Web Design – Section 1-1

The History and Evolution of the Internet

The InternetObjective: To understand the design of the

Internet

Question

What is the Internet?

The Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer

networks that interchange data by packet switching using the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).

Now consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies.

The InternetPartial map of the Internet

based on the January 15, 2005 data. This graph represents less than 30% of the reachable internet.

Colors: Dark blue: net, ca, us Green: com, org Red: mil, gov, edu Yellow: jp, cn, tw, au, de Magenta: uk, it, pl, fr Gold: br, kr, nl White: unknown

The InternetAnother way to look at a map of the internet

is look at the traffic to certain sites. http://internet-map.netThe map of the Internet is a photo shot of the

global network as of end of 2011. It encompasses over 350 thousand websites from 196 countries and all domain zones.

 The red zone at the top corresponds to Russian segment of the net, the yellow one on the left stands for the Chinese segment, the purple one on the right is Japanese, the large light-blue central one is the American segment, etc.

A Brief History of the Internet The Internet began as ARPAnet, a U.S.

Department of Defense project to create a nationwide computer network that would continue to function even if a large portion of it were destroyed in a nuclear war or natural disaster.

1957 - USSR launches Sputnik. 1958 - US forms the Advanced Research

Projects Agency (ARPA to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military

A Brief History of the Internet 1962 –J.C.R. Licklider of MIT pictured a

globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. He called it the "Galactic Network" concept.

1965 - Thomas Merrill and Lawrence G. Roberts connected a computer in Massachusetts to one in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating the first wide-area computer network.

1969 - The physical network was constructed linking four nodes: University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and University of Utah

A Brief History of the Internet October 29, 1969 – The first message is send

on the ARPANET. This record is an excerpt from the log at UCLA: I was supervising the student/programmer Charley

Kline (CSK) and we set up a message transmission to go from the UCLA SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the SRI SDS 940 Host computer. The transmission itself was simply to "login" to SRI from UCLA. We succeeded in transmitting the "l" and the "o" and then the system crashed! Hence, the first message on the Internet was "Lo". We were able to do the full login about an hour later.

1971 – The first 15 nodes are created on ARPANET

A Brief History of the Internet 1972 - Ray Tomlinson modifies email program

for ARPANET where it becomes a quick hit. The @ sign was chosen for email addresses.

1973 - First international connections to the ARPANET

1980 - ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on 27 October 27th due to a virus

1986 - The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet.

A Brief History of the Internet 1992 – The term “Surfing the web” is coined by

coined by Jean Armour Polly 1994 – You can order pizza from Pizza Hut

online 1994 - W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) is

formed.W3C mission is:

“To lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing protocols and guidelines that ensure long-term growth for the Web.”

W3C primarily pursues its mission through the creation of Web standards and guidelines. Since 1994, W3C has published more than 110 such standards

The Internet Definitions Browser: The tool used to access the internet.

Examples are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari and now Chrome.

Hyperlink: A word, phrase or picture that when clicked will take the user to another location.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The language of the web

URL (Uniform Resource Locator): Tells where a file is located among all the computers that are part of the Internet

Format: protocol://domain/path

The Internet Definitions - URL protocol://domain/path Protocol:  tells the computer what kind of

coding to expect. http:// (hypertext transfer protocol) is the most

common ftp:// (File Transfer Protocol)

Domains: .com for commercial, .gov for government, .edu for

educational institution, .org for organization, .mil for military, and .net for network.

Can also reflect the country (http://www.cps.k12.il.us/)

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)

Established in 1994Tim Berners-Lee has served as the director

Based at MIT

The First Generation of Web Design

Static pagesNavigation hyperlinksGuest booksForms sent via e-mailEarly example

http://www.dejavu.org/1994win.htm

The First Generation of Web Design

Non-compliance with standards by browsers

Limited by technologySmall monochrome monitorsDial-up connectivitySlow Internet connection

Second Generation of Web Design

Online presence for businesses was essentialInteractivity of the Web24-hour accessGlobal reachAbility to present product information

Second Generation of Web Design

Intuitive, user-friendly navigation system

Use of formsFocus on contentBanners, frames, and tablesBlinking text, hit counters, marquees“This site is best viewed in …”

Third Generation of Web Design

Sites designed to target specific audience

Focus on contentIntuitive, user-friendly navigation systems

Use of forms, splash page, CSS, and portals

Fourth Generation of Web Design – Web 2.0

Participatory, interactive, and personalized

Compliance with Web standardsConsistent design for professional look

Usability and accessibility issuesCareful selection of typography

Fourth Generation of Web Design

Dynamically-generated content by the user

Content-authoring tools for editingInternet privacySocial networking, video sharingRounded corners, subtle 3D effectsLarger text

Fourth Generation of Web Design

Open SourceFile SharingFreemium Business ModelWeb Services

New Tools of Web 2.0

Wikis Blogs Podcast (derived from iPod and

broadcast)

SummaryDuring this lesson, you learned:The History and Impact of the WebThe Evolution of Web DesignThe History and Impact of Web Technologies

Rest of TodayComplete the worksheet – Homework 1-1