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Introduction to Peace of Westphalia and the causes of Thirty Years war in Europe
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Thirty Years War
Peace of Westphalia: 1648
Introduction HRE is a mix of Czech, Bohemian,
French and German (Majority), evenly split between Protestant and Catholic
Isolationist perspectives of Lutheran states led to cultural decline
suspicious of the outside world and suffered from cultural isolation
Universities attracted fewer students as intellectual energies were spent defending dogmas
Witch burning Commercial activity is in decline Banking and financial interests
were shifting west
Background of the Thirty Years’ War HRE Role
Peace of Augsburg (1555) provided that each state could prescribe the religion of its subjects
leads to the development of two opposing forces
Lutheran states are making gains by converting leaders
Catholics states are supported by Spain
Spain’s Role wanted Nether back or at least to end Dutch trade in Indies
wished to consolidate Habsburg position in Germany and in Swiss cantons
Background of the Thirty Years’ War
Philip III (1598-1621)
French Role Spain’s moves
aroused France Idea of a stronger
power in Germany also aroused French
intent and preventing a strong Hapsburg state from emerging in the HRE
Background of the Thirty Years’ War
Louis XIII (1610-1643)
Complexity of the Thirty Years’ War Fought over religion, constitutional
issues, centralization v independence of German states
Between the French and Hapsburgs, Spain and Dutch
Fought mostly on German soil Divided into 4 or 5 phases
Bohemian (1618-1625) Danish (1625-1629) Swedish(1630-1635) Swedish-French(1635-1648)
Background of the Thirty Years’ War
Why another War? Peace of Augsburg – solved nothing
granted rights to Lutherans, but other Protestant religions left out
an issue for Palatinate Elector = Calvinist War between emperor and princes
“Protestant Union”(1608) and a “Catholic League”(1609) determined to hold the other at bay
PU supported by Dutch, English & Henry IV of France CL founded in Bavaria & backed by Spain
Austrian Habsburgs would like a strong central government (nation-state); must push out Protestantism
Why another War? War between emperor and princes
It seems the “emperor” isn’t really an emperor (i.e. no power!), HRE too divided
Instead we have a “Protestant Union”(1608) and a “Catholic League”(1609) determined to hold the other at bay
PU supported by Dutch, English & Henry IV of France CL founded in Bavaria & backed by Spain
Austrian Habsburgs would like a strong central government (nation-state); must push out Protestantism
Habsburg Family Tree – Part II
Maximilian I(1493-1519)Philip___________La Loca
Charles V (Sp/HRE) Ferdinand I(1516-1556) (1556-1564) HRE
Philip II (Sp)(1556-1598) Maximilian II Charles of Styria Philip III (Sp) (1564-1576)(1598-1621) Rudolf II Matthias Ferdinand II
(1576-1612) (1612-1619) (1619-1637)
RII & M = kings of Hungary, Bohemia/ FII = king of Bohemia
Phase I: Bohemian Phase 1618-1625
HRE – Matthias (Ferdinand’s grdson) dying, successor to Empire
Logical choice: cousin, Ferdinand II BUT electors are mainly Protestant and
Ferdinand is Catholic Ferdinand ALSO king of Bohemia! Bohemians (Czechs / Germans) –
together with Slovaks = mainly Protestant vs. Catholic king
Bohemia revolts Defenestration of Prague: Mathias’ reps
thrown out the window (land on dung) Mathias send in troops to restore order & is
deposed Mathias dies & Ferdinand II should reign
Bohemians elect “Frederick of the Palatinate”
So War: Ferdinand and Catholic League vs. Frederick and Protestant Union
Ferdinand crowned as HRE and defeats Frederick at Battle of White Mountain 1620
Outcomes of Phase I Spain dig-in in Rhineland; prepare to take
on French and Dutch Ferdinand II gets elected king of Bohemia
& confiscates 50% of nobles’ estates some goes to churches, monasteries & orders some goes to mercenaries = new aristocracy
Jesuits re-Catholicize Bohemia missions, schools, court proceedings,
executions Protestantism expunged in Austria Protestant Union dissolved in 1621
Phase II:Danish Phase 1625-1630
Danish Lutherans vs. Habsburg power! Denmark’s King Christian IV (a.k.a.
Duke of Holstein) vs. Ferdinand II religious as well as political agenda some Dutch, English, French backing
Ferdinand wins under gen. Wallenstein who plunders Germany and Danes (Spanish cousins of HRE help) Wallenstein actually reaches Baltic & Danish
Pen.
Results of Phase II Germany is completely engulfed
by the Counter Reformation Palatinate, northern Lutheran states,
Bohemia & Austria = re-Catholicized 1629 HRE issues “Edict of
Restitution”: All Catholic states pre Peace of Augsburg (1555) are restored as Catholic
Results of Phase II Terror sweeps Germany, France, Denmark
& Sweden Germans fear for Protestantism as do Danish, who are also dealing with
Wallenstein French (Richelieu) dealing with internal
conflicts, can’t take Ferdinand II alone, so... engage Swedes, by ending their conflict with
Poland and paying them 1 million livre/year for 40,000 troops (Dutch pay 50,000 florins a month)
Phase III:Swedish 1630-1635
Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus: great ruler united Sweden conducted overseas operations increased land holdings bu acquiring areas of
Poland & Russia creates Europes most modern army
1630 lands in Germany to take over fight for Protestantism in the meantime...Richelieu has turned Catholic
states against FII (fear of centralization)
Phase III – Swedish 1630-1635
Glorious Victories (military backing from Saxony) 1631 Breitenfeld 1632 Lützen (GA dies in battle)
Oxenstierna (GA’s Chancellor) picks up fight penetrates Bohemia as far south as the Danube
Internal Discord Wallenstein upset with power of Spanish and
gives up fight; begins private peace talks with Swedes & Saxons; assassinated by one of his own
Phase III – Swedish 1630-1635
Internal Discord (con’t.) Saxons (ind. of Swedes) enter into
talks w/ Emperor 1635 Peace of Prague: annuls Edict of
Restitution, many other German states sign treaty & pull support of Swedes
Swedes left isolated in Germany French/Spanish not ready to give
Phase IV: French-Swedish /International Phase 1635-1648
Richelieu not happy the Habsburgs won again … so … he declares war on Spain (Habsburg – Philip IV – helping HRE)! Portugal & Catalonia declare independence from
Sp. Netherlands, Savoy also enter on Swedish
side! Battles go both ways, Richelieu, Ferdinand II,
Louis XIII, Wallenstein all die early 1640’s Germany grows to resent this foreign invasion Exhaustion – and Peace of Westphalia 1648
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The 30 Years’ War officially ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia
The treaties recognized the sovereignty of the 300+ German princes
The treaties disallowed papal meddling in German religious affairs
The treaties upheld the Peace of Augsburg, added Calvinism to the list of religions allowed in German states and nullified the Edict of Restitution
Immediate Results of the 30 Years’ War
After the Peace in 1648, the northern states in Germany remained primarily Protestant while the southern states in Germany remained primarily Catholic
The United Provinces and Switzerland won recognition as independent states
German princes won the right to form alliances and sign treaties as long as they didn’t declare war on the Holy Roman Empire
Sweden won cash and land in the Baltic region France won the region of Alsace
Political Fallout from the 30 Years’ War
Because Spain lost territory and France gained territory, France stood alone as the most powerful nation on the continent
France also benefited from the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire and the weakening of the Habsburg family influence
Peace of Westphalia, 1648
The Peace of Westphalia is said to have ended attempts at the imposition of any supranational authority on European states.
...the major European powers agreed to abide by the principle of territorial integrity.
WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM The principle of the sovereignty of
states
The principle of (legal) equality between states
The principle of non-intervention of one state in the internal affairs of another state
Political Provisions: Each Ger. prince became free from any kind
of control by the HR Emperor. The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became
officially independent so. part remained a Sp. possession.
Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.
Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.
Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.
Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same
privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.
The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)