summoned by the President, initiative in this matter is taken by Ministry of Parliamentary affairs

The cabinet prepares the President’s special address to the parliament. The Cabinet thus sets forth its legislative programmes at the commencement of the first session of the Lok sabha after each General election and at the commencement of First session of Parliament each year.

Parliament neither has the time nor the necessary know-how for making laws. Initiative in legislation has almost completely gone to the cabinet. More than ninety-five percent of the Bills are government bills, prepared by ministries. They are introduced, explained and defended in the parliament by the ministers.

In the matter of issuing Ordinances, as in other matters, the president acts on the advice of the ministers.

The Cabinet is instrumental in planning and moving an amendment to the constitution.b. State the different ways by which Prime Minister’s authority is limited.ans-

In the first place there may be dissensions within the ruling party itself, the prime minister has to secure the willing cooperation of all important persons of his party

Secondly there are opposition parties that never miss an occasion to grill the Prime Minister Thirdly, when no single party has a majority, two or more parties come together to form

coalition government, it is essentially a weak government because it reflects different viewpoints, the prime minister is too eager to please leaders of various parties.

Finally the press and public opinion act as an effective checks on Prime Minister’s authority.

c. What do you mean by Collective responsibility?ans-The Council of Minister shall be collectively responsible to the house of people, the ministers are responsible to the lok sabha not as individual alone but collectively also, when a decision has been taken every minister has to stand by it without hesitation/ the essence of collective responsibility is that, a measure accepted by the Cabinet is regarded as the joint responsibility of every one, whether or not he was present at the meeting which reached the conclusion or whether he opposed it when discussed.

6i) Mention the Judicial Powers of the Parliament.

a. The President can be removed from his Office by impeachment. A resolution accusing the President can be initiated in either house of the Parliament must be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House.

b. A judge of the Supreme court or the High Court cannot be removed by the President, except on a joint Address by both Houses. 

c. The Parliament may punish a person for obstructing the work of the Parliament or showing disrespect for the House.

iii) What are the three types of Questions asked during the Question Hour? [3]

a. Starred Questions are those to which a member wishes to have an oral answer on the floor of the House. Such questions are distinguished by an asterisk. Supplementary questions may be asked after replies to such questions are given by the Ministers.

b. Un starred Questions do not carry and asterisk mark. Answers to them are given in written form. No supplementary are required 

c. Short Notice questions relate to matters of urgent importance. such A question maybe  asked with notice less than 10 clear days.

QUESTION– 7i) What are the functions of the Prime Minister as the Head of the Council of Ministers?a) Formation of the Cabinet- The prime minister is the recognized leader of the Cabinet.No provision is made in the Constitution for the appointment of different categories of Ministers such as Ministers such as Ministers of the Cabinet rank, the Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers. The Constitution leaves the Prime Minister at liberty in these matters. b) Removal of the Ministers- The Prime Minister’s resignation means the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers. No person shall be retained as a member of the Council of Ministers if the Prime Ministers says that he should be dismissed.c) The Prime Minister is the Ex-Officio Chairman of the Council of Ministers - The Prime Minister presides at the Cabinet meetings. He decides the agenda of the meetings. At Cabinet meetings, the Ministers put forth their views. The Prime- Minister would listen to them and then give his own conclusion, which normally is the decision of the Cabinet.d) He directs and co-ordinates policy- The Prime Minister co-ordinates the working of various departments. In foreign , defence, economic and technological affairs, he play a special role in coordinating the policy of the Union.e) Prime Minister is the Link between the Cabinet and the President- The constitution imposes a duty on the Prime Minister to keep the President informed regarding the affairs of the Union. (any 4)ii) What are the salient features of the Parliamentary System of Government?a) President is the Constitutional Head of the State – The President is the Constitutional Head of the State. The real executive is the council of Ministers.b) Leadership of the Prime Minister- The Council of Ministers functions under the leadership of the Prime Minister. His resignation results in the resignation of the entire council of Ministers.c) Harmonious Cooperation between the Executive and Legislative Branches of the Government- Members of the Executive are members of the Legislature and take part in its deliberations. Being certain of the support of their Party or coalition partners, the Ministers can have necessary laws passed by the Parliament. Thus the chief merit of the Parliamentary form of Government is the harmony between the executive and legislature.d) Collective Responsibility- The Ministry functions on the basis of collective responsibility.iii) How does the Prime Minister act as a link between the Cabinet and the President?a) The decision of the cabinet are conveyed to the president through the Prime Minister. He keeps the President informed on all matters of government.

b) It is on advice of the Prime Minister that the President summons and prorogues Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha.c) It may happen that a Minister has taken a decision on some matter which has not been considered by the Council of Ministers. If so, the President may ask the Prime Minister to submit the matter for the consideration of the Council. (any 2)

The Parliament is a true representation of ‘We, The People of India’. In this context, answer the following:

Under what circumstances does the Speaker moves the adjournment motion in the Loksabha? The matter raised is definite

The urgency is of such a character that the matter should be discussed on the same day

The subject is of public importance.

a. Parliament’s control over the National Finance.Ans. Budget/Supplementary Grant/ Vote on Account/salaries of ministers and judges determined by Parliament.

Procedure in respect of Money Bill A money bill deals with the imposition, abolition or alteration of any tax. A bill after it has been passed by the Lok Sabha is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for

its recommendation. The Rajyasabha must within a period of fourteen days return it with its

recommendations. The Loksabha may accept or reject all or any of recommendations of the Rajya Sabha.

The president shall not withhold his assent from a money bill.

Question-8“The president is to act on the advice of Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head”. In this context answer the following:

Reasons for Indirect election of the President of India The power really resided in the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister

and the Union Parliament and not in the President as such. The framers of the Constitution wanted the Presidential election to remain a quiet and

dignified affair. It would be difficult to provide electoral machinery for an election in which millions

of people would have to participate. A direct election would place too much of power in the hands of the masses, with a

very high percentage of illiterate among them.a. Qualifications for Election as President Citizen of India Has completed the age of thirty-five years Qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha.

Procedure of impeachment of President The resolution to impeach the President may be moved in either House of Parliament.

It must be passed by two-thirds of the total membership of that House.

Then the charges are investigated by the other House. President has the right to appear in person in order to answer the charges. He has also the right to be defended by a counsel

If the charges are sustained by two-thirds vote in the other House as well, the Impeachment succeeds.

Question-9The Supreme Court and the High Court are “guardians of the most precious asset in a democracy, the people’s right.” In this context answer the following:

a. Explain Supreme Court’s role as a guardian of Fundamental Rights.Ans. The Supreme Court is the Guardian and protector of Fundamental Rights:

Any citizens whose rights have been violated may move the supreme court for the enforcement of rights

The supreme court has the power to issue orders or writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warrento and certiorari

The union and state government are prohibited from making any law which takes away the fundamental rights

If they do so, the law shall be declared null and void by the Supreme Court.

b. What is judicial review? Explain the significance and utility of judicial review.Judicial Review may be defined as the power of the Supreme Court to examine the laws passed by the legislature and the orders issued by the Executive officials to find whether or not they are permitted by the Constitution.

c. Ours is a written constitutiond. The constitution has provided limited powers to the centre and the statese. Legislature does not possess the ability and impartiality which are needed to explain

what the law means. Why are the courts referred as ‘Court of Record’?

Ans. A court of record is one whose judgements are recoded for evidence and testimony. They are not to be questioned when they are produced before any court. The judgements are in the nature of precedents.

The court has the power to punish contempt of itself

Question - 10Certain powers are exclusively in the domain of Lok Sabha or that of Rajya Sabha. In this context answer the following:a. Financial powers exclusively in the domain of Lok Sabha.Ans. Budget/supplementary grant/vote on accountb. Discuss the procedure of making alterations in the ConstitutionAns. Articles which would be open to Amendment by simple majority/Articles which would be open to Amendment by two-third majority/Articles which require a two-third majority of parliament plus ratification by the state. Question - 11The President is elected indirectly. In this context answer the following:a. Explain the reasons for not electing the President directly.Ans. The power resided in council of ministers/presidential election remained a quit and dignified affair/difficult to provide an electoral machinery/too much of power in the hands of the masses

b. Procedure of ImpeachmentAns. The resolution to impeach the president may be moved in either House of

Parliament. It must be passed by two-thirds of the total membership of that house Then the charges are investigated by the other house. President has the right to appear

in person in order to answer the charges If the charges are sustained by a two thirds vote in the other house, the impeachment

succeeds.

c. Qualification for election as PresidentAns. Citizen of India/ has completed the age of thirty-five/is qualified to become a member of the Lok SabhaQuestion - 12Prime Minister is the active head of our country. In this context answer the following:a. Role of Prime Minister inside the ParliamentAns. PM summons and prorogues Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha/principal spokesman/if a ministers work come under severe attack, PM saves him. b. c. Limitation on Prime Minister’s position

Ans. There may be dissensions within the ruling party itself/opposition/coalition government/press and public opinion.Question - 13

Name the three types of Courts at the district level. Explain the different categories of cases that fall under the jurisdiction of each.

Ans. Civil Courts: Deals with civil cases like land, property and money transactions, arbitration, guardianship, marriages, divorce and case involving wills. Criminal Courts : Cases related to murder, robbery, theft, assault etc. Courts of Revenue: Cases relating to maintenance of land records and assessment and collection of land revenue.

(b) What are the norms governing the Appointment and Transfer of a District Judge?Ans. District Judge and Additional District judge are appointed by the governor in consultation with the judges of high court of that state. All other judges are appointed through competitive examinations held by state public service commission. Rules regarding transfer are formulated by the high court.

(c) Explain the advantages of Lok Adalats. Ans.

They work in a spirit of compromise and both parties feel that they have been treated fairly.

They deliver speedy and inexpensive justice. Awards passed by Lok Adalats are final and binding on the party.

They reduce the workload of other courts

The High Court is at the apex of the judiciary in the state. In this context answer the following questions:

a) Qualification of the High Court judges.Ans. Citizen of India/distinguished jurist/held judicial office for at last 10

years/advocate of high court for 10 years.b) Explain the cases in which High Court enjoys appellate jurisdiction.

Ans. Civil cases- HC hear cases against the decision of the district judgeCriminal cases – against the judgement of the session judge where the sentence of imprisonment exceeds seven years/ against the judgement of the Assistant session judge where the sentence of imprisonment exceeds four years/a sentence of death to be confirmed by HC/ appeal by the state also lie to the HC when the order of acquittal is passed by a session judge. Appeals also lie in matters concerning land revenue and in cases where a blatant injustice has been committed by any tribunal.

(a) How does the Constitution ensure the Independence and impartiality of the judges of the Supreme Court?

Ans. Appointment of judges, security of tenure, salaries are charged on the consolidated fund of India, no discussion with respect to the conduct of any judge, punishment for the contempt of court, prohibition of practice and retirement.

(b) What is a writ? Difference between writ of ‘prohibition’ and writ of ‘certiorari’?

(c) Ans. A writ is a legal instrument to enforce obedience to the orders of a court.The difference between the two is that they are issued at different stages of the proceedings. When an inferior court is hearing matter over which it has no jurisdiction, the superior court shall issue the writ of prohibition. On the other hand, if the court hears that case and gives a decision, the superior court shall issue the writ of certiorari. The writ of prohibition is preventive and writ of certiorari is remedial.

(d) The High Court has original jurisdiction in respect to which matters? First- Cases regarding wills, divorce, marriage, Admiralty, Company LawSecond- Civil cases where the value of the disputed property is not less than the specified valueThird- Interpret the ConstitutionFourth- Issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights

(e) Name the criminal courts in the subordinate level according to their hierarchy. What are their Jurisdictions?

Ans. Session Court-Death sentence or Life imprisonment

Court of chief metropolitan magistrate/chief judicial magistrate- Sentence imprisonment up to seven years

Court of the first class Judicial magistrate- Imprisonment up to three years/fine up to 5000/both

Court of the second class Judicial magistrate- Imprisonment up to two years/fine of 1000/both

Court of the third class magistrate- Imprisonment up to one month / fine up to Rs 50 / both(f) Name the civil courts in the subordinate level according to their hierarchy.

Ans.The Court of the District JudgeCourt of the subordinate Civil Judge- First ClassCourt of Sub-Judge /Munsifs CourtCourt of small causes

SECTION-BAttempt any three questions from this section.

6. The process of British conquest of India created resentment among Indians which culminated into the mass uprising of 1857, this respect answer:

a. What is meant by Absentee Sovereignty?ans- Absentee Sovereignty means that India was being ruled by the British Government from England, at a distance of thousand miles/ Absentee Sovereignty of British rule was resented by the Indians as they felt they were being ruled from England and India’s wealth was being drained to England and not utilized for their welfare.

b. Write about the socio-religious causes that led to the First war of Independence.ans-

Interference with the Social customs- Some of the social reforms introduced by British in India were meant to improve the conditions of the people, but the feelings of the people were not taken into consideration while introducing those reforms like abolition of sati, widow remarriage, Opening of western education were not accepted my masses.

Apprehension about modern education-- people was suspicious of railway and telegraph. Telegraph poles were rumored to be poles to hang those against British rule, Orthodox Indians noted that in the railway compartments the higher and lower castes were made to sit side by side. They believed British introduced those practices to defy their caste and religion

Policy of racial Discrimination-British officers thought themselves to be superior to Indians and followed a policy of contempt towards Indians, dubbed Muslims as cruel and unfaithful.

Corruption In administration-Police and petty officials were corrupt, rich got away with crime, commoners suffered.

Oppression of the Poor-Complex judicial system enabled the rich to oppress the poor, torture imprisonment of Peasants for their inability to pay arrears of rent, land revenue and interest on debt was quite common.

Activities of Missionaries-In the 18th century British showed a friendly attitude towards Indian religion. This attitude underwent change in the 19 th century, British began to interfere with the local religious and social customs, denounced idol worship, dubbed local beliefs as ignorance. After 1813 there was an increase both in the number and activities of the Christian missionaries, the Indians thought the government was supporting missionaries who would convert them to Christians.

Fears regarding western education-the western system of education were introduced in a number of schools; the Bengal government established an English class in the Calcutta madrasa which was a Muslim institution. Later English classes

were introduced in Banaras Sanskrit College. The shifting of emphasis from oriental to western education was not received well by the people especially the pundits and maulvis. The saw it as an attempt to discourage traditional Islamic and Hindu studies, people suspected that western education was meant to convert Hindus to Christian.

Taxing religious Places-Indians were hurt with British official policy of taxing religious places which were exempted before by previous Indian Rulers. They thought British were trying to undermine their religion.

Law of Property- The Religious Disability act, changed the Hindu property of law which enabled a convert from Hinduism to other religion to inherit the property of his father.(any 4)

c. What were the provisions included in Government of India Act of 1858?ans-

It transferred the power to govern India from east India Company to the British Crown

The power over India now was to be exercised by the Secretary of State for India, Aided by a council. The secretary of state was a member of the British Cabinet and was responsible to the Parliament.

The secretary of state was to be assisted by a15- member Indian Council. Seven of them were to be elected by the court of Directors and the rest eight members were to be appointed by the Crown. Of these more than half of the members were to be persons who had served or resided in India for at least 10 years.

Secretary of state’s Salary and allowances were to be paid out of the revenues of India Actual governance were to be carried on, as before by the Governor- General who

was also the given the title of viceroy or Crown’s personal representative, Lord canning was the first Viceroy.

Appointments to Civil Service was to be made by open Competition under rules made by the Secretary of the States.(any 4)

7. Partition of Bengal was considered as a concealed attack on Indian Nationalism, In this respect answer:a. What was the Impact of anti-partition movement?ans-

The partition of Bengal along with the anti-partition movement accelerated the Nationalist movement by spreading it among general masses, the people rose in unity to resist, suffer and sacrifice

The ideas of Swadeshi and Boycott took shape and it was realized that swadeshi and boycott were complimentary and one would not succeed without the other, they were used as weapons of political agitation and training in self-sufficiency for the attainment of swaraj. British goods were burnt at public places, shop selling them were picketed, swadeshi spirit spread to all aspects of life.

The people lost faith in the fairpaly and justice of the British. Lord Curzon refused to concede to the demands of annulling partition

Anti-partition agitation backfired the plans of Lord Curzon, it added strength to national movement, the method of early nationalists lost significance and assertive nationalists took over.

b. What any three points of differentiation between early and Assertive Nationalists?ans-

Early Nationalists Assertive nationalists Wanted to achieve self government

and strove for autonomy within the empire and not for absolute independence

Believed in Constitutional method, worked within the framework of law

Held good positions under the British Government

Had faith in British sense of justice and Fair play

Received support from intelligentsia Inspired by Ideas of western

Philosophers

They aimed at nothing short of swaraj as existed in United Kingdom

Assertive in approach

Denounced British rule and defied it.

Rejected British rule and held it responsible for the poverty of Indian peopleDrew support from massesDrew inspiration from India’s Past

c. Write about the efforts made by Bipin Chandra Pal to remove Social and EconomicInequality. .Ans-

Opposed caste system and other rigid rules concerning inter-dinning and inter- mixing Advocated widow remarriage Educating women, believed it to be most effective way of elevating their position Stressed the need to develop indigenous industries in the country, he preached the use

of Swadeshi and Boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty and unemployment To establish equality in society, he wanted to tax the rich more heavily than the poor He demanded 48 hours of work in a week and increase in the wages.(any 3)

8. The British policy of Divide and Rule led to the rise of communal trend and formation of Muslim League, based on this answer:

a. State the role of Sir Syed Ahmed khan in formation of Muslim League.ans -Sayid Ahmed khan was a great educationist, regarded Hindus and Muslims as one Quam and was the founder of Mohammaden Anglo-Oriental College which had both Hindu and Muslim patrons/ But under the influence of the Principal of Mohammaden Anglo Oriental College in 1880s he gave up his earlier belief and declared Hindus and Muslims have different political interests/he opposed the foundation of Congress and formed United Indian Patriotic association in 1888/ He believed that since Hindus formed a majority of Indian Population they would dominate the Muslim in case of withdrawal of British Government/ He felt continuance of British Rule was a guarantee for the welfare and progress of the community, therefore educated Muslims should support the British who would reward them with government jobs.

b. What were the demands put forward by Muslims to Lord Mintoans-

Representation of Muslims in elected bodies on the basis of their political importance not numerical strength

Separate electoral constituencies for the Muslim in the provincial council and imperial legislative council

Preference to be given to Muslims while nominating members of the viceroy’s council

Reservation of seats for Muslims in the state services More state aids for promoting new Muslim Universities. (any 4)

c. State the Significance of Lucknow pact.ans-

Hindu- Muslim unity- Both the communities agreed to compromise in some areas for common good, the congress compromised o its secular character by accepting the concept of separate electorates for Muslims. The Muslim League accepted the principles of election and the majority rule. As a result of this pact the Hindus and Muslims worked together.

Unity within the Congress- assertive and early nationalists came together as the congress was strengthened as they were moving in different direction after the Surat Session.

Pressure on the Government-The Unity between Congress and Muslim League, the two wings of the Congress became a threat to British Government, until now they were repressing the nationalist movement with force, now the government had no excuse for delaying political or constitutional reforms.

Necessity to pacify Indians- As WWI was going on Congress and League impressed upon the British Government that their demands for Constitutional Reforms should not be rejected if they wished Indians to be loyal to the British. The Government felt it necessary to pacify the Indians by a Declaration of august 20, 1917 which promised a policy of gradual development of self-government institutions in India. (any 3)

9.

.

a. Identify the person with Gandhiji. Why did he visit India?ans- Sir Stafford Cripps/ As the Japanese army was approaching India, the British

felt necessary to break the political deadlock in India, Churchill announced in March 1942 that Cripps a member of war cabinet would go to India for consultation with all parties.

b. What was the Constitutional Reforms Proposed by him?ans- India would be given a dominion status when the war would end A constituent assembly would be set up; it would consist of the members elected

by lower house of the Indian Legislature and the representatives of the Princely States nominated by their rulers. It would be set up to draft a new constitution.

There would be a federation of British India and Indian States. Any province that was not prepared to accept the Constitution would be allowed to obtain dominion Status separately

The provinces would be free to join the Indian Union, if they would not join the Indian federation, they would formulate their own constitution which could have the same status as the Union of India

An undertaking would be negotiated between his majesty’s government and the constituent assembly covering all matters arising out of the complete transfer of responsibilities

Provisions would also be made for the protection of the racial and religious minorities

During the critical years of war, the power of the viceroy would remain as hitherto and he would be responsible for the defense of the country. But the task of organizing the military and material resources of India would be the responsibility of the Government of India with the cooperation of the people of India.(any 4)

c. Why the proposals were a failure?.ans-

The Cripps’s mission did not bring with it the promise of independence in the near future

The plan involved partitioning the country The league opposed the creation of a single union. The proposals did not

accept Pakistan specifically. They did not grant the right of self-determination to Muslims.

The Hindu Mahasabha rejected the proposals because it feared the partition of the country

The Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, Indian- Christians and labor leaders also opposed them because they did not provide sufficient safeguards for their interests

The people of the princely states had no right to send their representatives to the proposed constitution-making body, their representatives were to be selected by the rulers

The Congress was opposed to the principle of non-accession of the provinces. Gandhiji opposed the declaration and urged the working committee to reject it, Mahatma Gandhi prescribed Cripps proposal as a ‘post-dated cheque on a failing bank’

The congress wanted all- subjects including defense should be handed over to the National Government, the Congress insisted on the immediate formation of a National government with full- responsibility.

10. In 1914 a war began in Europe which soon engulfed almost the entire world, based on this answer:

a. What were the two hostile groups into which the European Continent was divided? Name the countriesans- Europe in the early 20th century had two-kind of states- Single Nation States like France, Holland and Imperial states like Austria-Hungary, Russia. Austria-Hungarian Empire was ruled by Hapsburg Dynasty which included Hungarian, Serb, Bosnian and Croat population. Germany entered into an alliance with Austria-Hungary, in 1882 Italy joined the alliance and formed Triple Alliance/ after the death of Bismarck France established friendly relation with Russia and England, Russian empire included territories populated by Polish, Ukrainian, Turkish, Mongol. The three countries entered into an alliance in1907 to counter Triple alliance called Triple Entente.

b. What was the immediate cause of the First World War?c. ans- Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria- Hungary was

assassinated at Sarajevo, capital at Bosnia on June 28, 1914.The assassination was organized by a secret society called Black hand or Union of Death formed by Extremist Serbian Nationalist whose aim was to unite all Serbians into a single Serbian state/Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia on July 23rd making eleven demands. Serbia accepted most of the demands except those that would have led to loss of her sovereignty/ Austria declared war on Serbia, Russia started preparation for war to support Serbia/ Germany declared war on Russia and on France, German troops marched into Belgium To press on to France and on the same day Britain declared war on Germany/ Japan declared war on Germany to capture German colonies in the far East, Turkey and Bulgaria joined on the side of Germany, Italy remained neutral for some time but joined the war against Germany.

d. State any three terms of the treaty of Versailles.2ans-

The Treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression Germany was required to pay for the loss and damage suffered by the allies

during the war, the amount of reparations was fixed at 33 billion dollars, Germany had to cede her merchant ships to the Allies as compensation and had to supply huge quantities of coal to France, Italy and Belgium for 10 years

The area of Rhine Valley was to be demilitarized and the German territory west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.

Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine to France, Eupen-et-Malmedy to Belgium, Schleswig to Denmark, Danzig became a free port in Polish territory

Germany ceded parts of her pre-war territory to Denmark, Belgium Poland Czechoslovakia, France

The Coal mines in the German area called Saar were ceded to France for 15 years and the area was to be governed by the League of Nations

Germany lost all her colonies to the victorious allies- Britain, Belgium, South Africa, Portugal

German colonies in the pacific and the areas under her control in China were given to Japan. China was aligned with the allies during the war but her areas under German control were given away to Japan

The German army was restricted to a force of 1,00,000 soldiers and the navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships, the air-force and submarines were banned

The treaty affirmed the complete independence of Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

The Covenant of the League of Nations was added to the treaty of Versailles.(any 4)

“ In 1943, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose took charge of the Indian National Army and became its Supreme Commander”. In reference to this, answer the following question:-i) What were the main Objectives of the INA?a) To organize an armed revolution and fight the British army with modern arms.b) Since it was not possible for the Indians to organize an armed revolution from their homeland , this task must be assigned to the Indians living abroad, particularly on Indians living in East Asia.c) To organize a provisional government of Free India in order to mobilize all forces effectively.d) Total mobilization of the Indian man-power and money for a total wr.e) The motto of the INA was “unity, sacrifice, faith”. (any 4)ii) What were the reasons of conflict between the Gandhiji and Subhas Chandra Bose?a) Subhas Chandra Bose favoured the policy of large-scale industrialization. On the other-hand, Gandhiji favoured the idea of small-scale industries to make the villages self-sufficient.b) Bose favoured using tact while dealing with his opponents. He could not appreciate the openness with which Gandhiji spoke putting forward his demands at the time of the Second Session of the Round Table Conference in London.c) The Tripuri Session of the Congress in 1939 saw the widening of the gulf between the two wings of the congress Party. The left wing led by Bose wanted the Congress to help the people of Princely States in their struggle for freedom, whereas Gandhiji criticized their demand.d) As Britain started facing difficulties in Europe because of the German threat, Gandhiji wanted to adopt a compromising attitude towards the British and he was opposed to any national struggle during the War. Bose wanted to take advantage of the difficulties faced by the British.iii) State any two achievements of the INA.INA captured Mowdok, an outpost situated south-east of Chittagong and advanced up frontiers of India.They captured the strong military post of Klang Klang.The INA gave a tough fight to the British forces in the Assam hills and succeeded in capturing Ukhral and Kohima.They raised the Tricolor Flag for the first time on the liberated Indian soil in March, 1944.QUESTION- 6“In February 19, 1946 , the British House of Commons decided that a Cabinet Mission would be sent to India to facilitate the process of transfer of power”. In reference to this, answer the following questions:-i) Name any two members of the British Cabinet who came to India as part of the Cabinet Mission. [2]Pethic Lawrence, the Secretary of State / Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade / A.V.Alexander , The First Lord of Admiralty. (any 2)ii) State any four clauses of the Cabinet Mission.a) Federal Union- There was to be a federal union of the British Provinces and thePrincely States. The Union Government should deal with the following subjects: Defence, Foreign

Affairs, Communication. The Union Government should have the power to raise the finances required for the above mentioned subjects.b) Powers of the Union- The Union would have its own executive and legislature composed of members elected by all provinces.c) Provincial Autonomy- The Provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all subjects other than the Union Subjects.d) Grouping of Provinces- The British Provinces would be divided into groups. Each group could determine the provincial subjects to be taken in common.i) Group A- This would include six hindu majority province- Madras, Bombay, Central Province, United Provinces, Bihar, Orissa.ii) Group B- Three Muslim Majority province – Punjab, North West Frontier Province, Sind.iii) Group C- Bengal, Assam. Of chief commissioners provinces i.e. Delhi, Ajmer- Marwar and Coorg to join Group A and Baluchistan to join group B.e) Formation of Constituent Assembly – A Constituent Assembly would be set up to frame the new Constitution of the Indian Union. 389 member Constituent Assembly. i) 296 members to be elected from British Provinces ii) 93 members to be elected from the Princely StatesThe members of Constituent Assembly would be elected by the Provincial Assembly would be elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies.f) Representation of Minorities- Separate representation was to be given to Muslims and Sikhs.g) Formation of an Interim Government- An interim Government would be formed at the Centre with 14 members. For the time being, the Viceroy would reconstitute his Executive Council consisting of representatives of all communities.h) Freedom to join the Commonwealth – India would be free to remain within the British Commonwealth or secede from it.i) Transfer of Power- It would be necessary to work out a Treaty between the Constituent Assembly and the United kingdom for matters arising out of the transfer of power.iii) Why was the Muslim League’s demand for Pakistan rejected by the Cabinet Mission?a) The establishment of Pakistan would not solve the problem of communal minorities because the number of Muslims in the remaining part of British India and the number of non-Muslims in Pakistan would be sizeable.b) There was no justification for including within Pakistan, the non- Muslim districts of Bengal,Assam,Punjab.c) The armed forces, transportation as well as the postal and telegraph system had been built for Indian as a whole and the partition would create many problems.d) The Princely States would find it difficult to decide which Union to join.e) The two halves of the proposed Pakistan State would be separated by some seven hundred miles and interaction between them would be difficult.QUESTION- 7

i) What were the main reasons for the rise of Fascism?a) Discontentment after the Treaty of Versailles – Italy joined the Allies in the First World War to gain territories of Turkey and Germany. But by the Treaty of Versailles she could get only Southern Tyrol and Trentino, and the Coastal Regions of Dalmatia. She could get no part of the German and Turkish colonial Empire.b) Economic Crisis- Italy suffered heavy losses in terms of life and property in the first world war. After the War, many soldiers became unemployed. Trade and commerce were ruined leading to large-scale unemployment. There was a shortage of food grains.

c) Political instability- Democracy was introduced in Italy for the first time in 1919. Elections failed to give a clear majority to single party. As a result , there was complete instability in the country and between 1919 and 1922 six coalition government were formed in Italy. They were unable to deal with the problems of unemployment, strikes and riots which took place during 1921-22.d) Class Conflict – Class Conflict increased in many countries after the First Worl War. The real issue in most parts of the Continental Europe was whether control of government and economic systems would continue in possession of less previleged majorities. The common was promised more attention to economic needs. The ignorance of these promises embittered the people.e) Threat of Socialism and Communism – The Socialists who included the Anarchists, communists and social democrats created conditions conducive for the growth of Fascism in Italy. The communists inflamed the atmosphere with revolutionary ideas. Peasants took away the land from the landlords, workmen organized strikes , damaged machines an took hold of factories. The communists began to devise new plans of overthrowing the government and capturing power. People wanted a powerful leadership who could establish peace and prosperity by ending lawlessness and insecurity prevalent in Italy.f) Failures of the League of nations – After the world war I, the League of Nations was established to maintain peace in the world ande to prevent wars. But it proved weak and failed to achieve its aims. It failed to check the rise of dictatorships. g) Leadership Provided by Mussolini – Mussolini played an important role in the history of Italy. He had a charismatic personality. His speeches praised the past glory of Italy and won the faith of his countrymen.

ii) How did the Anti-Semitic propaganda lead to the rise of Nazism in Germany?The anti-semitic propaganda carried on by the Nazi party also contributed to Hitler’s popularity. The Nazis described the Jews as traitors. They said that the Jews had conspired with the Allies during the War and could again commit treason against Germany. /They impressed upon the Germans that their hardship was due to the exploitation by the Jews, who dominated German economy. Due to this Anti-Semitic propaganda many Germans rallied behind the Nazi party.

iii) State any three similarities between the ideologies of Fascism and Nazism.To have faith in the totalitarian rule. / To despise democratic political systems / To hold that the state is supreme and it could suppress the fundamental rights and freedom of individuals / To uphold One-party and one leader / To believe in aggressive nationalism and imperialism / To regard war as an instrument for furthering national interest ./ To uphold intensely nationalistic, anti-communist , anti-democratic rule.

QUESTION-8

“The damage caused by the Second World War surpassed all other wars and brought the world to the brink of complete destruction”.

i) What were the main reasons behind Hitler invading Poland in 1939?By the treaty of Versailles , Germany was divided into two parts in order to give a land route

to Poland upto the sea and the port of Danzig was also given to Poland. Germany wanted to win her lost territories.

1. The city of Danzig was inhabited mainly by the Germans and by occupying Danzig corridor, Germany could connect with East Prussia.2. Germany signed a Non- Aggression Pact with Russia in August 1939, Poland was accused of committing atrocities against Germans living there.

ii) What were the consequences faced by the Axis powers after the Second World War?At the end of the War, Germany was divided into zones, each zone under the army of each of

the Allied Powers.i. The Federal Republic of Germany commonly known as west Germany was administered by

U.K, France and the U.S. with Bonn as the capital. It came under the capitalist ideology of the Anglo-American and their Allies and became part of the Capitalist Bloc.

ii. The German Democratic Republic known as East Germany was administered by the Soviet Union with East Berlin as the capital. It came under the influence of political ideologies of Communist Russia and became part of the Communist Bloc.

b. Japan and Italy also became very weak. Unlike Germany, they were not divided into zones to be ruled by the winning powers. The American army was to occupy Japan till 1952. After this period, The Japanese would resume sole control their own affairs. All the lands acquired by japan since 1895 were taken away.

iii) How did the World War II lead to the development of Cold War?During the second world war, the USA and the Soviet Union fought together in cooperation with each other. Towards the end of the Second world war, the apparent harmony between USA and USSR declined and old suspicion and ideological differences came in the forefront. Though both the countries did not engage in actual fight against each other , there was a state of extreme political tension between the two. This state of tension between countries in each side adopted policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other without armed conflict is known as cold war. The cold war involved an arms race involving piling up of nuclear and conventional weapons, formation of military alliances, economic warfare and trade embargoes, propaganda and proxy wars, especially those involving superpower support for opposing sides within civil wars.

Thus, USA and USSR continued to maintain diplomatic relations and did not resort to overt clashes but treated each other with hostility. This led to the division of the world into two power blocs: USA and erstwhile Ussr. The bloc led by USA called the Western Bloc believed in liberal democracy based on Capitalism. This bloc considered the political and social system of USSR as objectionable and dangerous as it had no place for Parliamentary democracy and individual liberty. They projected the USSR as the enemy of world peace and Communism a grave threat to freedom and liberty throughout the world. America tried to maintain her influence by giving economic aid to different countries. The usa took up the responsibility of preventing communism from spreading.

The Communist bloc was led by the USSR was based on Marxist theory. The Soviet bloc countries considered the western style democracy as a farce, meant only for the rich and upper middle class. Therefore, they wanted to spread communism in the world and bring about a change in the social system of all the countries of the world. The USSR was determined to maintain political, economic and military control of the countries in eastern Europe which had been liberated from the Nazi control. Thus, by 1948, government which owed allegiance to Moscow were established in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. Though Yugoslavia and Albania were not directly linked to Russia as satellites, the governments of these two countries were also Communists.

Thus the whole of Europe was divided into two power blocs. The two power blocs openly propagated against each other and considered each problem from the point of view of the bloc and left no opportunity to weaken the opponent. But at the same time, they made every effort to avoid a direct conflict.

The first hundred years of British rule in India was marked by British conquests and rapid expansion of their dominion in India. In this context, answer the following:

a. How did the British tried to expand their political power in India? [3]

Ans. Outright wars/system of subsidiary alliance/doctrine of lapse/alleged misrule.b. Explain any three military causes of the Revolt of 1857. [3]

Ans. Ill-treatment of Indian soldiers/general service enlistment act/larger proportion of Indians in the British army/bleak prospects of promotions/deprivation of allowances/faulty distribution of troops/poor performance of British troops/lower salaries.

c. Discuss the drawbacks of the first war of independence. [4]Ans. No common plan of military action or a centralised leadership/no common goal/British empire had far superior resources/did not have nationwide dimensions/rulers and big zamindars refused to join the movement/it began much before the fixed date/ some section did not support the movement.

Question-7“The unity between the two communities posed a danger to British imperialism”. In this context answer the following:

a. Factors leading to the rise of communalism.Ans. Loss of sovereignty by Mughal rulers/British policy of divide and

rule/relative backwardness of the Muslim community in education, trade and industry/role of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan/ Erroneous interpretation of history/rise of assertive nationalism/economic backwardness of the country.

Objectives of the Muslim LeagueAns. To promote, among the Muslims of India, support for the British

government and to remove any misconceptions regarding the intention of the government in relation to Indian Muslims.

To protect and advance the political rights and interest of the Muslims and to represent their needs and aspirations to the government in mild and moderate language

To prevent the rise of feelings of hostility between the Muslims of India and other communities.

b. Write about Hindi-Urdu Controversy. How did this led to Aligarh politics?Ans. In the united Provinces Urdu was the court language and all the petitions

to the offices and courts were submitted in Urdu. The government instructed that all petitions were to be submitted in Hindi and the court summons and official announcements to be issued in Hindi as well as in Urdu.NawabMohsin-ul-Mulk criticised the government order granting equal status to Hindi and Urdu. Macdonnel was furious and he demanded that the Nawab should either resign from the secretaryship of the Trust or separate himself from the agitation against the government Order.

Question-8“The quit India movement made independence of India as the only agenda of the National Movement”. In this context, answer the following:

a. Why was the Quit India resolution passed?Ans. Failure of Cripps mission/Japanese threat

Discuss the contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose in Indian freedom struggle.Ans. Bose was instrumental in the formation of the Forward Bloc

The active phase of the INA began when Bose arrived at Singapore by German and Japanese submarines.

He officially took the charge of Indian Independence League and INA’

HE set up INA headquarters in Yangon and Singapore and began to reorganise the INA.

He set up the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore. The major task was to launch and the conduct the struggle that will bring about the expulsion of the British from the Indian soil.

The Provisional Government acquired its first stretch of territory in India when Japan handed over Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Bose renamed them Shaheed and Swaraj islands.

b. Why did Congress accept the Mountbatten Plan?Ans. Communal riot/league joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not

to cooperate/a federation with a weak centre/the British were instigating the rulers of the Indian states/civil war/separate electorates

Question-9 Mention the objectives of Non-Aligned Movement. To

eliminate all those causes which could lead to war. To protect the nascent freedom of the new-born independent countries. To oppose colonialism, imperialism To advocate sovereign equality of all states. To encourage friendly relations among countries To advocate peaceful settlement of international disputes. To oppose the use of force and the use of nuclear weapons To strengthen the UN as an organ of world peace To protect human rights To build NIEO

Role of Jawaharlal Nehru in NAM.Ans. Nehru was a visionary. He called upon these countries to keep

themselves away from the politics of two opposing camps. He advocated mutual respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity. He convinced these countries that they had great moral force and with their collective

efforts could exert pressure on the issues of war and peace. Nehru was committed to western concept of liberalism and democracy. He opposed

these alliances as he believed that they encouraged colonialism and imperialism and were likely to produce a race for armaments.

His non-alignment was not meant to promote a third bloc but to ensure freedom of decision-making of recently decolonised states.

He was against the policy of apartheid. He was against the mad race for armaments and called for disarmament. He rejected the communist state as monolithic and described Marxism as an outdated

theory. He advocated the principles of democratic socialism.

Question-10Even while the war was continuing, the leaders of Allied Governments realised the potential dangers of wars to humanity. They held many discussions that finally led to the foundation of United Nation Organisation. In this context, answer the following:

Objectives of United NationsAns. To maintain international peace and security

To develop friendly relations among nations To achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social

and cultural problems To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations I the attainment of these

common ends.a. Composition of International Court of Justice

Ans. 15 judges elected to nine years term of office by the United Nations general assembly and Security Council. Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats, and retiring judges may be re-elected.

Mention the functions of World Health Organisation.Ans. Improve their health system by building up infrastructure

It gives important drugs needed for medical care. It promotes research to cure and prevent diseases. It provides safe drinking water It organises conferences, seminars and training for health care personnel Fighting diseases and preventing them from spreading. Malaria Eradication

Programme It defines standard and purity of medicines Combatting diarrhoeal diseases. It publishes health journals like ‘Bulletin of the world Health Organisation’

Question - 6The Early Nationalists leaders were staunch believers in moderate politics. In this context answer the following:a. Beliefs of the Early Nationalist

Ans. Faith in the British sense of justice/grant Home rule/ British rule had benefits/ help Indians to govern themselves according to western standards.

c. Achievements of the Early NationalistsAns. Created national awakening/trained people in politics/exposing true nature of the British rule in India/India must be ruled in the interests of the IndiansQuestion - 7The Muslim League was formed on 1906. In this context answer the following: a. Aims and objectives of the Muslim League

Ans. To promote support for the British government and to remove any misconceptions regarding the intention of the government in relation to Indian Muslims.

To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims. To prevent the rise of feelings of hostility between the Muslims and other

communities

b. Clauses of Lucknow Pactans. Abolition of the India Council/provincial legislature/ minorities in Elected Bodies/limitation of the imperial legislature/imperial legislative council/powers of the legislative council/autonomy in provinces/ Viceroy’s Executive Council/ Religious interests/Separation of Judiciary from Executive.

c. Significance of the Lucknow PactAns. Hindi-Muslim Unity/Unity within the Congress/Pressure on the Government/Necessity to pacify IndiansQuestion – 8Gandhiji saw in the khilafat movement an opportunity for uniting hindus and muslims. In this context answer the following:

a. Mention the three-point programme formed by the KhilafistsAns. The Ottoman Caliph should retain his empire/the caliph should be left

with sufficient territory to enable him to defend the Islamic faith/the Arab land must remain under the Muslim rule.

b. Discuss the repressive measures taken by the government.Ans. All important leaders were arrested and sent to jail/processions and

public meetings were banned/khilafat and congress volunteer organisation declared illegal

c. Explain the impact of Non Cooperation MovementAns. The national movement became a mass movement/instilled

confidence/congress became revolutionary movement/Hindu-Muslim unity/promoted social reforms/cult of swaraj/ promoted social reforms

Question - 9Bose became a swarajist and believed in agitation for the attainment of Swaraj. In this context answer the following:a. Rift with GandhiAns. gandhi boseLarge scale industrialisation small scale industrialisationopeness tactCompromising attitude with the British Take advantage of the difficulties faced by

the BritishHe criticised the demand Help princely states in their freedom

struggle

b. Objectives of forward bloc Ans. Reorganisation of agriculture and industry on socialist lines Abolition of zamindari system Introduction of new monetary and credit system

c. Achievements of INAAns. INA captured Mowdak, south-east Chittagong, Ukhral, Kohima, Assam hills, Klang Klang.Question - 10The victorious powers or the allies met in a conference in Paris in June 1919.In this context answer the following:How were the territories rearranged after the First World War?

Ans. Three ruling dynasties were destroyed – Romanov in Russia, Hohenzollern in Germany and Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary.

Rule of Ottomans came to an end Austria and Hungary became separate independent states Czechoslovakiaand Yugoslavia emerged as independent states.

Who decided the treaty of Versailles?Ans. Woodrow Wilson, President of United States, Lloyd George, Prime Minister of Britain and George Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France.Name the countries which formed the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.Ans. Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary and ItalyTriple Entente – France, Russia and Britain.