Upload
latha-mahendra
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 1/37
History of evolution
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Charles_Darwin_1881.jpgcommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:DNA_double_helix_vertikal.PNG
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 2/37
History of Evolution1. World without evolution
2. Evolution of evolution
3. Synthesis between Genetics and Evolution
4. Evolution in the age of DNA
5. Evolution in the age of genomes
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 3/37
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 4/37
World without Evolution
(Discovery1: fixed species)Creations & religions --- Creationism
Egyptian mythology Christian mythology Chinese mythology
Aztec mythology
Babilonians Mathematical EquationsHindu mythology
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 5/37
Why was Creationism
questioned?Annals of the Old Testament, Deduced from the First
Origins of the World- Bishop James Ussher Creation began at nightfall before Sunday, Oct 23, 4004 B.C.E.
Age of earth ~6000 years gives very little time forchange
Many geologists started suspecting that earth must bemillions of years old
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 6/37
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 7/37
Geologists postulate an
ancient earthUniversity of Edinburgh-Scotland became a center for geology-James Hutton
By the mid-19th century geologists had worked out the
1. major geological periods in the history of the Earth and assembleddiagrams showing strata in their historical order.
2. Each layer contained a unique set of fossils, which helped biologistsunderstand how the types and forms of life had changed over immensestretches of geological time
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 8/37
Discovery (2): Fossils and Stratahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ImageWilliam_Smith.g.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Geological_map_of_Great_Britain.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Smith_fossils2.jpg
William Smith, his geology map & some of his fossil specimens
At about the same time, geologists like William Smith weremapping the rocks and fossils of Britain. He and others showed
that different species existed in the past compared with today.
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 9/37
Smith and others were able to show that
1. rocks were laid down in a certain order
2. different fossils in different layers lived at
different intervals of geological time.
3. Here was clear evidence that different
species had existed in the past compared
with today.
However, Smith did not go on to ask thequestion, „Why?‟ or to consider that this
might be evidence for evolution.
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 10/37
Evolution of evolution:
Discovery (3): Transmutation
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Giraffe_standing.jpg
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Jean-baptiste_lamarck2.jpg
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
• Around 1800, scientists began towonder whether species could
change or transmute.• Lamarck thought that if an animalacquired a characteristic during itslifetime, it could pass it onto its
offspring.
• Hence giraffes got their long necksthrough generations of straining to
reach high branches.
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 11/37
Evolution of evolution:
Discovery (3): Transmutation
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772 –1844)
National Museum of National History
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 12/37
Discovery (4): Darwin‟s Voyage
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpgen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg
Voyage of the Beagle
• From 1831-1836, ayoung naturalist calledCharles Darwin touredthe world in HMSBeagle.
• He was dazzled by the
amazing diversity oflife and started towonder how it mighthave originated
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 13/37
Discovery (5): Survival of the Fittest
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Darwin%27s_finches.jpeg
• In his Origin of Species,published in 1859, Darwinproposed how one species
might give rise to another.
• Where food was limited,competition meant that onlythe fittest would survive.
• This would lead to the natural selectionof the best adapted individuals andeventually the evolution of a new species.
Darwin in 1860
Natural Selectionexplains adaption
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 14/37
Discovery (6): Huxley v. Wilberforce
www.bbc.co.uk/religion/galleries/spiritualhistory/images/9.jpg
• Darwin‟s idea of Evolution by NaturalSelection was met with
huge controversy.• A famous debate in1860 pitted BishopWilberforce againstDarwin‟s bulldog, Thomas Henry Huxley.Bishop Wilberforce v. T. H. Huxley
• Evolutionists got the better of the debate, but few were convincedby Darwin‟s idea of Natural Selection.
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 15/37
Who coined the term“Evolution”
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 16/37
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 17/37
Mendelian Genetics
Discovery (7)
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 18/37
Attempts to link Genetics &
Evolution1. Matthias Schleiden (1804 –81) and Theodor Schwann
(1810 –82): Cell
2. Discovery of chromosomes
3. August Weismann(1834 –1914): Meiosis
4. Translation of Mendel‟s work: Mendel’s Principles of Heredity: A Defence (1902) by Bateson
5. Garrod proved Mendel‟s laws in humans.
6. Morgan‟s famous mutation experiments on Drosophila melanogaster Morgan
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 19/37
Discovery (8): Population Genetics• In the early 20th century, scientist started tomake sense of how evolution worked.
• Building on Mendel‟s genetics, studies
showed how characteristics in a populationcould be selected by environmentalpressures.
• This Modern Synthesis, as Julian Huxleycalled it, brought Darwin‟s Natural Selection
back to the centre of evolutionary theory.
Hardy, Weinberg, Haldane, Fischer and Wright Were pioneers of Population Genetics
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hux-Oxon-72.jpg
Julian Huxleyand the
Modern Synthesis
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 20/37
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 21/37
Discovery of DNA
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 22/37
Central Dogma of Life
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 23/37
New theories on origin of life
DNA from fossils also provided substantial evidence
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 24/37
The Tree of Life
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg
• All living things share a commonancestor.
• We can draw a Tree of Life toshow how every species is related.
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 25/37
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 26/37
Genome sequencing
chronologyYear Organism Significance Genomesize (bp)
Numberof genes
1977BacteriophagefX174
First genomeever!
5,386 11
1981Humanmitochondria
First organelle 16,500 37
1995Haemophilus influenzae Rd
First free-living
organism
1,830,137 ~3,500
1996Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Firsteukaryote
12,086,000 ~6,000
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Images/Ackerman/Phages/Microvir/238-27_1.jpg
http://www.alsa.org/research/article.cfm?id=822http://www.waterscan.co.yu/images/virusi-bakterije/Haemophilus%20influenzae.jpghttp://www.biochem.wisc.edu/yeastclub/buddingyeast(color).jpg
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 27/37
Genome sequencingYear Organism SignificanceGenome size(bp)
Numberof genes
1998Caenorhab-
ditis elegans
First multi-cellular
organism
97,000,000 ~19,000
1999Humanchromosome22
First humanchromosome
49,000,000 673
2000 Arabidopsis thaliana
First plantgenome 150,000,000 ~25,000
2001 HumanFirst humangenome
3,000,000,000 ~30,000
http://www.sih.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp/chem1.gif
http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/Biocollections/Herbarium/Images/ARBTH3H.jpg
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 28/37
So where are we heading?
Jo Handelsman
Synthetic Cell Metagenomics
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 29/37
Understood……….
So, What is Evolution?
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 30/37
Evidences of Evolution
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 31/37
Evidence (1): Biochemistry
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ATP-xtal-3D-sticks.png
DNA forInformation
Transfer
ATP forEnergy
Transfer
• The basic similarity of all living things suggeststhat they evolved from a single common ancestor.
• As we have already seen, all living things passon information from generation to generationusing the DNA molecule.
• All living things also use a moleculecalled ATP to carryenergy around theorganism.
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 32/37
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 33/37
Evidence (3): Comparative Anatomy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Primatenskelett-drawing.jpg
Human and Gorilla
• Similar comparisons can be madebased on anatomical evidence.
• The skeleton of humans andgorillas are very similar suggestingthey shared a recent commonancestor, but very different from themore distantly relatedwoodlouse…
yet all have a commonshared characteristic:
bilateral symmetry Woodlouse
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 34/37
Evidence (4): Homology
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Evolution_pl.png
The pentadactyl limbis ancestral to allvertebrates…
but modified for different uses
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 35/37
Evidence (5): Vestigial Structures
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Illu_vertebral_column.jpg
The coccyx is a vestigial tail
• As evolution progresses, somestructures get side-lined as theyare not longer of use. Theseare known as vestigial structures.
• The coccyx is a much reducedversion of an ancestral tail, which
was formerly adapted to aidbalance and climbing.
• Another vestigial structure in
humans is the appendix.
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 36/37
Evidence (7): Transitional fossils
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Archaeopteryx_lithographica_paris.JPG
Archaeopteryx
• Many fossils show a cleartransition from one species,or group, to another.
• Archaeopteryx was foundin Germany in 1861. Itshare many characteristicswith both dinosaurs andbirds.
• It provides good evidencethat birds arose from
dinosaur ancestors
7/31/2019 1. History of Evolution
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-history-of-evolution 37/37
Evidence (9): Antibiotic resistanceStaphylococcus• We are all familiar withthe way that certainbacteria can becomeresistant to antibiotics
• This is an example of natural selection in
action. The antibiotic acts as anenvironmental pressure. It weeds outthose bacteria with low resistance andonly those with high resistance surviveto reproduce.