WB Report-March 2011

8/12/2019 WB Report-March 2011

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IMPROVING ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIAN SUNDARBANS

: Prepared by :

WEST BENGAL GREEN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONLIMITED

(A Govt o! We"t Be#$a% Co&pa#y'B)a%pa S*a)t B*ava#+ ,-./.0 EP 1 GP BLOC2+ Se3tor-V+ Sa%t La)e+

2o%)ata 4 500 06.


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DEX

Chapters Page No.

1. Chapter 1: Introduction 4

1.1 Background1.2 Main Objectives and outputs of the study1.3 Rural Electrification policy !ra"e#ork and $che"es1.% Methodology1.& $trategy for Electrification of 'illages in $undarbans

2. Chapter 2: Electrification Infrastructure and Supply in Sundarbans 19

2.1 Electricity (nfrastructure2.2 )rid Electricity2.3 Rene#able Energy *o#er *lants2.% $olar +o"e $yste"s

2.& ,iesel )enerating $ets2.- $tatus of +ousehold Electrification2. /nnual Electricity $upply

3. Chapter 3: Electricity demand esults from !rimary Sur"ey 31

3.1 O#nership of Electrical /ppliances and /verage 0onnected oad of Electrified+ouseholds

3.2 Energy 0onsu"ption pattern and Monthly Ependiture on Energy3.3 illingness to *ay for Electricity3.% 0onnected oad and Electricity 0onsu"ption in 4on5,o"estic oads3.& /verage /nnual *er 0apita Electricity 0onsu"ption3.- Overall /ssess"ents

4. Chapter 4: Electricity #emand !ro$ections % 2&1& to 2&2& 3'

%.1 B/6 $cenario%.2 )ro#th $cenario%.3 Energy5Efficiency $cenario%.% 0onclusions

(. Chapter (: Strate)y for electrification of *not to be )rid electrified+ "illa)es 43

&.1 B)E,0 ,,) proposal&.2 *otential of additional ,,) sche"es

'. Chapter ': Strate)y for *to be )rid electrified+ "illa)es (3

-.1 $trategy for 7to be grid electrified8 villages-.2 Reduction in 9:, losses-.3 6p5gradation of $ubstations-.% (ntensification of Electrification-.& $undarbans Electricity $upply 0orporation-.- /vailability of *o#er $upply to the (slands-. )eneration capacity of the $tate

,. #emand Side -ana)ement (

2


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.1 Objectives.2 Overvie# of the situations.3 ,istribution $yste".% (nfrastructure of ,$M.& ,istribution and *re5pay"ent options.- ,istribution /uto"ation

. Better Manage"ent of ,istribution 9ransfor"ers.; 0apacitor (nstallation.< /doption of +igh 'oltage ,istribution syste"s

.1= *reventive and Regular Maintenance

. /lternate Ener)y 0se includin) Cooin) '(

9. Conclusion ,1

/nneure % 1 Methodology used for sa"pling of ;; villages for data analysis/nneure 2 ist of ;; villages selected for data analysis

/nneure 3 Rene#able Energy Resource /ssess"ent/nneure 4 B)E,0 ,,) proposals under RE0 consideration/nneure ( $tatus of proposed electrification progra" in $outh 2% *arganas/nneure ' $tatus of proposed electrification progra" in 4orth 2% *arganas/nneure % , $uggestions for i"proving grid electricity infrastructure

3


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Chapter 1: Introdut!on

1"1 Ba#$round

Electricity is an essential re>uire"ent for all facets of our life and it has been recogni?ed as a basic hu"anneed. (t is re>uired for hu"an develop"ent to "eet basic re>uire"ent for lighting and to cater there>uire"ents of entertain"ent@ co""unication@ health care@ education etc. Electricity can play ani"portant role in econo"ic develop"ent through the develop"ent of agriculture@ "icro@ s"all and"ediu" industries@ cold chains etc@ and can accelerate rural develop"ent.

9he (ndian $undarbans Alater referred as $undarbans in the report@ located in the $tate of est Bengalacross the districts of 4orth and $outh 2% *arganas@ is part of the largest single "angrove ecosyste" inthe orld. (t consists of 1=2 islands@ of #hich &% are inhabited. )eographically the islands are dispersedand several of the" are >uite re"ote. $undarbans has 1=- villages and a population of approi"ately %.&"illion1.

9ill no#@ the $tate )overn"ent has used a three5pronged strategy to provide electricity to the populationof $undarbans@ it consists ofC

Etending grid electricity to the islands adjacent to the "ain land having grid electricity

infrastructure.

$etting5up rene#able energy po#er plants A21 in nu"ber co"prising 1- solar photovoltaic A*'@

2 #ind and 3 bio"ass gasifier po#er plants in re"ote islands to provide grid5>uality electricity@#hich is available for %5- hours in a day.

*roviding "ore than 1==@=== solar ho"e syste"s A3 p or &p capacity@ to "ost of the

households in the re"ote islands

(n addition@ $undarbans also has 11% diesel generation sets@ each of 1=52& k capacity operated byprivate operators to serve "ainly s"all "arkets and co""ercial loads. /lso@ there are approi"ately

1@2=@=== solar ho"e syste"s #hich have been provided either by non5govern"ent organisations or havebeen purchased directly by the user households fro" the "arket.

ith these efforts@ about one5thirds of the total population2 Aabout 1.& "illion of approi"ately %.&"illion in the (ndian $undarbans has access to one or the other for" of electricity.

(n (ndia@ etension of grid has been the preferred "ode of rural electrification as apart fro" providingelectricity for lighting@ it provides additional benefits to the co""unity through street lighting@ pu"ping@i"proved educational and health services@ agro5processing@ etc. +o#ever@ there are "any challenges inetending grid5electricity in $undarbans. (n this inter5tidal delta and cyclone5prone region@ it is difficult toetend and "aintain the electrical trans"ission and distribution A9:, lines fro" the "ainland to theislands due to #ide rivers or creeks resulting in technical li"itation and higher costs. !urther@ s"all and

dispersed nature of the electric loads results in long trans"ission lines and hence@ in relatively higher9:, losses. ike "any re"ote regions in the country@ $undarbans has a high percentage of householdsbelonging to belo# poverty line AB* category as per 2==1 0ensus "ore than -=D households in$undarbans belonged to the B* category Atable 1.1. arge nu"ber of B* fa"ilies@ dispersed nature ofthe settle"ents and non5availability of large co""ercial loads results in lo# revenue for electricitydistributor and hence@ poses a "ajor challenge for securing invest"ents and ensuring the long5ter"

1$ourceC 0ensus of (ndia@ 2==12*ri"ary $urvey2

%


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sustainability of electricity infrastructure in the region. . 9hus@ it is a vicious cycle@ in #hich lo# de"andfeeds into lo# revenue@ resulting in lo# invest"ent@ in poor >uality and hence@ in lo# de"and.

able 1.1 !ercenta)e of !5 households

Re$!on %ou&eho'd& (%%)

Tota'

%ou&eho'd&

%ou&eho'd& Be'o*

BP+

Perenta$e o, %ou&eho'd&

-e'o* BP+

4orth 2% *arganas 2=%@&3= ;-@; %2.&

$outh 2% *arganas %;


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%EAD

E+ECTRIF

IEDBY5BSEDC+

(RGGVY614)

ONGOINGE+ECTRIFICATION

BY5

BSEDC+

TOTA+E+ECTRIFIEDBY

5BSEDC+

PROPOSEDTO

BEE+ECTRIFIED

T%ROUG%DD

GBY5BGEDC+

TOTA+E+ECTRIFICATION

E7ISTIN

G8PROPOSED

TOBE

CONSIDEREDBY

5BSEDC+

NOTP+ANN

ED9CONSIDERED

UN:IN%ABITEDVI++AGE

TOTA+

(1) (2) (3)(0);28

3() (/)

(14);.8=8>

8/

South 20 Par$ana&

4o. Of 'illages %% &


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separate 0orporation Acan be called as H$undarbans Electricity $upply 0orporationI@ an additionala"ount of Rs. 1= 0rore "ay be re>uired to#ards establish"ent cost of the said corporation.

1"2 Ma!n O-et!@e& and Output& o, the Stud

9he )overn"ent of (ndia has re>uested the orld Bank to support the )overn"ent of est Bengal in

designing and i"ple"enting a $trategic /ction *lan A$/* for socio5econo"ic develop"ent of the (ndian$undarbans. 9he orld Bank a#arded an activity on preparation of a report on H("proving Energy(nfrastructure in (ndian $undarbansI to est Bengal )reen Energy ,evelop"ent 0orporation tdAB)E,0.

b$ecti"e:

9he objective of the study is to develop a fra"e#ork for sustainable energy delivery "echanis" fori"prove"ent in electricity supply and hence@ socio5econo"ic develop"ent of the (ndian $undarbans.

utputs:

9he study has three "ainoutputsC1. 0reating database on electricity for $undarbansC

o Maps sho#ing current village5#ise electrification status@ location of rene#able energy syste"s@villages planned to be covered under the grid5etension and through the ,ecentrali?ed,istributed )eneration A,,) sche"e@ eisting and planned electricity trans"ission anddistribution net#ork.

o /ssess"ent of present and future electricity de"and for residential@ co""ercial@ industrial@ and

other loads.o /ssess"ent of satisfaction of the people #ho have access to electricity.

2. ,eveloping a strategy for provision of electricity to villages that are not planned to be grid connected3. /naly?ing the strategy for provision of electricity to villages 7already8J7to be8 grid connected

including i"pact analysis based on data collected fro" electrified villages.

Before the "ethodology and results of the study are presented@ it is i"portant to have a look at the

national rural electrification policy fra"e#ork@ particularly the R))' #hich is the single5largestsche"e in the country under #hich rural electrification #orks are being undertaken in the country as #ellas in the $undarbans.

1"3 Rura' E'etr!,!at!on Po'! Fra?e*or# and She?e&

9he 4ational Electricity *olicy 2==& states that the key develop"ent objective of the po#er sector is thesupply of electricity to all areas including rural areas as "andated in $ection - of the Electricity /ct 2==3./ccordingly@ the 0entral )overn"ent launched@ in /pril 2==&@ an a"bitious sche"e 7Rajiv )andhi)ra"een 'idhyutikaran ojana AR))'8 #ith the goal of electrifying all un5electrified villagesJun5electrified ha"lets and providing access to electricity to all households Arefer Bo 1 for further details.

/ccording to the policy@ grid connectivity is the nor"al #ay of electrification of villages. !orvillagesJhabitations@ #here grid connectivity #ould not be feasible or not cost effective@ off5grid solutionsbased on stand5alone syste"s "ay be taken up for supply of electricity so that every household getsaccess to electricity. here neither standalone syste"s nor grid connectivity is feasible and if onlyalternative is to use isolated lighting technologies like solar photovoltaic@ these "ay be adopted.,ecentrali?ed ,istributed )eneration A,,) facilities together #ith local distribution net#ork "ay bebased either on conventional or non5conventional "ethods of electricity generation #hichever is "oresuitable and econo"ical. 4on5conventional sources of energy could be utili?ed even #here gridconnectivity eists@ provided it is found to be cost effective.


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9he definition of electrified village has changed over a period of ti"e and has beco"e "ore rigorousand strict.

!rior to ctober 199,:

/ 'illage should be classified as electrified if electricity is being used #ithin its revenue area for any

purpose #hatsoever.

/fter ctober 199,:

/ village #ill be dee"ed to be electrified if the electricity is used in the inhabited locality@ #ithin therevenue boundary of the village for any purpose #hatsoever.

Current definition of "illa)e electrification(came into effect from the year 2&&4%&(':

/s per the ne# definition@ a village #ould be declared as electrified@ ifC1. Basic infrastructure such as ,istribution 9ransfor"er and ,istribution lines are provided in the

inhabited locality as #ell as the ,alit Basti ha"let #here it eists.2. Electricity is provided to public places like $chools@ *anchayat Office@ +ealth@ 0enters@ ,ispensaries@

0o""unity 0enters etc.

3. 9he nu"ber of households electrified should be at least 1=D of the total nu"ber of households in thevillage.

/part fro" R))' #hich is i"ple"ented by Ministry of *o#er@ Ministry of 4e# and Rene#ableEnergy AM4RE has t#o sche"esC

'illage Energy $ecurity *rogra""e A'E$*@ and

Re"ote 'illage ighting progra" A#hich earlier #as kno#n as Re"ote 'illage Electrification or

R'E progra""e for providing electricity in villages.

'E$* focuses on "eeting energy re>uire"ents in a village using local available bio"ass energyresources. 'E$* #as started in 2==% and is being run as a test progra""e and is being operated in only afe# hundred villages across the country.

6nder Re"ote 'illage ighting progra"@ electricity is "ade available in unelectrified villages andha"lets using "ainly solar photovoltaic@ "icro5hydro and bio"ass gasifier technologies. But as per theRural Electrification *olicy@ these villages are not considered to be electrified. 9hus@ the Re"ote 'illageighting progra""e can be considered as an interi" solution to provide a s"all a"ount of electricity tore"ote villages for lighting@ before these villages are taken up for electrification under the Ministry of*o#er8s rural electrification progra""es.

5(ssued by MO*@ vide their letter 4o. %2J1J2==15,ARE dated &th !ebruary 2==% and its corrigendu" vide letter no. %2J1J2==15,ARE dated 1th !ebruary 2==%6httpCJJrggvy.gov.inJrggvyJrggvyportalJdefKelectKvill.ht" accessed on May 31@ 2=1=

;


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o 1: a$i" andhi rameen 7idyutiaran ;o$ana est en)al

est Bengal has "ade considerable progress in rural electrification and the percentage of electrifiedhousehold has steadily risen fro" 3.&D in 2==1 to &1 D in 2==


10/60

9he "ain sources of infor"ation for $undarbans #ere various govern"ent depart"ents and agencies.able 1.3 Sources of Information

Soure In,or?at!on Co''eted

est Bengal $tate Electricity ,evelop"ent0orporation td AB$E,0

5 ,ata on electricity supply and eistingelectricity infrastructure5 *lanned #ork for creating electricity back5

bone and intensification of householdelectrification under R))'

est Bengal )reen Energy ,evelop"ent0orporation td AB)E,0

,*Rs sub"itted to RE0 for the electrificationof 3< villages under the ,,) progra""e

Rural Electrification 0orporation i"ited@Eastern Regional Office@ Folkata

,ata on 'illage Electrification *rojects

$undarban ,evelop"ent Board ist of villages for #hich the funds forelectrification #ould be given by the Board.

est Bengal Rene#able Energy ,evelop"ent/gency ABRE,/

ist of eisting RE po#er plants and details ofsolar ho"e syste" progra""e

0ensus 2==1 *opulation4ational $a"ple $urvey AEnergy $ources of(ndian +ouseholds for 0ooking and ighting2==%5=&

6se of kerosene for lighting

est Bengal )overn"ent ,istrict $tatistics on population and electricityuse

1.4.2 !rimary Sur"ey

/ sa"ple survey of ;; villages selected after detailed classification of all the1=- villages in $undarbans#as carried out. 9he sa"ple selected for survey covered households@ co""ercial establish"ents@industries@ etc. 9he "ain purpose of the survey #as to collect data onC

Electrification status Electricity de"and

illingness to pay for electricity

evel of satisfaction #ith the supply of electricity

9he survey #ork #as carried out by three 4)Os Fultali Milan 9irtha $ociety@ $outhern +ealth("prove"ent $ociety and 'ivekananda (nstitute of Biotechnology. /ll the three 4)Os have a provenpast record in regard to carrying out socio5econo"ic develop"ent activities in the $undarbans area. 9hesurvey #ork #as supervised by fourteen supervisors 55 responsible for the areas falling under the 4orth2% *arganas district A- blocks 32- villages and for the areas falling under the $outh 2% *arganas districtA13 blocks 5&= villages. 9#o consultants ad"inistered the entire survey #ork. 9able 1.% lists all theblocks and figure 1.1 illustrates the location of all the blocks on the "ap.

able 1.4 5ist of locs in Sundarbans

North 20 Par$ana& South 20 Par$ana&

1. +aroa 1. Basanti

2. +asnabad 2. 0anning (

3. +ingalganj 3. 0anning ((

%. Minakhan %. )osaba

&. $andeshkhali5( &. Noynagar (

1=


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-. $andeshkhali5(( -. Noynagar ((

. Fakd#ip

;. Fulatali


12/60

?i)ure 1.1 loc 5e"el -ap of 6orth and South 24 !ar)anas in Sundarbans,

7$ourceC ###.futurehealthsyste"s.org

12


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1.4.3 !reparation of -aps

Based on the infor"ation collected fro" pri"ary survey and secondary sources@ follo#ing "aps #erepreparedC

*resent electrification status Aby "arking electrification status of the village based on household

electrification data collected through the pri"ary survey and using the latest definition of electrified

village Rene#able energy status Aby "arking all eisting rene#able energy ARE po#er plants and villages

covered under solar ho"e syste" progra""e

*roposed electrification "ap A"arking the villages #hich are planned to be electrified through grid

etension and ,,) sche"e

Block "aps sho#ing electrification status of the villages

1.4.4 Supply side scenario

,ata on eisting electricity infrastructure sub5stations@ distribution lines@ RE po#er plants andelectricity supply #as collected fro" B$E,0 and BRE,/.

1.4.( Estimation of electricity demand/ sa"ple of ;; villages #as selected for detailed analysis. !or sa"ple selection@ all the 1=-% villages#ere classified as per their si?e and electrification status and villages #ere selected fro" each categorybased on proportionate #eight age. Refer Anneure 1for "ethodology used for sa"pling and Anneure2for the list of ;; villages selected. 9he household data fro" the ;; selected villages #as analysed forC

Electricity de"and

+ousehold appliance o#nership

Monthly ependiture on energy

illingness to pay for electricity

9he data on co""ercial and other loads #as also analysed to calculate average electricity de"and for allnon5household loads. 9he present electricity de"and #as calculated using the average connected load forhousehold and non5household loads.

1.4.' eport !reparation

9he above "entioned analysis coupled #ith the analysis of the $tate )overn"ent plans for electrification#as used for preparation of the report.

1"< Strate$ ,or E'etr!,!at!on o, V!''a$e& !n Sundar-an&

/n i"portant point to consider #hile developing a strategy for the islands is the distance of variousvillages fro" the buffer ?one that coincides #ith the 9iger Reserve /rea. 9he $undarbans *roject 9iger#as i"ple"ented in 1 k" has been declared a 4ational *ark and is a #orld heritage site. 9he core area is ano5entry ?one and people are not allo#ed to settle in the reserve area also. 9hus@ all the villages arelocated outside the !orest /rea that are separated fro" each other by #ide creeks and rivers. 9able 1.&gives details of the distance bet#een the block head>uarters and the reserve forest area. /s per 6niversal$ervice Obligation under Electricity /ct 2==3@ po#er utilities are responsible for facilitating access toelectricity in all inhabited places. 9hus@ there is no specific strategy for the villages closer to the buffer?one.

13


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able 1.(: #istance bet@een loc headAuarters and eser"e ?orest


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S"No" Na?e o, B'o# Na?e o, B'o# %eaduarter D!&tane ,ro? o'#ata

1&. +asnabad +asnabad 3

1-. +ingalganj +ingalganj ;&

1. Minakhan Minakhan %2

1;. $andeshkhali 5 ( ,akshin /khratal -%

1


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Chapter 2: E'etr!!t In,ra&truture and Supp' !n Sundar-an&

2"1 E'etr!!t In,ra&truture

/s "entioned in section 1.1@ the electricity infrastructure in $undarbans consists ofC (nfrastructure to supply grid electricity.

(nfrastructure to generate and supply grid >uality electricity through rene#able energy po#er plants.

$"all po#er generation syste" #hich consists of solar ho"e syste"s@ solar lanterns and diesel

generators.

2"2 Gr!d E'etr!!t

2.2.1 rid Infrastructure in 6orth 24 !ar)anas

9he electricity supply to 4orth 2% *arganas is through % sub5stations Arefer table 2.1. 9he total peak loadfor 4orth 2% *arganas is 1.32- M and the average electricity supply is -.& "illion units per "onth.9he peak load figure is on the basis of assu"ption that only 1=D of the households are grid connected.9he projected de"and is likely to increase fro" around 1 M to = M if all the households areconnected to the grid. 9o cater to de"and for electricity by all the households@ there #ill be a re>uire"entto establish ne# substations and aug"ent the capacity of the eisting substations considering the gro#thin rural areas only since urban areas are al"ost 1==D electrified. 9he table also sho#s that@ as of no##ith around 1=D household electrification@ #hile the sub5stations at +aroa@ +asnabad and +ingalganjhave available ecess capacity and can acco""odate so"e gro#th in de"and@ the sub5station atMinakhan #ould have to be epanded to acco""odate any gro#th in de"and. But even though if atpresent these substations have so"e ecess capacity@ these #ill re>uire aug"entation to "eet futurede"and after eecution of ongoing and proposed RE projects.

able 2.1: Salient Information on )rid%electricity in 6orth 24 !ar)anas #istrict

Su- &tat!on Conneted B'o#&Nu?-er and apa!t

o, 33911 V

&u-&tat!on& (MVA)

Pea# +oad

(M5)

+aroa +aroa@ Minakhan A1 -.3 P 1 3.1& %.


17/60

North 24 Parganas :Length of Feeder (KM)

90

3010

80100

80 90

16

6282

22

70

50

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Gopalpur

Haldaha

Haroa

Sankarpur

Chaital

Taki

Nazat

Hilnaganj

Hilnaganj

hulna

!inkhana

!alan"ha

Gho#hpur

Harora Ha#na$ad Hi ngal ganj !i nkhana

Sub Station

KM

%&ngth o(

)&&d&r *!+

Source: -.S$DC/

2.2.2 rid Infrastructure in South 24 !ar)anas

9he electricity supply to $outh 2% *arganas is through % sub5stations Arefer table 2.2. 9he total peak loadfor $outh 2% *arganas is 3;.3= M and the average electricity supply is 1%.& "illion units per "onth.9he peak load calculated belo# is on the assu"ption that only 1=D of the households are grid connected.

(f #e consider 1==D household electrification then the re>uire"ent of electricity is likely to increase fro"3; M to 1%= M. 9o cater to de"and for electricity by all the households@ there #ill be a re>uire"entto establish ne# substations and aug"ent the capacity of all the 33J11 k' eisting substations.

able 2.2: Salient Information on )rid%electricity in South 24 !ar)anas #istrict

Su- &tat!on Conneted B'o#&Nu?-er and apa!t o, 33911

V &u-&tat!on& (MVA)

Pea# +oad

(M5)

Noynagar Noynagar 51@ Noynagar 52 A1 -.3 P 2 &.= 1.=

Miyagheri 0anning (@ 0anning (( A1 3.1& %.=

Fakd#ip Fakd#ip : 4a"khana A2 -.3 11.=

,euli Mathurapur ( : Mathurapur (( A2 3.1& -.3

*eak oad AM 3>"3< M5 3>"34 M5

/verage electricity supply AMillion 6nitsJ "onth 10"< M!''!onUn!t&9?onth

Source: -.S$DC/

9he length of 11 k' feeders for the blocks of $outh 2% *arganas is sho#n in figure 2.2. (t is observed thatseveral blocks have lengths of feeders eceeding &= k". /s "entioned earlier@ the length of feedersresults in higher losses and lo# voltage at the tail5end of the distribution net#ork.

?i)ure 2.2 South 24 !ar)anas: 5en)th of 11 7 distribution lines


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South 24 Parganas :Existing 11 KV (!)

5852

39 3951

4134

197

52 48 4536

,

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Canning,-

Canning,--

!athurapur,-

!athurapur,--

.a/nagar,-

.a/nagar,--

ultali

0a#anti

Go#a$a

akd1ip

Sagar

Na2khana

3atharprati2a

KM

i#ting 11 k

in k

Source: -.S$DC/

On co"paring 4orth 2% *arganas and $outh 2% *arganas@ it can be observed that the length of feeder linesis "uch higher for for"er than for latter. 9his i"plies that the grid infrastructure "anage"ent is reallypoor in 4orth 2% *arganas as co"pared to $outh 2% *arganas. 9he long length of lines increasesi"pedance resulting in poor voltage regulation at the consu"er8s end. 9he lo# voltage affects the

perfor"ance of electrical appliances and heating.

/nother proble" faced by the people of $undarbans is that the electricity is available to the" at a tail endvoltage level of 1%=51&= volts A' that is al"ost 3&D belo# the declared supply voltage of 23= ' #ith aper"issible variation level of -D as per (ndian Electricity Rules 1


19/60

electricity@ the average "onthly kerosene consu"ption #as around % litresJ "onthJ household@ "ost of#hich #as being used for lighting during po#er5cuts.

able 2.3: 6o. of hours for @hich )rid supply is usually a"ailable1&

A@era$e a@a!'a-!'!t o, e'etr!!t (hour&9da) Perenta$e o, e'etr!,!ed &ur@eed @!''a$e&

2=52% hoursJ day 1.=1&52= hoursJ day ;&.2

1=51& hoursJ day 13.;

Tota' 144"4

9he tariff for do"estic consu"ers ranges fro" Rs 2.3-J kh for life line A/n un5"eteredokdeepJFutirjyoti11consu"er shall be treated as a ife ine ,o"estic 0onsu"er@ as per B$E,0having >uarterly electricity consu"ption bet#een = to & kh. 9he highest do"estic Arural tariff is Rs-.;&J kh Aplease refer table 2.%

able 2.4: /pplicable ariff for #omestic Consumers

S'"N

"o"

Tpe o,

Con&u?er

App'!a-'e Tar!,, She?e

Con&u?er

ate$or

Na?e o,

the Tar!,,

She?e

uarter'

on&trut!on

!n 5%

Ener$

Char$e

P9#5h

F!ed Char$e9

De?and

Char$e !n

R&9VA9?ont

h

1. ife ineA,o"estic Rate/A,"5 4or"al = to & 23- 2.&

2. ,o"esticARural

Rate/A,"5R

4or"al !irst & 3== &

4et 1=& 3%&

4et 12= %-=

4et 3== &=&

4et 3== &1&

/bove


20/60

est Bengal Rene#able Energy ,evelop"ent /gency ABRE,/ has setup 21 Rene#able Energy AREbased po#er plants. RE progra""e in $undarbans@ in the for" of setting5up of s"all@ off5grid rene#ableenergy po#er plants #as first taken up during 1


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?i)ure 2.3: 5ocations of ene@able Ener)y !o@er !lants

9he RE po#er plants in $undarbans #ere set5up under a joint initiative of the 0entral and the $tate)overn"ent. (n so"e cases contribution of $tate )overn"ent varies fro" 2&D to &=D. $o"e Me"ber of*arlia"ent ocal /rea ,evelop"ent AM*/, funds #ere also used for setting up of RE plants #ithcooperation fro" a fe# Me"bers of *arlia"ents AM*.

9hese po#er plants supply electricity for %5- hours in the evening. On an average a household is supplied1& kh of electricity per "onth and the average tariff for electricity varies fro" Rs -J kh for bio"assgasifier po#er plants to Rs ;J kh for the $olar *' po#er plants. BRE,/ is responsible for the

"aintenance of the syste"s and capital invest"ents for replace"ent of batteries including "ajor repairs.

ast 1 years of eperience has given rise to several lessons regarding rene#able energy technologies.$o"e of these areC

Epectations and de"and of consu"ers have increased. 9he general epectation is to have 2% hours

electricity supply to "eet re>uire"ents for lighting@ fans@ entertain"ent@ and livelihood activities@#hich the eisting RE po#er plants are unable to "eet.

21


22/60

Feeping opti"u" spare capacity to take into account increase in de"and fro" eisting and ne#

consu"ers needs to be considered during the planning stage.

+ybridi?ation of solar photo5voltaic #ith bio"ass or #ind is a desirable option to "eet the electricity

de"and in a cost5effective "anner.

9he available bio"ass gasifier technology #orks on solid bio"ass Afire#ood or bri>uetted bio"ass

fuel. 9his poses a severe li"itation on the technology as $undarbans has a shortage of fire#ood andlarge5scale energy plantation does not see" feasible due to pressure on land for agriculture and otheruses. 9he eperience #ith bri>uetting of agriculture bio"ass is li"ited.

(n the prevailing institutional arrange"ent@ the state govern"ent@ local co""unity and the local operatorJenergy service provider AE$* are the "ain stakeholders. Responsibility of each stakeholder involved insuch RE po#er plants in the islands is "entioned in table 2.& belo#.

able 2.( Institutional /rran)ement for E !o@er !lants

Sta#eho'der e ro'e&

ocal co""unity represented by*anchayat or ocal Manage"ent

0o""ittee AM0

/ssistance in planning e.g. identification of landMobili?ation of villagers Manage"ent of the syste"

through M0 $upervision of #ork of the operator$tate )overn"ent represented byBRE,/

(dentification of the project*roject planning@ tendering@ supervision of installation andco""issioning 0ontracts for /nnual Maintenance0ontract Organi?ing funds for battery replace"ent and"ajor "aintenance

ocal operatorJ Energy $ervice*rovider AE$*

Most of the plants have a local operator #hose task is totake care of day5to5day operation and "aintenance of thepo#er plant and the electricity distribution net#ork.(n so"e cases@ local operator has been given "oreresponsibilities Aas E$*s under #hich apart fro" renderingroutine operation and "aintenance@ they are also

responsible for billing@ "etering@ and revenue collectionservices on incentive basis.

9he eisting arrange"ent has been #orking successfully during the planning@ installation andco""issioning phase@ ho#ever@ it needs to be i"proved for the sustainable operation of the po#er plant.9he "ain proble"s being faced areC

9he M0s are not able to enforce discipline a"ongst all the users. Most of the off5grid po#er plants

suffer #ith the proble" of over5dra#ing of electricity by households Ahouseholds having "orenu"ber of light points or appliances as #ell as electricity being used for charging of batteries. 9hishas severe i"plications on the life of the syste" Aparticularly that of batteries.

9he tariffs #hich range fro" Rs 12= 51&= per "onth per household13have not been revised since the

installation of the po#er plants. 9his thus "akes the eisting RE po#er plants unviable to operate.

9he projects are operating "ore as social co""it"ents and the $tate )overn"ent provides the"aintenance cost.

9he eperience #ith the service provided under /nnual Maintenance 0ontract A/M0 has been

"ied. (n several instances the >uality of the service is not up to the "ark.

9he battery replace"ent and up gradationJreplace"ent of electronics are capital intensive tasks@

#hich "ost of the ti"e gets delayed due to lack of budget or procedural issues. 9o so"e etent@ non5

13$ourceC *ri"ary $urvey

22


23/60

revision of tariff has also resulted in resource constraints for the operators for ti"ely replace"ent ofbatteries.

9he concept of E$* has not been tried etensively.

4o "easured data is available for the a"ount of electricity generated by the RE po#er plants@ ho#ever@taking a plant load factor of 1=D @ the annual generation of the electricity fro" the RE po#er plants is

esti"ated at 3.; Million 6nitsJ year.

2"0 So'ar %o?e S&te?&

BRE,/ has been providing solar ho"e syste"s A$+$ at a subsidised rate to households inunelectrified re"ote villages. (n all@ "ore than 1==@=== solar ho"e syste"s have been provided throughthe BRE,/ progra""e1%. 9he $+$ are either of 3 p or & p. 9he gro#th of $+$ in $undarbansis sho#n in table 2.&. 9he highest concentration of $+$ is in $agar@ *atharprati"a@ )osaba@ +ingalganjand 4a"kahna blocks. (n figure 2.3@ orange coloured s>uares denote the locations having highconcentration of $+$.

able 2.' ro@th of Solar 8ome Systems throu)h >E#/ pro)ramme

Year Tota' Cu?u'at!@e Nu?-er o, S%S2==- %%@3==

2==; 2@===

2=1= 1==@===

Source: -.#$D

$ince 1


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Solar PV

10%

Wind (grid-

connected)

22%

Biomass gasifier

13%

Wind-diesel

2%

Solar Home

Systems53%

2"< D!e&e' Generat!on (DG) Set&

/s per the infor"ation collected during the survey@ $undarbans has 11% nu"bers ,) sets #ith capacityranging bet#een 1=52& k. 9hese are operated by private operators and provide electricity "ainly to"arkets@ co""ercial and institution users. 9aking an average capacity of 1& k@ the total installedcapacity of ,) sets in $undarbans is 1. M. /ssu"ing a plant load factor of 2=D@ the annual electricitygeneration fro" ,) sets is esti"ated at 2.< Million 6nitsJ year.

2". Statu& o, %ou&eho'd E'etr!,!at!on

/s per infor"ation provided by B$E,0 in the stakeholders #orkshop held on Nune @ 2=1=@organi?ed as part of this study@ $undarbans had -.


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e'etr!,!ed 8

Sant!oned)

To Be Con&!dered

- 5BSEDC+ ,or

E'etr!,!at!on

Not P'anned 9

Con&!dered ,or

e'etr!,!at!on

4orth 2% *gs 32- 2-= &= 1 1&

$outh 2% *gs &= -% &% % 1;

Tota' 14=. /30 140 < 33Source: -.S$DC/

2"= Annua' E'etr!!t &upp'

$u""ing5up@ total installed capacity in the islands is esti"ated at around ;2 M that is supplying 2-2.;"illion unitsJ year A9able 2.1=. Energy fro" rene#able energy sources Aincluding RE po#er plants and$+$ contributes to "ore than 11D but an interesting fact is that $+$ contributes to "ore than RE po#erplants in total installed capacity.

/ "ore interesting observation is that even though grid contributes to al"ost ;D of the total installedcapacity@ it connects only 1D of the total households in the islands Arefer table 2.; and supplieselectricity to people "ost of the ti"es at al"ost 3&D belo# the declared supply voltage level Arefer$ection 2.2.2. Moreover@ of these ;&D of the villages face po#er outages for %5< hours and around 1%Dof villages have it for "ore than < hours Aas per pri"ary survey.

able 2.1& /nnual Electricity Supply in Sundarbans

Soure& o, E'etr!!t In&ta''ed

Capa!t

(M5)

Proport!on

!n In&ta''ed

Capa!t

M!''!on

Un!t&9ear

Proport!on

!n Tota'

Supp'

)rid5Electricity $upply in 4orth 2%*arganas

33.1 %=.2D ;.= 2


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Chapter 3: E'etr!!t De?and Re&u't& ,ro? Pr!?ar Sur@e

9he key results fro" the pri"ary survey regarding the de"and for electricity in $undarbans are presentedin this chapter.

3"1 O*ner&h!p o, e'etr! app'!ane& and a@era$e onneted 'oad o, e'etr!,!ed hou&eho'd&

(n the pri"ary survey@ infor"ation on electricity appliances o#nership #as collected at the householdlevel. 9his infor"ation #as used along #ith rating of appliances Acollected "ainly fro" the survey tocalculate average connected load of electrified households and the results are sho#n belo#C

ightingC 9he average nu"ber of light points in an electrified household #as found to be 323 light pointsJ1== household.

!ansC Being a #ar" and hu"id area@ fans are used etensively. 9he average nu"ber of fans per electrifiedhousehold #as 1- fansJ 1== household.

Entertain"ent and co""unicationC 9his is an i"portant category@ and the observed the o#nership patternis as follo#sC

1== 9' J1== household in electrified 4on5B* +ousehold

&= 0, playersJ 1== households in electrified 4on5B* +ousehold

32 radiosJ 1== households


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(t "ay be pointed out that the average connected load A3& esti"ated a"ong the surveyed householdsis higher than the nor"s assu"ed in a nu"ber of policy docu"entsC

3== atts Aas generally taken by RE0@ that is al"ost 2&D higher than the RE0 nor"s

2== atts Afor above poverty line A/* households as considered by B)E,0 #hile preparing

the ,,) ,etailed *roject Reports A,*Rs. 9his nor" #as decided considering BRE,/ andB)E,08s eperience in $undarbans area. 9his i"plies that average connected load in the islandsis al"ost ;D higher than this nor".

-= atts Afor B* households as considered by B)E,0 #hile preparing the ,,) ,*Rs. 9his

load #as considered for B* fa"ilies as they are provided only one light point under the B* fa"ilyelectrification sche"e.

9his thus reflects that there eists ecess de"and for po#er in the islands.

3"2 Ener$ on&u?pt!on pattern and ?onth' epend!ture on Ener$

9he "onthly average ependiture on energy per household Afor all households both electrified and un5electrified #as found to be Rs -=JhouseholdJ"onth. / recent study in rural Bangladesh 1-has reportedthe average "onthly ependiture on energy by rural households as 6$


28/60

for other purposes. +o#ever@ the average annual rainfall in $undarbans is considerably high and the landis also fertile. 9his indicates substantial gro#th of bio"ass even outside reserve forest area.

3"3 5!''!n$ne&& to Pa ,or E'etr!!t

9he survey reported an average ependiture of Rs


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Par$ana& A%2.%D A11D A33.D A=.%D A=. 1D A2.%D A1=D (144H)

Source: District Statistica! +andboos for 5orth and South 26 7arganas( 2008

3"< A@era$e Annua' Per Cap!ta E'etr!!t Con&u?pt!on

/ co"parison of average annual per capita electricity consu"ption in $undarbans #ith (ndia and est

Bengal sho#s that the per capita electricity consu"ption is "uch lo#er co"pared to that of (ndia andest Bengal@ respectively Arefer table 3.2 and figure 3.2 belo#. (t is to be noted that the 4ationalElectricity *olicy A2==& ai"s at per capita consu"ption of electricity to over 1@=== khJ year by 2=12.

able 3.2: !er Capita Electricity Consumption

Re$!on

E'etr!!t

Con&u?pt!on

(#5h9ear)

Re?ar#&

(ndia 1 A2==5=; est Bengal has undertaken a large ruralelectrification intensification initiative since the year2==& on#ards. $ubse>uently@ a large nu"bers ofhouseholds have been provided #ith electricity. /s aresult the D of electrified households has increased

fro" 3.&D A2==1 to &1D A2==


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3". O@era'' A&&e&&?ent

9he analysis thus i"plies that there eists ecess de"and for po#er in the islands that is represented bythe #illingness to pay data collected during the pri"ary survey. /lso@ this is de"onstrated by the averageconnected load in islands that is higher than "ost of the nor"s being follo#ed in the $tate. But lo#average per capita consu"ption of electricity i"plies that this is due to non5availability of electricity.

3=


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Chapter 0: E'etr!!t De?and Proet!on& (24142424)

/s per *lanning 0o""ission@ the gro#th rate in electricity consu"ption in do"estic and co""ercialsector is &.;D and -.;D respectively. +o#ever $undarbans is a virgin area@ #here the po#er supply

syste" is not yet etended to "ost of the areas. $o@ the gro#th rate for first fe# years after etension ofdistribution syste" #ill be "uch higher than the nor"al rate. 9he rate #ill co"e do#n to nor"al once1==D household electrification is achieved@ so the projection of electricity de"and for $undarbans hasbeen done for 3 scenariosC

Business5as5usual AB/6 scenario

)ro#th scenario

Energy Efficiency scenario

!ollo#ing assu"ptions are sa"e across all the scenariosC

Gro'th of 7opu!ation:9he total nu"ber of households in $undarbans as per 2==1 census #as -.


32/60

efficiency i"prove"ent in non5do"estic sector #ill be achieved along si"ilar lines as do"esticenergy.

0"1 BAU Senar!o

9his scenario incorporates the eisting govern"ent plans for household electrification in $undarbans and

is characteri?ed as the "ost likely path of develop"ent in absence of "ajor interventions to i"provelivelihood and inco"es of local population. 9he "ajor assu"ptions are as follo#sC

verage Connected Domestic4 /oad:(t is assu"ed that in the absence of any "ajor initiative by the

$tate )overn"ent to i"prove livelihoods and inco"es of the local population@ during the period2=1=52=2=@ the connected load per household #ould re"ain at the current level i.e. 3& Jhousehold.

7!ant /oad actor: (t is assu"ed to re"ain at the current level of 2&D in 2=1=2=and assu"ed to be at

3=D fro" 2=11 on#ards considering increase in household connections.

)@D !osses:9he 9:, losses are assu"ed to re"ain at the current level of about %=D.21

#esu!t:9he scenario esti"ates the annual electricity de"and during 2=1= at 1&& Million 6nits and

sho#s that the annual electricity de"and in 2=11 #ould be %2.;2 Million 6nits and in 2=2= #ould

rise over ten5fold to 1&2; Million 6nits Arefer figure %.2 due to epected 1==D electrification. 9herise in electricity de"and is sharp during 2=1= to 2=1& period #hen an intensive progra""e forhousehold electrification is assu"ed to take place.

?i)ure 4.2 /nnual ro@th in Electricity #emand


33/60

Pea# +oad

,iversity !actor22 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

; *eak oadAS-J &=.&% 11-.2; 3


34/60

able 4.2 #emand pro$ection for 1&&F electrification of Sundarbans


35/60

*lease refer table %.3 for detailed calculations for 2=1= and 2=2=.

able 4.3 #emand pro$ection for 1&&F electrification of Sundarbans


36/60

de"and. 9his increase in de"and #ould re>uire substantial invest"ents in the electricity supplyinfrastructure.

9he advantages of follo#ing an energy5efficiency approach are evident. (t can be observed that the

annual electricity de"and under the energy5efficiency scenario is only -&D of that under the gro#thscenario. 9hus the focus should be on reducing 9:, losses@ and introducing energy5efficiencyappliances particularly energy5efficient fans and lighting. Electricity de"and under the energy

efficiency scenario Aeleven5fold fro" the base level is only slightly higher than that under the B/6scenario Aten5fold fro" the base level@ indicating that an e"phasis on electricity efficiency in thetrans"ission@ distribution and end5use side could potentially offset the rise in de"and triggered byhigher rates of electrification as #ell as increase in use of energy efficient electrical appliances in thedo"estic and non5do"estic sectors.

?i)ure 4.( Electricity #emand


37/60

Chapter / 3/ 0 1> =


38/60

Minakhan -< 5 5 2 1

$andeshkhali5( 2& 5 5 3 2;

$andeshkhali5(( 21 5 5 3 2%

+asnabad -% 5 5 1 -&

+ingalganj %; 5 1 & &%

Tota' 314 1 1< 32.


39/60

S" No V!''a$e Cen&u& CodeNo" o,

%ou&eho'd&Popu'at!on

E&t!?ated Proet

Co&t (!n R& +a#h)

2. Fusu"tala =%=-;&== ;-- &=3-

3. Mousani =%=-%== &1- 31%;

%. Baliara =%=-&== 12- ;=2

B'o# Patharprat!?a

S'" No V!''a$eCen&u&

Code

No" o,

%ou&eho'd&Popu'at!on

E&t!?ated Proet

Co&t (!n R& +a#h)

D"1 DDG She?e No"I :: 3 2uick interface #hen grid po#er reaches the village and ensure that the invest"ents "ade today are notsunk #hen the village is finally connected to the grid.

,ecentrali?ed ,istributed )eneration can be fro" conventional or rene#able sources such as Bio"ass@ Biofuels@Biogas@ Mini +ydro@ $olar etc. for villages #here grid connectivity is either not feasible or not cost effective.


40/60

(.1.1 8ours of Supply

9he sche"es have been designed to supply po#er for 1251- hoursJday. 9he sche"e is designed to providepo#er supply to "ajority of the households in the area covered under the project.

(.1.2 Choice of echnolo)y

/ll nine ,,) sche"es #ould be based either on single rene#able energy technology or co"bination of

t#o. 9echnology selection is based on the appropriateness for specific villages Jha"lets. 9he break5upbet#een different technologies is given belo#C

able (.3 echnolo)y%mi for the proposed ## schemes

Tehno'o$?! No o, &he?e&

Bio"ass gasifier P $*' %

Bio"ass boiler turbine generator 2

Biodiesel generator P$*' 3

Tota' /

able (.4 echnolo)y%@ise capacity

Tehno'o$ Un!t& Tota' Capa!t

$olar *' F -uire any fuel@ ho#ever the replace"ent of

battery bank as #ell as replace"ent of inverter after -5; years is epected and entails large invest"entAup to 2&D of the initial capital cost of the syste".

/ solar *' po#er plant re>uires significantly large area Aaround 3== "2 for a 1= kp plant

Out of the < ,,) sche"es@ in sche"es $olar *' is proposed as a supple"entary source to bio"assgasifiers and biodiesel generators. 9he capacity of $*' po#er plants ranges fro" %& to 13= kp. 9he

%=


41/60

$olar *' po#er plants are designed to provide po#er during lo#5de"and periods@ particularly duringnight hours A1= p" to - a".

Bio"ass gasifier #ith 1==D gas engine9he key features that need to be considered for bio"ass gasifier po#er plant option are as follo#sC

9he initial capital cost of the technology ranges fro" Rs &=@=== to -=@=== Jk.

/ gasifier is considered a preferred bio"ass technology for capacities ranging fro" 1= to &== k.

4or"ally@ a gasifier is designed for a specific fuel type e.g. for solid fuels As"all5pieces of #ood or

bio"ass bri>uettes or for loose bio"ass Ae.g. rice husk@ sa# dust. / "ajority of the gasifiersdeployed for rural electrification earlier are based on solid fuel.

!or trouble free operation@ a gasifier po#er plant re>uires regular and periodic "aintenance. (t is

i"portant that the #eekly@ "onthly and annual "aintenance schedules are prepared early in theproject stage and follo#ed properly during the operations stage.

*roper storage to store bio"ass is essential #ith a bio"ass gasifier syste". 9he gasifier eperiences

technical proble"s #ith #et bio"ass and hence the storage should be covered to keep the bio"assdry. / provision for drying of bio"ass is also essential in a place like $undarbans having a long"onsoon season. ,uring "onsoon@ the bio"ass fuel can be dried utili?ing the heat of ehaust gas.

$o"e )asifer "anufacturers in (ndia "anufacture this type of e>uip"ents. $uch e>uip"ent #ill bedeployed under this sche"e.

(n corrosive "arine environ"ents like $undarbans@ the bio"ass gasifier shell is epected to last for

around & years and #ould re>uire replace"ent. 9o reduce the corrosion proble"@ the reactors "ade ofMild $teel sheets are replaced #ith reactors "ade of stainless steel sheets. 9hus@ reactors "ade up ofstainless steel shall be deployed under such sche"e in the islands.

Out of the < ,,) sche"es@ % sche"es all located in *atharprati"a block have been identified forsetting up bio"ass gasifier po#er plants. *atharprati"a block is kno#n for paddy cultivation and alsohave rice "ills and hullers@ #hich results in availability of rice5husk. 9he bio"ass gasifier plantsproposed #ould utili?e this rice5husk either in loose for" or in bri>uetted for". /ll bio"ass gasifierbased units are located in *atharprati"a block because of its proi"ity to rice "ills in Fad#ip and

4a"khana blocks.

Bio"ass boiler turbine generator9he key features that need to be considered for bio"ass boiler turbine generator po#er plant option are asfollo#sC

9he technology is considered #hen the po#er generation capacity is "ore than &== k

9he initial capital cost is in the range of Rs 2&@===Jk

Being a conventional boiler syste" based on bio"ass co"bustion@ it can take various types of

bio"ass@ #hich provides "ore fleibility in its operation.

(t is a proven and robust technology.

)iven the relatively larger si?e of the po#er plant having larger bio"ass re>uire"ents@ it is essential

to have a good plan for collection and storage of bio"ass. )ood >uality Bio"ass Bri>uetting"achines are available in operation in "any parts of (ndia. 9hese units are capable of converting#ide range of loose bio"ass into bri>uette that can be used in the boiler. $uch "achines #ill bedeployed in the islands .9he calorific value is in the range of 3&== to %2== Fcal per kg.

9#o sche"es@ each of 1&== k each@ located at )osaba are proposed. Rice husk@ jute sticks and"iscellaneous bio"ass #ould be the fuel for these units.

Biodiesel generator

%1


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9he key features that need to be considered for biodiesel generator po#er plant option are as follo#sC

9he initial capital cost is in the range of Rs 1=@===51&@===Jk

One of the leading engine "anufacturers has started offering biodiesel generator set of 2&= k

capacity. (t is epected that soon other engine "anufacturers #ill launch their products.

Biodiesel re>uired Ain ter"s of >uantity and >uality can only be co""ercially produced in

centrali?ed plants@ having capacities of several tonsJday. 9hus the biodiesel re>uired for the plant hasto be procured fro" these co"panies. *roper arrange"ent for transportation and storage #ill bere>uired. ater transport shall be used for transfer of "aterial.

9he biodiesel generator has been proposed in three ,,) sche"es. 9hese villages do not have sufficientbio"ass resources to install a bio"ass based po#er plant. 9here is very li"ited scope for local bio5fuelproduction as the conditions are not conducive for Natropha cultivation. 9he biodiesel ANatropha and *al"oil for the po#er plants is planned to be procured fro" bio5diesel factories at +aldia@ E"ani and +o#rah@the closest areas to $undarban (slands on the "ainland. 9ransportation across the islands #ill be donethrough #ater transport.

(.1.3 Institutional and business model

9he ,,) sche"e under R))' is based on viability gap funding. 6nder the sche"e@ the gap bet#eenthe total ependiture Aincluding the capital ependiture for setting5up the po#er generation anddistribution syste" along #ith operation cost for first & years and the revenue generated in the first &years is funded by the )overn"ent under R))'. B)E,0 #ould be the i"ple"enting agency.

9he )overn"ent of (ndia has already approved a su" of Rs 11= 0rores for viability gap funding. 9heesti"ated cost is also the sa"e. 9he viability gap funding "ay go up to uired across various proposed technologies under ,,)sche"e is presented in table &.&. (t also provides an approi"ate cost of a diesel generator set as #ell asof grid electricity. /s #e can observe that the cost of diesel generator set is co"paratively lo#er ore>uivalent to the technology proposed under ,,) sche"e@ use of such generator sets is notreco""ended in the islands given the fragile ecological conditions.

able (.( Comparison of Initial Capital Cost across "arious echnolo)ies2(

Tehno'o$ In!t!a' Cap!ta' Co&t (R& J444

per #5)

E&t!?ated OM Co&t (R&

J444 per #5)

$olar *' 1-< 1.=3

Bio"ass )asifier &=5-= %.==

Bio"ass boiler turbine generator %& %.==

Biodiesel )enerator $et 1=51& %.==

,iesel )enerator set 1=51& %.==

)rid Electricity %& 3.&

25$ourceC B)E,0 for technology under ,,)@ pri"ary survey for $olar *'@ B$E,0 for grid electricity@ and Firloskar

Oil Engines i"ited for diesel generator set.

%2


43/60

Results of an analysis of the total cost for setting5up the po#er generation and distribution syste" along#ith the operational cost for five years are presented in figure &.1 in the for" of cost per k for variousoptions. +ere@ an approi"ate cost of providing distribution net#ork has been on the basis of costesti"ates of ,,) projects prepared by B)E,0.

?i)ure (.1 Cost per > for different proposed schemes2'

$"all and dispersed electric loads result in longer feeder lines and hence@ higher 9:, losses. argenu"ber of B* fa"ilies and nonavailability of large co""ercial loads leads to lo# revenue forelectricity distributor and hence@ has a direct i"pact on the long5ter" sustainability of the infrastructureand resource availability. )iven this@ there is a high likelihood that #hile doing rationing of electricityduring supply deficit situation@ $undarbans #ill not be in an advantageous position. 9he above costanalysis gains i"portant because even if there is a provision of grid electricity for 1==D households@ theavailability of po#er is likely to face generation constraints in the $tate@ a"ong other factors@ i"plyingload shedding and bro#n5outs. 9his thus highlights an i"portance of the non5conventional sources ofenergy irrespective of its scale as standalone as #ell as supple"entary sources of electricity to gridelectricity to "eet the un"et de"and for po#er.

(.1.( !roposed ariff

9he proposed tariff for the various proposed sche"es is given belo# in table &.-. (t ranges fro" Rs - toRs 1=Jkh. 9he tariff is not deter"ined through regulatory regi"e prevalent in the state but has beenderived on the basis of the #illingness5to5pay Aas esti"ated fro" pri"ary survey and already eistingtariff in the islands for RE po#er plants that is decided in "utual agree"ent #ith the local people. )iven

this@ the proposed tariff #ill be deter"ined at co""unity level after consultations #ith the local people.9he tariff #as deter"ined in the sa"e "anner adopted by regulatory co""ission but the rate is highbecause of high overhead and transportation cost. (t can be observed that the users of electricity in the,,) area #ould be paying "uch higher tariff co"pared to their neighbors getting electricity fro" thegrid Arefer table 2.% for co"parison.

able (.' !roposed ariff

26$che"e nu"bers 1 and 2 A$*' P B,) refer to ,,) $che"es ( and (( for Block )osaba. $che"e nu"bers 3 and % ABMB9)refers to ,,) $che"es ((( and (' for Block )osaba. $che"e nu"ber & ABMB9) refers to the ,,) sche"e for Black

4a"khana. $che"e nu"bers - to < A$*' P BM) refer to ,,) sche"es for Block *atharprati"a.

%3

$ost in 's Lahs(&

117

134

0908 0906099

149 149

175

146

109

000

020

040

060

080

100

120

140

160

180

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 :&rag&

SPV )*"+

*M*,+

SPV)*M+

$che"e 5555555555555555555555 T

$*'PB,)C $olar *' and Biodiesel )asifierBMB9)C Bio"ass Boiler 9urbine )enerator$*'PBM)C $olar *' and Bio"ass )asifier


44/60

S" No" B'o#&Propo&ed tar!,, (R&"9#5h)

Do?e&t! Co??un!t Co??er!a' Indu&tr!a'

$*'5B,) )osaba@ 4a"khana - ; ; 1=

BMB )osaba & - - -

$*'5BM) *atharprati"a & & - -

(.1.' Sustainability Issues

9he proposal for the < sche"es has been prepared as per the ,,) guidelines. 9he selection of thetechnology has been done considering the availability of resources Arefer Anneure 3 andAnneure 0for details on resource availability. +o#ever@ for long5ter" sustainability Abeyond & years of the present,,) sche"e of these sche"es@ plans should be "ade by the state govern"ent at an early stage of designand i"ple"entation of these sche"es.


45/60

0" )osaba 22

.k" S11@3=&.=1 acres. /rea re>uired per M is & acres@ so total potential is S 22-1.=1 Asay 22&= M.


46/60

Chapter .: Strate$ ,or Jto -e $r!d e'etr!,!ed6 @!''a$e&

."1 E!&t!n$ Gr!d In,ra&truture

/s stated in 0hapter &@ al"ost 2-3 villages in the islands are grid connected and "ost of the" arebeing proposed to be grid connected by 2=1&.

/s stated $ection 2.2@ "ost of the substations #ill be unable to "eet the increased de"and for po#er

if all the households are to be connected to the grid.

Moreover@ long feeder lines that so"eti"es etends up to "ore than &= k"@ results in higher losses

and poor >uality of po#er. 9his is further a"plified by inade>uate nu"ber of distributiontransfor"ers. /s a result@ tail end voltage level is al"ost 3&D belo# the declared voltage supplylevel.

Even though grid contributes to al"ost ;D of the total installed capacity@ al"ost ;%D of the villages

do not get po#er for %5< hours and 1%D of the villages for "ore than < hours.

9his re>uires aug"entation of the eisting grid infrastructure in the villages to i"prove reliability of

po#er supply.

9his also re>uires supple"enting the grid electricity #ith the already eisting non5conventionalsources of po#er.

."2 Propo&a' ,or Further Gr!d E'etr!,!at!on

/s per the plan of the state govern"ent@ B$E,0 shall achieve 1==D village electrification by

2=1&. But since as per the ne# definition of electrification@ an electrification of village "ay not "ean1==D electrification of households in the village.

!unds to the tune of Rs 1


47/60

."3 Redut!on !n TD +o&&e&

/s "entioned earlier the 9:, losses in $undarbans are esti"ated to be around %=D2;.9he "ain reasonsfor these losses areC

d+oc $Apansion of the S"stem 'ithout Scientific 7!anningC ,istribution syste"s have been

epanded on an ad5hoc and hapha?ard basis #ith the sole objective of giving connections under

pressure fro" influential persons but #ithout "uch scientific planning #hich has resulted in higherlosses.

/o' 7o'er actorC 9here are pu"ps@ fabrication and other s"all industries@ #hich operate #ithout

"aking provision for po#er factor i"prove"ent and thus the syste" has a lo# po#er factor #hichresults in higher losses.

mproper /oad >anagementC ("proper "anage"ent of the load@ "ainly unbalanced load has led to

unevenJ over5loading of conductors and transfor"ers in the syste" causing higher losses.

Distribution )ransformers D)#4 not /ocated at /oad CentreC 9he ,9Rs are nor"ally located by

road side for easy access but not located centrally #ith respect to consu"ers. 0onse>uently@ theoverall length of the distribution net#ork increases and the farthest consu"ers receives lo# voltageeven though a reasonably good voltage level is "aintained at the transfor"ers8 secondary. 9his again

leads to higher line losses. 7oor Construction and nadeBuate >aintenance of $BuipmentC Majority of poles for 33 k' and 11

k' line are etended by cla"ping a piece of 1== "" &= "" M$ channel to the *$0 poles. 9his"ay result in co"pro"ising #ith the $afety !actor@ #hich "ust be a "ini"u" of 2.& for *$0 poles.9he lines should be erected #ith poles #ithout joints and safety factor of atleast 2.& "ust be"aintained.

Some of the distribution transformers are o!d and repaired. *oor #ork"anship also contributes

significantly to#ards increasing distribution losses. Noints are a source of po#er loss. 0onnections tothe transfor"er bushing@ drop out fuse@ isolator@ and 9 s#itch cause losses. Moreover@ poorconstruction results in increased losses. *oor #ork"anship leads to hot spots@ e>uip"ent failure andinterruption in supply. ,eteriorated #ires and services@ #hich are not ti"ely "aintained@ causeleakages and loss of po#er

/ong feeder !inesas discussed in 0hapter 2. 9he 11 k' lines are etended beyond their design li"itcausing line loss@ instability and proble"s in voltage regulation.

One of the steps of the proposed strategy #ould be to i"prove the condition of the eisting gridinfrastructure. 9he potential "easures are enu"erated in /nneure -.

."0 Up$radat!on o, Su-&tat!on&

9o "eet the gro#th in de"and for electricity the electricity infrastructure including substations needs tobe upgraded.

(n 4orth 2% *arganas@ aug"entation of 33J11 k' substations at Minakhan fro" eisting A23 M'/ toA23 P 13.1& M'/ at +asnabad fro" eisting A1& P 23.1& M'/ to A2-.3 P 23.1& M'/ and at

+ingalganj fro" eisting A23.1& M'/ to A23.1& M'/ P 1-.3 M'/ has been planned in the$undarbans.

(n $outh 2% *arganas@ in addition to aug"entation of capacity of the eisting substations@ four ne# sub5stations are planned A9able -.1.

able '.1: Eistin) and !roposed 3311 7 Substations % South 24 !ar)anas

28$ourceC B$E,0

%


48/60

Na?e o, B'o#Na?e o,

V!''a$e

E!&t!n$

33911 #V

(MVA)

Propo&ed

33911 #V

(MVA)

Tota'

Capa!t

(MVA)

Epeted

+oad ,ro?

pr!?ar

&ur@e (!n

M5)

Epeted

+oad ,ro?

pr!?ar

&ur@e (!n

MVA)

Eistin) substationsNaynagar 5 (( Noynagar 1-.3 1&.& 32.1 .&% uirespecialised technical capabilities@ involves synergetic develop"ent of grid and off5grid options andre>uires "anpo#er on the ground for efficient tariff collection and >uick "aintenance@ it is proposed thata ne# organi?ation 5 $undarbans *o#er $upply 0orporation be for"ed. 9his corporation #ill coordinateall the #orks related to various po#er sector agencies@ such as@ B$E,0 for grid electricity@B)E,0 for ,,)@ BRE,/ for RE po#er plants@ etc. (t is proposed that the initial e>uity for thisne# 0orporation can be contributed as follo#s AtentativeC &=D fro" B$E,0@ 2&D fro" B)E,0

%;


49/60

and 2&D fro" $undarbans ,evelop"ent Board. (t is to be "entioned that there are recent ea"ples offor"ation of such corporation for specific purposes e.g. 4e# 9o#n Electric $upply 0o"pany A+(90Ofor"ed by B$E,0 to serve 4e# 9o#n and $undarbans (nfrastructure ,evelop"ent 0orporation forall infrastructure develop"ent at $undarbans.

9he proposed 0orporation #ould be responsible for the follo#ingC

*o#er purchase fro" generating co"panies and distribution of the sa"e in grid connected areasfalling under its jurisdiction.

$etting up of ,,) plants in off5grid areas and distribution lines for distribution of po#er in the

villages covered under the project.

Operation and "aintenance of the ,,) plants@ substations and lines including service connections

and "etering etc.

Overall operation and "aintenance of other sources of po#er including grid and RE po#er plants.

Billing and revenue collection.

,isaster "anage"ent during cyclone and floods.

9he 0orporation #ould also pro"ote public5private partnership. *ublic5*rivate participation in

i"ple"enting the project is essential. /s sho#n above@ cost of electrification in this area is bound to behigher than "ainland due to various reasons. *rivate entrepreneurs #ill not participate in the processincurring losses. !ro" our past eperience@ the $tate )overn"ent #ill find it difficult to "aintain thesyste" in an efficient "anner. *rivate parties "ay be attracted if provided viability gap finance in theinitial installation stage and the project should be for"ulated in such a #ay so that the )overn"ent #illnot be re>uired to finance O:M. Moreover@ involve"ent of local co""unities is e>ually i"portant forefficient #orking of the syste". ocal capacity through carrying out training sessions on day to day O:Mcan be build.

."= A@a!'a-!'!t o, Po*er Supp' to the I&'and&

/vailability of the reliable po#er supply to the islands #ill ulti"ately depend on the follo#ing factorsC

/ug"entation of generation capacity of conventional generating stations in est Bengal.

/vailability of po#er fro" 0entral $ector po#er plants of 4ational 9her"al *o#er 0orporation

A49*0 and 4ational +ydro *o#er 0orporation A4+*0.

9he follo#ing table gives a snapshot of the installed capacity in the state at the end of 1= thfive year plan.able '.2: Installed Capacity in >est en)al at the end of 1& th!lan


50/60

Month Pea# &horta$e (H) Ener$ &horta$e (H)

Nuly 2==< 51. 53.2

/ugust 2==< 51.% 5%.2

$epte"ber 2==< 5=.2 53.1

October 2==< 5=.3 52

4ove"ber 2==< =.= 5=.;

,ece"ber 2==< 5=.; 5=.

Nanuary 2=1= 5=.& 53.%

!ebruary 2=1= =.= 5=.%

Marh 2414 2"1 0"/

Apr!' 2414 >"< ="1

Ma 2414 4"1 3"3

Source: Centra! $!ectricit" uthorit"

&=


51/60

Chapter =:De?and S!de Mana$e?ent

="1 O-et!@e&

9he "ain objective is to achieve a better integration of fleible de"and A,e"and Response@ ,e"and$ide Manage"ent #ith ,istributed )eneration@ energy storages and $"art )rids. 9his #ould lead to anincrease of the value of ,e"and Response@ ,e"and $ide Manage"ent and ,istributed )eneration and adecrease of proble"s caused by inter"ittent distributed generation based on rene#able energy sources inthe physical electricity syste".

="2 O@er@!e* o, the S!tuat!on

9he electric supply sources in $undarbans can be broadly divided into t#o categories@ Ai )rid 0onnectednet#ork and Aii ,istributed generation 4et#orks. 9he grid connected syste" is easier to "aintainbecause it gets po#er supply fro" a central source #hereas the distributed syste" depends on local po#erstations that depends on locally available resources. 9he project area is crisscrossed by a nu"ber ofrivers@ canals and creeks@ #hich "akes installation and "aintenance of distribution syste" difficult.

="3 D!&tr!-ut!on S&te?

9he distribution syste" consist of 11 k' trans"ission lines@ 11J=.%33 k' distribution substations andthree phase four #ire %== volt distribution lines. Efforts should be "ade to install s"all transfor"ersnearer to load and reduce length of 9 lines as far as practicable.

,.3.1 11 7 ransmission lines

11 k' 9rans"ission lines #ill be "ade #ith aerial bunched conductors A/B0 to lo#er the cost ofconstruction@ reduce necessity of forest clearance for line "aintenance and safety. 9hese lines #ill beco"paratively "uch safer during cyclones in co"parison to conventional overhead bare conductor lines.

,.3.2 5 5ines

9he 9 lines #ill be "ade #ith 9 /B0 conductors to lo#er the cost of construction@ reduce necessity offorest clearance for line "aintenance and safety. 9his #ill be very useful to prevent theft of po#er.

,.3.3 #istribution Substations

9he distribution substations shall be installed nearer to the load as far as practicable to lo#er the length of9 lines and to provide better voltage to consu"ers.

="0 In,ra&truture o, De?and S!de Mana$e?ent

9he infrastructure for "aintenance of po#er supply needs so"e innovative solutions. (n these islands@"any of the load centres@ even ,,) stations are not approachable by "otorable road. 9he "aintenancestaff should "ove to different areas in fast "echani?ed boats but in so"e places light "otor vehiclesincluding battery operated vehicles #ill be useful for s"all distances.

="< D!&tr!-ut!on and Prepa?ent Opt!on&

&1


52/60

hile it is necessary to create en(ironmental-friendly generation and distri)&tion systems *it' increased efficiency+ it is also of&tmost im%ortance to ma,e smarter+ more efficient distri)&tion systems 9here are a nu"ber of tools available to helpdrive efficiencies. Every distribution co"pany is currently i"ple"enting load "anage"ent and efficientrevenue collection syste"s.

/ key co"ponent of an intelligent grid is an electric "eter. $o"e Meters are designed to house

functionality that can allo# the utility to re"otely connect and disconnect electrical service to a pre"iseas needed. 9his functionality has "any applications such as load control@ de"and5side "anage"ent@electricity theft avoidance@ and prepay"ent "etering. /ll of these applications "ake re"oteconnectJdisconnect capability a po#erful tool for utilities and a pri"ary building block of an advancedtrans"ission and distribution syste" or a co"ponent of an intelligent grid.

,.(.1 5oad Control

$"art load control helps reduce the risk of getting into a condition that "ay lead to a blackout. (n aneffort to avoid prolonged outages or operating capacity e"ergencies@ it is necessary to )alance t'e generation tot'e load .n t'e e(ent of a ca%acity deficiency+ generation and transmission systems o%erate at t'eir f&ll ca%acity to %rom%tly restorenormal system fre/&ency and (oltage .f all ot'er actions are &na)le to relie(e t'e ca%acity emergency+ t'e system may ta,eimmediate action+ *'ic' incl&des man&al load s'edding

,.(.2 Shutdo@n D estoration

(f an area disturbance causes abnor"al levels of fre>uency or voltage@ "aking it unsafe to operate thegenerators or their support e>uip"ent in parallel #ith the syste"@ it is necessary to isolate the" fro" thesyste". 0usto"er load #ill be nor"ally restored as generation and trans"ission e>uip"ent beco"esavailable@ since load and generation "ust re"ain in balance at nor"al fre>uency during the restoration.hen voltage@ fre>uency@ and phase angle allo#@ the syste" operator "ay resynchroni?e the isolated area#ith the surrounding area. 9he electrical net#ork is syste"atically restored #ithout overloading there"aining syste". 9he syste"5level control is co"plicated and has a #ider i"pact than locali?ed loadcontrol@ difficulty in "ove"ent due to difficult terrain conditions in $undarbans@ leads to the need for are"ote disconnect load. 9he rising prices of electrical energy@ the increasing de"andJsupply gap@ and thei"balance of load on the syste" also "andate load shedding.

,.(.3 5oad -ana)ementG illin)G e"enue Collection D heft /"oidance.

*repay"ent "etering and load "anage"ent should be adopted because the consu"er base #ill be spreadover nu"ber of villages located in islands@ #here surface co""unication facilities ecept river transportare al"ost non5eistent. *repay"ent "etering re>uires custo"ers to pay in advance for the electricitythey epect to use. 9he prepay"ent "eters have the ability to disconnect and reconnect the load based onthe purchase of additional Uelectricity unitsU by a custo"er. 9his syste" ensures advance receipt ofpay"ent and avoids any potential non5pay"ent issues. 9his #ill also help in eli"inating the need forappointing personnel to "anually take "eter reading and prepare bills and accept pay"ent.

,.(.4 #// #ocumentation of the !o@er System

Reliable and sufficiently detailed data is re>uired to facilitate decision "aking in all activities of thedistribution syste" "anage"ent. 0ontrolling costs@ i"proving efficiency and reducing do#n ti"e havebeco"e essential for a utility in order to succeed. 9he data re>uire"ents for "anage"ent of distributionsyste"s are volu"inous and varied. $o"e of the" are indicated belo#C

,.(.4.1 Consumer #ata

0ategory #ise nu"ber of consu"er and connected load including the Bulk 0onsu"er8s details such as

0ontract de"and

&2


53/60

Mai"u" de"and

Energy 0onsu"ption

$upply 'oltage

,.(.4.2 #emand data

*eak de"and FJF'/R5si"ultaneous and non si"ultaneous /nnual Energy 0onsu"ption data

,.(.4.3 6et@or data

)eographical "ap Ato scale of the area depicting 9rans"ission and $ub5trans"ission syste".

$ource As of po#er supplyJ)rid substation As supplying po#er to the area

Eisting $ubstation

Eisting lines

,.(.4.( Sub%ransmission System

Eisting 33J11 k' $ub5$tations : Eisting 33 k' (4E$.

6nder 0onstruction $ub5$tation.

6nder 0onstruction 33J11 k' lines.

,.(.4.' #istribution System

11k' lines

,istribution transfor"ers

9 lines.

,.(.4., perational parameters

$ubstation e>uip"ent status

!ailure of distribution transfor"ers

9ripping on 33 k' : 11 F' feedersJlines

0onsu"er outages

,.(.4. Electrical net@or details

Electrical net#ork details single line diagra"s #ith conductor si?es@ lengths@ transfor"er locations@

capacitors@ capacitors@ consu"er location and load etc.

*ara"eters of e>uip"ents@ devices and conductors

oad data5peak load@ diversity factor@ po#er factor etc.

,.4.(.9 57 6et@or $ection length

0onductor si?e of each section

0onnected load for each group of consu"er

4u"ber of consu"ers in each group

9otal connected load on the transfor"er

,.(.4.1& EAuipment !arameter #ata

&3


54/60

9he $che"atic diagra" for eisting sub5stations are to be prepared #ith infor"ation of po#ertransfor"er rating and nu"bers@ i"pedance values@ bus bar sche"e@ isolators@ circuit breakers type e.g."ini"u" oilJbulk oilJ$!-J'acuu" and type of installation AindoorJoutdoor@ no of inco"ing andoutgoing feeders@ 09s and *9s@ details of taps and nor"al tap position@ spare bays etc.

,.(.4.11 5oad #ata

9he load data covering the "onthly@ daily and yearly details of energyJpeak po#er in the electrical syste"as #ell as infor"ation as belo# is re>uiredC

*eak load on each transfor"erJfeeder and corresponding actual voltage.

,iversity factor at various voltage levels.

*o#er factor at various voltage levels

oad factor and loss load factor at various voltage levels.

=". D!&tr!-ut!on Auto?at!on

)eographic (nfor"ation $yste"s A)($ can be used in distribution syste"s "anage"ent forC

+andling custo"er in>uiries

!ault Manage"ent

Routine "aintenance can be planned.

4et#ork etensions and opti"i?ation

4et#ork analysis

4et#ork reconfiguration

("proved revenue "anage"ent

$0/,/ can be integrated #ith )($

="= Better Mana$e?ent o, D!&tr!-ut!on Tran&,or?er&

9he follo#ing "easures are to be takenC

ugmentation&ddition of Distribution )ransformersC ,istribution transfor"ers have to be aug"entedby installing additional transfor"ers or increasing the capacity of the transfor"er #hen the "ai"u"de"and on the transfor"er is near its rating. (t is al#ays better to add a transfor"er than to aug"ent.

#e!ocation of Distribution )ransformers at /oad CentresC 9he location of transfor"ers and type of

transfor"ers in the distribution syste" is strategically decided to ensure that losses are kept #ithinopti"u" li"its. $o"eti"es@ distribution transfor"ers are not located at the load centre.0onse>uently@ the farthest consu"ers receive lo# voltage even though reasonably good voltage levelsare "aintained at the sending end. 9his again leads to higher line losses. (n order to reduce thevoltage drop in the line to the farthest consu"ers@ the distribution transfor"er should be located at theload centre to keep voltage drop #ithin per"issible li"its.

?se of $nerg" $fficient )ransformers morphous4C 9his can also help in preventing distribution

losses. Recently distribution transfor"ers #ith a"orphous core have entered the (ndian "arket and

fe# utilities have installed these. 9he core losses A"agneti?ing or no load losses get substantiallyreduced.

/oad .a!ancing and /oad >anagement:(t has been learnt on en>uiry during survey that the load on

all three phases of a distribution line and a"ong the feeders are not balanced in "any substations.9his results in increased current in the heavily loaded line #ith increased line losses.

="> Capa!tor In&ta''at!on

&%


55/60

9he use of capacitors to correct for poor po#er factor is a #ell5established and cost5effective "eans ofreducing distribution syste" losses and "ai"i?ing the revenue. 0apacitor banks can be placed close tothe lo# po#er factor loads@ and other suitable locations for "ai"i?ing the syste" benefits in ter"s ofreleasing syste" capacity@ controlling voltage and "ini"i?ing syste" losses. 9he capacitors should be aco"bination of s#itched and fied type to prevent overco"pensation. $hunt capacitors can be connectedin the follo#ing #aysC

/cross individual custo"ers /t vantage points on 9 and 11 k' feeders

/t distribution transfor"ers and

/t +' substations.

="/ Adopt!on o, %!$h Vo'ta$e D!&tr!-ut!on S&te? (%VDS)

/doption of 11 k' +igh 'oltage ,istribution $yste" A+',$ reduces the technical losses considerably.11 k' lines should be dra#n nearest to load point and the step5do#n distribution transfor"ers should beinstalled for connecting consu"ers. 9he length of 9 lines should be kept as short as possible.

="14 Pre@ent!@e and Re$u'ar Ma!ntenane

*reventive and regular "aintenance of co"ponents of the distributions syste" is necessary toreduceJeli"inate breakdo#ns. 0are should be taken to opti"i?e preventive "aintenance@ because eachshutdo#n due to preventive "aintenance is also a source of revenue loss. *reventive "aintenance can be"ini"i?ed by careful design and healthy installation practices. 9he follo#ing "easures should beundertaken for preventive "aintenanceC

Maintenance of overhead lines@ #hich re>uires re"ovingJtri""ing of trees along a sufficiently #ide

right5of5#ay to avoid their possibly da"aging the line. 9he creepers and bird nests should also bere"oved. 9he best and per"anent solution #ill be replace"ent of bare conductors #ith /B0.

Repairing of broken or da"aged cross5ar"s@ insulators@ conductors and supports should be done on a

regular basis.

BendingJleaning of poles should be corrected and stays should be tightened.

="11 Spread!n$ A*arene&& re$ard!n$ Ener$ E,,!!ent App'!ane&

(n addition to above@ the state should also take initiatives in pro"ote energy efficient appliances andshould create a#areness about the energy savings resulting fro" the use of such appliances.

&&


56/60

Chapter >: A'ternate Ener$ U&e In'ud!n$ Coo#!n$

Energy has a nu"ber of applications that can i"prove the living standard of the people. 9his chapter #illdiscuss so"e of such applications that can be i"ple"ented in $undarbans.

>"1 Coo#!n$

$ince "ost of the traditional indoor chulhas depend etensively on the local fuel and contributes toenviron"ental as #ell as health proble"s@ it is i"portant to find alternate #ays to use energy to avoidsuch proble"s. One such application of rene#able energy is i"proved cook stove that benefits rural#o"en. 9he "ajor positive i"pacts are related to the i"prove"ent of #o"en8s health@ reducingenviron"ental proble"s and increase in the productivity. Feeping this in vie#@ Ministry of 4e# andRene#able Energy AM4RE had launched 4ational *rogra" for ("proved 0ookstoves A4*(0 in 1


57/60

)obar )as A0o# dung is an eco5friendly energy source that converts co# dung and hu"an ecreta intobiogas. 9his can be set up #ith household co#s or buffalos. 9hese are very co""on in rural areas. o##ater consu"ing toilets can be attached to this type of plants.

>"3 Do?e&t! 5ater %eater&

$olar #ater heating devices can be used for supplying hot #ater to vast range of re>uire"ents. $olar#ater heater ranging fro" 1== *, to &== *, or higher si?es are used in +ospital@ +otels and also inindividual households.

>"0 So'ar %o?e +!$ht!n$ S&te?&

$olar ho"e lighting syste"s are po#ered by solar energy using solar cells that convert sunlight intoelectricity directly. 9hese syste"s are used etensively in $undarbans area. 9he units #ith 3 #att and %#att $*' Modules are popular.

>"< So'ar +antern

$olar lanterns are lo# cost portable lighting syste"s "ost popular in un5electrified areas. /fter H/(/Icyclone ravaged $undarbans thousands of $olar anterns #ere distributed a"ongst the victi"s byB)E,0.

>". So'ar Para-o'! Coo#er

/ solar cooker is like a hot bo in #hich food can be cooked #ithout gas@ coal@ #ood@ kerosene orelectricity. +o#ever@ this is not very popular in $undarbans as $olar Radiation is "uch less than &khJ"2Jday.

>"= So'ar Street +!$ht&

$olar $treet ight illu"inates nu"ber i"portant Netties@ river side ghats@ offices and roads in differentparts of $undarbans.

Ta-'e >"1: E&t!?ated Pr!e o, the @ar!ou& !te?&

S'" No" Na?e o, the Ite?& Pr!e Ran$e (R&")

1. !ied 0hullas &=

2. *ortable 0hulhas 1==

3. ,eenabandu )obar )as *lant 1=@===

%. ,o"estic F'(0 Model )obar )as *lant 1=@===

&. ,o"estic ater +eaters A1== *, 1-@===

-. $olar +o"e ighting $yste"s 1&@=== 1;@===

. $olar antern 2@=== 2@2==;. $olar *arabolic 0ooker 1=@===


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Chapter /: Con'u&!on&

9he "ain conclusions of the study are as follo#sC

arge nu"ber of B* fa"ilies@ dispersed nature of the settle"ents that are separated by #ide rivers

and creeks@ and non5availability of large co""ercial loads due to absence of any "ajor industryresults in lo# revenue and higher costs for electricity distributor. 9his thus results in deferredachieve"ent of break5even point for invest"ent and hence poses a "ajor challenge in ensuring long5ter" sustainability of electricity infrastructure in the region. ong feeder lines and non5availability ofade>uate nu"ber of distribution transfor"ers are also another i"portant factor that results in poor>uality of electricity.

Epectations and de"and of consu"ers have increased. 9he general epectation is to have 2% hours

electricity supply to "eet re>uire"ents for lighting@ fans@ entertain"ent@ and livelihood activities@#hich the eisting RE po#er plants are unable to "eet.

9he average connected load esti"ated a"ong the surveyed households in $undarbans A3& is

higher than nor"s used by the $tate )overn"ent A3== by RE0@ etc.. /verage connected non5do"estic load in the islands is e>uivalent to 12= per household.

On an average the "onthly ependiture of Rs -& on energy for a rural household in $undarbans is

higher co"pared to households in "ost of the other rural areas in (ndia and this is due to the highependiture on bio"ass@ #hich has to be purchased in $undarbans.

On an average@ households are #illing to pay Rs 1-; per "onth for electricity@ #hich is "uch higher

co"pared to the average "onthly electricity bill currently paid by the electrified households of Rs


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/dditional funds #ould be re>uired for intensification of electrification in the electrified villages

Aeisting and proposed. 9hus@ there is an urgent need to identify potential sources of "oney that canfund these #orks.

)iven the rapid increase in de"and and high 9:, losses of %=D@ a co"prehensive strategy is

re>uired for up gradation of the grid infrastructure including sub5stations to "eet this de"and andreduce technical losses.

6nder the ,,) sche"e of R))'@ there is a proposal to electrify 3< villages A3@&3% households

that constitute al"ost &D of total households. 9he fund re>uire"ent for the sche"e is Rs 11= croreand is under active consideration of RE0 and Ministry of *o#er. 9he plants #ill be handed over backto the state govern"ent after & years of operation. 9he contract has a rene#al clause as per #hich theeisting contract can be etended further. (f this does not #orks out then re5bidding to operate theplant #ill be carried out.

)iven the li"ited resource availability@ the potential for further ,,) epansion see"s to be li"ited.

/ list of 2= villages has been provided #here the potential of ,,) can be eplored.

9here is a very high likelihood that the population of $undarbans #ill be dependent on the non5

conventional sources of energy including bio"ass based po#er plants for years to co"e. *urchase ofbio"ass A"ainly fire#ood and dung5cakes rather than its collection is a uni>ue feature of this area.9he prevalence of bio"ass "arkets indicates the presence of linkages for bio"ass collection@ storageand transport@ #hich can also be tapped beneficially for using the bio"ass for other purposes.Moreover@ the average annual rainfall in $undarbans is considerably high and the land is also fertile.9his indicates eistence of potential for substantial gro#th of bio"ass outside the reserve forest area.

9here is a potential to develop %&= M of #ind grid connected po#er generation syste" in

$undarbans. B)E,0 has plans to invite private participation for develop"ent of %= M as ofno#. 9his electricity #ould be fed into the "ain grid.

6nder three different scenarios it is esti"ated that the de"and for electricity #ould gro# bet#een 1=

to 2= fold bet#een 2=1= and 2=2=. (t is sho#n that pursuing an energy5efficiency path@ it is possibleto reduce the de"and for electricity by around 3&D. 9hus the focus should be on introducing energy5efficient appliances particularly fans and lighting. (n fact@ electricity de"and under the energyefficiency scenario is observed to be lo#er than that under the gro#th scenario@ indicating that ane"phasis on electricity efficiency in the trans"ission and distribution could potentially offset the risein de"and triggered by increased access to electricity as #ell as increased usage of electricalappliances in the do"estic and non5do"estic sectors.

$ince $+$ have been successfully i"ple"ented and so"e for" of ancillary industry has started to

bloo"@ there is a scope of tapping this industry to introduce ne# avenues for e"ploy"ent generation

in the islands. (t is reco""ended that for"al training should be provided to local people to build theircapacity and aug"ent their inco"e.

$ince there are "ultiple institutions for various aspects of electricity provisioning Afor instance@

B$E,0 is involved in grid electricity@ BRE,/ in RE po#er plants@ B)E,0 in ,,)@ andlocal co""unities in "aintenance o

Documents

WB Report-March 2011