Water Research Foundation Water Reuse Program · including agriculture, industry, drinking water, and ecosystem protection. •EPA acknowledges the importance of potable water reuse

Water Research Foundation –Water Reuse Program

1

69th Annual KU Environmental Engineering Conference

Julie Minton

April 17, 2019

Agenda

➢About Water Research Foundation➢ Reuse – drivers and examples of successful potable reuse

➢WRF Non-potable Reuse Program

➢WRF Potable Reuse Program and CA State Water Board Grant

➢ Public Engagement

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Bottom Line: Major Paradigm Shift

• Manage resources to generate value for the utility and its customers

• Improve environmental quality, at least cost to the community

• Use a holistic “one water” approach to water management

FUTURE

• Collect wastewater, move it quickly downstream, treat it to acceptable standards, and dispose of waste without harming the environment

PAST

The (New and Improved!) Water Research Foundation

Merged July 2016

Officially integrated January 2018

What does

WRF do?

Deliver Balanced Research

Foster Innovation

Disseminate Results

Create Collaborations

Manage peer-reviewed research to deliver timely, actionable results

Convene experts and support research to accelerate the adoption of new water technologies

Publish reports annually that are housed in online, searchable databases

Serve as a research hub for the water quality community (utilities, policy makers, consultants, universities, and industry)

Applied ResearchLeaders

Innovation Forum for Technology

Advancement in practices and Adoption of

water technologies

Research & Development Programs

Technology Survey

Technology Scans

LIFT Link

FAST Water Network

SEE IT

Utility Peer Network

Utility Management

Infrastructure

Treatment

Source and Receiving Water

WRF Research Areas

Integrated Water Management, inc

Stormwater

Intelligent Water Systems

CECs/Trace Organics Energy Production and

Efficiency

Reuse & Desalination

• Potable

• Non-Potable

• Desalination

LINK (Receiving Water Linkages in Water

Quality) PFAS in Water

Waterborne Pathogens in Distribution and Premise Plumbing

Systems

Cyanobacterial Blooms and Cyanotoxins

Non-Regulated Disinfection Byproducts

Source Separated Organic Feedstock

Lead and Copper Management

2019 Research Priority Program – pending RFPs

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Agenda

➢ About Water Research Foundation

➢Reuse – drivers and examples of successful potable reuse




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Water reuse: National drivers Reduces water supply demand and increases resiliency

• Elimination of ocean outfalls

• More cost-effective when nutrient removal is considered

Alternative to disposal

New, locally sustainable water supplies

Minimize energy costs: e.g. pumping and desalinization

Critical element in state water supply plans

Water reuse: Regional drivers

• By 2018, 300 mgd must have AWT

• By 2025, 60% of flows must be reused

Florida is reducing ocean outfalls

• By 2020, increase 0.65 to 1.5 MAF/yr

• By 2030, increase to 2.5 MAF/yr

California goals for recycled water to provide reliable local supply

Oklahoma has a goal of consuming no more fresh water in 2060 than in 2010

Texas water supply plan indicates 14% of water supply in 2070 will be “direct” reuse

Strict discharge requirements for Mid Atlantic region

EPA has issued Guidelines (not regulations)

• There are no federal reuse regulations• EPA has relied on framework of the CWA and SDWA

and reuse guidelines• Reuse is implemented state-by-state; rules are set to

be protective of end use

EPA Water Reuse Action Plan under development (Draft to be released at WRA

Symposium Sept 2019)

The Growth of Water Reuse in the United States

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1997 2007 2017 2027

Bill

ion

Gal

lon

s Pe

r D

ay

Year

37% Increase or 1.8 billion gallons per dayor 2 million acre-feet per year

Source: USGS, EPA, Bluefield Research

Level of Treatment is dependent on End Use

Adapted from EPA Guidelines, 2012

Landscape irrigation

Industrial Reuse

Potable Reuse

De Facto Water Reuse in the US

Assessment of De Facto Wastewater Reuse across the U.S.: Trends between 1980 and 2008

Jacelyn Rice†*, Amber Wutich‡, and Paul Westerhoff†

http://pubs.acs.org/author/Rice,+Jacelyn

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es402792s

http://pubs.acs.org/author/Wutich,+Amber

http://pubs.acs.org/author/Westerhoff,+Paul

Clean Water Services/Oregon and LOTT Clean Water Alliance/WA

▪ Municipal parks, schools and athletic fields - Community amenities

▪ Golf courses

▪ Wetland recharge and restoration

Non-potable Reuse in the Pacific NW

Eastern Municipal Water District

• EMWD has four facilities that create a total of 45MGD of tertiary treated recycled water

• Additional water quality treatment is conducted through created wetland habitat

• The largest use of this water is agricultural irrigation, including fruits, vegetables and fodder for cattle and dairy.

• Other uses include non-crop irrigation and industrial.

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Monterey County Water Recycling ProjectMonterey, CA

• 20 MGD

• Irrigation for 222 Farm Parcels

• 46 miles of transmission/ distribution pipelines

• 11-year Wastewater Reclamation Study - assess safety/feasibility of recycled water to irrigate raw vegetable crops

• 5-year demonstration project

• Never experienced human health incidence

• Crops include lettuce, celery, broccoli, cauliflower, artichokes, and strawberries

• 8 million gallons per day of purified water

• Uses Microfiltration, Reverse Osmosis & Ultraviolet Light Disinfection

• Water is currently used for manufacturing and irrigation

• The agency is planning a Potable Reuse Facility.

Santa Clara Valley Water District Constructed a New Recycled Water Purification Facility

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West Basin’s Five Designer Waters

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Potable Reuse

Drivers

• Drought

• Increased Demand

• Lack of/contaminated local supply

Potable Reuse is

• Safe

• Reliable

• Locally-Controlled

• Environmentally-Friendly/Protective

Tools to deliver

• Research

• Technology

• Sound Science

• Innovation

The Potable Reuse Continuum

Groundwater recharge

Surface Water Augmentation

Raw Water Augmentation

Drinking Water Augmentation

Ind

irect P

otab

le R

eu

seD

irect P

otab

le

Reu

se

U.S. EPA Potable Reuse Compendium (2017)

• EPA supports water reuse as part of an integrated water resources management approach developed at the state and local level to meet the water needs of multiple sectors including agriculture, industry, drinking water, and ecosystem protection.

• EPA acknowledges the importance of potable water reuse and looks forward to working with our stakeholders as the practice continues to be developed and deployed as an important approach to ensure a clean, safe, and sustainable water supply for the nation.

Planned potable water reuse

2017 EPA Potable Reuse Compendium

Direct Potable Reuse Progress in the US

Texas• TWDB - Direct Potable Reuse Resource Document (2015)• Big Springs DPR and Wichita Falls DPR (Emergency Supply)• El Paso DPR (in design)

Florida• WateReuse FL

• Potable Reuse Commission• Create a Framework for DPR

• Clearwater IPR Project• Hillsborough DPR Pilot• Altamonte Springs DPR Pilot• Daytona Beach DPR Pilot • JEA DPR Pilots

Arizona• Guidance Framework for Direct Potable Reuse in Arizona

Colorado• WateReuse CO – DPR stakeholder process (technical and outreach)• Guidance developed• Next: Develop regulatory approach (use of expert panel)

California• State Water Board (SWB) process• DPR Expert Panel Final Report (12/2016)• SWB Proposed DPR Framework (4/2018)• 6 DPR research projects

• Long history with IPR• Legislation: DPR regulations by 2023

New Mexico• State sponsored DPR Expert Panel • State developed guidelines• Village of Cloudcroft (still not completed)

Arizona• WateReuse AZ and AZ Water DPR Initiative• DPR Guidance Framework process (2018)• Next: State to develop regulation

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Orange County Water District

Typical injection well - OCWD

• Manage local groundwater basin

• Groundwater = 70% local supply for 2.4 million residents

Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources (GA)

• Indirect Potable Reuse system

• Ozone-BAC based treatment at the F. Wayne Hill Water Resources Center

• Surface water discharge into Lake Lanier

• Blends advanced treated reuse with lakes to produce a high-quality drinking water.

• 16 MGD with microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection.

• Blends advanced treated water with21 MGD with traditional sources.

Big Spring Water Supply Augmentation

El Paso Texas: First Permitted Direct to Distribution Direct Potable Reuse System in the United States

Pilot

Ozone

(Xylem)Biofiltration

(Xylem)

GAC Filtration

(Calgon)UV AOP

(Trojan)

Secondary

Filtered

Effluent

Ultrafiltration

(Toray/BiWater)

First Use of Non-RO Treatment for DPR (at a demonstration facility!) in Altamonte Springs Florida

Hampton Roads Sanitation District (VA)

Over-allocated permitted withdrawal

• Water levels falling several feet/yr

177 permits = 147 MGD• Currently withdrawing

approximately 115 mgd

200,000 unpermitted “domestic” wells

• Estimated to be withdrawing approx. 40 mgd growing at 1 mgd per year

Resulting in land subsidence when combined with climate change impacts

Agenda


➢ Reuse – drivers and examples of successful potable reuse

➢WRF Non-potable Reuse Program ➢WRF Potable Reuse Program and CA State Water Board Grant


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WRF Reuse Program Covers the Full Spectrum of Reuse

© 2018 Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Nonpotable Reuse Research

Agriculture Green Infrastructure

Food & Beverage

Power Manufacturing Oil & Chemical Refining


Industrial Reuse

• Focus on overcoming institutional barriers

• Sectors may have unique challenges and drivers

• Need for better understanding on the true cost of water

• Key Project: Reuse-15-03 Scorecard for Evaluating Opportunities in Industrial Reuse

– Developed an ROI calculator for industrial water uses

– Includes the “shadow cost” of water


• Water use for agriculture accounts for >70% of total usage in the U.S.

• Municipal effluent and other nontraditional water sources for irrigation of crops can reduce the strain on potable supplies

• Agricultural reuse for food crops is gaining momentum

– Currently practiced in California, Florida and other states

Water Reuse for AgricultureInvestigate emerging applications in water reuse with a focus

on supporting the advancement and acceptance of potable

reuse, agricultural reuse, industrial reuse, and desalination as

alternative water supply options.


The WRF Agricultural Water Reuse Research Portfolio

Economics and Policy

Sustainable Practices

Management Approaches

4962

Reuse-16-06

Reuse-16-07Reuse-15-08

Reuse-16-03

STAR_N3R14

SIWM12C15

NTRY1R12

WRRF-09-07

WRRF-08-02

WRRF-07-06

Agricultural BMP Database

4964

49634956

Committee Members

• Allegra da Silva – Brown & Caldwell

• Claire Waggoner – CA SWRCB

• Channah Rock – University of Arizona

• Chris Impelliterri – US EPA

• LaKisha Odom – FFAR

• Yaling Qian – Colorado State University

• Clinton Williams – USDA ARS

• Kurt Schwabe – UC Riverside


State of Irrigated Agricultural Water

Reuse –Impediments and Incentives (Reuse-15-08) developed and prioritized by the WRRF RAC

Three additional ag reuse projects

initiated by WE&RF

California State Water Resources Control

Board awards a $4.5M grant to WRF for Reuse Research

Four agricultural water reuse

research projects initiated in 2018

Agricultural Reuse Research Program: Gaining Momentum

2015 2016 2018

WRF Agricultural

Reuse Workshop

Agenda






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A Brief History of WRF Potable Reuse Research

WateReuse Research Foundation: DPR Research Initiative (2012-2016)

• In response to CA legislation to determine “Feasibility of developing criteria for DPR”

• $6 million raised – Leveraged to $24 million

• 34 projects funded that informed DPR Expert Panel

Outcomes

• DPR Expert Panel report

• SWB Report to legislature →Yes, it is feasible to develop regulations for DPR

Potable Reuse Research Compilation:

Synthesis of Findings (Reuse 15-01)

• Summarized and synthesized key results of 34 research projectsfrom the DPR Initiative

• Published in December 2016

• Principal Investigators:

• NWRI and George Tchobanoglous

• 1-3 authors for each chapter Available at: www.werf.org/reuseresearch

Framework for Direct Potable Reuse• Overview of the key elements that make up a DPR program, from source

control to blending product water. • Valuable resource for municipalities, utilities, and agencies seeking to

implement DPR programs.• Panel Chair: George Tchobanoglous• Published in 2015

Framework and Synthesis Reports

http://www.werf.org/reuseresearch

• State Water Board Grant under Prop 1

• The $4.5M grant will be split in two agreements:

Recycled Water Grants from SWB

Grant 1: $1M

• 5 projects recommended by the SWB DPR Expert Panel for developing DPR regulations in California

• Agreement executed February 28, 2018

Grant 2: $3.5M

• For research recommended by the WRF’s Water Reuse Issue Area Team (IAT) and SWB.

• $2M of this will be designated for potable reuse

• $1.5M will be for non-potable reuse

• Agreement executed March 30, 2018

California Legislation – SB 574 (2017): Established deadline for DPR legislation of 2023


SWB Grant 1: 5 DPR Research Projects

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1. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

2. Measure Pathogens in Wastewater

3. Collecting Pathogens in Wastewater During Outbreaks

4. Treatment Process for Averaging Potential Chemical Peaks

5. Low Molecular Weight Unknown Compounds


SWB Grant 2: Utilizing WRF Research and RFP Process

February

• Concepts scoped at IAT meeting

March

• Project descriptions finalized by IAT

April/May

• Projects prioritized by IAT and stakeholders

June

• Prioritization and approval by SWB

October – December

• RFPs released

End 2018 – Early 2019

• Teams selected, contracts executed

Phase 2

2018

Phase 3

2019

Phase 1

2017

4832 - Evaluation of CEC Removal by Ozone/BAF Treatment in Potable Reuse Applications

4833 - Understanding Wastewater Treatment Performance on Advanced Water Treatment

Processes and Finished Water Quality

Same process as 2018; approx. $1M + fundraised $ to go out via RFP

Agenda





➢Public Engagement

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Psychology of Water ReuseHuman Reactions to Water Reuse (WateReuse Foundation 2004)

• Workshop with psychologists

• “Law of Contagion” – Once in contact always in contact

• Not fully subject to logic and science

• Address through “framing”

• Process to categorize and ignore parts of reality

• Frame things out of awareness

• Not think about where something has been (restaurant forks and plates)


Building on WRRF Research

Building Blocks for effective engagement

Delivery(Reuse 09-07, 12-06, 13-02)

Context(Reuse-09-01)

Language(Reuse-07-03)

WRF Investment in Public Engagement Research and Tools


Model Communication Plan (13-02) Guide for Public Engagement

Develop the potable reuse “project story”

Develop key messages that tell the story in terms understandable to a non-technical audience.

Identify key community leaders and the groups they represent and engage, continually

Majority support IPR (62%)

Initially most oppose DPR – but support goes up with information about safety

Treatment steps alone can build support

Testing/monitoring enhances support


Videos, Graphics, & Tools to Share

DOWNSTREAM

All water is used and reused

THE WAYS OF WATER

Reuse without confusing terminology

THINK & DRINK

Animations demonstrating complex issues

https://watereuse.org/water-reuse-101/


Global Connections Map

23 sites at present

Over 100 short videos

Over 30 FAQs answered by US and global experts


Expert commentary is available to answer key questions about need, benefits, safety


Technical Animations


Use of Water Reuse 101 materials


Changing minds... One pint at a timeStart a conversation about reuse and

the nature of water

Demystify water purification and the urban water cycle

Showcase innovative water technology to inform how water can

be used

“The World’s Most Sustainable Beer”

Beer brewed from water produced by Clean Water Services, in Portland, OR


Thank you for your attention.

Julie [email protected]

“Water shouldn’t be judged by its history, but by its quality"

~Lucas van Vuuren (1927-2014)

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Water Research Foundation Water Reuse Program · including agriculture, industry, drinking water, and ecosystem protection. •EPA acknowledges the importance of potable water reuse