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TD 390
SUPERVISED LEARNING - STUDY
PROJECT REPORT
On
„Know your campus‟
Water supply and waste water management
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
Under the guidance Of
Prof. Monika Jain
Assistant Professor
Centre for Urban Science and Engineering
Pooja Prasad
Research Coordinator, CTARA
By:
Praveen Patel (10D020039)
Ashish Verma (110040057)
Pintu Kumar (110020018)
Acknowledgements
This project would not have been completed without the guidance and assistance of quite a few
people.
Firstly, we would like to thank Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas
(CTARA) of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay for granting us permission to be at
their facility and undertake this endeavor.
We would like to thank our guides Prof. Monika Jain and Pooja Prasad who have extended
their co-operation at every stage of this project.
We would also like to thank Prof. Shyam Asolekar, Prof. Jothiprakash, senior officials from the
Estate Office - Mr. Unnithan, Mrs. Priya, Mr. Pawar, Mr. Oswal, Mr. Korgavker, senior officials
from the Electrical Maintenance Unit - Mr. Mali, Mrs. Kalpana, Mr. Gupta, In charges at Hostel
Maintenance Unit- Mr. Chouhan, Mr. Poddar, and many officials at the Administration Office,
Academic office and Security Office of Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay for taking time
from their busy schedule to help us understand the campus better.
We are also grateful to Prof. Siddhartha Ghosh for sending out the survey to Ananta residents.
Many pump operators and plumbers dedicatedly took us around the campus to explain the
operations of various campus water systems.
List of figures
Figure 1 Map showing major components of the water supply system in the campus 11
Figure 2 Satellite image showing locations of all bore wells in the campus 12
Figure 3 main pipeline dividing water into two tanks 13
Figure 4 Main valve with meter 13
Figure 5 Main water meter 13
Figure 6 Flow diagram explaining the water network inside the pump house 14
Figure 7 figure showing major pipeline distribution in the campus 15
Figure 8 Flow diagram showing the water supply and distribution in the campus 17
Figure 9 Sketch showing connections inside the pump house 18
Figure 10 Diagram showing daily pumping schedule 19
Figure 11 Images of actual pumping log of the pump house 19
Figure 12 Showing the ESR pipeline network and boasting 20
Figure 13 Diagram showing the basic methodology 26
Figure 14 Schematic of Water supply system in Ananta 28
Figure 15 Graphical representation of the pumping log of the Ananta building 29
Figure 16 Satellite image of Main building 32
Figure 17 Diagram showing details of main building pipeline connections 34
Figure 18 Time log of main building (Details in appendix iX) 36
Figure 19 Figure explaining the pupeline system in setail at hostel 12. The red star indicates the tanks on
which the experiments were performed 39
Figure 20 The above graph shows the total water consumption by IIT from 2009 to 2013 44
Figure 21 Figure showing the ideal money distribution 49
Figure 22 : Schematic of the waste water treatment plant in ANANTA 51
Figure 23 the above pictures shows a) The pipeline network of waste water treatment plant, b) The
pressure sand filter used for cleaning of water, c) The underground waste water storage tank, d) The
boilers and chemical used 53
Figure 24 Scan of Actual time log of Main building 85
Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2
List of figures 3
Introduction 8
1.1 Background 8
1.2 Aim and objectives 8
1.3 Methodology 9
1.4 Organization of the report 9
Water supply and distribution 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Water Sources 11
2.3 Main tanks and pump house 13
2.4 Water Distribution from the main pump house 14
2.5 Pipe line network 15
2.5.1 Hostel line network 16
2.5.2 Residential line network 16
Operations 18
3.1 Introduction 18
3.2 Pump house operations 18
3.3 ESR 20
3.4 Boosting explained 21
Intermediate Findings 22
4.1 LPCD calculations 22
4.2 ISSUES 23
4.2.1 Consumption pattern 23
4.2.2 Infrastructural issues 23
4.2.3 Operations issues 23
Case studies 25
5.1 Introduction 25
5.1.1 Basic methodology 26
5.1.2 Assumptions 26
5.2 Residential Area case study (Ananta Building) 27
5.1.1 Background 27
5.2.2 Aim of the experiment 27
5.2.3 Process 27
5.2.4 Methodology 28
5.2.5 Assumptions 29
5.2.6 Calculations 29
5.2.7 Result 31
5.2.8 Conclusions 31
5.3 Office and academic building (Main building) 32
5.3.1 Introduction 32
5.3.2 Aim: 33
5.3.3 Assumptions 33
5.3.4 Methodology 33
5.3.5 Schematic diagram: 34
5.3.6 Procedure: 34
5.3.7 Observation Table: 35
5.3.8 Population data 35
5.3.9 Calculation 35
5.3.10 Results 36
5.3.11 Conclusions 36
5.4 Hostel Area case study (Hostel no. - 12, 13, 14) 37
5.4.1 Aim of the experiment 37
5.4.2 Methodology 37
5.4.3 Assumptions 38
5.4.4 Procedure 38
5.4.5 Calculations 40
5.4.6 Result 43
5.4.7 Conclusions 43
5.4 Scope 43
Financial aspects 44
6.1 Introduction 44
6.2 Financial analyses of total water consumption by IIT Bombay 44
6.3 Financial calculation for residential building (Ananta): 45
6.4 Money distribution collected from student for water and electricity: 48
Waste water 50
7.1. Introduction 50
7.2. Process 51
7.3 Problem: 53
7.4 Solution: 53
Conclusion 54
Appendix I 56
Key people and their contacts: 56
Appendix II 57
Previous year population records: 57
Appendix III 58
List of Bore wells and its location on GISE 58
Appendix IV 67
a) Electricity bills of Main pump house and Ananta: 67
b) Water consumption records and previous year bills 68
b) Electricity Bills for Ananta: 71
Appendix V 72
Ananta database 72
Survey 72
Appendix VI 74
Work visits 74
1. Phulenagar Slum Powai, Mumbai: 74
2. Field Visit IITB Slum 75
Appendix VII 78
Understand Water distribution to hostel-12, 13, 14 area 78
Water supply: 78
Water distribution: 80
Bore well system: 82
Appendix VIII 84
CPHEEO Water norms 84
Appendix IX 85
Main building database 85
a) Time log 85
This page has been intentionally left blank.
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay is a public engineering institution located
in Powai, Mumbai, India. The campus has more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of
more than 2.396 gross square feet (550 acres or 2.22 km²).
This report is a part of “Know Your Campus” project series being prepared by Centre for
Technological Alternatives in Rural Areas (CTARA), IIT Bombay. This report covers the IITB’s
water supply system including the supply network, drainage lines, water storage tank (all
underground tanks), elevated storage reservoir (ESR), pumping system, waste water storage tanks
(septic tank) and water distribution.
This project also aims to find out the drawbacks of present system and give some recommendations
to accommodate the future increase in demand for water in a sustainable manner and avoid upcoming
water management problems in future.
1.2 Aim and objectives
The aim of the study is to understand the major demand and supply issues in the IITB campus water
supply system and waste water system estimate the per capita water consumption and study the
financial status. It also attempts to suggest improvements in the present system to fulfill the future
demand.
The report focuses on the following topic:
1. To study the primary sources of water: to identify the uses and mapping of BMC pipe line
and bore wells.
2. To understand the infrastructure in the present water supply network, drainage lines,
underground tanks and their mapping.
3. To study the operations of water supply and water distribution. Hence, identify the key valves
and pumps present in the institute.
4. To calculate the per capita water consumption by the staff, faculty and family and the
students in the campus.
5. To understand the financial aspects dealing with water supply network in the campus. Try to
find out the water subsidy if any provided to the campus residents.
6. To understand and identify problems in the present waste water treatment system in the
campus.
1.3 Methodology
To approach the goals of the project, the steps followed are:
1. Identification of the primary and secondary sources of water in IITB, their capacities and
mapping
1. Arranging meetings with various stakeholders- the Estate office, residents and students of the
campus; having discussions to understand the infrastructure, present supply system and its
limitations.
2. Meeting with Electrical Maintenance Unit to understand the operations and the problems
faced in the current supply network.
3. Collection of secondary data such as monthly water consumption by IITB, electricity bills
(pumping cost); mapping of all infrastructure including the water supply pipeline network,
bore wells, ESR and pumps locations.
4. Performing experiments at three different zones in the campus: residential area, Academic
area and Hostel area to find the per capital consumption of water for mix of uses and users.
5. Analysis of the data and calculating the subsidy provided to the IIT residents, if any.
6. Identifying problems in the current system and proposing solutions.
1.4 Organization of the report
Chapter 2 of this report deals with introduction to the water supply and its distribution in IITB, its
historical background and the present infrastructure of water supply in the campus.
Chapter 3 explains the working of the water supply system including the details of pump operations,
pump details, and their locations on GISE map.
Chapter 4 deals with the problems in present system, compares the average norm with the actual
water consumption and gives solution to overcome the present issues.
Chapter 5 is based on technical analysis of the existing water supply scheme. It further shows the
case studies and experimentation done to calculate per capita consumption in three different zones:
Residential (Ananta), Academic (Main building) and Hostel area (H-12, 13, 14).
Chapter 6 shows the billing records of last 10 years for water consumption, BMC units, population
records and calculation of water subsidy (comparison between the cost of supply and amount
recovered from the consumers).
Chapter 7 presents a brief overview of the waste water treatment plant at Ananta building and the
problem in its operation
Chapter 8 shows the conclusions of report with facts and gives solution to solve the present issues.
Chapter 2
Water supply and distribution
2.1 Introduction
The water supply network of IIT Bombay is very complex and old. Many of the major water lines
running in the campus were laid in 1960’s at the time of establishment of the institute. Since, then
numerous minor and major changes have taken place in the network. But, the primary source of
drinking water still remains the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) pipeline.
This water is used for various purposes in the campus by various uses - residential, hostels, academic
and hospitality uses, laboratory uses, by swimming pool, used for landscaping/gardening, for
construction, by hospital and fire purposes, etc.
2.2 Water Sources
A) Primary source: BMC pipeline
In 1960’s, BMC had provided a special 8 inch
diameter pipeline connection to IIT Bombay.
The water flowing in this pipeline runs via
gravity. It originates from the Tulsi and Tansa
lakes and goes to the Bhandup water treatment
plant, which is Asia’s largest water treatment
plant. From this treatment plant, the pipeline runs
to Malabar hills and the IITB connection is the
first connection on the line. There is 24 hours
continuous supply of water throughout the
campus. This 8’’ diameter BMC connection is a
special connection provided at the time of late
Prime Minister Shri Jawaharlal Nehru. Presently,
BMC is constrained to provide new connections
only up to 2.5’’ diameter anywhere in Mumbai. Figure 1 Map showing major components of the water supply system in the campus
The main components of the water distribution system are as follows i) Main underground
source tanks ii) pump house, iii) one ESR, iv) secondary pipeline network v) end users’
building tanks and pumps. These are described in the next section.
B) Secondary source: Bore well
The secondary source of water for IIT Bombay is bore well. The bore well water is
extensively used for gardening, flushing and for some water intensive laboratories such as the
Hydraulics lab. There are a total of 24 bore wells in the campus.
Locations of all the bore wells along with their pictures can be found in the appendix II. This
data will be provided to the GISE lab for addition to the IIT Bombay GIS map.
Figure 1. below show the location of all the bore wells in the campus.
Figure 2 Satellite image showing locations of all bore wells in the campus
2.3 Main tanks and pump house
The main tanks and pump house are located (at latitude-19.1389 longitude-72.914533) near hostel
no. 15. The BMC pipeline running at the boundary of the IIT campus is provided with 8’’ inch
diameter pipeline connection into the main water tanks. The one and only, water meter of the campus
is installed at this line.
On 12th of every month an official form BMC visits this meter
to record its reading.
The water form this 8’’ line is divided into two 9’’ diameter
pipes which leads to the following main source tanks-
4 lakh liter capacity tank
6 lakh liter capacity tank
These two tanks are used to store water to be supplied to
different areas of institute. Using the 4 lakh liter tank, water is
pumped to the hostel area. This is done without the use of any
ESR. While, the water stored in the 6 lakh liter tank is pumped
to the hillside, lakeside and academic area via ESR.
Initially, there used to be one tank of 6 lakh liter capacity in 1960’s. But, to meet the increasing
population and its demands of drinking water, a new 4 lakh liter capacity tank was constructed in
1980’s.
Figure 4 Main valve with meter
Figure 5 Main water meter
Figure 3 main pipeline dividing water into two tanks
2.4 Water Distribution from the main pump house
The water is distributed via three main pipelines:
a) Water from the 4 lakh liter capacity tank
b) Water from the 6 lakh liter capacity tank
c) Water to Hostel 15 &16 directly from the main line
BMC PIPELINE
6 lakh
Capacity
tank
4 lakh
Capacity
tank
To Hostel Area
To ESR and residential area
To H15 &16150 hp
old
150 hp
new
75 hp
new
75 hp
old
100 hp
30 hp
new
30 hp
old
M
Ø 8
Ø 9
Ø 6
Ø 6
PPPPP
P
P
Figure 6 Flow diagram explaining the water network inside the pump house
Water from the 4 lakh liter capacity tank is pumped to hostel line (shown as green line in Figure
6). There are three types of pumps being used for this purpose: 100HP, 30HP new pump, and 30HP
old pump (pumping schedule is shown in figure 10). There is a special provision provided to use 4
lakh liters water tank for supplying water to the residential line if needed.
Water from the 6 lakh liter capacity tank is pumped to residential and academic area (shown as
red line in Figure 5) via ESR (Elevated Storage Tank) located at (latitude - 19.138767 longitudes -
72.916133). From ESR, this water is distributed to the hillside, lakeside and academic zones using
different pipelines. It uses 4 pumps namely- 150HP new, 150HP old, 75HP old, 75HP new pump to
supply water to the ESR (pumping schedule is shown in figure 10).
Water to Hostel 15 &16 is supplied by the newly added pipeline which provides water directly
provided to the 6 lakh liters capacity tank present at the basement of these hostels.
2.5 Pipe line network
The water from the pump house flows in two different pipelines- hostel lines and residential line (see
figure 7 for the pipe line network).
Figure 7 figure showing major pipeline distribution in the campus
HOSTEL
LAKESIDE
HILLSIDE
ES
ACADEMI
C
UST 1
UST 2
2.5.1 Hostel line network
This supply line has a diameter of 6 inch and it runs underground around the gymkhana ground
covering Hostel 1 to 11 (except Hostel 10) and the staff hostel area. There are two pumps of 150 HP
at the main pump house which work for 8-9 hours daily to provide water in the pipeline. Hostel 10 is
provided water via the lakeside pipeline due its location being near to lakeside.
2.5.2 Residential line network
The water from 6 lakh liter tank is pumped to ESR through an 8 inch diameter pipeline. ESR has a
capacity of 6 lakh liters, and the water supply network from ESR is divided into two major pipelines
– the lakeside pipeline and the hillside pipeline.
The lake side pipe line runs parallel to the main road, then lake side road till its end to the Devi
temple. It has several connections in between which supplies water to the academic area buildings. It
provides water to the convocation hall, the Gulmohar building, IIT hospital, the guest house,
director’s bungalows and all the lake side residential flats.
The hill side pipeline network runs along the hillside road providing water to the major residential
and office buildings in the area. Ananta building, Sameer hills, B-22, B-23 & 24 buildings, workshop
area, IDC building, Main building, all departmental buildings, NASA buildings, estate office, YP
gate, Main gate area comes under this network (see figure 7 IITB map showing these locations). The
hillsides pipeline network is quite tedious and has several connections in between (see figure 7
showing the interconnections). These lines finally end up by merging to the lakeside line near SOM
building.
BMC WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE
ESR
HOSTEL
AREALAKE SIDE
AREA
HILL SIDE
UST UST
UST
BMC SEWAGE PIPELINE
PUMP
HOUSE
Underground
septic tank
(beyond H8)
UST
(at lakeside)
UST
(beyond PO)
ACADEMIC
AREA+
Figure 8 Flow diagram showing the water supply and distribution in the campus
The waste generated by the house hold flows through a network of drainage pipelines and finally gets
collected into the three Sewage Treatment Plants (STP). These three septic tanks are located at:
a) Behind Hostel 8, b) At Lakeside, and c) Behind YP gate.
Chapter 3
Operations
3.1 Introduction
The task of supplying water to more than 17 thousand people undoubtingly requires responsibility
and urgency. This task is carried in the campus by the staff of Estate office and Electrical
Maintenance Unit (EMU).
The water supply operations are carefully designed to avoid any leakages of water through its
network. In case of any leakage being reported, the EMU office sends a team of plumbers and
necessary workforce to resolve the issue. The water complain from the hillside region are received
earlier than the lake side region.
To explain the detailed operations of the system, this chapter has been divided into the following
parts:
3.2 Pump house operations
The pumping schedule is divided into the respective hostel line and residential line. There are
separate pumps for each line. The hostel line uses a 100hp and two 30 hp pumps to supply water.
Water to the residential line is supplied through 4 pumps- two 150 hp pumps and two 75 hp pumps.
Figure number 7 shows a sketch of the pumps connection to the hostel line and the residential line.
Key thing to note is the provision in the 4 lakhs liter tank, to use the water for the residential line if
needed.
Figure 9 Sketch showing connections inside the pump house
The pump house is operated by three workers who work at a shift of 8 hrs. They operate all the
pumps and maintain a log book as showed in the pictures. The working hours of each pump is shown
in the figure 10.
Figure 10 Diagram showing daily pumping schedule
Figure 11 Images of actual pumping log of the pump house
3.3 ESR
Elevated storage tank of the institute is located at (latitude - 19.138767 longitude - 72.916133) which is
at a distance of 200 m from the main pump house. Built in 1960’s it has a storage capacity of 6 lakh
liters. Water is being pumped to it using 150 hp old & new pumps. Water from ESR flows in the
hillside and the lakeside area via gravity. It takes full night around 6-8 hours for it to fill the ESR
completely. To know the water level of the ESR, operators observe the electronic water level
signaling indicator present at the top of ESR. It is color coded, where the color code is as follows:
Red Full Blue 50%
Yellow 75% Green 25%
Figure 12 Showing the ESR pipeline network and boasting
3.4 Boosting explained
At time of high water demand in the residential areas or when the water level of the ESR is low, the
pump house operators initiate the process of boosting. The water is pumped directly to the main
residential line bypassing the ESR. The 75 hp hostel pump is used for this process. Meanwhile, the
water pumping is continued to fill the ESR up to the desired level by the regular 150 hp pump. In the
process of boosting, the valve from the ESR to the residential line is closed off.
Chapter 4
Intermediate Findings
4.1 LPCD calculations
Based on the previous year water consumption records from the estate office, rough calculations
were performed to find out the liters consumed per day per head in the campus. (See appendix IV)
Total LPCD of IIT Bombay= Average consumption per day / Total population
= 1,82,770,500/ (17,019*30) = 357.97 liters per person per day
Thus, the average lpcd is 357.93
CPHEEO norms provide amount of liters of water that must be consumed ideally per person per day
for a certain type of use. For the residential usage in cities like Mumbai, lpcd norm is 150 litres.
Similarly, for offices and academic usage lpcd must be restricted to 45 liters per day per person.
But it is difficult to compare the above calculated lpcd of IIT Bombay with any published norm
because the IITB campus cannot be put in a single category such as residential, official, hostel,
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
Wat
er
con
sum
pti
o (
kilo
litr
es)
Month
Water consumption of IITB in last five year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
school. Hence, many different norms are simultaneously applicable. We look into this problem in
more detail in future chapters.
4.2 ISSUES
Till now a few issues can be identified in the report.
4.2.1 Consumption pattern
One of the goals of this project is to compare the campus water consumption against the norms.
However, since there is no metering on campus it is difficult to beakdown the aggregate lpcd of
357.93lpcd by usage i.e. domestic use, hostel area, academic area etc. Hence, to further investigate
and find out the lpcd more accurately three case studies were performed which are explained in more
details in chapter 5.
4.2.2 Infrastructural issues
The current infrastructure is getting old and has already out grown the capacity for which it was
designed for. The population of the institute has been increasing ever since its establishment. Further,
such a high consumption pattern is increasing the pressure on the supply system.
The water supply system of IITB operates pumps for 24hrs. This alone implies the inefficiency of the
supply system. With the current pattern the water head at the ESR may become ineffective to supply
water to the complete residential area in the following years.
Also, it has been observed that the one and only water meter present at the main pipeline gets
damaged after every few months. Debris that are flowing in the high pressure BMC pipeline damages
the water meter. It takes around 20-25 days for the BMC officials to come and repair the meter.
Hence, the water bill for that month is merely an approximation taking into account the previous
months’ records.
4.2.3 Operations issues
The pipelines in the campus were laid in the 1960’s. Since, then many major and minor changes have
been done. But, the proper documentation of the pipeline is still missing. There is no proper plan of
pipeline network available to the workers that can be used at the time of repairing. Mostly, the senior
official at the estate office are called every time whenever a complaint is registered. This increases
the time of response of the maintenance work.
There is no proper log of complaints of leakages and overflows which keep happening very often as
heard from several people living in hostels and residential areas. This may also account for wastage
of water and higher water consumption rate on campus but there is no way to verify this in the
present operations.
Chapter 5
Case studies
5.1 Introduction
To find out the per capita consumption of water, it was decided to conduct several experiments
around the campus. The water in the campus is primarily used by mainly three types of buildings;
1) Residential buildings 2) Academic and office buildings 3) Hostel buildings. Other types of
buildings are research laboratories, staff offices and gymkhana buildings (SAC).
These experiments need to be custom designed for each building because of the fact that the number
of people using the building and the duration of the day in which the buildings are being used is
completely dissimilar to each other.
Hence, three such distinct buildings of different types were chosen to conduct such experiments in
the campus.
1. Ananta Building (Residential zone)
2. Main building (Academic and office zone)
3. Hostel no. 12,13 &14 (Hostel zone)
For finding the per capita water consumption of these buildings several methods were discussed. Best
possible way to measure water consumption by observing the water meter readings. But, since IITB
campus has no internal water meter installed anywhere, it is impossible to follow this idea.
Second easiest way is to stop the outlet of the roof top tank of any building and measure the water
level of the completely filled tank up. By knowing the dimensions of the tanks and pumping log, one
can extrapolate the volume of water consumed each day. But, the closure of the outlet is itself a
problem since this will interrupt water supply to users and is therefore not practical.
Hence, a new approach (as described in the section below) was thought and implemented as it
measures the water without causing any compromise to the daily water supply operations.
5.1.1 Basic methodology
Every major building possesses a water storage tank at the roof top and an underground tank where
water is stored from direct supply line. The water is pumped from the underground water tank to the
roof top tank. The basic idea of the experiment is to calculate the flow rate of the water of the pumps
used in the underground tanks of the buildings.
Figure 13 Diagram showing the basic methodology
For this purpose, the fall in water level of the underground tanks is measured for a certain duration
when the pumps are running. Meanwhile, the inflow to the underground tank is at halt. This helps us
determine the average pump flow rate of the underground tank. By knowing the exact number of
running hour of the pumps from the log book, the daily water usage can be extrapolated. Further, by
knowing the data of the population using this water, per capita consumption can the calculated within
certain assumptions.
5.1.2 Assumptions
The methodology for the experiments includes the following assumptions:
1) The flow rate of water being pumped from the underground pumps is assumed to be constant
during the experiment and throughout the day. This has been verified by taking multiple data
points.
2) The pumping efficiency of the primary pump and reserve pump (which runs alternate week)
is assumed to be equal.
3) It is assumed that the pumping log is a representation for all the weeks of the year.
5.2 Residential Area case study (Ananta Building)
5.1.1 Background
Ananta is a B-type residential building at
hillside for faculty and staff of IITB. It has 16
floors, each having 4 quarters except 8th floor
(refuge area). It has total 60 quarters [QTR No.
147-206]. Currently, 240 people (approx.) are
residing in Ananta, assuming an average of four
people per family.
Analysis of water consumption in Ananta:
5.2.2 Aim of the experiment
(1) To understand the water supply network
of Ananta.
(2) To determine the per capita water
consumption of Ananta.
5.2.3 Process
Ananta building has two separate underground water storage tanks where the water coming from
ESR is stored. The stored water is then pumped to the roof top tank, from where it distributed to all
the households. Water is used for domestic purposes and general purposes such as car washing and
cleaning. This water is not used for gardening or landscaping. There are two underground tanks that
are interconnected:
1. Fire tank
2. Domestic tank
The domestic tank is further divided into two parts to reduce the water pressure on the walls. All the
three underground tanks are internally connected and follow the same pumping schedule. Water first
fills into the fire tank and then flows over into the domestic tank from where the water is pumped to
the roof top tank.
Figure 14 Schematic of Water supply system in Ananta
Specifications of each of these tanks are as follows:
Fire Tank:
1. Demo- one time/year
2. Types of pump used for fire purpose:
1) Booster Pump (50HP) 2) Main Fire Pump (50HP)
3) Sprinkler Pump (30HP) 4) Sprinkler/Jockey Pump (30HP)
Domestic Tank:
1. Types of pumps used for domestic purpose:
1) Booster Pump (7.5HP) 2) Booster Pump (7.5HP)
2. Both the pumps are located inside the water
3. Each pump is used in alternate weeks
4. Cleaning of the tank happens every 6 months
5.2.4 Methodology
To find out the standard pumping log, the plumber was asked to log the pumping schedule for three
consecutive days. The standard pumping log is taken as the average of these three days.
The underground tank is divided into three parts which are interconnected. The change in water level
at one part may affect the water level of other parts. Hence, it becomes necessary to wait for the
water flow to become steady and to measure the readings from all three parts.
5.2.5 Assumptions
The following assumptions were taken while performing the experiment:
1. Water pumping is assumed to be same for all pumping hours.
2. The standard pumping log is assumed to be the average log for three consecutive days.
5.2.6 Calculations
1) Area of Domestic Tank (front) = 2.10m*5.40m = 11.34 m^2
2) Area of Domestic Tank (middle) = 5.70m*5.40m = 30.78 m^2
3) Area of Fire Tank (end) = 6.75m*5.40m = 36.45 m^2
4) Average pumping time per day = 7 Hours (see appendix V)
Pumping log table:
Figure 15 Graphical representation of the pumping log of the Ananta building
Data for Experiment #1
Domestic Tank
(Front Part)
Domestic Tank
(Middle Part)
Fire Tank
(End part)
Time Height
(m)
Area
(m^2)
Volume
(Liters)
Height
(m)
Area
(m^2)
Volume
(Liters)
Height
(m)
Area
(m^2)
Volume
(Liters)
10:30AM 1.69 11.34 19165 1.73 30.78 53249 1.75 36.45 63787
10:40AM 1.62 11.34 18371 1.69 30.78 52018 1.71 36.45 62329
11:06AM 1.10 11.34 12474 1.68 30.78 51710 1.69 36.45 61601
Water pump in 36 min = (19165-12474) + (53249-51710) + (63787-61601) = 10416liters
Per day water consumption = (10416/36)*420 = 121520 liters
Per capita consumption = 136640/240= 506.33 liters
Data for Experiment #2
Domestic Tank
(Front Part)
Domestic Tank
(Middle Part)
Fire Tank
(End part)
Time Height
(m)
Area
(m^2)
Volume
(Liters)
Height
(m)
Area
(m^2
)
Volume
(Liters)
Height
(m)
Area
(m^2)
Volume
(Liters)
12:00PM 1.71 11.34 19391 1.68 30.78 51710 1.73 36.45 63059
12:15PM 1.50 11.34 17010 1.64 30.78 50480 1.70 36.45 61965
12:30PM 1.18 11.34 13381 1.64 30.78 50480 1.69 36.45 61600
12:45PM 0.80 11.34 9072 1.64 30.78 50480 1.68 36.45 61236
01:00PM 0.41 11.34 4650 1.64 30.78 50480 1.68 36.45 61236
Pump off 01:20PM
0.44 11.34 4990 1.64 30.78 50480 1.67 36.45 60872
Water pump in 1 Hour = (19391-4990) + (51710-50480) + (63059-60872) = 17,818 liters
Per day water consumption = 17818*7 = 124726 liters
Per capita consumption = 136640/240 = 520 liters
5.2.7 Result
1) Per capita consumption of Ananta for experiment#1 = 506 liters
2) Per capita consumption of Ananta for experiment#2 = 520 liters
3) Average Per capita consumption of Ananta = (506+520)/2 = 513 liters
5.2.8 Conclusions
The above results shows that residents of Ananta consume more water (513-150=363 liters) than the
norm defined by CPEEHO for residential building that is 150 liters. (See appendix VIII)
Although to reduce the consumption of the building, waste water recycling plan system was installed
in the building, it is not being effectively used. Chapter 6 of this report provides details of the
system.
Further, chapter 7 of this report deal with the financial data related to the residents of Ananta.
5.3 Office and academic building (Main building)
Figure 16 Satellite image of Main building
5.3.1 Introduction
Main building is the center of academic area and accommodates all major offices of the institute
including the Director’s and Deans’ offices. It is surrounded by central library, Lecture Theater (PC
SAXENA) and other engineering department. It is a 3 floor building. The number of people working
full time in the main building is 375.
Reasons for selecting Main Building for the experiment:
1. Main building is the center for all major office work. Most of the offices are in the main
building. Also, the ground floor of main building has classrooms, and it serves as academic
building too.
2. This building provides a larger sample space and population representing academic use
compared to other academic office building. Hence, the results are more reliable.
3. Main building pumps are handled by one operator who looks only after Main Building and
has proper knowledge of pipe network of main building.
5.3.2 Aim:
1. To understand the water supply network of the main building.
2. To calculate the daily water consumption (in liters) per person per day in the Main Building.
5.3.3 Assumptions
1. KV students and floating population (assumed 10% of working staff + KV students) are also
the part of main building population.
2. When inlet is closed, pump is pumping at a constant rate as before inlet was open.
3. The consumption of other academic and office building in the campus are assumed to be
same as the main building.
5.3.4 Methodology
To find out the standard pumping log, the operator was asked to log the pumping schedule for 17
days consecutive days. The standard pumping log is taken as the average of these 17 days. There are
two roof tanks and one underground tank. The experiment is done on the underground tank, because
of several reasons:
1. Since, there is no water meters installed anywhere, direct measurement of units consumed
cannot be determined.
2. The main outlet of the main building cannot be closed without permission.
3. It is highly unsafe to reach the two roof tanks and perform experiment on both at same time.
Hence, the experiment was performed on the underground tank, as it is easy to reach and outlet
supply need not cut while performing the experiment.
5.3.5 Schematic diagram:
Figure 17 Diagram showing details of main building pipeline connections
5.3.6 Procedure:
To calculate LPCD .daily consumption divided by population will give per capita consumption of water of main building
Calculate daily consumption by multiplying pumping time/day with volumetric flow rate.it will be our volume pumped by motor per day.
Calculate velocity of water, average height divided by time and then multiply by area gives volumetric flow rate
Calculate the initial water level before pumping and take several reading of water level in each time interval of 5-10 minutes after start of pumping
At first close the inlet water flow of underground tank
5.3.7 Observation Table:
The experiment was conducted on two different occasions with similar results.
s.no Time (t) Height(cm) Height
difference(cm)
Average
height
difference(cm)
1 9.33am 76.5
2 9.38am 94.4 17.9
3 9.43am 112.5 18.1 17.8
4 9.48am 129.8 17.3
5 9.53am 147.7 17.9
5.3.8 Population data
Number of working staff members only = 375
There are 10 classrooms on the ground floor, of which 9 class rooms are run by KV (Kendriye
Vidyalya) with a total no of student and faculty=350(approx.)
The one remaining classroom is used by mathematics department which has no of student=60
Total population =350+60+375=785
We are considering floating population= 10% of total population
So actual population for water consumption purposes = (actual staff+ classes+ floating people) =
375+410+ (785*10%) = 864
Source: PA office
5.3.9 Calculations
Depth: 150 cm=1.5m, Length=5.20m, Width=1.58m
Area=5.20m*1.58m = 8.216 m2
Average velocity of water: 17.8/5 cm/min=3.56 cm/min
=.0356 meter/min
Volumetric Flow rate=8.216 m2*0.0356 m/min
=0.2924896 m3/min
Figure 18 Time log of main building (Details in appendix iX)
Average minutes of pumping = 171.5 min/day
So daily consumed water = 171.5 min/day*0.29216 m3/min
= 50.10544 m3/day
= 50105.44 liter/day
Actual Water consumption = 50105.44 liter/day
Actual LPCD =water consumption/population
=50105.44/864
=57.9924 liter/day person
5.3.10 Results
The daily consumption of main building is 50105.44 liter per day.
Water consumption of main building is 57.9924liter/day per person.
5.3.11 Conclusions
According to CPHEEO (Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization) the
norm for an office building should be 45 lpcd (see appendix VIII). But, the water consumption per
head per day of main building is coming to be 58 lpcd which is slightly more than the ideal norms.
5.4 Hostel Area case study (Hostel no. - 12, 13, 14)
5.4.1 Introduction
The hostel no. 12, 13, 14 were selected to identify the water usage pattern among students. These three
hostels provide accommodation to about 2000 students of the campus. They all share a common mess
facility. Hostel no. 12 & 13 were constructed in 2003. And hostel no. 14 was constructed later in 2007.
The water supply and distribution system of these three hostels is very complex. Appendix VII provides
with in depth details and understanding of this region.
5.4.1 Aim of the experiment
(1) To determine the per capita water consumption of the 3 hostels, namely hostel 12, Hostel 13
and Hostel 14.
(2) To find out the usage distribution of water by the students of hostel no.12, 13 &14.
5.4.2 Methodology
To find out the per capita water consumption, experiment was performed only at hostel no. 12, and
the data was extrapolated to hostel no. 13 and 14 under certain assumptions.
Reasons of selecting hostel no.12:
1. Hostel 12 water supply system operates on manually controlled pumps unlike the automatic
pumping system present at hostel no.14. So, they can be controlled according to the need of the
experiment.
2. Hostel 12 stores water separately for separate water usages. These separate tanks make it easy to
calculate and identify the various water uses when compared to Hostel no.13 & 14:
(a) H12 A wing has a separate laundry tank
(b) H12 B wing rooftop has a separate mess tank
(c) H12 underground tank between C & D wing has a separate partition for bore well
used for flushing purpose.
5.4.3 Assumptions
Certain secondary assumptions were taken while performing the experiment:
1. Total population of all three hostels is around 2000. There are 10 similar wings (3+ 3 +4), thus
making an average approximation of 200 students per wing.
2. Water consumption of hostel 13, 14 is assumed to be similar as of hostel no.12, since the water is
used for same purpose in all three hostels.
3. Domestic water usage for each wing is assumed to be same as the population is assumed same of
200 students.
4. Usage of water by night canteen is assumed to be 1/4rd of the volume since, canteen operates for
6hr a day.
5. Water usage by the watchmen hut, near Dargah is neglected.
6. Water used at the hand wash near the hostel 12 mess entrance is neglected.
7. Outflow of water from the mess usage tank is neglected as at the time of experiment (3pm-4 pm),
there is almost no water usage at the mess.
5.4.4 Procedure
1. The water in the tank between A & B wing of hostel 12 pumps to the
a) Mess tank at the roof of B wing and
b) Domestic tank at top of A Wing, which used by the hostel’s laundry & night canteen.
2. Water used in the mess = water usage calculated form the terrace mess tank
3. The underground tank btw B & C wing distributes water equally to the both B & C wings.
Hence, domestic water usage per wing per day = ½ (water pumped per day by underground
tank btw B & C wing)
4. The water usage can be found laundry by the following formulae:
= 75% * [(water used per day in underground tank between A & B wing) - (mess water
+ domestic water usage per wing)]
Since, 25% is assumed to be used by the night canteen, so the remaining 75% is used by the laundry.
Figure 19 Figure explaining the pupeline system in setail at hostel 12. The red star indicates the tanks on which the experiments were performed
The figure above briefly represents the pipeline network at hostel 14. All the roof of each wing has a
domestic tank whose water is used for drinking, bathing and flushing purpose and a separate flushing
tank which has bore well water (for simplicity the figure all the flushing tanks are not shown in the
figure). Appendix VII contains details for the pipeline network.
The experiment is performed on 4 tanks-
a) Terrace tank at wing B
b) Underground tank between wing A & B
c) Underground tank between wing B & C
d) Underground flushing tank between wing C & D
F
A
L M
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic
B C D
Tank btw A & B wing
Tank btw B & C wing
Tank btw C & D wing
F
5.4.5 Calculations
Terrace tank at wing B (which store water for Mess)
Area = 2.00m*3.00m=6 m2
Time Height (m) Area (m2) Volume(m3) Volume(Liters)
15:34 1.2 6 7.2 7200 15:44 1.12 6 6.72 6720 15:54 1.04 6 6.24 6240 16:04 0.93 6 5.58 5580 16:14 0.84 6 5.04 5040
Discharge = change in volume /time difference = 54 ltr/min
Total minutes of running pump in a day = 645 mins
Water consumed in a day form the tank = 54*645
= 34830 ltr/day
Tank btw A & B wing (water used for drinking, cleaning and bathing)
Area = 4.1*4.1=16.81 m2
Time Height (m) Area (m2) Volume(m3) Volume(Liters)
15:36 1.27 16.81 21.349 21348.7 15:41 1.33 16.81 22.357 22357.3 15:46 1.4 16.81 23.534 23534 15:51 1.48 16.81 24.879 24878.8 15:56 1.55 16.81 26.056 26055.5 16:01 1.6 16.81 26.896 26896 16:06 1.65 16.81 27.737 27736.5
Discharge = change in volume /time difference = 212.9267 Ltr/min
Total minutes of running pump in a day = 645 mins
Water consumed in a day form the tank = 212.92667*645
= 137337.7 ltr/day
Bore well tank btw C & D wing (water used for flushing only by D wing)
Area= 1.3*3.7=4.81m2
Time Height (m) Area (m2) Volume(m3) Volume(Liters)
12:23 1.6 4.81 7.696 7696 12:38 1.55 4.81 7.456 7455.5 12:53 1.48 4.81 7.119 7118.8 13:08 1.43 4.81 6.878 6878.3 13:23 1.39 4.81 6.686 6685.9 13:38 1.34 4.81 6.445 6445.4
Discharge = change in volume /time difference = 16.67467 ltr/min
Total minutes of running pump in a day = 585 mins
Water consumed in a day form the tank = 16.67467*585
= 9754.68 ltr/day
Sintex tank btw B & C wing (water used for drinking, bathing and cleaning by two wings – B & C)
Area = 3.14*2^2/4=3.14 m2
Tank A
Time Height (m) Area (m2) Volume(m3) Volume(Liters)
15:58 0.65 3.14 2.041 2041 16:29 1.55 3.14 4.867 4867
Tank B
Time Height (m) Area (m2) Volume(m3) Volume(Liters)
15:58 0.65 3.14 2.041 2041 16:29 1.5 3.14 4.71 4710
Discharge A= change in volume /time difference = 91.16129 ltr/min
Discharge B= change in volume /time difference = 86.09677 ltr/min
Average discharge = 88.62903 ltr/min
Total minutes of running pump in a day = 585 Mins
Water consumed in a day form the tank = 94.74138*585*2
= 103696 ltr/day
Water used in the mess for all 2000 people = 34830 ltr/day
Water used per head in the mess = 34830/2000 ltr/day
= 17.415 lpcd
Water used by a single wing for domestic usage = 103696/2 ltr/day
= 51848 ltr/day
Water used per head for domestic usage = 51848/200 lts/day
= 249.24 lpcd
Bore well water used per wing = 9754.7 ltr/day
Bore well water per head used per wing = 9754.7/200 ltr/day
= 48.78 lpcd
Water used for laundry by all 800 inmates = [137337.7 – (34830+51848)] * 75%
= 50659.7 * 75%
= 37994.775 lts/day
Water used per head for laundry = 37994.755/800
= 47.49 lpcd
Total Lpcd = 17.415 + 249.24 + 48.78 + 47.49
= 362.925 lpcd
5.4.6 Result
The result of the experiment is tabulated below:
SL
no.
Water usage Lcpd
1 Mess usage (cooking) 17.415
2 Flushing usage (does not use BMC water) 48.78
3 Domestic usage (drinking, showers,
cleaning)
249.24
4 Laundry usage 47.49
5 Total usage 362.925
5.4.7 Conclusions
The water consumption per head per day is coming out to be 362.925 litres which is way higher than
the ideal consumption allowance of 150 liters in Mumbai.
Majority of the water consumed is in domestic usage which includes drinking, bathing, and cleaning
activities by PHO workers. These activities must be further investigated to know about the cause of
such a high usage pattern.
5.4 Scope
To further investigate the water consumption pattern of campus residents more accurately, one can
install the water meter at the tanks. That will provide the exact amount of water used for a certain
period which can be further used to calculate the lpcd of that area/ building.
The above experiment can be repeated many times to draw more concrete conclusions about the
water usage pattern among the students.
These experiments can also be performed on the roof top tanks when they are cleaned in every 6
months.
Chapter 6
Financial aspects
6.1 Introduction
In this report, we explain the financial aspects of the water supply system as understood through
the administration and pump operations and roughly do the economic analysis of how much the
water at IIT Bombay is subsidized by using the case studies as described in the previous chapter
5. The first part contains analysis of water charges taken by BMC on water consumption. The
second part shows the calculation of water subsidy given by IIT to residential people (Ananta)
and in last part we analyzed the money given by students to IIT for water and electricity
6.2 Financial analyses of total water consumption by IIT Bombay
The main source of water in IIT Bombay is through BMC pipelines. BMC has a water meter near
Main Pump House. BMC officials take the reading of water meter at the end of every month. The
water consumption readings given by BMC for 2009-2013 are given below: (see appendix IV)
Figure 20 The above graph shows the total water consumption by IIT from 2009 to 2013
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
Wat
er
con
sum
pti
o (
kilo
litr
es)
Month
Water consumption of IITB in last five year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
6.3 Financial calculation for residential building (Ananta):
Ananta is a B-type residential building for faculty and staff of IIT Bombay. It has a total of 60
quarters. Currently, 240 people (approx.) are residing in Ananta. Ananta was chosen for this
analysis because this building has a separate electricity meter for water pumping to overhead
tanks.
Case-1:
Sr.
No.
Cost(Total expenditure on water by IIT) Money recover from the
consumers
(Rs)
1. BMC charges 17658 194(per house)*60
2. Electricity (pumping cost) 5245
3. Employee 2600
4. maintenance NA
Total =24466 =11640
I) Cost on water:
1. BMC Charges:
Total water consumption by Ananta in one day
= No. of receding people in Ananta)* (per capita consumption)
= 240*513
= 123120 liters
Water charges by BMC per day = 554.04 Rs/- per day
Water charges by BMC per Month = 554.04*30 = 16621 Rs/-
2. Electricity Cost:
Here, electricity cost includes dual pumping cost (pumping at main pump house as well as
Ananta) [see appendix VI]
1) Electricity cost at Ananta = (electricity units per month)*(per unit charge)
= (689.70)*(6.58) = 4539 Rs/-
2) Electricity cost at main pump house
= Total fraction of water consumption by Ananta* Total electricity cost
= 706.21 Rs/-
Total Pumping cost = 4539+ 706 = 5245 Rs/-
3. Employee:
Total expenditure on Employee = (No. of employee)*(salary per month)
= 2* (6500/5) = 2600Rs/-
4. Cost of Maintenance:
Not included
Total expenditure on water to reach the consumer = (16621+5245+2600)
= 24466 Rs/-
II) Recovery of Money from Consumers:
Total money recovered on water by Ananta
= (Total No. of houses in Ananta)*(charges recover per house)
= 60*194 = 11640 Rs/-
Extra money paid by IIT = (Cost of water – money recovered from consumers)
= (24466-11640) = 12826 Rs/-
Subsidy given by IIT per house = 12826/60 = 214 Rs/-
Case-2: When employee salary is not included:
Extra money paid by IIT = (12826-2600) = 10226
Subsidy given by IIT per house = 10226/60 = 170Rs
Results:
Total expenditure on water by IITB to provide water to households (Ananta) is 24466 Rs
Total money recovered by IITB from the consumers is 11640 Rs
Total cost of water for Ananta residents is 194/(4 people per house*513 lpcd*30 days) = Rs
3.15 per kilo liter
Subsidy given by IITB to residential people of Ananta is 214 Rs per house
Conclusions
The above sample calculations indicate that the IITB residents living in high-rise buildings like
Ananta may be consuming water in quantity three times more than the norms, and additionally may
even be receiving a financial subsidy from IITB of about Rs 214/house. The estimated charge being
paid by the resident is approximately Rs 3.15 per 1000 liters. This shows the need for water meters
(at least at building levels, if not individual levels) and meter based tariffing for campus residents to
change user behavior.
6.4 Money distribution collected from student for water and electricity:
IIT Bombay calculates 2500 Rs per semester from every student for water and electricity. As per the
administrative section, a breakdown of these charges are not calculated or declared while charging
the students. But the administrative office mentioned that from this semester (spring 2013), they will
classify 2500 Rs and divide it equally for water and electricity charges. Here, we show some
calculation which help to specify the money given by student to IITB for water and electricity:
Hostel
Electricity Units per
month*
Total electricity
bill(Rs)
1 22974 138591
2 19276 116282
3 29381 177241
4 115502 696766
5 33149 199971
6 32257 194590
7 28069 169326
8 20824 125621
9 27352 165001
10 48885 294899
11 25176 151874
12a 14713 88756
12b 16304 98354
12c 12281 74085
12d 13531 81626
13a 14880 89764
13b 16677 100604
13c 15000 90488
14a 13168 79436
14b 15458 93250
14c 18452 111312
kitchen
and mess 35820 216084
Total 3,553,921.
*Note: This data is based on the electricity bills of September and October 2012 only.
Total amount of money collected from student per month for water and electricity (W&E)
= (No. of student)*(Total money collected per student per month)
= 8327*2500/4
= 5204375 Rs/-
Money spent on water = Total amount collected for W&E – Money spend on electricity
= 5204375 – 3553921
= 1650454 Rs/-
Total amount of money collected from student per sem for water and electricity = 2500 Rs/-
Total amount paid by student for water = (1650454/8327)*4 = 792.82 Rs/-
Total amount paid by student for electricity = (3555921/8327)*4 = 1707.18 Rs/-
Figure 21 Figure showing the ideal money distribution
Results:
The money given by student to IITB for water and electricity should be divided into 793 Rs for water
and 1707 Rs for electricity. Based on measurements and calculations shown in previous chapter, the
average lpcd consumption of students is 363 lpcd. Therefore, the cost of water being paid by IIT
students is approximately = Money collected per student per month/ (avg lpcd*30 days) =
(793/4)/(363*30)= Rs 18.2 per 1000 liter
Conclusion
The above calculations show that the students of IITB are paying a very high cost of water at Rs 18.2
per kilo litres especially compared to Rs 3.15 per kilo liters by IITB faculty and staff as calculated
through the high-rise residential building. This is based on 1) the calculated average lpcd of 363 for
students and 513 for faculty/staff members and 2) monthly charge of 194/4 per house = Rs 48.5 per
person for faculty/staff compared to Rs 198.25 per month for students.
These calculations again point to the need for water meters and charges based on actual
consumption. The actual expenses for providing water to hostels could not be determined due to
unavailability of hostel pumping charges (electric). Hence, we were unable to determine how much
amount students are charged above the total expenses.
2500Rs collected
from every student
per semester
Chapter 7
Waste water
7.1. Introduction
Water treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, and household sewage to
remove existing contaminants in the water to make it suitable for desired end-use. It includes
physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological
contaminants.
There are number of processes are used like filtration, coagulation, aeration, flocculation, filtration,
disinfection, pressure sand filter and activated sludge are used for treatment of water. The selection
will be based on the raw water, the desired characteristics of the treated water and the economics
involved.
As mentioned earlier, Ananta building was installed with a water treatment plant on trial basis.
Initially the plan was to treat the water use it for flushing purpose. But due to some
misunderstanding, people opposed to use. People thought that the treated water also had connection
in tank used for bathroom and kitchen. Now this treated water is using for gardening purpose behind
Ananta.
To understand the misunderstanding
among the residents of Ananta, survey
was conducted in Ananta. But, the
response was not sufficient enough to
draw any conclusion. Only 13
households gave response out of 240
provided responses. (Details in
appendix V).
7.2. Process
IIT Bombay installed a waste water treatment plant in Ananta in 2008. For the using of waste water
for flushing purpose, the roof tank was divided into two parts, one is for Kitchen and bathroom and
another one is for Toilets. Both have the separate connections for inlet.
Two underground tanks are made to store the waste water: one is for rain water storage and another
one is for waste water collection from Ananta(kitchen and bathroom). Each have the dimensions:
h=12ft, L=30ft, b=15ft. after treatment the water goes into the roof tank made for flushing purpose.
Figure 22 : Schematic of the waste water treatment plant in ANANTA
Pressurized sand filters are commonly used for suspended solids removal from water and waste
water. Manual or automatic operation of the units is possible. Depending on the capacity, they
can be implemented as single tank or parallel operated multi tanks. In Ananta two parallel
reactors are using for the treatment process (rain water as well as waste water)
Rain Water Treatment Plant:
1. Capacity = 145800 liters (approx.)
2. Using motors water goes to clean tank reactor that is Pressure Sand Filter where
the water is treated and goes to underground storage tank
3. Running time of pumps: 1hour in morning and 1hour in evening:
08:30 AM - 09:30 AM
05:00 PM - 06:00 PM
4. The treated water is pumped by a 7.5 hp pump to 5000lt capacity syntax tank, which
is used for gardening in hill side area beyond the Ananta building
Waste Water Treatment Plant:
1. Capacity = 145800 liters (approx.)
2. There is a boiler in the underground tank of waste water for the mixing purpose of
some chemical like fitkari (Potash alum) etc.
It’s running time: 30min in morning and 30min evening
3. After proper mixing, using motor water goes to clean tank reactor that is Pressure
Sand Filter where the water is treated and goes to underground storage tank.
4. The treated water is pumped by a 7.5HP pump to 5000lt capacity syntax tank, which
is used for gardening in hill side area beyond the Ananta building.
5. Running time of pumps: 1hour in morning and 1hour in evening:
08:30 AM - 09:30 AM
05:00 PM - 06:00 PM
Figure 23 the above pictures shows a) The pipeline network of waste water treatment plant, b) The pressure sand filter used for cleaning of water, c) The underground waste water storage tank, d) The boilers and chemical used
7.3 Problem:
The plant was installed with the purpose that the people should be use the treated water for flushing,
But due to some misunderstanding by the people (people thought the bathroom or kitchen tank is also
connected with the treated water plant) and they refused to use it and now the treated water is used
for gardening purpose behind Ananta
7.4 Solution:
The installation cost can be reduce by making centralized system of waste water treatment
plant
Create awareness among the people about the waste water treatment plant and upcoming
water problem arise in future
Chapter 8
Conclusion
The main findings of our report are as follows:
1- At an aggregate level across all types of water use (domestic, official, schools etc.), the
average BMC water consumption is of 357.97 liters per person per day. As per the
preparatory studies done for Mumbai Development Plan for 2014-34 (source MCGM), the
per capita water supply for Mumbai is 268lpcd. So the aggregate water supply in IIT Bombay
is much higher than that of Mumbai as well.
2- It is difficult to compare the above calculated lpcd with any published norm because the IITB
campus cannot be put in a single category such as residential, official, hostel, school. Hence,
many different norms are simultaneously applicable.
3- In order to compare the 357.97 lpcd with published norms, we need to breakdown our water
consumption into categories such as residential, academic and hostels. However, since there
are no internal water meters anywhere in the campus it is difficult to determine this
breakdown.
4- In order to address the above problem, we picked one building of each major type –
faculty/staff residential building (Ananta), Academic building (Main building) and hostel
area (Hostel 12, 13, 14). We then performed measurements in these buildings to estimate the
average water consumption. Our measurements showed the following
Type of building Sample chosen Lpcd calculated CPHEEO
Norms
Faculty/ staff
residential (high-
rise)
Ananta 513 150
Academic Main building 58 45
Hostel area H 12 363 135
The above numbers show a very high usage of water by campus residents and are a cause for
concern.
5- Financial analysis shows the following
Segment lpcd Charges paid per
month per person
Charge paid per
1000 liters
Water subsidy
Ananta residents 513 Rs 48.5 Rs 3.15 Rs.53.5 per person
Hostel students 363 Rs 198.25 Rs 18.2
7 These findings show that the flat rate being charged to campus residents is not a fair way to charge
for the water and it appears that the students may be cross-subsidizing the faculty/staff’s water
supply.
8 This indicates an important need to introduce water meters at least by zones and eventually at
building level to monitor water usage. The water tariff being charged should be closely linked to the
actual water consumption and hence tied to the water meters. Though this will come at an initial cost,
this should help us bring down the wastage of water.
9 Currently the pumps in the pump house are running 24X7 and cause high operating expenses. The
water distribution network is old and can no longer efficiently support the rising campus population.
There is an urgent need to redesign the entire IITB water distribution network and create more
elevated storage reservoirs so that more of the distribution can be gravity based.
As shown, we currently use more water than the CPHEEO water norm. Our population increases
every semester, so our water consumption increases with population. To fulfil our demand, BMC will
not provide more water in future. So we must go for the some other alternatives of water in IIT like
bore wells, waste water treatment plant etc. To reduce the water consumption, create awareness in
people about the water wastage and install new water meters in every sector for water auditability. .
Appendix I
Key people and their contacts:
Sr.
No. Name Designation
Contact
Number
1 Abhijeet Mukhekar GSHA 7208205074
2 Chouhan Sir HMU 9833898408
3 Shimpi Sir Estate 9833898406
4 Mali sir EMU 9833899413
5 Mohan das sir EMU 9833898424
6 Rakesh Pump Operator 9702753129
7 Pradeep Patil Main Pump Operator 9969062263
8 Mr. Unithan Estate Exec Engineer 9833898404
9 Mr. Gupta
Estate Water
billing/metering 7995
10 Ravi Estate plumber/HMU 9920895849
11 Priya Mam Estate Ofiice 9619685108
12 Bhonsle Sir HMU 9833898409
13 Korgoankar Sir QIP/Ananta 9833898412
14 Suwade
plumbing
manager(acad) 9820993134
15 Rakesh pump operator(Ananta) 9702753129
Appendix II
Previous year population records:
Student Population of IITB
2010 2011 2012 2013
Year No. of Student
Faculty 488 498 551 565
2006-2007 5208 Group A officer 64 70 70 70
2007-2008 5364 Group B,C,D 1199 1187 1159 1143
2008-2009 5680 Student
8500
2009-2010 6366
2010-2011 7130
2011-2012 7782
2012-2013 8327
2013-2014 8847
Appendix III
List of Bore wells and its location on GISE
S.NO LOCATION MAJOR USES CORDINATES LATITUDE LONGITUDE
1 Beside civil department Gardening N19:07.943' E72:54.993' 19.132383 72.91655
2 Main building Gardening N19:07.970' E72:54.901' 19.132833 72.915017
3 Beside convocation hall Gardening N19:07.930' E72:54.841' 19.132167 72.914017
4 Beside mathematics department Gardening N19:08.050' E72:54.929' 19.134167 72.915483
5 In front of system and control dept. Gardening N19:08.083' E72:54.925' 19.134717 72.915417
6 Near Hydraulic lab Gardening N19:08.081' E72:55.008' 19.134683 72.9168
7 Behind H 14 B wing Flushing, gardening N 19°08.074' E 72°54.401'
19.134567 72.906683
8 Between H13,14 Flushing, gardening N 19°08.041' E 72°54.368'
19.134017 72.906133
9 Behind H13 C wing Flushing, gardening N 19:08.014' E 72:54.294'
19.133567 72.9049
10 Behind H12 A wing Flushing, gardening N 19:08.102' E 72:54.274'
19.135033 72.904567
11 Between H 12 D wing and C wing Flushing, gardening N 19:08.165' E 72:54.304'
19.136083 72.905067
12 Type 2B no-22 Flushing, gardening N 19:08.190' E 72:55.079'
19.1365 72.917983
13 Type 2B N0-23 AND 24 not in use N 19:08.153' E 72:54.942' 19.135883 72.9157
14 Footer Ground 1 Gardening N 19:08.038' E 72:54.702' 19.133967 72.9117
15 Footer Ground 2 Gardening N 19:08.038' E 72:54.702' 19.133967 72.9117
16 Near Cricket Pitch Gardening N 19:08.117' E 72:54.711' 19.135283 72.91185
17 Hockey Ground Gardening N 19:08.005' E 72:54.793' 19.133417 72.913217
18 NCC Court Gardening N 19:08.037' E 72:54.813' 19.13395 72.91355
19 IIT Hospital Not in use N 19:07.816' E 72:54.885' 19.130267 72.91475
20 In Hostel10A Flushing, gardening N 19:07.701' E 72:54.949'
19.12835 72.915817
21 Inside Kendraye Vidyalya Not in use N 19:07.739' E 72:55.106' 19.128983 72.918433
22 Near Bioscience Department Flushing N 19:07.836' E 72:55.082' 19.1306 72.918033
S.NO LOCATION USES CORDINATES latitude longitude
1 Beside civil department Gardening
N19⁰07.943'
E72⁰54.993' 19.132383 72.91655
2 Main building Gardening
N19⁰07.970'
E72⁰54.901' 19.132833 72.915017
3 Beside convocation hall Gardening
N19⁰07.930'
E72⁰54.841' 19.132167 72.914017
4
Beside mathematics
department Gardening
N19⁰08.050'
E72⁰54.929' 19.134167 72.915483
5
In front of system and control
dept. Gardening
N19⁰08.083'
E72⁰54.925' 19.134717 72.915417
6 Hydraulic lab Gardening
N19⁰08.081'
E72⁰55.008' 19.134683 72.9168
7 Behind H 14 B wing FLUSHING
N 19°08.074' E
72°54.401' 19.134567 72.906683
8 Between H13,14 FLUSHING
N 19°08.041' E
72°54.368' 19.134017 72.906133
9 Behind H13 C wing FLUSHING
N 19⁰08.014' E
72⁰54.294' 19.133567 72.9049
10 Behind H12 A wing FLUSHING
N 19⁰08.102' E
72⁰54.274' 19.135033 72.904567
11
Between H 12 D wing and C
wing FLUSHING
N 19⁰08.165' E
72⁰54.304' 19.136083 72.905067
12 Type 2B no-22 FLUSHING
N 19⁰08.190' E
72⁰55.079' 19.1365 72.917983
13 Type 2B N0-23 AND 24 not in use
N 19⁰08.153' E
72⁰54.942' 19.135883 72.9157
14 Footer Ground 1 Gardening
N 19⁰08.038' E
72⁰54.702' 19.133967 72.9117
15 Footer Ground 2 Gardening
N 19⁰08.038' E
72⁰54.702' 19.133967 72.9117
16 Near Cricket Pitch Gardening
N 19⁰08.117' E
72⁰54.711' 19.135283 72.91185
17 Hockey Ground Gardening
N 19⁰08.005' E
72⁰54.793' 19.133417 72.913217
18 NCC Court Gardening
N 19⁰08.037' E
72⁰54.813' 19.13395 72.91355
19 IIT Hospital not in use
N 19⁰07.816' E
72⁰54.885' 19.130267 72.91475
20 Hostel10A Flushing
N 19⁰07.701' E
72⁰54.949' 19.12835 72.915817
21 Kendraye Vidyalya not in use
N 19⁰07.739' E
72⁰55.106' 19.128983 72.918433
22 Bioscience Department Flushing
N 19⁰07.836' E
72⁰55.082' 19.1306 72.918033
23 Guest House Gardening N 19⁰07.729' E 72⁰54.912' 19.128817 72.9152
24 Lakeside Gate Gardening
N 19⁰07.461' E
72⁰54.704' 19.12435 72.911733
Appendix IV
a) Electricity bills of Main pump house and Ananta:
Reading Details Of Pump Rooms
Main Pump H /8/ Boster 1 H /8/ Boster 2
Month Reading Differance Reading Differance Reading Differance
March „12‟ 18734
April 49643 49643 14311 14311 19063 13160
May 50926 51320 14482 6840 19418 14200
June 52247 52840 14658 7040 19770 14080
July 53367 44800 14834 7040 20089 12760
August 54581 48560 14979 5800 20446 14280
September 55847 50640 15148 6760 20820 14960
October 57189 53680 15286 5520 21169 13960
November 58436 49880 15462 7040 21467 11920
December 59850 56560 15637 7000 21795 13120
January „13‟ 61294 57760 15811 6960 22156 14440
February 62787 59720 15983 6880 22450 11760
March New meter 16192 8360 22788 13520
April 33746 33746 16368 7040 23135 13880
May 89493 55747 16548 7200 23454 12760
June 143642 54149 16739 7640 23805 14040
July -5745680 16948 8360 24151 13840
August 0 17146 7920 24514 14520
September 0 17351 8200 24805 11640
October 0 -694040 -992200
November 0 0 0
December 0 0 0
Fig: The above graph shows the electricity bills for Main Pump House and H-8 booster pump
b) Water consumption records and previous year bills
Water consumption ( kilo litres)
Month 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
January 189221 198432 187136 208135 182748
February 202151 189548 154112 195128 182020
March 174988 190680 165120 228034 196625
April 216490 216610 165120 216563 184277
May 197918 178070 165120 205092
June 200496 187500 165120 186125
July 198044 174410 165120 217601
August 189328 170675 165120 213056
September 201609 170624 165120 217600
October 186730 170624 170624 186700
November 186064 165120 165120 209300
December 177438 159616 186628 216052
Average 182770.5 Source: Estate office, IIT Bombay
Total LPCD of IIT Bombay= Total consumption per day / Total population
= 182770500/ (17019*30) = 357.97 liters
H8/pump1
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Month
Ele
ctri
city
Un
its
Electricity Bills for Main Pump House and H8 Waste Water Plant
H8/pump1
H8/pump1
Main pump
b) Electricity Bills for Ananta:
Month 2011 2012 2013
Reading Difference Reading Difference Reading Difference
January 46925 749 55233 634
February 47674 705 55867 612
March 48379 710 56479 740
April 49089 736 57219 670
May 41319 724 49825 785 57889 671
June 42043 710 50610 761 58560 668
July 42753 711 51371 743 59228 713
August 43464 712 52114 657 59941 -59941
September 44176 699 52771 657
October 44875 700 53428 649
November 45575 665 54077 530
December 46240 -46240 54607 -54607
Appendix V
Ananta database
Pumping log table:
Date
24-11-2013 25-11-2013 26-11-2013
07:00AM-08:30AM 1.50h 07:00AM-08:30AM 1.50h 07:00AM-08:30AM 1.50h
10:45AM-12:30PM 1.75h 10:45AM-12:45PM 2.00h 10:45AM-12:15PM 1.50h
03:30PM-04:30PM 1.00h 02:00PM-03:00PM 1.00h 02:00PM-03:00PM 1.00h
06:15PM-08:00PM 1.75h 04:30PM-05:30PM 1.00h 04:30PM-05:30PM 1.00h
09:30PM-10:30PM 1.00h 07:00PM-08:00PM 1.00h 07:00PM-08:00PM 1.00h
09:30PM-10:00PM 0.50h 09:30PM-10:30PM 1.00h
Total 7h 7h 7h
Survey
Introduction
In order to have a basic understanding, why people of Ananta are not using the Waste water
treatment plant for flushing, which supposed to be installed for flushing purpose. It was decided to
conduct a household survey. Currently the treated water is using for the gardening purpose.
Sample
The survey is conducted among the residential people of Ananta only. Ananta has 60 quarters in
which approx. 240 people are leaving.
Questionnaire
A questionnaire was prepared for the survey. The questions were divided into 4 categories:
Appendix VI
Work visits
1. Phulenagar Slum Powai, Mumbai:
Background:
Phulenagar is a slum in Powai, near IIT Bombay with over 2000 households and a population of
approximately 12,000.The population of Phulenagar consists of people of several different faiths,
mostly daily wageworkers. Most adults are illiterate and belong to low castes. Men work as
carpenters, masons, painters (in small private factories), and casual construction workers. Women
work as helpers in nearby middle-class houses, and casual workers in construction.
People in Phulenagar are facing lots of problem like water problem, cleaning problem (open
drainage lines), no light and water in common toilets, high water charges.
Higher authorities never come in slum and never see the problem facing by the local people.
People even don’t know about the complaint procedure.
There is a strong need to send the voice of a common people to higher authority to resolve the
daily need problem.
Water Distribution:
In early year (before 10-15 years), Phulenagar people got water from wells far away from the
slum and few hand pump, currently which are not using.
Now a day BMC gave the separate connection to all family in group of 4-5. Each supply line has
a separate water meter. The water timing is 12:30pm- 4:00pm and everyone get 20 minutes to fill
the water in households.
BMC charges for water:
For the family of 6 member or less, BMC charge 330 Rs/- per person for 6 month
For the family of more than 6 member , BMC charge 300 Rs/- per person for 6 month
Problems:
BMC charges are much higher than the outside people
Public toilets don’t have water tank and lights
Cleaning of public toilets is not done regularly
People not aware about the complaint system
Solution:
Create awareness among the people about the complaint office located at Yesward, near
Mgadhram petrol pump, infront of Jain meal, Maharase Nagar
Timely give notice to higher authority to see the problems facing by slum people
2. Field Visit IITB Slum
IIT Bombay has some slum area behind Hostel-5 and Hostel-14, in which construction workers
are leaving for a period until the project will not finish. IIT provides a separate connection to this
slum people from hostel pipeline. They have separate water meter and Construction Company pay
for it. They consume negligible fraction of water as compare to other residential people or
students.
a) The slum located behind hostel 5 :
The slum is located behind Hostel-5, in
which 65(approx.) people are leaving. There
are two water tab which are used for drinking
purpose and it runs 24 hours. There is an
open bath tank which has separate line. It has
no valve so sometime it overflows. In case
having some problem of water they fill the
tank with bore-well water using motor which
is given by Construction Company.
b) The slum located behind Hostel 14 :
The slum located behind Hostel 14, in which around 100 people are leaving. They have 4
water tabs for drinking purpose. There is a tank which is connected with the tab and it
used for other purposes. It runs 24 hours, in case of shutdown slum people go to H13.
c) The slum located in residential area (beside QIP):
The slum located in
residential area
(beside QIP), in which
50 people are leaving.
They have 6 water
tabs for drinking
purpose, in which 3
are in good condition
and it runs 24 hours.
d) The slum located beside the Sameer hill:.
The slum is located beside the Sameer Hill, in which 100 people are leaving currently.
Due to the high elevation, motor is used to supply water. One of the tab is directly
connected to motor and other two are connected with tank. The tank is filled by motor
which is controlled by local people. There are 4 water tabs for drinking water which is
connected with motor.
Appendix VII
Understand Water distribution to hostel-12, 13, 14 area
Water supply:
Water is supplied to hostel 12,13 form the main 6’’ pipeline running from the main pump house There is
a central valve to control H12,13 flow. This central valve is open at 6am to 3pm and then again reopened
from 6pm to 11pm to fill the respective hostel tanks. It is closed in between 3pm to 6pm, so that
preceding hostels can get enough pressure to fill their water tanks. After 11pm, this valve is left half open
for the night usage.
While to supply water h-14, 8’’ line is provided from the central hotel pipeline. Supply is not usually
controlled by any valve and water is supplied 24hrs. H14 and H12 D-wing have fire hydrant system
installed.
Water supplied to these three hostels is used mainly by students mainly for drinking purpose, bathing, to
toilets and to mess. For flushing, all three hostels use underground water pumped through 5 bore wells
present around the hostels.
The various underground tanks in the region and their supply zone:
Main valve Underground tank at Hostel no.14
For hostel no. -12,
1) Tank btw A B wing supplies water to a) A wing roof top tanks where this water is used by
the night canteen, hostel’s laundry room, for A wing student’s drinking & bath and a small
pipeline to the newly build watchman hut near the Dargah.; and b) to the mess kitchen tank
placed on the roof top of B wing.
2) Tank btw B C wing (this tank is not RCC underground tank, but two Sintex tanks of
capacity 40000 lts) supplies water to B wing and C for drinking & bath.
3) Tank btw C D wing supply water to only D wing. It has a partition to store bore well
flushing water and drinking water separately.
For hostel no. 13,
1) Tank btw A B wing supplies water to roof top tank on A wing, where water is used only for
drinking& bath; and to the mess tank present on the roof top Awing where water is used in
the hand wash area present near the H13’s mess entrance.
2) Tank btw B C wing supplies water to the roof top tanks at the B wing & C wing and to the
separate laundry tank present on the top on B wing
For hostel no. 14,
1) Tank btw A B wing supplies water to roof top tanks at A wing and B wing used for drinking
& bath.
2) Tank btw B C wing supplies water to the roof top tank at C wing used for drinking & bath.
Water to mess area for drinking purpose is provided directly from the main hostel line.
Clockwise from top left : a) water flowing from an underground tank at H 14, b) water distribution to wing B & C from the underground tank btw
B & C wings at hostel 14, c) bore well water inlet to the tank at D wing at hostel 12, d) pump control panel
Water distribution:
Water come to the respective underground tanks installed between every two wings. Each of these tanks
is further divided into two parts internally – 1) for drinking 2) other uses (expect flushing). There is one
main pump and a secondary backup pump of 7.5 HP installed in each of these tanks.
Water coming from the main line is first stored into these underground tanks and then pump to the roof
tops tanks. The distribution of water from the underground tank to the roof top tanks is different for each
wing and required some a lot of attention to understand.
The distribution is briefly explained as below:
All roof top tanks have specific internal divisions based on their uses.
Roof top tank location No of divisions Water usage
12 A 2 Drinking & bath +night canteen + laundry room ;
Flushing
12 B 3 Drinking & bath; Flushing; mess kitchen
12 C 2 Drinking & bath; Flushing;
12 D 3 Drinking & bath; Flushing; fire hydrants
13 A 3 Drinking & bath; Flushing; mess hand wash area
13 B 3 Drinking & bath; Flushing; laundry
13 C 2 Drinking & bath; Flushing;
14 A 3 Drinking & bath; Flushing; fire hydrants
14 B 3 Drinking & bath; Flushing; fire hydrants
14 C 3 Drinking & bath; Flushing; fire hydrants
There is an operator responsible of the pumping operation for each hostel. And 2 plumbers are
present in the day time for maintenance purpose of the entire H12, 13, 14 regions. At 1 plumber is
present at night duty.
The pumping schedule is manually is operated in Hostel 12, 13. Whereas, Hostel 14 has automatic
water level detection system which operates the pumps. So, no operator is needed in hostel no.14.
Clockwise from top left: a) a fire hydrant at hostel 14, b) inside view roof top mess tank , c) bore well water inlet to the roof tank , d) water
overflowing from the roof top tank
Pumping log for 13(All 3 wings) and H12 A wing is as follows:
Pump running Remarks
6am-9am Main valve is opened at 6am
9.45am to 11am
11.30am -12.30pm
2pm-3pm Main valve is closed
3.30pm-5pm
6pm -8.30pm Main valve is reopened
9pm- 10.15pm Main valve is half closed
Total minutes of pumps running in a day = 645 min
Pumping log for H12 B, C, D wing and H14 is as follows:
Pump running Remarks
6am-7am Main valve is opened at 6am
8-8.45am
9.45am to 11am
11.30am -12.30pm
2pm-3pm Main valve is closed
3.30pm-5pm
6pm-7pm Main valve is reopened
8pm-8.45pm
9.30pm- 10.30pm Main valve is half closed
Total minutes of pumps running in a day = 585 min
Bore well system:
All toilets in hostel uses underground water for flushing. The flush tanks are directly filled every hour by
running bore wells. They have a 2’’ diameter black colored marked pipeline running to the roof top tanks.
There is a provision provided to use underground water as domestic purpose.
There are 5 bore well located.
Bore well number Bore well location Position
7 Behind H 14 C wing N 19°08.122
E 72°54.366
8 Between H13,14 N 19°08.080
E 72°54.402
9 Behind H13 C wing N 19⁰08.076'
E 72⁰54.401'
10 Behind H12 A wing N 19⁰08.159'
E 72⁰54.401'
11 Between H 12 D wing and C
wing
N 19⁰08.159'
E 72⁰54.311'
Clockwise from top left: a) bore well pipeline running along the hostel13 wing, b) bore well water getting distributed to the wing B & C at hostel
13, c) bore well origin near hostel no. 12, d) bore well water distributing to the Hostel 12 A wing and Hostel 13 A wing and additional outlet
provided for gardening.
Appendix VIII
CPHEEO Water norms
The central public health and environmental engineering organization (CPHEEO) is technical
wing of ministry of urban development, government of India, and deals with matters related to urban
water supply and sanitation including solid waste management in the country.
Water requirements for buildings liter/head
Residential:
For communities up to 20,000 to 1, 00,000 flushing inclusive 100-150 lph
For communities above 1, 00,000 flushing inclusive 150-200 lph
From cpheeo,
Average consumption of water 135 lph
Extra for large metro cities 15 lph
Total for Mumbai 150 lph
Hospital
No. of bed not exceeding 100 340 lph
No. of bed above 100 450 lph
Hostels 135 lph
Offices 45 lph
Restaurants 70 per seat
Cinemas, concert hall, theatres 15 per seat
Schools 45 lph
Table 1 table showing various water norms
Source: IS 1172: 1993, CPHEEO #http://cpheeo.nic.in/
Appendix IX
Main building database
a) Time log
Figure 24 Scan of Actual time log of Main building
1ST INLET PIPE 2ND INLET PIPE
1ST ROOF TANK 2ND ROOF TANK
OVERFLOW PIPE FLOAT METER
