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Water Quality Indicators. What are Water Quality Standards and Indicators. Water quality and indicators are measurements of the substances in water beside water molecules that determine the healthiness of the water or its level of pollution. How do we treat our drinking water?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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What are Water QualityStandards and Indicators
Water quality and indicators are measurements of the substances in water beside water molecules that determine the healthiness of the water or its level of pollution
How do we treat our drinking water? Water from both public and private
supplies often need some type of treatment to ensure it is safe.
First filtration and coagulation, Second chlorination, Third aeration and additional treatment, Fourth testing samples
Water pollution is the addition of any substance that has a negative effect on water or the living things that depend on the water.Pollutants are the substances that pollute the water.
What is water pollution?
What are the three main sources of water pollution?
Three main sources of water pollution are human waste, industrial waste, and chemical runoff.
Please fill out flow chart for this guided notes
section
Why is this important?
In addition to drinking water , we also eat fish on a regular basis.Some of these fish have toxic chemicals stored in their bodies. Over time the chemicals are stored in our body fat. This can lead to birth defects and or cancer to name a few.
• Turbidity
•pH
•Dissolved oxygen
•Temperature
• Nitrates (nutrients) , NH3, NO-2
• Bio-Indicators
•Hardness - amount of calcium and magnesium
Water Quality Indicators
Turbidityrefers to water
clarity.
• Ideal Level: low turbidity is clear water• High Level: unclear water /unhealthy water
Turbidity
Causes of increased Turbidity• Erosion causes loose soil to enter the waterways
Increased Algae blooms
Waste drainage
Agricultural and urban runoff
Result of High Turbidity
Suspended sediment blocks sunlight to plants (photosynthesis) and reduces
dissolved oxygen.Increased levels of sediments absorbs
more thermal energy (Heat) making water warmer which lowers
dissolved oxygenThis causes fish and larvae to die -Fish kill
pHthe acidity of water –presence of
hydrogen ion (H+).
The pH scale is zero to 14. 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is basic (or alkaline).
High or low pH are signs of unhealthy water
pHSurface Freshwater: 6.5 - 8.0
Swamp: 3.5 to 4.0Salt Water: 7.5 to 8.4Most aquatic organisms exist
within a pH range of 6.5 to 8.2.
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form a weak acid called carbonic acid.
pH tolerance for most
aquatic life
Factors effecting pH levels
Natural phenomenal such as algae blooms
or man made events such as dumping in water or runoff
DISSOLVED OXYGENIs the measure of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in
water. It’s a product of photosynthesis
and diffusion.
The warmer the water, the less oxygen it can hold.
• Average Level: • 9.0 ppm
• Must be 4-5 ppm to support diverse population of fish
DISSOLVED OXYGEN levels
Causes of Changes in Dissolved Oxygen
•turbulent action – rapid waves
• Solubility decreases with increasing temperature and water depth
• Increase algae growth decreases DO
•Increase plant growth increases DO
Results of changes in dissolved oxygen
When DO drops too low fish die. When DO is high, the water actually tastes better but can corrode water pipes.
TEMPERATURE
Most aquatic organisms live within a temperature range of +32º F (+0º C) to 90º F (32º C).
The higher the temperature the lower the amount of dissolved
oxygen.
Measure of the average kinetic energy (movement of particles in matter).
Levels of Temperature• Low: cannot be tolerated below
320F
• High: only rough fish can tolerate temperatures above 970F
Cause of change in TEMPERATURE
source of water time of yearsuspended sediment depth of watershade from shoreline vegetation
Result of change in TEMPERATURE
changes in temperature can make aquatic life susceptible to disease and at extreme levels can result in death
Temperature affects the oxygen-carrying capacity of water.
Rapid temperature change and temperature extremes can stress
aquatic organisms.
As the water warms, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases.
14 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
12
10
8
6
4____________________________________ Winter Summer
Although nutrients are essential elements for plants and animals, their presence in excessive amounts cause undesirable conditions and negatively impact fish and other aquatic life.
Nutrients –Nitrates and phosphates (Nitrogen and Phosphorous)
Nitrates
Nitrates: compound that contains the nitrogen based polyatomic ion NO3 (Ex: Sodium Nitrate)
Levels of Nitrates in drinking water
Drinking Water Max:10 mg/L
Fish: Below 90 mg/Lseems to have no effect on warm water fish
Causes of Nitrates in water
Fertilizer runoff (farm and home) Manure pitsSeptic system leaksAnimal wasteRain trapping car exhaust
Potential Consequences ofNutrient Overenrichment
• Low Dissolved Oxygen• Nuisance Algal Growth• Harmful Algal Blooms• Fish & Shellfish Kills • Human Health Effects
Results of presence of nitrates: nitrates can increase the plant production and fish population resulting in overcrowding. If algae increases due to nitrates, the DO levels can decrease, killing fish. Nitrates are converted to nitrites in humans (can kill children)
Bio-Indicators
Organisms (macro-invertibrates) found living in water (they tend to remain in one place ) that have specific living conditions and are very sensitive to pollution.
The presence or absence of particular organisms can tell us a lot about the quality of the body of water being studied.
Levels of Bio-indicators
High Level of Variety: healthy water source
Small Level of Variety: poor water source (indicator of high levels of pollution)
Causes of Changes in Bio-Indicator
pollution that results in changes in pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, or nitrate levels
Results of Few Varieties of bio-indicators
the lack of a large number of different varieties of bio-indicators is indicative of pollution
Turbidity: measure of the degree to which water looses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates
pH: the acidity of the water (presence of hydrogen ion)07 is acidic 7 is neutral714 is basic
Indicators of Water Quality
Ideal Level: 1 NTU
High Level: 5 NTU and above
Surface Freshwater: 6.0 9.0
Swamps: as low as 4.3
Salt Water: 8.1 but as low as 7.7
Causes of increased turbidity: increased levels of phytoplankton, sediment from erosion, re-suspended sediments from the bottom (stirred by bottom dwellers), waste discharge, algae growth, and urban runoff
Causes of changes in pH: natural conditions (especially in swamps), dumping of waste (batteries) and farm runoff (lime)
Causes of changes in dissolved oxygen: turbulent actions waves, rapids), water depth, and plant growth
Results of high turbidity: high turbidity increases the absorption of sunlight thus making the water warmer. Warmer water has lower levels of dissolved oxygen causing fish and larvae to die.
Results of changes in pH: a change in pH by 2 units results in a water system having 100 times a difference in acidity. Most aquatic life cannot withstand water outside of the optimum pH thus resulting in death.
Results of changes in dissolved oxygen: When DO drops too low fish die. When DO is high, the water actually tastes better but can corrode water pipes.
Average Level: 9.0 ppm
Must be 4-5 ppm to support diverse population of fish
Dissolved Oxygen: the oxygen dissolved in the water
Caus
es:
Resu
lts:
Leve
ls:
Defi
nitio
n:
Temperature:measure of average kinetic energy
Nitrates: compound that contains the nitrogen based polyatomic ion NO3 (Ex: Sodium Nitrate)
Bio-indicators: macroinvertibrates found living in water (they tend to remain in one place) that are sensitive to pollution
Indicators of Water Quality
Low: cannot be tolerated below 320F
High: only rough fish can tolerate temperatures above 970F
Drinking Water Max:10 mg/L
Fish: Below 90 mg/Lseems to have no effect on warm water fish
High Level of Variety: healthy water source
Small Level of Variety: poor water source (indicator of high levels of pollution)
Causes of change in temperature: source of water, time of year, suspended sediment, depth of water, and shade from shoreline vegetation
Causes of nitrates: fertilizer runoff (both farm and home), manure pits, leaks in septic systems, animal waste, and rain trapping car exhaust
Causes of changes in bio-indicators: pollution that results in changes in pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, or nitrate levels
Results of changes in temperature: changes in temperature can make aquatic life susceptible to disease and at extreme levels can result in death
Results of presence of nitrates: nitrates can increase the plant production and fish population resulting in overcrowding. If algae increases due to nitrates, the DO levels can decrease, killing fish. Nitrates are converted to nitrites in humans (can kill children)
Results of few varieties of bio-indicators present: the lack of a large number of different varieties of bio-indicators is indicative of pollution
Defi
nitio
n:Le
vels
:Ca
uses
:Re
sults
:
Turbidity: pH:
Indicators of Water Quality
Ideal Level:
High Level:
Surface Freshwater:
Swamps:
Salt Water:
Causes of increased turbidity: Causes of changes in pH: Causes of changes in dissolved oxygen:
Results of high turbidity. Results of changes in pH: Results of changes in dissolved oxygen:
Average Level:
Dissolved Oxygen:
Caus
es:
Resu
lts:
Leve
ls:
Defi
nitio
n:
Temperature: Nitrates: Bio-indicators:
Indicators of Water Quality
Low:
High:
Drinking Water Max:
Fish:
High Level of Variety
Small Level of Variety:
Causes of change in temperature: Causes of nitrates: Causes of changes in bio-indicators:
Results of changes in temperature: Results of presence of nitrates: Results of few varieties of bio-indicators present:
Defi
nitio
n:Le
vels
:Ca
uses
:Re
sults
: