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We give impulsesSouth Westphalia University of Applied Sciences
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 2 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supply
Introduction Gasification, but why? Germany‘s socio-economic background The technology Where‘s the gap? The basics for designing a new gasifier
Pyrolysis of residues Gas cleaning via conversion Gasification or combustion
One out of three – the concept of an integrated reactor
engineering a reactor from the basics
SEMINARIO DE USO ENERGETICO SOSTENIBLE DE BIOMASA RESIDUALOctubre 9 y 10 de 2014
Content
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 3 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyIntroduction
Energy demand of Germany
Industry G, Trade, D Household
Electricity demand = 28 % of total energy demand
Source: Energieflussbild der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2009, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 4 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyGasification, but why?
Energy from biomass
153 TWh
electricity
318 TWh
total energy
Source: Entwicklung der Erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland im Jahr 2013, Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie
133 TWh
Solid biomass has a heat
electricity efficiency of 12 %
Solar
Solar
Wind
Wind
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 5 (9.10.2014)
10 100
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Hu / GJ/m³
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyGasification, but why?
Energy density (lower energy content per storage volume)
Hardwood, pieces: 7,1 GJ/m³ Softwood, pieces: 5,1 GJ/m³ Hardwood chips: 4,2 GJ/m³ Softwood chips: 3,0 GJ/m³ Wood pellets: 9,7 GJ/m³ Sawdust: 2,9 GJ/m³ Straw, round: 1,5 GJ/m³ Straw, big block: 2,1 GJ/m³ Straw, chopped: 0,9 GJ/m³ Rape seed oil 34,1 GJ/m³ Alcohol (ethanol) 21,2 GJ/m³ Natural gas (H): 0,04 GJ/m³ Biogenic gas: 0,02 GJ/m³ Hydrogen: 0,01 GJ/m³
liquid fuel
wood
straw
gas
Hu / GJ/kg
Hu/
/
GJ/
m³
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 6 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyGermany‘s socio-economic background
Political support
1991: law to rule delivery of energy fom renewable sources to the privat eletric grid Grid companys had to buy the eletrical energy to reasonable prices
2000: law for renewable engergy production Grid companys had to buy the eletrical energy to fixed prices above market price
Law for renewable engergy production renewed in: 2004: higher prices, included combined heat and power 2009: special bonus for combined heat and power 2012: bonus for special technologies for biomass conversion
Prices for energy from wood: 13,88 €ct/kWh to 10,55 €ct/kWh (≤ 5 MW) 5,85 €ct/kWh (> 5 MW)
Combined heat and power boni: 3 €ct/kWh Boni for technology: 2 €ct/kWh
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 7 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe technology
Range of size
Source: Wiest, Dezentrale Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse, 21.12.2011
0,01 0,1 1 10 100
Fixed bed
Rotary kiln, (twin-)screw
Fluidized bed
Entrained flow
MWHm u /
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 8 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supply
Co-current dowdraft gasifier Spanner Re² Holzenergie Wegscheid REP Urbas Pyroforce
Source: Spanner wood gasifier, www.holz-kraft.de
The technology
Types of gasifiers available in Germany
gasifier
feederfilter
Source: Eckermann, Alte Technik mit Zukunft, 1986
Spanner Re² gsifier 30 or 45 kh/h
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 9 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supply
Co-current updraft gasifier Burkhard GmbH Stadwerke Rosenheim
Source: www.oelmuehle-moeriken.ch Source: Patent Burkhardt Vergaser DE 102008043131B4.
The technology
Types of gasifiers available in Germany
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 10 (9.10.2014)
Counter-current gasifier Vølund at Harboøre Denmark Xylowatt
Source: Babcock & Wilcox Vølund, Biomass gasification plants
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe technology
Further types of gasifiers
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 11 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe technology
Further types of gasifiers
Fluidized bed Agnion GmbH Steenova
TU Wien, Güssing
Source: nach Karl, et.Al., Allotherme Wirbeschichtvergasung –
Möglichkeiten zur Realisierung des Wärmeeintrags. Velen2000
Source: Hofbauer, Fluidized Bed Gasification – State of Technology, presented at: reNnet Austria
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 12 (9.10.2014)
Rotary kiln, skrew feeder DTU
REW Regenis PYREG
Source: Gøbel, et.Al., High performance gasification with the two-stage gasifier. In: Proceedings of the 12th Europeanconference on biomass for energy, industry and climateprotection, Amsterdam, 2002
Source: Das innovative PYREG®-Verfahren, www.pyreg.de
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe technology
Further types of gasifiers/pyrolyzers
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 13 (9.10.2014)
Technical problems solved with: Standarizised fuel
Pellets Sieved wood chips
→ high costs for the fuel
→ competing with hosehold heaters for the fuel Exessive gas cleaning
wood chips als fuel
→ high costs for the gas cleaning Rentability only with goverenmental support
Germany: supported refund for energy Further improvement necessary
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyWhere is the gap?
Gasification at the edge of rentability?
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 14 (9.10.2014)
Technical problems solved with: Inderect heating
Rotary kiln Screw feeders
Burners for the pyrolysis gas
Technical problems not solved
Gasification of in-homogenic material Gas cleaning of pyrolysis gas
The gap is the conversion of the tar the heating of pyrolysis by autothermal gasification
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyWhere is the gap?
Pyrolysis/Gasification at the edge of relyability?
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 15 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Biomass – options
ResiduePyrolysisFastpyrolysis
Gasification
Dry biomass
Conditioned biomass
Wet biomass
Wood char
Pyrolysis oil
Gas
Wet biomass
Fermentation
Gas
Dry biomassCombusti
onSteam process
Seed oil engine
Gasturbine
Gas engine
Stirling engine
Flue gas
SqueezingOil seeds Seed
oilSource: Wiest, Dezentrale Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse, 21.12.2011
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 16 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Biomass – characterizing the fuel
Source: Wiest, Energy Technology 1
BIOMASS
water contentfragmented size,size distribution
Density,
bulk density
Ash content,
ash quality
micro structure,
porosity
composition
(hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, starch, extractibles)
(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur)
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 17 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Choosing process characteristics and type of reactor
Biomass
Fuel quality
Characteristics
By-producs
Type of reactor
Plant size
Emissions
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 18 (9.10.2014)
Relyable technology: Inderectly heatead rotary kiln Inderectly heatead screw feeders
Choice:indirectly heated rotary kiln
Source: Wiest, Dezentrale Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse, 21.12.2011
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Pyrolysis
char
gas, oilheating
bulk fuel bed
biomass,nitrogen
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 19 (9.10.2014)
Investigation of pyrolysis in a rotary kiln:
Axial temperature distribution from the pyrolysis of corn, heating at 800 °C, solids residence time of 20 min.
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Pyrolysis
Source: Wiest, Zur Pyrolyse von Biomasse im Drehrohrreaktor. Dissortation, Kassel. 1998
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 20 (9.10.2014)
Bed movement in the rotary kiln :
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Pyrolysis
Source: Schinkel, Zur Modellierung der Biomassepyrolyseim Drehrohrreaktor. Dissortation, Kassel. 2002
collapse cascade
slide
roll
Fill
fac
tor
k F
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 21 (9.10.2014)
Reasons for choosing an indirectly heated rotary kiln: Inderect heating: independent on calorific value and water content Rotary kiln:
moves anything Good mixing leads to good internal heat transfer One moving part, no friction with a screw
Disadvantage: big seals
Dimensioning:
Solids residence time: with and Heat transfer: with and (assuming the wall to be thin)
Head demand: with and
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Pyrolysis of residues
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 22 (9.10.2014)
State of the art: Hot gas filtration and scrubber with gasoline or alike Thermal conversion, hot gas filtration and katalytic cracking
Disadvantages: Loosing the calorific value of the tar 1 – costs handling and disposing the tar 2 – operation and degradation of katalyst
Alternative: Conversion of tar with hot activated carbon
Activated carbon is produced within the process
Conversion of tar to CO, H2, CH4, CO2 thus keeping the calorific value
Cheap ‚katalyst‘ and no handling of the tar
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Gas cleaning
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 23 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of wet beech wood and tar conversion on beech wood char:
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Gas cleaning via conversion
Source: Ho, Vergasung feuchter Biomasse unter indirekter Wärmezufuhr. Dissortation, Kassel, 2012
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 24 (9.10.2014)
Experimental setup for tar conversion on coke:
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Gas cleaning via conversion
Source: Ho, Wiest, Heterogene Degradation von Pyrolyseölen an Kohlenstoff-Aktivaten. DGMK, Gelsenkirchen 2010
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 25 (9.10.2014)
Results of tar conversion on coke:
Mass distribution, normalized Tar conversion, semi-logarithmic
Activate is coke with approximately 290 m²/g
total surface area
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Gas cleaning via conversion
Source: Ho, Wiest, Heterogene Degradation von Pyrolyseölen an Kohlenstoff-Aktivaten. DGMK, Gelsenkirchen 2010
Residence time / sTa
r co
nte
nt
/ m
g/m
³
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 26 (9.10.2014)
Calculating the reaction rate: Tar consists of many species One apparent reaction rate for
‚tar‘ as a represatative for all Assuming a quasi-homegenous
reaction of first order
Calculating EA via the slope(differential method)
Calculating k0 with the reaktion rate
Activate is coke with approximately 290 m²/g
total surface area
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Gas cleaning via conversion
Residence time / sTa
r co
nte
nt
/ m
g/m
³
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 27 (9.10.2014)
GASIFICATION Pro:
Enhances gas energy content Dilutes tar contamination Reduces Tar via conversion Gas is easy to use Gas burner is state of the art No fly ash
Contra:
With H2O: endothermic
With air: dilutes gas Reduces net efficiency
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyThe basics for designing a new gasifier
Gasification or combustion
COMBUSTION (for heating) Pro:
Best net efficiency No extra reactor volume Char is storable No other fuel for start needed
Contra No state of the art for local
burners Fouling of heat transfer
surfaces
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 28 (9.10.2014)
Rotary kiln
Achimedes type reactor:
Heating by external burner and moderate exothermic internal gasification
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyOne out of three – the concept of an integrated reactor
The three components
Source: Ho, Wiest, Reaktor mit archimedischem Schraubenförderer, Deutsches Patent DE102008038570B4
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 29 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyOne out of three – the concept of an integrated reactor
The Archimedes principle
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 30 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyOne out of three – the concept of an integrated reactor
Process sheme
dryer
pyrolysiscooler filter
autothermal gasifier
kondensergas
engine
bio filter
biomass
air
Source: Wiest, Dezentrale Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse, 21.12.2011
conversion
conversion
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 31 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyOne out of three – the concept of an integrated reactor
Process data
Source: Wiest, Dezentrale Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse, 21.12.2011
D L l d
mm mm mm mm
Rotary kiln 139,7 1600 1260 129,7
Archimedes screw 219,1 1260 1260 211,1
A V t_v v_g,l
cm² l min.s m/s
Rotary kiln 132,1 16,6 35
Archimedes screw 350 44,1 '15 1,12
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 32 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supplyOne out of three – the concept of an integrated reactor
Finally
Thank you for your attention
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 33 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supply
Jörg Ho Studies of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany Graduation in 2012 ant the University of Kassel , Germany
About the gasification of wet biomass under external heat supply Lecturer at the University of Kassel, Germany
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Air cleaning technologies – particles Air cleaning technologies – gases
Assistant Professor at the South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences Department of Engineering and Economics
Sub-Department Thermodynamics and Energy Technology
Inventor
Introduction
About me
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 34 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supply
Location: western part of North Rhein Westfalia Part of Germanny with the greatest number of inhabitants Coal mining region
5 departments at 5 locations Iserlohn: applied computer science, mechanical engineering, Hagen: electrical engineering, information technology and technical econnomics Lüdenscheid: plastics technology, medical technology Meschede: Department of Engineering and Economics Soest: agricultural engineering, electrical engergy technology, mechanical
and automation engineering 12500 Students Meschede:
50 Jears Aniversary
Introduction
The South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences
Dr.-Ing. Jörg HoFolie 35 (9.10.2014)
Gasification of Biomass with external heat supply
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Wiest Teaching
Thermodynamics Energy Technology
Laboratory Heat pump cycle Testrig for wood fired domestic heaters Calorimetry Analysis of combustibles (in progress) New laboratory to be finished in 2015
Research: Wood fired domestic heaters: energy balance, combustion, pollution Pyrolysis and gasification of biomass: tar conversion, external heat supply Archimedes type rotary kiln demonstration plant (in design)
Introduction
Thermodynamics and Energy Technology