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WATER RESOURCES OF THE BAD RIVER INDIAN RESERVATION, NORTHERN WISCONSIN
By W.G. Batten and R.A. Lidwin
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4207
Prepared in cooperation with theBAD RIVER CHIPPEWA INDIAN TRIBE OF WISCONSIN
Madison, Wisconsin 1995
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director
For additional information write to:
District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 6417 Normandy Lane Madison, Wl 53719
Copies of this report can be purchased from:
U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center Open-File Reports Section Box 25286, MS 517 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225
CONTENTS
Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................^ 1Introduction...................................................................................._^ 1
Purpose and scope....................................................................................................................................................... 2Identification of data-collection sites.......................................................................................................................... 2Description of study area............................................................................................................................................. 2
Geologic setting..................................................................................................................................................................... 2Ground water.....................................................................................................................................................................^ 5
Occurrence and flow.................................................................................................................................................... 5Availability.................................................................................................................................................................. 8Aquifer characteristics of sand and gravel deposits.................................................................................................... 8Aquifer characteristics of Precambrian sandstone...................................................................................................... 10Quality......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Surface water.....................................................................................................................................................................^ 12Streamflow ................................................................................................................^^^^ 12Quality......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Summary...............................................................................................................................................................^ 14Selected references......................................................................................................~^ 15Appendixes
1. Water-level and construction data for wells within the Bad River Indian Reservation......................................... 182. Physical and chemical characteristics of water from wells and springs within the Bad River
Indian Reservation............................................................................................................................................. 213. Trace-constituent analyses of water from wells and springs within the Bad River Indian Reservation ............... 294. Physical and chemical characteristics of water from streams within the Bad River Indian Reservation.............. 375. Physical and chemical characteristics of water and bottom material in lakes and sloughs within the
Bad River Indian Reservation............................................................................................................................ 43
PLATES
[Plates are in pocket]
Maps showing:1. Locations of seismic-survey lines, wells, data-collection sites for surface-water quality, and
streamflow-gaging stations within the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin2. Altitude of the bedrock surface within the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin
FIGURES
1-2. Maps showing:1. Location of the Bad River Indian Reservation in northern Wisconsin................................................................ 32. Bedrock geology of the Bad River Indian Reservation....................................................................................... 4
3. Idealized geologic section and conceptualized ground-water-flow systems within the Bad RiverIndian Reservation ................................................................................................................................................. 6
4-5. Maps showing:4. Thickness of glacial deposits within the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin............................ 75. Potentiometric surface in the deep confined ground-water system within the Bad River Indian Reservation,
northern Wisconsin........................................................................................................................................... 9
TABLES
1. Summary of dissolved chemical constituents in ground-water samples.................................................................. 112. Summary of Wisconsin's drinking-water standards................................................................................................. 123. Daily flow-duration characteristics for the Bad River near Odanah........................................................................ 134. Flood and low-flow frequency characteristics for the Bad River near Odanah....................................................... 14
Contents HI
CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM
Multiply By To obtain
foot (ft)mile (mi)
acre
square mile (mi2)inch per year
foot per day (ft/d)foot per mile (ft/mi)
gallon per minute (gal/min)
cubic foot per second (ft3/s)
0.30481.609.004047
2.59025.40
.30480.18940.06309
0.02832
meterkilometersquare kilometer
square kilometermillimeter per yearmeter per daymeter per kilometerliter per second
cubic meter per second
Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) can be converted to degree Celsius (°C) by use of the following equation:
°F=1.8x°C + 32.
Sea level: In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.
Abbreviated water-quality units used in this report: Chemical concentrations and water temperature are given in metric units. Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (|ig/L). Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight (milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to one milligram per liter. For concentrations less than 7,000 mg/L, the numerical value is the same as for concentrations in parts per million.
Specific conductance of water is expressed in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (|iS/cm). This unit is equivalent to micromhos per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (|omho/cm), formerly used by the U.S. Geological Survey.
IV Conversion Factors and Vertical Datum
Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
ByW.G. Batten anofR.A. Lidwin
Abstract
Water-resources data were collected in the Bad River Indian Reservation of northern Wiscon sin from 1983 through 1987. Some data are inter preted to describe ground-water flow, ground- water quality, streamflow, and surface-water qual ity. Data also are presented in tables and appen dixes for baseline reference.
Precambrian sandstone and basalt underlie varying thicknesses of sandy till, outwash sand and gravel, and clay deposited in glacial meltwater lakes. The thickness of glacial deposits generally ranges from 100 to 300 ft but reaches a known thickness of almost 1,000 ft on the east-central edge of the Reservation. Sand and gravel deposits are generally buried beneath 50 to 150 ft of glacial lake clays and silts throughout most of the Reser vation. These buried sand and gravel deposits lie directly on Precambrian sandstone of unknown thickness in the northern half of the Reservation. The sand and gravel deposits and the sandstone form a single aquifer system confined by the over lying clay deposits. In and near the village of Odanah, numerous wells finished in either the sand and gravel or in the sandstone flow above land surface.
Estimates of the horizontal hydraulic con ductivity of the sand and gravel based on 30 spe cific-capacity tests range from about 2 to 700 ft per day with a median value of about 80 ft per day. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity estimates for the sandstone range from about 1 to 360 ft per day with a median of about 2 ft per day. These esti mates are based on 42 specific-capacity tests of wells open only to the upper 20 to 60 ft of sand stone. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sandstone appears to decrease with depth; highest estimates were determined for wells open only to the upper 20 ft of sandstone.
Ground water in the confined aquifer system is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type with rel atively low total dissolved solids concentrations.
The median total dissolved solids concentration of water from 17 sand and gravel wells is about 150 milligrams per liter and the median for water from 21 sandstone wells is about 244 milligrams per liter. High concentrations of iron and manganese were found in water from 12 of 36 sampled wells. Total recoverable concentrations of iron exceeded 500 micrograms per liter in 5 wells and concentra tions of manganese exceeded 50 micrograms per liter in 7 wells.
Streamflow has been continuously mea sured at a streamflow-gaging station in the Bad River near Odanah for much of the time since 1914. This station monitors drainage from a basin with an area of 597 square miles and the average daily discharge of the Bad River at this gaging sta tion is 622 cubic feet per second. The peak instan taneous flow at the station was 27,700 cubic feet per second on April 24, 1960 and the minimum instantaneous flow was 34 cubic feet per second on November 8,1976.
Analysis of water samples collected at 12 sites at 10 small streams during base-flow condi tions indicate that the concentrations of common chemical constituents are similar to but lower than those found in ground water. The median concen tration of total dissolved solids was about 110 mil ligrams per liter as compared to about 155 milligrams per liter in ground-water samples from wells finished in sand and gravel.
INTRODUCTION
Hydrologic and water-quality data were col lected on the Bad River Indian Reservation from 1983 through 1987 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Bad River Chippewa Indian Tribe of Wisconsin. These baseline hydrologic and water-quality data will be used by tribal planners and leaders to manage and protect the water resources of the Reservation.
Abstract 1
Purpose and Scope
This report summarizes ground- and surface- water data collected during the study. Ground-water and streamflow data have been analyzed and inter preted; surface-water quality data are presented in tab ular form with minimal interpretation and discussion. Data from seismic-refraction survey lines and drillers' well-construction reports were used to compile maps of the altitude of the bedrock surface, the thickness of gla cial deposits, and the potentiometric surface of the con fined ground-water-flow system. These data also were used to construct an idealized geologic section and a conceptual model of the ground-water-flow system. Selected well-construction data were analyzed to esti mate the hydraulic properties of the sand and gravel and sandstone aquifers that make up the confined ground-water-flow system. Water samples from wells, streams, lakes, and sloughs were analyzed for major ions and trace metals. Streamflow data were analyzed to determine flow-duration, flood, and low-flow fre quency characteristics of the Bad River near Odanah.
Identification of Data-Collection Sites
Each surface-water data-collection site and well mentioned in this report and shown on plate 1 has a unique identification number. The system for assigning these identification numbers is based on the geographic location of the surface-water sites and wells. There are two groups of surface-water data-collection sites: streamflow-gaging stations and sites used for collect ing surface-water (and bottom material) quality sam ples. Each streamflow-gaging station has a "down stream order number" that consists of seven or eight digits, with the number increasing in the "downstream" direction within a given stream basin. Each surface- water quality sampling site has a unique fifteen-digit identification number that combines the (approximate) latitude and longitude of the site plus a two-digit sequence number which further distinguishes each site.
Wells and springs also are identified by a unique 15-digit number that is a combination of the site's lati tude and longitude and a two-digit sequence number. The sequence number distinguishes sites located less than about 100 ft from each other with the same latitude and longitude. Each well is also identified by a local number in addition to the identification number. The local number consists of an abbreviation for the county name; the township, range and section; and a four-digit sequence number assigned to the well. For example, well AS-46/03W/20-0221 is located in Ashland County (AS), township 46 north, range 3 west, section
20; its sequence number is 0221. The local number is used in the appendixes in this report. Only the last two or three digits of the four-digit sequence number are used to identify wells and springs on plate 1.
Description of Study Area
The Bad River Indian Reservation encompassesabout 195 mi2 in northeastern Ashland County in north-central Wisconsin (fig. 1). The Reservation also
/^
includes a 9-mi area in northwestern Iron County and a small, 196-acre parcel of land on the northeastern tip of Madeline Island (fig. 1) in Lake Superior. The parcel on Madeline Island is not included in the present study.
Lowlands in the northern two-thirds of the Res ervation contain many wetlands. This part of the Res ervation slopes at a rate of about 10 to 15 ft/mi to Lake Superior, which has a mean elevation of 602 ft abovesea level. A 20-mi2 area of marshes and sloughs bor ders Lake Superior at the mouths of the Bad and Kak- agon Rivers (pi. 1). Uplands in the southeastern part of the Reservation rise over 500 ft above the lowlands to more than 1,250 ft above sea level.
Approximately 85 percent of the Reservation is covered by second-growth forest of aspen and white birch. Northern hardwoods and white pine cover the few upland areas. Swamp and marsh vegetation cover the wetlands along Lake Superior (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1976). Virtually no agricultural crops are grown on the poorly drained clay soils that cover most of the land.
GEOLOGIC SETTING1
Precambrian basalt and sandstone bedrock underlies the entire Reservation. A sequence of dark- colored volcanic basalt lava flows, sometimes referred to as "traprock," underlies the topographic high in the extreme southeastern corner of the Reservation (fig. 2). The Oronto Group, a sequence of sandstone with some shale and conglomerate (Mudrey and others, 1982), underlies most of the Reservation (fig. 2). The young est of the bedrock units is called the Bayfield Group. This unit consists of nearly flat-lying sandstone and is found in the northwestern part of the Reservation (fig. 2). The contact between the Bayfield and Oronto Groups is somewhat uncertain. The basalt lava flows are about 1 to 1.5 billion years old and the youngest
lrThe stratigraphic nomenclature used in this report is that of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey and does not necessarily follow usage of the U.S. Geological Survey.
2 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
Base from U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000 digital data; modified by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Wisconsin Transverse Mercator projection, 1993.
10
20 MILES
20 KILOMETERS
EXPLANATION
Extent of Reservation/Study Area
Figure 1. Location of the Bad River Indian Reservation in northern Wisconsin.
GEOLOGIC SETTING
R4W 90°45' R3W R2W R 1 W 90*30'
T49N
T48N
46°37'30"
T47N
46'30'
T46N
EXPLANATION
| ___ Bayfield Group (sandstone)
Oronto Group (sandstone)
Basalt Lava Flows
Geologic contact
Inferred geologic contact
- -- I -t~ - '-. f- ^-r'-^f^-. '-* v- r- i ,^-^v-
r^^r'' .,- VJ^-*T; ' ~i f /,-l i
Base from U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000 digital data; modified by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Wisconsin Transverse Mercator projection, 1993.
4 MILES
I0123 4 KILOMETERS
Figure 2. Bedrock geology of the Bad River Indian Reservation.
4 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
rocks in the Bayfield Group are just under 1 billion years old (Mudrey and others, 1982).
Drillers' geologic logs, outcrop locations, and seismic-refraction data were analyzed to determine the altitude of the bedrock surface in feet above sea level. Plate 2 is a contour map of the bedrock surface from a plot of these data. The shape and location of contour lines are inferred in large areas of the Reservation inte rior where few data are available. The bedrock surface ranges from a known altitude of about 1,150 ft above sea level in the extreme southeastern corner of the Res ervation (pi. 2) to about 20 ft below sea level deter mined from a seismic-refraction survey line just east of the Reservation boundary in section 31 of T47N, R1W, about 1 mi southeast of the settlement at Birch Ridge (pi. 2). Two community-supply wells at Birch Ridge also penetrate more than 950 ft of glacial material that overlies sandstone bedrock. This bedrock low extends from the Birch Ridge area to the southwest as a bedrock valley, or more likely as a structural trough formed by folding of the bedrock layers (M.G. Mudrey, Wiscon sin Geological and Natural History Survey, oral com- mun., 1989). Another broad but shallower bedrock trough appears to underlie the central part of the Reser vation and trends from the southwest to the northeast with bedrock altitudes ranging from 300 to 400 ft above sea level (pi. 2).
Wisconsin stage glacial deposits directly overlie Precarnbrian bedrock throughout most of the Reserva tion. The glacial deposits in the Lake Superior region of northern Wisconsin that includes the Bad River Indian Reservation have been described by Clayton (1984). Clayton (1984) identifies glacial deposits within the Reservation as part of the Miller Creek For mation (fig. 3) deposited approximately 9,500 to 11,500 years ago, or as part of the Copper Falls Forma tion, deposited earlier than 11,500 years ago. Deposits of the Miller Creek Formation overlie the Copper Falls Formation throughout most of the Reservation (fig. 3).
The Miller Creek Formation consists of two types of deposits: (1) clayey till that was reworked by glacial-meltwater lake-wave action, and (2) offshore clay and silt deposited by turbidity currents flowing into glacial lakes (Clayton, 1984). The offshore clay and silt which covers most of the lowland along Lake Superior is locally referred to as the "red clay." This material underlies Quaternary alluvial sand and gravel deposited along major streams and underlies recent organic deposits in wetland areas.
The Copper Falls Formation consists of sandy till and sandy outwash deposited by glacial meltwater. These deposits underlie the Miller Creek Formation throughout most of the Reservation (fig. 3). The Miller Creek Formation is absent in the extreme southeastern
corner of the Reservation where the Copper Falls For mation extends from land surface to volcanic bedrock (fig. 3). Glacial deposits older than the Copper Falls Formation may be present where the thickness of gla cial deposits exceeds 300 ft or more.
Glacial deposits overlie sandstone bedrock in the northern half of the Reservation (fig. 4). The thickness of glacial deposits differs greatly throughout the Reser vation. Average thickness ranges from 200 to 400 ft but attain a maximum thickness of the glacial deposit is about 1,000 ft in the center of the bedrock trough along the east edge of the Reservation (fig. 4). Glacial depos its are less than 100 ft thick in the upland area in the southeastern and west-central part of the Reservation. Sandstone bedrock crops out along the Bad River in sections 35 and 36 of T47N, R3W (pi. 2). The thickness of glacial deposits is estimated in many areas of the Reservation where no data are available.
GROUND WATER
All water used by Reservation residents is sup plied by wells that pump water from saturated sand and gravel deposits or Precarnbrian sandstone. The occur rence and availability of this ground water is deter mined by the hydraulic properties of these deposits.
Occurrence and Flow
Ground-water occurrence and flow can best be described by referring to the geohydrologic section shown in figure 3. The shaded zones represent the two ground-water-flow systems. The shallow system repre sents flow that takes place at shallow depths (probably less than 50 ft in most areas). Flow paths, indicated by small arrows, within this shallow system tend to be short. Flow begins as precipitation infiltrates the soil and moves downward through vertical cracks (frac tures) in the generally clayey Miller Creek Formation. Flow is horizontal through thin sand or silty layers interlayered in the clay in this shallow system. Some water flows in the clay itself at the microscopic level. However, the velocity or flow rate of water in the clay is probably on the order of 1 in/yr or less. Ground water in this shallow system generally flows from topo graphic highs toward the nearest stream or wetland where the water seeps (discharges) into the surface- water body. The level below land surface in this shal low system where all openings between individual sand grains or clay particles are completely saturated is called the water table (fig. 3); the shallow system can be referred to as a water-table system.
GROUND WATER
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R4W R3W R2W R 1 W 90'30'
T49N
T48N
46'37'30"
T47N
46'SO1
T46N
EXPLANATION
300 Line of equal thickness of glacial deposits dashed
where approximately located. Contour interval 200 feet with supplemental 100-foot and 300-foot contours
Seismic-survey line
Bedrock outcrop
W- i.'-i'.- , /r4 -b--^ / hw^"
BIAD BM VE R^'i NB' /x '
Base from U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000 digital data; modified by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Wisconsin Transverse Mercator projection, 1993.
4 MILES' r i
0123 4 KILOMETERS
Figure 4. Thickness of glacial deposits within the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin.
GROUND WATER 7
The shallow system is separated from the deep system by a layer of massive clay in the Miller Creek Formation that probably ranges from about 50 to 150 ft in thickness (fig. 3). The clay at this depth does not con tain channels created by plant roots or by the chemical or physical breakdown of clay material by infiltrating precipitation. Therefore, this clay is not able to conduct water unlike the near-surface clay deposits that com prise the shallow (water-table) system. As a result, the channel-free clay acts as a layer that retards the vertical flow of water and confines the deep ground-water-flow system.
The deep ground-water-flow system is referred to as a confined or artesian aquifer system. In this deep system (fig. 3), ground water flows through both the permeable Precambrian sandstone and sand deposits of the Copper Falls Formation. The deep system is a large regional flow system, as indicated by the long arrows in figure 3. Water in this system comes from precipitation and snowmelt infiltrating the sandy Copper Falls For mations (fig. 3) in the upland area in the southeastern part of the Reservation and in uplands south of the Res ervation (not shown). Ground water generally flows northward within these deposits toward Lake Superior (fig. 3) and becomes confined where the thickness of the overlying clay layer of the Miller Creek Formation is great enough to retard vertical movement. In upland areas, the deep system is not confined by overlying clay, and flow of the ground water is similar to that in the shallow system, where the ground water flows along short paths from topographically high areas toward nearby headwaters of streams. However, some of the ground water in these upland areas does not dis charge to streams; instead, it flows along extended flow paths under the confining clay layer, as shown by the long arrows in figure 3.
As water moves northward under the clay, the hydraulic head or pressure on water in the deep flow system can cause the water level in a well open only to this flow system to rise above the top of the system. The imaginary surface representing the water levels in these wells is commonly called the potentiometric surface of the ground-water-flow system. The altitude of the potentiometric surface is shown in figure 5.
The relation between the water-table and the potentiometric surface is important for understanding the overall flow system. This relation depends on the hydraulic gradient. The hydraulic gradient is simply the difference or change in the hydraulic (pressure) head over the distance from one point in the ground- water system to another point in the system. Where the water table is above the potentiometric surface, some water flows downward from the shallow system through any confining clay and into the deep system,
because ground water flows from areas of high hydrau lic (pressure) head toward areas of low hydraulic head.
In the lowland area near Lake Superior, the hydraulic gradient is reversed. The hydraulic head in the confined (deep) system is greater than in the shal low water table system. This is evidenced by water lev els in a number of domestic wells open to sandstone or sand and gravel in the deep system near the village of Odanah. Water levels in these wells are above the land surface, which causes the well to flow.
Availability
In 1988, information was available for 90 wells within the Reservation boundaries. Eight of these wells were community-supply wells serving a total of 205 homes in New Odanah, Odanah, and the community on Birch Ridge. The remaining 82 domestic-supply wells served individual homes throughout the Reservation. Drillers' construction information is available for 72 of the 90 wells. Forty-two of the 72 wells are finished with the borehole open to and receiving water from Precam brian sandstone. The remaining 30 wells typically are finished with 2-, 3-, or 4-ft-long screens open to sand and gravel deposits of the Copper Falls Formation just above the sandstone bedrock. General construction information for each well is listed in appendix 1. Well locations are shown on plate 1.
Wells finished either in the sand and gravel deposits, or in sandstone, appear capable of producing yields for domestic purposes in those few areas of the Reservation where well data are available. Drillers report well yields of about 5 to 20 gal/min for domestic supply, and about 25 to 90 gal/min for community-sup ply wells. Yields larger than those reported are possible depending on lithology and location.
Aquifer Characteristics of Sand and Gravel Deposits
Sand and gravel deposits, which are probably part of the Copper Falls Formation (fig. 3), generally are found between the depths of about 175 and 225 ft below land surface in the populated areas of Odanah and New Odanah, and at varying depths in the upland area around the community of Birch Ridge (pi. 1). Spe cific-capacity data from drillers' construction reports exist for 30 wells that obtain water from sand and gravel deposits in these areas. The specific capacity of a well is the rate of water pumped, in gallons per minute, divided by the total drawdown that occurs from
8 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
R4W 9CT45' R3W R2W R 1 W 90°30'
T49N
T48N
46'37'30" -
T47N
46'30'
T46N
EXPLANATION
610 Potentiometric contour shows altitude at which water level would have stood in tightly cased wells. Contour interval, in feet above sea level, is variable. Dashed where approximately located
A A' Trace of section shown in Figure 3
Seismic-survey line
£ BAUKtVhlV IiNDi^'RSsfiRVAtH^ I
^^^^ j j r ^j
Base from U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000 digital data; modified by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Wisconsin Transverse Mercator projection, 1993.
4 MILES
0123 4 KILOMETERS
Figure 5. Potentiometric surface in the deep confined ground-water system within the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin.
GROUND WATER 9
pumping. Drawdown is the decline, in feet, of the water level in the well caused by the pumping.
Drillers' specific-capacity data were analyzed using a procedure developed by Bradbury and Roths child (1985) to estimate the horizontal hydraulic con ductivity of the sand and gravel deposits in the Copper Falls Formation. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity indicates the ability of an aquifer (in this case, the sand and gravel deposits) to transmit water. It is defined as the volume of water that will move in a unit of time under a unit hydraulic gradient at unit kinematic vis cosity through a unit area at right angles to the direction of ground-water flow. Generally, horizontal hydraulic conductivity is directly proportional to well yield.
The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel deposits estimated from drillers' spe cific-capacity tests ranges from about 2 to 700 ft/d. The median value is about 80 ft/d, which is indicative of a clean, somewhat compacted sand. These values are within the wide range of hydraulic-conductivity values given by Freeze and Cherry (1979, p. 29) for silty sand and clean sand.
Aquifer Characteristics of Precambrian Sandstone
Data from drillers' construction reports are avail able for 42 wells cased through the glacial deposits and open to the underlying sandstone. Most of these wells also are located in and around the populated area of Odanah (pi. 1). These wells range from 87 to 985 ft in depth and typically are open to the uppermost 10 to 50 ft of sandstone.
Specific-capacity data were analyzed to estimate the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sandstone. Hydraulic-conductivity values range from less than 1 to about 360 ft/d. The median value for the 42 wells is about 2 ft/d. According to Freeze and Cherry (1979, p. 29), this median value is at the upper end of the range of hydraulic conductivity for sandstone. Two factors may account for the apparent large values of horizontal hydraulic conductivity. First, most of these wells are only open to the upper 10 to 50 ft of sandstone. Second, the upper sandstone generally is fractured or broken up by weathering. Water can move at a faster rate through these openings than it can through unfractured rock. The 10 largest horizontal hydraulic-conductivity val ues were determined for wells open to an average of just 18 ft in the upper part of the sandstone. The 10 smallest values were determined for wells that are open to an average of about 60 ft of sandstone. This indicates that the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the sand stone tends to decrease with depth.
Quality
Ground-water samples from 38 wells and 3 springs were collected in accordance with U.S. Geo logical Survey standard methods (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1977). The samples were analyzed at the USGS's National Water-Quality Laboratory in Arvada, Colo. Results of all chemical analyses are given in appendixes 2 and 3.
A total of 21 water samples were collected from 17 wells finished in sand and gravel deposits, and sin gle samples were collected from each of 21 wells fin ished in Precambrian sandstone wells. Most of these samples (36 of 42) were collected from 1983 through 1987 to characterize recent ground-water quality on the Bad River Indian Reservation.
Concentrations of dissolved constituents most commonly found in Wisconsin ground water are sum marized in table 1 for wells on the Bad River Indian Reservation. The principal dissolved constituents are calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. Median values of most constituents shown in table 1 are similar for water from both sand and gravel deposits and Precam brian sandstone. Exceptions are the somewhat larger median concentrations of sodium, sulfate, and chloride and somewhat smaller concentrations of manganese in water from wells finished in Precambrian sandstone (table 1). In general, the similarity in composition of water from both units is reasonable because sand and gravel wells derive water from deposits that lie directly on the Precambrian sandstone. Together, these two units make up the deep ground-water-flow system pre viously discussed and shown in figure 3. Median con centrations of constituents shown in table 1 are similar to those reported by Kammerer (1984) for a large area of northern Wisconsin that includes the Reservation. Median values reported by Kammerer for selected con stituents are shown in parentheses in table 1. Median concentrations of sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids in wells finished in sand and gravel in the larger area are 7.2, 2.5, and 150 mg/L, respectively (Kammerer, 1984, p. 38-39). Median concentrations of the same three constituents in Reservation sand and gravel wells are 6.6, 2.7, and 155 mg/L, respectively (table 1). Median concentrations of sulfate, chloride, and dis solved solids in water from wells finished in Precam brian sandstone in the larger area are 22, 16, and 244 mg/L, respectively. These median values are almost identical to those of Reservation well water, with the exception of dissolved-solids concentrations in water from Precambrian sandstone wells. The median con centration of dissolved solids in Precambrian sand stone wells on the Reservation is only 157 mg/L.
10 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
Table 1 . Summary of dissolved chemical constituents in ground-water samples[All units are milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated. Numbers in parentheses represent concentrations or values from summary of water-quality data by Kammerer (1984). p.S/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25°C; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; °C, degrees Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter]
No. of samplesMinimum
concentrationor value
Maximumconcentration
or value
Medianconcentration
or value
Wells open to sand and gravel deposits
Specific conductance (|iS/cm)
pH (standard units)
Hardness (as CaCO3)
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Alkalinity (as CaCO3)
Sulfate
Chloride
Dissolved solids (at 180°C)
Iron (mg/L)
Manganese (mg/L)
16
17
13
11
10
6
6
17
16
17
17
12
12
95
7.5
49
14
3.5
1.9
0.6
52
.7
.7
74
10
1
510
10.0
200
44
23
120
6.5
220
21
100
294
2,300
98
Wells open to Precambrian sandstone
250
8.3
99
24
8.8
9.2
1.3
96
6.6 (7.2)
2.7 (2.5)
155 (150)
30 (100)
46 (30)
Specific conductance (^.S/cm)
pH (standard units)
Hardness (as CaCO3)
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Alkalinity (as CaCO3)
Sulfate
Chloride
Dissolved solids (at 180°C)
Iron (mg/L)
Manganese (mg/L)
21
21
13
13
13
3
3
21
21
21
21
12
12
200
7.5
6
2.1
.3
21
4.1
63
4.4
.6
117
<10
<1
560
9.4
140
38
12
29
5.8
170
29
100
307
1,100
41
275
8.1
90
23
6.5
26
4.7
84
19 (22)
17 (16)
157 (244)
80 (100)
3(40)
Water samples were analyzed for many constitu ents that have maximum permissible and recom mended concentrations specified in Wisconsin's drinking-water standards for public-water supplies (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1978). Wisconsin's drinking-water standards are summarized in table 2. Analyses of ground-water samples collected during this study indicate no health-related problems from inorganic constituents. This is best shown by comparing analysis results in appendixes 2 and 3 to the drinking-water standards in table 2. The trace metal lead exceeded the primary health standard of 50 \Lg/L (table 2) in water from two wells. Water from these
wells, AS-38 and AS-288 in appendix 3, had lead con centrations of 64 and 98 Hg/L, respectively. Well AS- 38 is an old unused well; AS-288 is an active domestic- supply well. Water from well AS-38 also had a zinc concentration of 11,000 ug/L, which exceeds the aes thetic standard of 5,000 ug/L. The source of these met als may be dissolution of these metals in the plumbing pipes. Metals may dissolve in well water in contact with pipes for long periods of time while the well is unused.
The predominant ground-water-quality problem on the Reservation is large concentrations of iron and manganese. Concentrations of these metals that exceed
GROUND WATER 11
Table 2. Summary of Wisconsin's drinking-water standards[From Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1978. --, standard not applicable]
[Maximum recommended total or dissolved concentration. All concentrations in milligrams per liter (micrograms per liter in parentheses) unless otherwise indicated]
Constituent
ArsenicBariumCadmiumChromium
Primary (health) standard Secondary (aesthetic) standard
0.051
.01
.05
(50)(1,000)
(10)(50)
---
Fluoride
Lead Mercury
Nitrate (as N)
2.2
.05
.002
10
(50) (2)
Selenium
Silver
Chloride
Color
.01
.05
(10)
(50)
250
15 units 1
Foaming agents (MBAS)
Hydrogen sulfide Iron
Manganese
0.5
not detectable
.3
.05(300)
(50)
Odor
Sulfate
Total residue
Zinc
3
250
500
5
threshold number-
-
(5,000)
Platinum cobalt scale.
the Wisconsin secondary (aesthetic) drinking-water standards may cause objectionable taste and staining of laundry and plumbing fixtures. Dissolved and total- recoverable (dissolved plus particulate) concentrations were determined in water from 36 wells on the Reser vation (appendix 3). Water samples from 5 wells had total-recoverable iron concentrations that exceeded 500 |lg/L, and 8 water samples from 7 wells exceeded the secondary drinking-water standard of 50 |ig/L for total-recoverable manganese. Kammerer (1984) found that one-fourth to one-half of all water samples col lected from wells in northern Wisconsin, including the Reservation, had iron and manganese concentrations that exceeded Wisconsin's drinking-water standards.
SURFACE WATER
The Reservation is named after the Bad River, which flows northward through the middle of the Res
ervation. About three-quarters of the Reservation lies within the Bad River basin. The largest tributary to the Bad River is the White River, which empties into the Bad River on the west edge of the village of Odanah (pi. 1). Smaller streams, such as Morrison and Denomie Creeks in the northeast, and Beartrap Creek and the Kakagon River in the northwest, drain directly into Lake Superior (pi. 1).
Streamflow
Streamflow has been measured continuously at one of two gaging stations on the Bad River for much of the period from 1914 to the present. The principal station, the Bad River near Odanah (station number 04027000), is located about 8 mi south of the village of Odanah (pi. 1). This station has a drainage basin of 597
12 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
Table 3. Daily flow-duration characteristics for the Bad River near Odanah (station number 04027000) [Based on 1914-91 period of record]
Discharge, in cubic feet per second, which is equaled or exceeded for indicated percentage of time
Percentage of time
Discharge
95
99
90
117
80
149
70
184
60
226
50
279
40
362
30
491
20
762
10
1,505
5
2,380
mi2 ; about 55 mi2 of this area lies within the Reserva tion. Streamflow was measured at this station from 1914 through 1922 and from 1948 through the present. This station was discontinued, and streamflow was measured as the Bad River at Odanah (station number 04027595) from 1978 through 1988 to include more of the total Bad River basin. The drainage area at this sta tion is 990 mi2, which includes about 140 mi2 of Reser vation land. Operation of this station (Bad River at Odanah) was discontinued after 1987 because backwa ter effects from nearby Lake Superior caused the streamflow record to be unsatisfactory. Operation of the gaging station was returned to the original location (Bad River near Odanah) in 1987.
The average daily discharge for the Bad River near Odanah (location number 04027000) for the period of record ending September, 1988 is 622 ftVs. The maximum instantaneous discharge ever recorded was 27,700 ftVs on April 24,1960. The peak flow of this same flood downstream at the Bad River at Odanah (station number 04027595) was estimated to be 45,600 ftVs as determined indirectly from high-water marks. The minimum instantaneous discharge for the Bad River near Odanah was 34 ft3/s on November 8,1976, during fall freezeup.
Flow-duration characteristics indicate the per centage of time that a specified streamflow discharge is equaled or exceeded during the period of record. For example, table 3 shows that streamflow in the Bad River near Odanah equals or exceeds 762 ftVs 20 per cent of the time. However, this does not mean that flow will exceed 762 ft3/s for 20 percent of each year or even within a specific 10-year period.
Knowledge of flow characteristics, particularly low flow, is useful when making decisions regarding multiple use of a stream resource. For example, knowl edge of low flow in a stream is necessary when the maintenance of fish habitat is weighed against hydro- power production or against dilution of wastes. Rood and low-flow frequency characteristics were estimated from mean-daily discharge values for the period of record at Bad River near Odanah (site 04027000). The recurrence intervals were determined using a log-Pear- son Type IE distribution. Computed discharges with their associated recurrence intervals are shown in table 4. Table 4 shows, for example, that the average time
between floods with a peak flow of 11,000 ftVs is 5 years. The low-flow frequency values in table 4 show that the average time interval between a period of at least 7 consecutive days having a maximum discharge of 104 ftVs is 2 years. For comparison, table 3 shows that flow equals or exceeds 104 ft3/s almost 95 percent of the time.
Quality
Water samples were collected from 12 sites on 10 streams during July and August 1983-87. These sam ples were collected during base-flow conditions when streamflow is derived largely from ground-water dis charge. The samples were analyzed for common inor ganic constituents, nutrients, trace metals, and organic- carbon concentrations. Analysis results are shown in appendix 4.
Concentrations of common chemical constitu ents in surface water are somewhat lower than concen trations in ground water. For example, the median total-dissolved solids concentration in 19 stream-water samples is 110 mg/L and in ground-water samples from Reservation wells is about 155 mg/L.
The backwater sloughs and lakes near the mouths of the Kakagon and Bad Rivers provide habitat for extensive stands of wild rice. Wild rice depends on large nutrient concentrations in bottom material for growth. Samples of bottom material were collected at eight sites on the Kakagon slough (pi. 1) during July and August 1986 and 1987 and analyzed for concentra tions of nitrogen and phosphorus. Results of these anal yses are presented in appendix 5. Water samples also were collected from open water in two backwater lakes Honest John Lake and the Bad River Slough and from Lake Superior (pi. 1) during July 1986. These samples were analyzed for common chemical constitu ents. Results of these three analyses (appendix 5) sug gest the dissolved-solids concentration in water from these lakes is approximately half that of ground water. This indicates that precipitation, which has a low con centration of dissolved solids, is the source of much of the water in these lakes.
Water-quality samples have been collected at the Bad River near Odanah gaging station (station number
SURFACE WATER 13
Table 4. Flood and low-flow frequency characteristics for the Bad River near Odanah (station number 04027000)[Based on 1914-91 period of record]
Flood frequency
Discharge
Peak discharge, in cubic feet per second, for indicated recurrence interval, in years:
2_______5________10_______25________50______100
7,730 11,000 13,400 16,600 19,100 21,900
Low-flow frequency
Discharge, in cubic feet per second, for indicated recurrence interval, in years:
Consecutive-day period
714
30
60
90
2 years104
112124
146165
5 years
79
84
94
110123
10 years
6871
80
95106
20 years
59
62
70
8394
04027000) since October 1964. In October 1974, this station became part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN). This nationwide program established monthly sampling at gaging stations on major rivers to provide consistent and continuous monitoring of stream-water quality. Water samples at the Bad River gaging station and other NASQAN stations are ana lyzed for common chemical constituents, nutrients, and selected trace-metal concentrations. NASQAN water- quality data are available for the Bad River near Odanah gaging station for the periods October 1974 to January 1978, and from October 1987 to October 1993. The NASQAN sampling site was moved downstream to the Bad River at Odanah (station number 04027595, pi. 1) from February 1978 through September 1987, to represent a larger part of the drainage basin.
All water-quality data for these two NASQAN stations are accessible from the National Water Infor mation System (NWIS) data base at the U.S. Geologi cal Survey District office in Madison, Wis. These data also are available in annual Water Resources Data reports published by the District office in Madison, Wis.
SUMMARY
The Bad River Indian Reservation is located along the Lake Superior shore in northwestern Wiscon sin. The area is underlain by unconsolidated glacial deposits that overlie basalt lava flows and Precambrian sandstone. Glacial deposits exceed 1,000 ft in thickness in a small area along the eastern edge of the Reserva
tion. Bedrock is exposed at several locations along streambeds.
All community and domestic water supplies on the Reservation are obtained from wells finished in buried glacial sand and gravel deposits or in Precam brian sandstone. Wells typically are about 150 to 250 ft deep. However, two community-supply wells along the eastern edge of the Reservation are more than 950 ft deep. The sand and gravel deposits and Precambrian sandstone that provide water to wells are buried beneath nearly impermeable glacial-lake clay deposits throughout most of the Reservation. The buried sand and gravel deposits and the upper 50 ft of Precambrian sandstone together form a confined ground-water-flow system underlying the Reservation. Several wells in and around the village of Odanah that are finished in these deposits flow above land surface as is common with wells open to aquifers in a confined ground-water system.
Drillers' specific-capacity data were used to esti mate the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aqui fer. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel deposits ranges from about 2 to 700 ft/d, with a median value of about 80 ft/d. Estimated hori zontal hydraulic conductivity of the Precambrian sand stone ranges from less than 1 to about 360 ft/d, with a median of about 2 ft/d. Yields of 5 to 10 gal/min for domestic supply appear to be available from sand and gravel and sandstone throughout the Reservation. Small community-supply yields of 25 to 90 gal/min appear to be available from wells finished in Precam brian sandstone.
14 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
Concentrations of dissolved chemical constitu ents in water from the sand and gravel are almost iden tical to those in water from the Precambrian sandstone. Concentrations of individual constituents, in turn, are similar to those found in these two rock types through out northern Wisconsin. The principal dissolved con stituents are calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate; minor concentrations of sodium, sulfate, chloride, and fluoride are common. Dissolved-solids concentrations typically range from about 150 to 250 mg/L. Concen trations of dissolved iron and manganese exceed Wis consin aesthetic drinking-water standards of 300 and 50 |lg/L, respectively, in about 10 to 20 percent of all ground-water samples. The largest nitrate concentra tion was about 0.30 mg/L; most nitrate concentrations (34 of 38 samples) were less than 0.10 mg/L (the Wis consin primary drinking-water standard for nitrate is 10 mg/L).
Flow-duration, flood, and low-flow frequency characteristics of the Bad River were estimated using streamflow data collected at the gaging station near Odanah. Surface-water quality in small streams and in the Bad River is similar to ground-water quality. Cal cium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the principal dissolved constituents. However, concentrations of dis solved solids in stream water range from about 50 to 150 mg/L, somewhat less than those in ground water. NASQAN water-quality data are available for the Bad River and provide continuous baseline water-quality data since 1974.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Bradbury, K.R., and Rothschild, E.R., 1985, A computerized technique for estimating the hydraulic conductivity of aquifers from specific capacity data: Ground Water, v. 23, no. 2, p. 240-246.
Freeze, R.A., and Cherry, J.A., 1979, Groundwater: Engle- wood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 604 p.
Clayton, Lee, 1984, Pleistocene geology of the Superior region, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Information Circular 46,40 p.
Kammerer, P.A., Jr., 1984, An overview of ground-water quality data in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4239, 58 p.
Mudrey, M.G., Jr., Brown, B.A., and Greenberg, J.K., 1982, Bedrock geologic map of Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Extension Geological and Natural History Survey, scale 1:1,000,000, 1 sheet.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service, 1988, Environmental health profile Bad River Reservation: 18 p.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1976, The overall economic development plan of the Bad River Band, Lake Superior Chippewa Indians: 15 p.
U.S. Department of Interior, 1977, National handbook of recommended methods for water-data acquisition: Reston, Va., U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water- Data Coordination, various pagination].
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1978, Wiscon sin administrative code, Chapter NR109, Safe drinking water: Register, February 1978, no. 266, Environmental Protection, 25 p.
SELECTED REFERENCES 15
APPENDIXES 1-5
APPENDIXES 17
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18 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
App
endi
x 1.
Wat
er-le
vel a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
data
for
wel
ls w
ithin
the
Bad
Riv
er I
ndia
n R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
o
TJ
m z
o X m
Loc
al i
dent
ifie
r
AS-
48/0
3W/1
9-02
91A
S-48
/03W
/22-
0270
AS-
48/0
3W/2
2-02
71A
S-48
/03W
/22-
0272
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-00
37
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
18A
S-48
/03W
/23-
0219
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
65A
S-48
/03W
/25-
0266
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
67
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
68A
S-48
/03W
/25-
0269
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
99A
S-48
/03W
/26-
0178
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-02
60
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-02
61A
S-48
/03W
/26-
0262
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-02
63A
S-48
/03W
/26-
0264
3AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-03
00
3AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-03
01A
S-48
/03W
/26-
0302
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-03
03A
S-48
/03W
/26-
0347
AS-
48/0
3W/2
7-02
59
AS-
48/0
3W/2
8-00
92A
S-48
/03W
/28-
0252
AS-
48/0
3W/2
8-02
53A
S-48
/03W
/28-
0254
AS-
48/0
3W/2
8-02
55
Dat
e of
w
ater
-lev
el
mea
sure
men
t
12-1
5-19
7812
-01-
1938
10-0
6-19
6911
-01-
1980
08-0
4-19
88
07-0
7-19
7608
-04-
1988
06-0
7-19
3902
-03-
1939
04-2
9-19
39
05-1
0-19
8204
-23-
1982
10-2
6-19
7307
-15-
1970
02-2
7-19
39
09-2
4-19
7304
-01-
1982
03-0
8-19
3910
-24-
1973
07-0
1-19
76
12-0
2-19
8211
-08-
1973
11-1
2-19
7308
-28-
1990
08-2
1-19
74
07-3
1-19
4007
-23-
1960
04-1
5-19
3911
-15-
1938
10-3
1-19
80
Lan
d-su
rfac
e al
titud
e (f
eet a
bove
se
a le
vel)
625
612
610
612
605
605
606
610
615
610
620
610
615
610
610
605
610
610
610
615
615
610
608
625
622
630
630
620
621
620
Wat
er l
evel
(f
eet b
elow
la
nd s
urfa
ce)
26 6 1 2 -5
Flow
s -1 -4 -2 -4 6 4 4 3 5 -4 0 -3
Flow
s 2 3 0 0 16 ~ 15 15 24 8 7
Dep
th o
f w
ell 87 259
325
271
272
235
270
275
178
125
250
241
150
137
207
137
170
127
137
300
300
136
142
175
220
190
265
201
220
270
Scr
een
or
open
ing
leng
th
(fee
t)
9 56 127 70 29 4 24 92 - 0 56 48 3 3 3 0 2 3 88 87 3 6 - 0 10 0 16 18 75
Aqu
ifer
type
1
Prec
ambr
ian
Prec
ambr
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ommuni
aen
20 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
App
endi
x 2.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in t
he B
ad R
iver
Ind
ian
Res
erva
tion
[°C,
deg
rees
Cel
sius
; |iS
/cm
, mic
rosi
emen
s pe
r cen
timet
er a
t 25°
C; m
g/L,
mill
igra
ms
per l
iter;
, n
o da
ta a
vaila
ble;
<, l
ess
than
. The
five
dig
it nu
mbe
r end
ing
som
e co
lum
nhe
adin
gs is
the
para
met
er c
ode
used
in th
e U
.S. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey'
s W
ater
Dat
a St
orag
e an
d R
etrie
val S
yste
m; l
ocat
ions
sho
wn
on p
late
1]
>
TJ
TJ
m 0
X m (/>
Loc
al i
dent
ifie
r
AS-
46/0
3W/2
0-02
21
AS-
46/0
3W/2
9-02
22
AS-
46/0
3W/3
3-02
23
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
72
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
73
AS-
47/0
2W/1
0-02
90
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-00
89
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-02
32
AS-
47/0
2W/2
4-02
33
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
71
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
74
AS-
47/0
3W/0
2-00
38
AS-
48/0
2W/3
0-00
88
AS-
48/0
2W/2
1-02
78
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
69
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
94
AS-
48/0
3W/1
9-0
291
AS-
48/0
3W/2
2-02
72
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-00
37
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
18
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
19
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
67
Site
num
ber
4626
4209
0455
901
4626
1609
0460
101
4625
2909
0441
701
4632
0509
0330
001
4632
2509
0330
001
4633
4909
0364
201
4632
0909
0342
701
4632
2009
0343
201
4631
5209
0335
501
4631
3509
0330
301
4631
4109
0340
001
4634
4209
0420
501
4636
1909
0402
201
4635
4709
0393
301
4636
0209
0391
102
4636
0209
0391
101
4637
0909
0480
201
4637
0409
0440
001
4637
0909
0421
201
4637
1209
0421
301
4637
0909
0420
901
4636
3109
0414
801
Dat
e
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
05-2
5-83
05-2
5-83
08-2
0-86
08-0
2-73
05-2
3-75
05-2
0-76
07-0
9-85
07-0
9-85
05-2
4-83
05-2
5-83
07-1
0-85
07-0
9-85
07-3
1-85
01-3
1-67
10-0
1-70
12-0
7-66
08-1
9-86
07-0
9-85
08
-01-
85
07-1
0-85
07
-10-
85
07-3
0-85
Tim
e (2
4-ho
ur)
1120
1230
1415
0900
1000
1640
1000
0950
0945
0945
1450
1600
1100
0930
1300
1000 ._ - -
1630
1615
1625
1350
1415
1630
Dep
th o
f w
ell
(fee
t)
(720
08)
129
254
414
spri
ng
spri
ng 190
142
142
142
185
197
349
spri
ng 187
191
200
178
178
174 78 271
272
235
270
125
Spec
ific
co
nduc
tanc
e (U
S/cm
) (0
0095
)
260
260
175
<50
<50
280
128
140 95 195
140
140 60 148
365
345 --
412 --
345
230
230
245
257
280
PH
(sta
ndar
d un
its)
(004
00)
8.8
9.4
8.6
6.0
5.8
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.4
7.2
10.1 8.2
8.3
8.2
7.9
8.0
8.0
7.6
8.3
8.3
8.1
8.5
Tem
pera
ture
, w
ater
C
C)
(000
10)
9.0
9.0
10.0 7.0
9.0
10.0 8.0
7.0
10.5
10.0 9.0
11.0
10.5 9.0
8.5
10.0
- 9.0
- 9.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
9.0
8.5
Oxy
gen
dem
and,
ch
emic
al
(hig
h le
vel)
(m
g/L)
(0
0340
)
- -- -
<10
<10 - - - "
<10 10 - - _ " " - " - "
Water
Resi Durces of
th (D CD
0) a 2 g> ET a
g' 3D 8 (0 I. o J3 O i (0 3 w' § 5'
App
endi
x 2.
Phy
sical
and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
sprin
gs w
ithin
the
Bad
Rive
r Ind
ian
Res
erva
tion C
ontin
ued
Loca
l ide
ntifi
er
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
68
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
69
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-01
78A
S-48
/03W
/26-
0261
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-02
63
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-02
64A
S-48
/03W
/27-
0259
AS-
48/0
3W/2
8-02
55
AS-
48/0
3W/2
8-02
57
AS-
48/0
3W/2
8-02
58
AS-
48/0
3W/2
9-02
20A
S-48
/03W
/30-
0068
AS-
48/0
3W/3
3-02
46
AS-
48/0
3W/3
3-02
48
AS-
48/0
3W/3
3-02
79A
S-48
/03W
/34-
0245
AS-
48/0
3W/3
6-02
80
AS-
48/0
3W/3
6-02
88
AS-
48/0
4W/2
5-02
89
Site
num
ber
4636
0909
0411
601
4636
0609
0411
801
4641
5709
0363
401
4636
3409
0421
201
4636
2209
0424
001
4636
2609
0422
601
4636
3509
0434
401
4636
5809
0443
501
4636
3609
0450
201
4636
3209
0450
601
4636
3509
0463
702
4636
3409
0470
001
4635
1809
0444
101
4635
2009
0441
901
4635
3009
0452
701
4635
2909
0434
601
4635
5109
0413
002
4635
4809
0413
001
4636
4609
0484
001
Dat
e
07-3
1-85
07-3
0-85
08-2
1-86
07-1
1-85
07-1
0-85
07-3
1-85
07-1
1-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
1-85
07-3
1-85
07-1
1-85
12-0
1-70
07-3
0-85
07-3
0-85
08-0
1-85
07-1
1-85
07-3
1-85
08-1
9-86
03-1
8-87
08-1
9-86
Tim
e(2
4-ho
ur)
1245
1820
1515
0920
1130
1415
1230
1530
1345
1545
1500 - 1500
1330
0930
1030
1100
1015
0820
1130
Dep
th o
f w
ell
(fee
t)(7
2008
)
250
241
137
137
127
137
220
270
285
292
181
165
285
292
280
297
257
111
111
161
Spec
ific
co
nduc
tanc
e(n
S/cm
)(0
0095
)
380
380
250
250
295
280
260
218
230
200
270
288
275
290
290
335
560
510
315
365
pH
(sta
ndar
dun
its)
(004
00)
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.2
7.5
7.7
8.0
8.1
7.8
8.3
8.3
7.8
7.8
8.2
7.5
8.1
8.1
Tem
pera
ture
, w
ater
CO
(000
10)
10.0 8.5
11.0
10.5 8.5
9.0
9.5
11.0 8.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
10.5 9.0
10.0 9.5
8.5
9.5
5.5
9.0
Oxy
gen
dem
and,
ch
emic
al
(hig
h le
vel)
(mg/
L)(0
0340
)
« .. -- - - - - - -- -- -- ~ - -- - - - -
App
endi
x 2.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in t
he B
ad R
iver
Indi
an R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
APPENDIX!
Loc
al i
dent
ifie
r
AS-
46/0
3W/2
0-02
21
AS-
46/0
3W/2
9-02
22
AS-
46/0
3W/3
3-02
23
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
72
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
73
AS-
47/0
2W/1
0-02
90
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-00
89
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-02
32
AS-
47/0
2W/2
4-02
33
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
71
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
74
AS-
47/0
3W/0
2-00
38
AS-
48/0
2W/3
0-00
88
AS-
48/0
2W/2
1-02
78
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
69
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
94
AS-
48/0
3W/1
9-02
91
AS-
48/0
3W/2
2-02
72
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-00
37
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
18
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
19
Dat
e
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
05-2
5-83
05-2
5-83
08-2
0-86
08-0
2-73
05-2
3-75
05-2
0-76
07-0
9-85
07-0
9-85
05-2
4-83
05-2
5-83
07-1
0-85
07-0
9-85
07-3
1-85
01-3
1-67
10-0
1-70
12-0
7-66
08-1
9-86
07-0
9-85
08-0
1-85
07-1
0-85
07
-10-
85
Har
dnes
s,
tota
l (m
g/L
as
CaC
O3)
(0
0900
)
28 6 72 9 7
130 63 49 - - - 68 25 -- --
160
190
200
180
100 - 66
Cal
cium
, di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L as
Ca)
(0
0915
)
7.3
2.1
15 2.6
1.9
31 18 14 - ~ - 21 7.4
-- - 33 - 44 27 23 -- 18
Cal
cium
, to
tal
reco
vera
ble
(mg/
L as
Ca)
(0
0916
)
- - - ~ - - ~ ~ 22 15 - 3.5
24 ~ ~ - - 15 15
16
Mag
nesi
um,
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as M
g)
(009
25)
2.4 .3 8.4 .6 .5
12 4.3
3.5
- -- -- 3.7
1.7
- - 20 - 23 11 ~ 5.0
Mag
nesi
um,
tota
l re
cove
rabl
e (m
g/L
as M
g)
(009
27)
-- ~ - -- -- ~ - ~ 7.0
4.6
- 3.5
18 -- -- -- - 5.5
4.3
4.9
Sodi
um,
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as N
a)
(009
30)
- ~ - 1.2
1.2
6.3
2.4
2.5
- - -- 1.9
1.6
-- - - - 12 26 - --
Pota
ssiu
m,
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as K
) (0
0935
)
- « -- 0.7 .3 1.3 .7 .9
- -- -
.6 .6-- -- -- - 2.
4
4.7
- -
Alk
alin
ity,
fiel
d (m
g/L
as
CaC
O3)
(0
0410
)
64 85 95 - - - .. 53 - 96 63 - .. 52 170
190 -- - - 65 64
71
73
3J2
53
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3
5>c3CQD
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24 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
App
endi
x 2.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in th
e Ba
d R
iver
Indi
an R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
m o
X m
Loc
al id
entif
ier
AS-
46/0
3W/2
0-02
21
AS-
46/0
3W/2
9-02
22
AS-
46/0
3W/3
3-02
23
AS-
47/0
1W/ 1
9-0 1
72
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
73
AS-
47/0
2W/ 1
0-02
90
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-00
89
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-02
32
AS-
47/0
2W/2
4-02
33
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
71
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
74
AS-
47/0
3W/0
2-00
38
AS-
48/0
2W/3
0-00
88
AS-
48/0
2W/2
1-02
78
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
69
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
94
AS-
48/0
3W/ 1
9-02
91
AS-
48/0
3W/2
2-02
72
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-00
37
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
18
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
19
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
67
Dat
e
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
05-2
5-83
05-2
5-83
08-2
0-86
08-0
2-73
05-2
3-75
05-2
0-76
07-0
9-85
07-0
9-85
05-2
4-83
05-2
5-83
07-1
0-85
07-0
9-85
07-3
1-85
01-3
1-67
10-0
1-70
12-0
7-66
08-1
9-86
07-0
9-85
08-0
1-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
0-85
07-3
0-85
Alk
alin
ity,
lab
(mg/
L as
C
aCO
3)
(904
10)
- - - 4 4
140 66 - -- .. 62 20 -- -
190
220
190
130 .. - -- -
Sulf
ate,
di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L a
s SO
4)
(009
45)
26 4.4
1.9
10 6.8
5.2
2.6
2.6
5.6
4.9
6.6
10
.7 5.7
3.9
- 9.2
- 20 21 19 21 19 9.1
Chl
orid
e,
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as C
l) (0
0940
)
17 22 2.1 .6 .4 2.2
1.0 .9
-
.7 2.5
1.4 .6
14 2.9
2.7
-- 1.5
2.0
17
.6
17 14 17 9.6
Fluo
ride
, di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L as
F)
(009
50)
0.9 .5 .1
<.l
<.l .1 .1 .1
-
.1 .1
<.l <.l .3 .2 .3 .2 .8
--
.4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3
Silic
a,
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as
SiO
2)
(009
55)
- - -- 9.2
9.0
12 14 7.9
- - .. 12 11 -- ~ - 20 -- 15 .. - - -
Solid
s,
resi
due
at
Nitr
ogen
, 18
0*C
, ni
trite
, di
ssol
ved
diss
olve
d (m
g/L)
(m
g/L
as N
) (7
0300
) (0
0613
)
149
<0.0
1
157
<.01
108
<.01
40
.01
30
<.01
157 78 74
<.
01-
125
<.01
81
<.01
81
<.01
53
<.01
83
<.01
213
<.01
199
<.01
..
225
232
188
136
<.01
139
<.01
149
<.01
148
<.01
170
<.01
$ ? Resources
of
the
Bad
River a 5' Reservat
5' z
o (D 3 8 o J2.5'
App
endi
x 2.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Indi
an R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
Loca
l id
entif
ier
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
68
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
69
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-01
78
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-02
61
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-02
63
AS-
48/0
3W/2
6-02
64
AS-
48/0
3W/2
7-02
59
AS-
48/0
3W/2
8-02
55
AS-
48/0
3W/2
8-02
57
AS-
48/0
3W/2
8-02
58
AS-
48/0
3W/2
9-02
20
AS-
48/0
3W/3
0-00
68
AS-
48/0
3W/3
3-02
46
AS-
48/0
3W/3
3-02
48
AS-
48/0
3W/3
3-02
79
AS-
48/0
3W/3
4-02
45
AS-
48/0
3W/3
6-02
80
AS-
48/0
3W/3
6-02
88
AS-
48/0
4W/2
5-02
89
Alk
alin
ity,
lab
(mg/
L as
C
aC03
) D
ate
(904
10)
07-3
1-85
07-3
0-85
08-2
1-86
11
0
07-1
1-85
07
-10-
85
07-3
1-85
07
-11-
85
07-1
0-85
07
-11-
85
07-3
1-85
07-1
1-85
12-0
1-70
84
07-3
0-85
07-3
0-85
08-0
1-85
07-1
1-85
07-3
1-85
08-1
9-86
75
03-1
8-87
08-1
9-86
13
0
Sulf
ate,
di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L as
S
04)
(0
0945
)
15 16 16 17
16 16
21 13
15 16 23 26 23 22 20 18 15 16 - 29
Chl
orid
e,
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as C
l) (0
0940
)
50 52 8.3
15 8.1
8.8
17 15
19 10 19 18 20 18 16 12 100
100 49 18
Silic
a,
Fluo
ride
, di
ssol
ved
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as
(mg/
L a
s F)
Si
O2)
(0
0950
) (0
0955
)
.3 .3 .3
16
.2
.4 .5
.3 .3
.3 .4 .4 .4
16
.4 .3 .4 .5 .3 .2
9.5
-
.4
16
Solid
s,
resi
due
at
Nitr
ogen
, 18
0°C
, ni
trite
, di
ssol
ved
diss
olve
d (m
g/L)
(m
g/L
as N
) (7
0300
) (0
0613
)
209
<.01
214
<.01
153
169
<.01
175
<.01
176
<.01
140
<.01
119
<.01
118
<.01
117
<.01
143
<.01
164
167
<.01
170
<.01
166
<.01
143
<.01
307
<.01
294 --
208
App
endi
x 2.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Indi
an R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
V. APPENDIXES
Loc
al i
dent
ifie
r
AS-
46/0
3W/2
0-02
21
AS-
46/0
3W/2
9-02
22
AS-
46/0
3W/3
3-02
23
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
72
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
73
AS-
47/0
2W/1
0-02
90
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-00
89
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-02
32
AS-
47/0
2W/2
4-02
33
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
71
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
74
AS-
47/0
3W/0
2-00
38
AS-
48/0
2W/3
0-00
88
AS-
48/0
2W/2
1-02
78
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
69
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
94
AS-
48/0
3W/1
9-02
91
AS-
48/0
3W/2
2-02
72
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-00
37
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
18
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
19
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
67
Nitr
ogen
, N
02
+ N
03,
tota
l (m
g/L
as N
) D
ate
(006
30)
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
05-2
5-83
05-2
5-83
08-2
0-86
<0
.10
08-0
2-73
05-2
3-75
05-2
0-76
07-0
9-85
07-0
9-85
05-2
4-83
05-2
5-83
07-1
0-85
07-0
9-85
07-3
1-85
01-3
1-67
10-0
1-70
12-0
7-66
08-1
9-86
.
<.10
07-0
9-85
08-0
1-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
0-85
07
-30-
85
Nitr
ogen
, N
itrog
en,
Nitr
ogen
, N
itrog
en,
NH
4 +
Car
bon,
N
O2
+ N
O3,
NH
4,
NH
4 +
orga
nic,
P
hosp
horu
s,
orga
nic,
di
ssol
ved
diss
olve
d or
gani
c, to
tal
diss
olve
d to
tal
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as N
) (m
g/L
as N
) (m
g/L
as N
) (m
g/L
as N
) (m
g/L
as P
) (m
g/L
as
C)
(006
31)
(006
08)
(006
25)
(006
23)
(006
65)
(006
81)
<0.1
0 --
--
-
-- 2.
0
<.10
-
- -
-
.7
<.10
--
--
--
- .5
<.10
0.
03
- 0.
30
--
8.5
<.10
<.
01
-- .2
0 --
5.5
0.30
-
0.01
-
.09
--
.11
--
.01
..
.29
--
-
-
-
1.9
.21
-
-- -
--
1.3
.19
.02
-- .2
0 --
1.5
<.10
.0
3 --
.40
- 7.
3
<.10
--
--
--
-
3.5
<.10
--
--
--
-- 3.
4
<.10
--
--
--
-- 1.
3.. .. ~
<.20
-
.05
<.10
-
-- -
--
.8
<.10
--
--
--
--
1.
4
<.10
-
- -
-
1.1
<.10
--
--
--
--
1.1
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28 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
App
endi
x 3.
Tra
ce-c
onst
ituen
t ana
lyse
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Ind
ian
Res
erva
tion
[fig
/L, m
icro
gram
s pe
r lite
r; m
g/L,
mill
igra
ms
per l
iter;
--,
no d
ata
avai
labl
e; <
, les
s th
an; N
D, n
ot d
etec
ted.
The
fiv
e-di
git n
umbe
r end
ing
som
e co
lum
n he
adin
gs is
the
para
met
er c
ode
used
in th
e U
.S.
Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y's
Wat
er D
ata
Stor
age
and
Ret
riev
al S
yste
m; l
ocat
ions
sho
wn
on p
late
1]
TJ
TJ m D X m
Loc
al i
dent
ifie
r
AS-
46/0
3W/2
0-02
21
AS-
46/0
3W/2
9-02
22
AS-
46/0
3W/3
3-02
23
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
72
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
73
AS-
47/0
2W/1
0-02
90
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-00
89
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-02
32
AS-
47/0
2W/2
4-02
33
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
71
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
74
AS-
47/0
3W/0
2-00
38
AS-
48/0
2W/3
0-00
88
AS-
48/0
2W/2
1-02
78
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
69
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
94
AS-
48/0
3W/1
9-0
291
AS-
48/0
3W/2
2-02
72
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-00
37
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
18
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
19
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
67
Dat
a-co
llect
ion
site
num
ber
4626
4209
0455
901
4626
1609
0460
101
4625
2909
0441
701
4632
0509
0330
001
4632
2509
0330
001
4633
4909
0364
201
4632
0909
0342
701
4632
2009
0343
201
4631
5209
0335
501
4631
3509
0330
301
4631
4109
0340
001
4634
4209
0420
501
4636
1909
0402
201
4635
4709
0393
301
4636
0209
0391
102
4636
0209
0391
101
4637
0909
0480
201
4637
0409
0440
001
4637
0909
0421
201
4637
1209
0421
301
4637
0909
0420
901
4636
3109
0414
801
Dat
e
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
05-2
5-83
05-2
5-83
08-2
0-86
08-0
2-73
05-2
3-75
05-2
0-76
07-0
9-85
07-0
9-85
05-2
4-83
05-2
5-83
07-1
0-85
07-0
9-85
07-3
1-85
01-3
1-67
10-0
1-70
12-0
7-66
08-1
9-86
07-0
9-85
08
-01-
85
07-1
0-85
07
-10-
85
07-3
0-85
Tim
e (2
4-ho
ur)
1120
1230
1415
0900
1000
1640
1000
0950
0945
0945
1450
1600
1100
0930
1300
1000 - -- - 1630
1615
1625
1350
1415
1630
Dep
th o
f w
ell
(fee
t)
(720
08)
129
254
414
spri
ng
spri
ng
190
142
142
142
185
197
349
spri
ng
187
191
200
178
178
174
78 271
272
235
270
125
Alu
min
um,
Bar
ium
, to
tal
Ars
enic
, A
rsen
ic,
tota
l re
cove
rabl
e to
tal
diss
olve
d re
cove
rabl
e (n
g/L
as A
l) (n
g/L
as A
s)
(ng/
L as
As)
(ja
g/L
as B
a)
(011
05)
(010
02)
(010
00)
(010
07)
1 4 2
<1 <1
<10
2- -
<1
<100
<100
1 <1<1
00 200
-
2- -- -
<10
<1
<100
2
<100
<100
1
Bar
ium
, di
ssol
ved
(|ig/
L as
Ba)
(0
1005
)
32 10 130 - - .. - - - -- ._ -- - - -
240 - - - -- 39 ~ 98
03
_C"coO
.g"co^
0 COo
DCcCOT3C^
0
irTJCO
CD0.C
_c^ '5
CODJ
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EE0
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30 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
App
endi
x 3.
Tra
ce-c
onst
ituen
t ana
lyse
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Indi
an R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
Loca
l ide
ntifi
er
AS
-46/
03W
/20-
0221
AS
-46/
03W
/29-
0222
AS
-46/
03W
/33-
0223
AS
-47/
01W
/19-
0172
AS
-47/
01W
/19-
0173
Dat
e
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
05-2
5-83
05-2
5-83
Cad
miu
m,
tota
lre
cove
rabl
e(|i
g/L
as C
d)(0
1027
)
-- - - ~
Cad
miu
m,
diss
olve
d(n
g/L
as C
d)(0
1025
)
1.0
2.0
2.0
<1.0
<1.0
Chr
omiu
m,
tota
lre
cove
rabl
e(n
g/L
as C
r)(0
1034
)
- - - -
Chr
omiu
m,
diss
olve
d(n
g/La
sCr)
(010
30)
<10
<10
<10 20 10
Cob
alt,
tota
lre
cove
rabl
e(|i
g/L
asC
o)(0
1037
)
-- -- - -
Cob
alt,
diss
olve
d(|i
g/L
asC
o)(0
1035
)
- ~ - --
Cop
per,
tota
lre
cove
rabl
e(|i
g/L
asC
u)(0
1042
)
- - - --
Cop
per,
diss
olve
d(|i
g/L
asC
u)(0
1040
)
1 1 1
20 9
Iron,
tota
lre
cove
rabl
e(|i
g/L
asFe
)(0
1045
)
- ~ ~ --
AS-
47/0
2W/1
0-02
90
08-2
0-86
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-00
89
08-0
2-73
05-2
3-75
05-2
0-76
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-02
32
07-0
9-85
<1
<2.0
<1
<20
ND
20
47 12
ND
810
480
AS-
47/0
2W/2
4-02
33
07-0
9-85
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
71
05-2
4-83
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
74
05-2
5-83
AS-
47/0
3W/0
2-00
38
07-1
0-85
AS-
48/0
2W/3
0-00
88
07-0
9-85
10
10 10
140
14 13
170
26,0
00 370
TJ i g
ffi
AS-
48/0
2W/2
1-02
78
07-3
1-85
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
69
01-3
1-67
10-
01-7
0
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
94
12-0
7-66
AS-
48/0
3W/1
9-02
91
08-1
9-86
AS-
48/0
3W/2
2-02
72
07-0
9-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-00
37
08-0
1-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
18
07-1
0-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
19
07-1
0-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
67
07-3
0-85
2.0
<1
2.0
1 10 10 10
<110 26 2 10
100
660
160
170
Water
Rest
w c 8 o (D 03 D> a 5 <D 5"
a 5' 3 30 (D
(A
(D i 6' 3 o 3 <D 3 5) 8 0)
App
endi
x 3.
Tra
ce-c
onst
ituen
t ana
lyse
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in th
e Ba
d Ri
ver
Indi
an R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
Loca
l id
entif
ier
AS
-48/
03W
/25-
0268
AS
-48/
03W
/25-
0269
AS
-48/
03W
/26-
0178
AS
-48/
03W
/26-
0261
AS
-48/
03W
/26-
0263
AS
-48/
03W
/26-
0264
AS
-48/
03W
/27-
0259
AS
-48/
03W
/28-
0255
AS
-48/
03W
/28-
0257
AS
-48/
03W
/28-
0258
Dat
e
07-3
1-85
07-3
0-85
08-2
1-86
07-1
1-85
07-1
0-85
07-3
1-85
07-1
1-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
1-85
07-3
1-85
Cob
alt,
Cad
miu
m,
Chr
omiu
m,
tota
l C
obal
t,to
tal
Cad
miu
m,
tota
l C
hrom
ium
, re
cove
rabl
e di
ssol
ved
reco
vera
ble
diss
olve
d re
cove
rabl
e di
ssol
ved
(^g
/Las
(f
ig/L
as(|
ig/L
asC
d)
(jag
/Las
Cd
) (|
ig/L
asC
r)
(fig
/Las
Cr)
C
o)
Co)
(010
27)
(010
25)
(010
34)
(010
30)
(010
37)
(010
35)
1.0
--
<10
<1.0
--
<1
0
<1
--
2 -
<1--
10
<1.0
-
<10
-10
--
<1.
0 -
<10
Cop
per,
tota
lre
cove
rabl
e(|i
g/L
asC
u)(0
1042
)
-- - 7 - 7 - - 32 _ ..
Cop
per,
diss
olve
d(|i
g/L
asC
u)(0
1040
)
1 1 _ - -- <1 - _ _ 1
Iron
,to
tal
reco
vera
ble
(|ig/
L as
Fe)
(010
45)
~
<10 -
250 - -
650 _ ..
AS-
48/0
3W/2
9-02
20
07-1
1-85
AS-
48/0
3W/3
0-00
68
12-0
1-70
AS-
48/0
3W/3
3-02
46
07-3
0-85
AS-
48/0
3W/3
3-02
48
07-3
0-85
AS-
48/0
3W/3
3-02
79
08-0
1-85
AS-
48/0
3W/3
4-02
45
07-1
1-85
AS-
48/0
3W/3
6-02
80
07-3
1-85
A
S-48
/03W
/36-
0288
08
-19-
86
03-
18-8
7
AS-
48/0
4W/2
5-02
89
08-1
9-86
1.0
cl.O 2.0
2.0
10
<1 <1
1
<1
11 11
950
130
App
endi
x 3.
Tra
ce-c
onst
ituen
t an
alys
es o
f wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Ind
ian
Res
erva
tion
Con
tinue
d
a a
m o
x m
Loca
l id
entif
ier
AS
-46/
03W
/20-
0221
AS
-46/
03W
/29-
0222
AS
-46/
03W
/33-
0223
AS
-47/
01W
/19-
0172
AS
-47/
01W
/19-
0173
AS
-47/
02W
/10-
0290
AS
-47/
02W
/23-
0089
AS
-47/
02W
/23-
0232
AS
-47/
02W
/24-
0233
AS
-47/
02W
/25-
0171
AS
-47/
02W
/25-
0174
AS
-47/
03W
/02-
0038
AS
-48/
02W
/30-
0088
Dat
e
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
05-2
5-83
05-2
5-83
08-2
0-86
08-0
2-73
05-2
3-75
05-2
0-76
07-0
9-85
07-0
9-85
05-2
4-83
05-2
5-83
07-1
0-85
07-0
9-85
Iron
, su
spen
ded
reco
vera
ble
(ng/
L as
Fe
) (0
1044
)
-- ~ - - -
780 -- -- - - - - --
Iron
, di
ssol
ved
(\igl
L as
Fe
) (0
1046
)
13 8 14 150 21 32 330 20 -- -- 10
250 -- -
Lead
, to
tal
Iron
reco
vera
ble
(\igl
L as
(n
g/L
as
Fe)
Pb)
(7
1885
) (0
1051
)
-- - --
<5 -- ..
25 17- ..
64 15
Lead
, di
ssol
ved
(ng/
L as
P
b)
(010
49)
10 19 21 2 1 - - 4 - 2 4 -
Man
gane
se,
tota
l re
cove
rabl
e (n
g/L
as
Mn)
(0
1055
)
- - - - -- 20 - ~ - 40 20 -- -
160 90
Man
gane
se,
susp
ende
d re
cove
rabl
e (n
g/L
as
Mn)
(0
1054
)
- - - -- - 9 - - - - ~ - -
Man
gane
se,
diss
olve
d (\i
glL
as
Mn)
(0
1056
)
3 1 15 14 7 11
<10 40 -- - 1
24 -
Man
gane
se,
elem
enta
l, to
tal
(ng
/Las
M
n)
(718
83)
- - - ~ - - - - - ~ -- -
AS-
48/0
2W/2
1-02
78
07-3
1-85
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
69
01-3
1-67
10-
01-7
0
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
94
12-0
7-66
AS-
48/0
3W/1
9-02
91
08-1
9-86
AS-
48/0
3W/2
2-02
72
07-0
9-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-00
37
08-0
1-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
18
07-1
0-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
19
07-1
0-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
67
07-3
0-85
60
17 44
14
60 160
2,30
0<5 5 6
47
10 10
40 30 20 30
46 41
60 70 80
98
1 rt? w o 1 (t> (0 a 5 (D 00 D> a I 5" a a' 3J 9 1 »* o' z
o (0 3 55'
o o 3 w.
5'
App
endi
x 3.
Tra
ce-c
onst
ituen
t an
alys
es o
f wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Ind
ian
Res
erva
tion C
ontin
ued
Loca
l ide
ntifi
er
AS
-48/
03W
/25-
0268
AS
-48/
03W
/25-
0269
AS
-48/
03W
/26-
0178
AS
-48/
03W
/26-
0261
AS
-48/
03W
/26-
0263
AS
-48/
03W
/26-
0264
AS
-48/
03W
/27-
0259
AS
-48/
03W
/28-
0255
AS
-48/
03W
/28-
0257
AS
-48/
03W
/28-
0258
AS
-48/
03W
/29-
0220
AS
-48/
03W
/30-
0068
AS
-48/
03W
/33-
0246
AS
-48/
03W
/3 3
-024
8
AS
-48/
03W
/3 3
-027
9
AS
-48/
03W
/34-
0245
AS
-48/
03W
/36-
0280
AS
-48/
03W
/36-
0288
Iron
,su
spen
ded
reco
vera
ble
(|ig
/L a
sFe
)D
ate
(010
44)
07-3
1-85
07-3
0-85
08-2
1-86
07-1
1-85
07-1
0-85
07-3
1-85
07-1
1-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
1-85
07-3
1-85
07-1
1-85
12-0
1-70
07-3
0-85
07-3
0-85
08-0
1-85
07-1
1-85
07-3
1-85
08-1
9-86
74
0
Iron
,di
ssol
ved
(\ig
lL a
sFe
)(0
1046
)
58 80 8 -- - 5 -
180 --
100
67
1,10
0
170
210
Lead
,to
tal
Iron
re
cove
rabl
e(\
igfL
as
(\ig
lL a
sFe
) P
b)(7
1885
) (0
1051
)
- -
7
19
..
15 - 80 -- - -- .. --
98
Lead
,di
ssol
ved
(\ig
(L a
sP
b)(0
1049
)
12 <1 -- <1 .. - ._ 17 -- 13 3 10 16
Man
gane
se,
tota
lre
cove
rabl
e(|
ig/L
as
Mn)
(010
55)
-- - 60 ~
100 ~ -_ 40 .. - - - ~ - ~ 10
Man
gane
se,
susp
ende
dre
cove
rabl
e(\
iglL
as
Mn)
(010
54)
- - 7 -- .. - .. .. - -- - - -- 0
Man
gane
se,
Man
gane
se,
elem
enta
l,di
ssol
ved
tota
l(\
iglL
as
(\ig
/L a
sM
n)
Mn)
(010
56)
(718
83)
3 4 53 - - 85 _ .. _ 3 _
0
5 1
39 8 12
03-1
8-87
AS-
48/0
4W/2
5-02
89
08-1
9-86
130
<5 7
4039
App
endi
x 3.
Tra
ce-c
onst
ituen
t ana
lyse
s of
wat
er fr
om w
ells
and
spr
ings
with
in t
he B
ad R
iver
Ind
ian
Res
erva
tion
Con
tinue
d
TJ
o
m o x m
Loca
l ide
ntif
ier
AS-
46/0
3W/2
0-02
21
AS-
46/0
3W/2
9-02
22
AS-
46/0
3W/3
3-02
23
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
72
AS-
47/0
1W/1
9-01
73
Dat
e
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
08-0
1-85
05-2
5-83
05-2
5-83
Mer
cury
,to
tal
reco
vera
ble
(|ig/
L a
s H
g)(7
1900
)
- - ~ ~
Mer
cury
,di
ssol
ved
^g/L
as
Hg)
(718
90) 0.1
<.l
<.l .1 .1
Nic
kel,
diss
olve
d(|i
g/L
as N
i)(0
1065
) - - ~ <1 <1
Sele
nium
,to
tal
(|ig/
L a
s Se
)(0
1147
)
~ - ~ ~
Sele
nium
,di
ssol
ved
(|Ag/
L as
Se)
(011
45)
<1 <1 <1
1 1
Silv
er,
diss
olve
d(H
g/L
as A
g)(0
1075
)
- - - ~
Zinc
,to
tal
reco
vera
ble
(|ig/
L a
s Z
n)(0
1092
)
-- - ~ ~
Zinc
,di
ssol
ved
(|ig/
L a
s Z
n)(0
1090
) 7 7 8 32 14
Cya
nide
,di
ssol
ved
(Hg/
L as
Cn)
(007
23)
<0.0
1
<.01
<.01
.. _.
AS-
47/0
2W/1
0-02
90
08-2
0-86
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-00
89
08-0
2-73
05-
23-7
5
05-
20-7
6
AS-
47/0
2W/2
3-02
32
07-0
9-85
AS-
47/0
2W/2
4-02
33
07-0
9-85
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
71
05-2
4-83
AS-
47/0
2W/2
5-01
74
05-2
5-83
AS-
47/0
3W/0
2-00
38
07-1
0-85
AS-
48/0
2W/3
0-00
88
07-0
9-85
AS-
48/0
2W/2
1-02
78
07-3
1-85
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
69
01-3
1-67
10-
01-7
0
AS-
48/0
2W/3
2-00
94
12-0
7-66
AS-
48/0
3W/1
9-02
91
08-1
9-86
AS-
48/0
3W/2
2-02
72
07-0
9-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-00
37
08-0
1-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
18
07-1
0-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
3-02
19
07-1
0-85
AS-
48/0
3W/2
5-02
67
07-3
0-85
<0.1 <.l
ND <1
1
<1 <1 <1 <1
ND
130
280
160
11,0
00 170 40 120 30 40
130 94 6 21 17 17
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COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO COCOCO CO< < < < < < < < < < < < < <
36 Water Resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, Northern Wisconsin
App
endi
x 4.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om s
tream
s w
ithin
the
Bad
Riv
er In
dian
Res
erva
tion
[ft3/s
, cub
ic f
eet p
er s
econ
d; n
S/cm
, mic
rosi
emen
s pe
r cen
timet
er a
t 25°
C; °
C, d
egre
es C
elsi
us;
mg/
L, m
illig
ram
s pe
r lite
r; H
g/L,
mic
rogr
ams
per l
iter;
--, n
o da
ta a
vaila
ble;
<, l
ess
than
. The
fiv
e-di
git
num
ber e
ndin
g so
me
colu
mn
head
ings
is th
e pa
ram
eter
cod
e us
ed in
the
U.S
. Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y's
Wat
er S
tora
ge a
nd R
etrie
val S
yste
m; l
ocat
ions
sho
wn
on p
late
1]
T)
T) m z o X m
Loc
al i
dent
ifie
r
Bea
rtra
p C
reek
nea
r Ash
land
Mar
engo
Riv
er a
t Mar
engo
Mar
engo
Riv
er n
ear
Mel
len
Silv
er C
reek
nea
r Hig
h B
ridg
e
Pota
to R
iver
nea
r Gum
ey
Vau
ghn
Cre
ek n
ear G
urne
y
Silv
er C
reek
at m
outh
Den
omie
Cre
ek a
t Tow
n R
oad
Mor
riso
n C
reek
nea
r Bir
ch
Bel
l Cre
ek n
ear B
irch
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Bir
ch
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Sa
xon
Dat
a-co
llect
ion
site
num
ber
0402
6385
0402
6600
0402
6740
0402
6761
0402
6910
0402
6950
0402
7550
0402
7650
5
0402
7662
0402
7675
0402
7688
0402
7690
Dat
e
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
01-1
8-71
04-2
0-71
08-1
4-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
8-85
07-3
1-86
07-1
7-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
07-1
7-85
07-2
9-86
08-2
7-87
07-1
6-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
6-85
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
05
-25-
83
07-3
0-86
Tim
e (2
4-ho
ur)
0800
1540
1530
1445
1000
1259
1420
1440
1500
1700
1700
1000
0815
1215
1000
1140
1300
1430
1135
1040
1530
0950
Dis
char
ge,
inst
anta
neou
s,
tt3/
s (0
0061
)
- - 46 386
137
137 - - - -- -- -- -- -- -- - 3.
2
-
Spec
ific
cond
ucta
nce
(|iS/
cm)
(000
95)
160
120
180 67 113
113
163
100
220
140
140 63 222
160
190
190
110
250
245
315
<50
175
pH
(sta
ndar
d un
its)
(0
0400
)
7.5
7.2
7.6
7.0
7.8
7.8
7.5
7.5
7.8
7.2
7.2
6.9
8.1
7.3
7.4
7.7
7.3
8.5
7.6
7.9
6.9
6.9
Oxy
gen
dem
and,
H
ardn
ess,
ch
emic
al
tota
l (h
igh
leve
l)
(mg/
L a
s (m
g/L
) C
aCO
3)
(003
40)
(009
00)
70 63 86 29 55..
70 53 80-
59 35 100 76
21
93 78 46 120
..
130
<10
15 86
Water Resour o 8 a 5 (D
00 a 33 1 a 5' 33 (D CO (D a 6' z o (D
3 to' S 3 to
5"
App
endi
x 4.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om s
trea
ms
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Indi
an R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
Loca
l ide
ntifi
er
Bea
rtrap
Cre
ek n
ear A
shla
nd
Mar
engo
Riv
er a
t Mar
engo
Mar
engo
Riv
er n
ear
Mel
len
Silv
er C
reek
nea
r H
igh
Pota
to R
iver
nea
r Gur
ney
Vau
ghn
Cre
ek n
ear G
urne
y
Silv
er C
reek
at m
outh
Den
omie
Cre
ek a
t Tow
n R
oad
Mor
rison
Cre
ek n
ear B
irch
Bel
l Cre
ek n
ear B
irch
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Birc
h
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Sax
on
Dat
e
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
01-1
8-71
04-2
0-71
08-1
4-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
8-85
07-3
1-86
07-1
7-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
07-1
7-85
07-2
9-86
08-2
7-87
07-1
6-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
6-85
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
05-2
5-83
07-3
0-86
Har
dnes
s,no
ncar
bona
te,
tota
l(m
g/L
asC
aCO
3)(9
5902
)
- 5 ~ 5 - 6 - 3 - - - ~ 0 - 0
Cal
cium
,di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L as
Ca)
(009
15)
17 16 22 8.8
14 18 14 20 17 10 30
. 22 24 22 13 37 -- 37 4.
4
25
Mag
nesi
um,
diss
olve
d(m
g/L
as M
g)(0
0925
)
6.8
5.7
7.5
1.8
4.9
- 6.1
4.5
7.2
4.1
2.5
6.1
5.0
8.1
5.5
3.3
7.8
- 10 1.0
5.8
Sodi
um,
diss
olve
d(m
g/L
as N
a)(0
0930
)
4.2
2.5
3.6
2.2
2.0
2.8 1.9
4.8
3.3 1.9
3.9
3.3
3.7
7.9
3.9
7.1
- 4.6
1.2
2.1
Bic
arbo
nate
,w
ater
,Po
tass
ium
, fie
lddi
ssol
ved
(mg/
L as
(mg/
L as
K)
HCO
3)(0
0935
) (0
0440
)
2.1
2.2
1.2
100
.8
28.9
.9 1.0
1.9
.7 .7 1.0
1.3
- 1.1 1.5
<.l
.. 1.6
1.2
1.1
Alk
alin
ity,
Alk
alin
ity,
field
la
b(m
g/L
as
(mg/
L as
CaC
O3)
C
aCO
3)(0
0410
) (9
0410
)
72 5882 23
51~
70 49 83
55 29 98 73..
72 40 120
140 12 86
App
endi
x 4.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om s
tream
s w
ithin
the
Bad
Riv
er I
ndia
n R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
TJ
TJ m z
o X m
</>
Loca
l ide
ntifi
er
Bea
rtrap
Cre
ek n
ear A
shla
nd
Mar
engo
Riv
er a
t Mar
engo
Mar
engo
Riv
er n
ear M
elle
n
Silv
er C
reek
nea
r H
igh
Brid
ge
Pota
to R
iver
nea
r Gur
ney
Vau
ghn
Cre
ek n
ear G
urne
y
Silv
er C
reek
at m
outh
Den
omie
Cre
ek a
t Tow
n R
oad
Mor
rison
Cre
ek n
ear B
irch
Bel
l Cre
ek n
ear B
irch
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Birc
h
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Sax
on
Sulfa
te,
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as S
O4)
D
ate
(009
45)
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
01-1
8-71
04-2
0-71
08-1
4-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
8-85
07-3
1-86
07-1
7-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
07-1
7-85
07-2
9-86
08-2
7-87
07-1
6-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
6-85
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
05-2
5-83
07
-30-
86
0.7
12 7.5
10 5.1
- 7.5
12 <.2
- 8.4
11 5.9
8.9
6.4
8.0
5.1
6.9
-- 7.2
9.8
8.7
Chl
orid
e,
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as
Cl)
(009
40)
3.7
2.9
2.2
1.0
1.2
- 2.2
1.4
4.6
- 4.2
2.5
5.0
3.8
-- 14 5.5
8.3
- 2.6 .5
1.3
Silic
a,
Fluo
ride,
di
ssol
ved
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as
(mg/
L as
F)
SiO
2)
(009
50)
(009
55)
5.2
6.5
<0.1
17
.2
8.6
9.8
--
10 9.1
5.4
-
8.2
8.4
11 11..
15 7.1
16..
13
<.l
9.5
12
Solid
s,
Nitr
ogen
, re
sidu
e at
N
itrog
en,
nitr
ate,
N
itrog
en,
18CT
C,
nitr
ate,
di
ssol
ved
nitri
te,
diss
olve
d to
tal
(mg/
L as
to
tal
(mg/
L)
(mg/
L as
N)
NO
3)
(mg/
L as
N)
(703
00)
(006
20)
(718
51)
(006
15)
121
0.28
--
0.02
121
.09
- .0
1
113
-- 4.
1
59
- 1.
5
86
<.01
105
- -
<.01
69
- -
<.01
137
-- --
<.01
--
103 80
-
~ <.
01
141
-
--
<.01
126
-- --
<.01
110
135
- --
<.01
85
- -
<.01
159
- --
<.01
<.01
155
- -
<.01
39
101
-- --
<.
01
33
(D (A
0 c s to o^ 5 (D DO
S Q.
33 (D 3" Q. 5' a 3) 8 (D i o' z o 3 3T (D «/>' S a (A a'
App
endi
x 4.
Phy
sical
and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om s
tream
s wi
thin
the
Bad
Rive
r Ind
ian
Res
erva
tion C
ontin
ued
Loca
l Ide
ntifi
er
Bea
rtrap
Cre
ek n
ear A
shla
nd
Mar
engo
Riv
er a
t Mar
engo
Mar
engo
Riv
er n
ear M
elle
n
Silv
er C
reek
nea
r Hig
h B
ridge
Pota
to R
iver
nea
r Gur
ney
Vau
ghn
Cre
ek n
ear G
urne
y
Silv
er C
reek
at m
outh
Den
omie
Cre
ek a
t Tow
n R
oad
Mor
rison
Cre
ek n
ear B
irch
Bel
l Cre
ek n
ear B
irch
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Birc
hG
rave
yard
Cre
ek n
ear S
axon
Dat
e
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
01-1
8-71
04-2
0-71
08-1
4-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
8-85
07-3
1-86
07-1
7-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
07-1
7-85
07-2
9-86
08-2
7-87
07-1
6-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
6-85
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
05-2
5-83
07-3
0-86
Nitr
ogen
,N
02 +
N03
>to
tal
(mg/
L as
N)
(006
30)
0.30 .1
0 _. _ <.
10 .20
.10
.60
- __ <.10 .4
0
.30
--
.20
<.10
<.10
<.10 .1
0" <.
10
Nitr
ogen
,NH
4,to
tal
(mg/
L as
N)
(006
10)
0.21 .0
3 ..
.02
.02
.02
<.01
--
.02
.04
.02 --
.19
.07
.34
.02
.05 -
.04
Nitr
ogen
,or
gani
c,to
tal
(mg/
L as
N)
(006
05)
1.3
1.4
..
.48
.78
.78
-- -
.88
.56
.48
--
.91
.43
.36
.88
.45
-
.56
Nitr
ogen
,NH
4 +
orga
nic,
tota
l(m
g/L
as N
)(0
0625
)
1.5
1.4
__ ..
.50
.80
.80
.70
-
.90
.60
.50
-- 1.1 .50
.70
.90
.50
~
.60
Nitr
ogen
,to
tal
(mg/
L as
N)
(006
00)
1.8
1.5
_ _ - 1.0 .9
01.
3- -. 1.
0 .80
~ 1.3
- ~
.60
~ -
Nitr
ogen
,to
tal
Ars
enic
, C
adm
ium
,(m
g/L
as
diss
olve
d di
ssol
ved
N03
) (u
g/L
as A
s)
(ug/
L as
Cd)
(718
87)
(010
00)
(010
25)
8.0
6.6
_ _ .. 4.4
4.0
5.8
- ~ 4.4
3.5
.. 5.8
- - 2.7
<1
<1--
App
endi
x 4.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om s
tream
s w
ithin
the
Bad
Riv
er In
dian
Res
erva
tion
Con
tinue
d
APPENDIXES
Loc
al i
dent
ifie
r
Bea
rtra
p C
reek
nea
r A
shla
nd
Mar
engo
Riv
er a
t Mar
engo
Mar
engo
Riv
er n
ear
Mel
len
Silv
er C
reek
nea
r H
igh
Bri
dge
Pota
to R
iver
nea
r G
urne
y
Vau
ghn
Cre
ek n
ear
Gur
ney
Silv
er C
reek
at m
outh
Den
omie
Cre
ek a
t Tow
n R
oad
Mor
riso
n C
reek
nea
r B
irch
Bel
l Cre
ek n
ear
Bir
ch
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r B
irch
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Sa
xon
Chr
omiu
m,
diss
olve
d (n
g/L
as C
r)
Dat
e (0
1030
)
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
01-1
8-71
04-2
0-71
08-1
4-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
8-85
07-3
1-86
07-1
7-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
07-1
7-85
07-2
9-86
08-2
7-87
07-1
6-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
6-85
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
05-2
5-83
10
07
-30-
86
Cop
per,
'r
on.
diss
olve
d to
tal
(ng/
L as
re
cove
rabl
e C
U)
(ng/
L as
Fe)
(0
1040
) (0
1045
)
2,70
0
2,20
0- ..
1,80
0--
600
1,40
0
2,40
0--
410
850
410
850
-
220
1,90
0
240
-
300
14
1,50
0
Iron
, su
spen
ded
reco
vera
ble
(ng/
L a
s Fe
) (0
1044
)
700
900 - -
1,50
0 -
230
960
700 -
100
370
200
340 ~ 70
1,20
0 60 -
220
1,00
0
Iron
, di
ssol
ved
(ng/
L as
Fe)
(0
1046
)
2,00
0
1,30
0 - -
310 -
370
440
1,70
0 ~
310
480
210
510 -
150
730
180 -- 85 79
500
Iron
L
ead,
M
anga
nese
, (n
g/L
as
diss
olve
d di
ssol
ved
Fe)
(iig/
L as
Pb)
(n
g/L
as M
n)
(718
85)
(010
49)
(010
56)
89 34
420
480
9-
14 10 110
--
14 8 7 8--
3 34 37..
35
1 5 45
Water
Reso c g (D 10 O r* (D
DO D)
Q.
1 n 3" Q.
5'
3 3) IS (D I O 0 3 (D 3 2= to o o 3 to 5'
App
endi
x 4.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er fr
om s
trea
ms
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Ind
ian
Res
erva
tion
Con
tinue
d
Loc
al i
dent
ifie
r
Bea
rtra
p C
reek
nea
r Ash
land
Mar
engo
Riv
er a
t Mar
engo
Mar
engo
Riv
er n
ear
Mel
len
Silv
er C
reek
nea
r H
igh
Bri
dge
Pota
to R
iver
nea
r Gur
ney
Vau
ghn
Cre
ek n
ear G
urne
y
Silv
er C
reek
at m
outh
Den
omie
Cre
ek a
t Tow
n R
oad
Mor
riso
n C
reek
nea
r Bir
ch
Bel
l Cre
ek n
ear
Bir
ch
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Bir
ch
Gra
veya
rd C
reek
nea
r Sa
xon
Dat
e
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
01-1
8-71
04-2
0-71
08-1
4-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
8-85
07-3
1-86
07-1
7-85
07-1
0-85
07-1
6-85
07-2
9-86
07-1
7-85
07-2
9-86
08-2
7-87
07-1
6-85
08-1
4-85
07-1
6-85
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
05-2
5-83
07-3
0-86
Man
gane
se,
elem
enta
l, M
ercu
ry,
tota
l to
tal
(ng/
L as
re
cove
rabl
eM
n)
(ng/
L as
Hg)
(718
83)
(719
00)
<0.1 .1
9 96
.2
<.l .1
<.l
<.l .1
<.l .1
~
<.l .2
<.l .1 .1
--
.2
Zin
c,
Car
bon,
Mer
cury
, N
icke
l, Se
leni
um,
diss
olve
d or
gani
c,di
ssol
ved
diss
olve
d di
ssol
ved
(ng/
L as
di
ssol
ved
(ng/
L as
Hg)
fr
ig/L
as
Ni)
ftig/
L as
Se)
Zn
) (m
g/L
as C
)(7
1890
) (0
1065
) (0
1145
) (0
1090
) (0
0681
)
21 33
11
9.1
14 7.6
13 22 6.2
10-
17 14 2.5
10 4.8
.1 <1
1
6 6.
3
7.2
Car
bon,
orga
nic,
susp
ende
d,to
tal
(mg/
L as
C)
(006
89)
0.4 .3
.7
.3 .5 .3-
.3 .3 .3~ -- -
.8 .1 .3 .2--
.5
App
endi
x 5.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er a
nd b
otto
m m
ater
ial i
n la
kes
and
slou
ghs
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Indi
an R
eser
vatio
n[(
iS/c
m, m
icro
siem
ens
per c
entim
eter
at 2
5°C
; °C,
deg
rees
Cel
sius
; mg/
L, m
illig
ram
s pe
r lite
r; |ig
/L, m
icro
gram
s pe
r lite
r; m
g/kg
, mill
igra
ms
per k
ilogr
am; |
ig/g
, mic
rogr
ams
per g
ram
; --,
no d
ata
avai
labl
e. T
he f
ive-
digi
t num
ber e
ndin
g so
me
colu
mn
head
ings
is th
e pa
ram
eter
cod
e us
ed in
the
U.S
. Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y's
Wat
er S
tora
ge a
nd R
etrie
val S
yste
m; l
ocat
ions
sho
wn
on p
late
1]
Loc
al id
entif
ier
Lak
e Su
peri
or n
ear
Bad
Riv
er
Hon
est J
ohn
Lak
e ne
ar O
dana
h
Bad
Riv
er S
loug
h ne
ar O
dana
h
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
1
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
5
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
7
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
9
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
1 1
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
12
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
16
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
20
Dat
a-co
llect
ion
site
num
ber
4636
5509
0365
501
4637
0009
0370
001
4638
0009
0383
001
4639
0009
0430
001
4639
0009
0430
005
4639
0009
0430
007
4639
0009
0430
009
4639
0009
0430
011
4639
0009
0430
012
4639
0009
0430
016
4639
0009
0430
020
Dat
e
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
07-2
2-86
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
Tim
e (2
4-ho
ur)
1140
1120
1300
0800
0900
1014
1000
1035
1100
1215
1200
1145
1300
1120
1400
1355
1500
Spec
ific
co
nduc
tanc
e (u
£/cm
) (0
0095
)
90 83 100 - - - - - - 78 - -- - - 82 -
PH
(sta
ndar
d un
its)
(004
00)
8.1
7.3
7.6
- - - -- - 7.0
- - - - - 6.9
-
Tem
pera
ture
, w
ater
C
C)
(000
10)
21.0
24.0
24.0
- - 18.5
- 18.5
- 19.0
- 19.0
- 19.0
- 19.5
-
Har
dnes
s,
tota
l (m
g/L
as
CaC
03)
(009
00)
44 45 54 - -- - - - - - -- - - -- -
Har
dnes
s,
nonc
arbo
nate
to
tal
(mg/
L as
C
aC03
) (9
5902
)
1 1 3 - - - -- - - - - - -- -- - -
Cal
cium
, di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L as
C
a)
(009
15)
13 12 15 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Water
Resources
c ^i ! + re 00
Q
)Q
.3) <
' re 5" Q.
5'
3 31 i 1 5' z 0 3 re 3 $ 8' o (A 5'
App
endi
x 5.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er a
nd b
otto
m m
ater
ial i
n la
kes
and
slou
ghs
with
in th
e Ba
d R
iver
Indi
an R
eser
vatio
n C
ontin
ued
Loca
l identif
ier
Lake
Sup
erio
r ne
ar B
ad R
iver
Hon
est J
ohn
Lake
nea
r Oda
nah
Bad
Riv
er S
loug
h ne
ar O
dana
h
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
1
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
5
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
7
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
9
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
1 1
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
12
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
16
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
20
Dat
e
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
07-2
2-86
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
Sol
ids,
Mag
nesi
um,
Sod
ium
, A
lkal
inity
, S
ulfa
te,
Chl
orid
e,
Sili
ca,
resi
due
atdi
ssol
ved
diss
olve
d P
otas
sium
, la
b di
ssol
ved
diss
olve
d Fl
uorid
e,
diss
olve
d 18
0*C,
(mg/
L as
(m
g/L
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as
(mg/
L as
(m
g/L
as
diss
olve
d (m
g/L
as
diss
olve
dM
g)
asN
a)
(mg/
L as
K)
CaC
O3)
SO
4)
Cl)
(mg/
L as
F)
SiO
2)
(mg/
L)(0
0925
) (0
0930
) (0
0935
) (9
0410
) (0
0945
) (0
0940
) (0
0950
) (0
0955
) (7
0300
)
2.7
1.3
0.7
43
4.3
1.5
<0.1
2.
1 54
3.6
2.3
1.0
44
11
2.3
<.l
2.9
74
4.1
2.1
1.2
51
12
2.0
<.l
8.2
90 - - .. ..
-
_ - - - - - - -
App
endi
x 5.
Phy
sica
l and
che
mic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s of
wat
er a
nd b
otto
m m
ater
ial
in la
kes
and
slou
ghs
with
in th
e B
ad R
iver
Ind
ian
Res
erva
tion
Con
tinue
d
TJ
TJ m
z
a
x
m V)
Loca
l ide
ntif
ier
Lak
e Su
peri
or n
ear
Bad
Riv
er
Hon
est J
ohn
Lake
nea
r O
dana
h
Bad
Riv
er S
loug
h ne
ar O
dana
h
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
1
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
5
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
7
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
9
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
1 1
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
12
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
16
Kak
agon
Slo
ugh
site
No.
20
Dat
e
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
07-3
0-86
07-2
2-86
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
08-2
6-87
07-2
2-86
Nitr
ogen
, N
O2
+ N
O3,
Nitr
ogen
, to
tal
in
N02
+ N
O3,
bo
ttom
di
ssol
ved
mat
eria
l (m
g/L
as N
) (m
g/kg
as
N)
(006
31)
(006
33)
0.26
<.l
<.l
3.0
10 <2.0 3.0
<2.0 2.0
<2.0 5.0
<2.0 2.0
<2.0 3.0
<2.0
<2.0
Nitr
ogen
, to
tal
In
botto
m
mat
eria
l (m
g/kg
as
N)
(006
11)
- - - 62 61 21 28 28 71 40 86 38 56 37 38 48 25
Nitr
ogen
, NH
4 +
orga
nic,
N
itrog
en,
tota
l in
bot
tom
N
H4
orth
o,
mat
eria
l di
ssol
ved
(mg/
kg a
s N
) (m
g/L
as P
) (0
0626
) (0
0671
)
<0.0
1
<.01 .0
1
5,90
0
13,0
00
11,0
00
4,50
0
7,80
0
5,00
0
4,80
0
6,40
0
9,80
0
3,50
0
4,60
0
2,90
0
1,40
0
830
Pho
spho
rus,
to
tal i
n bo
ttom
m
ater
ial
(mg/
kg a
s P)
(0
0668
)
- - -
670
800
340
370
320
660
410
210
310
580
430
710
440
420
Pho
spho
rus
iron
, di
ssol
ved
(ng/
L as
Fe)
(0
1046
)
65 690
460 - - - - - - - - -- -- - -
Lea
d,
reco
vera
ble
from
bot
tom
m
ater
ial
(ng/
g as
Pb)
(0
1052
)
- - - - - 20 10 -- 20 - 30 .. 20 - 10 --
