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The Water Institute at UNCThree Year Review:
2010–11 to 2012–13
Thank You
We WoUld lIke To ThaNk the following organizations and individuals for their generous contributions and
support to The Water Institute.
ProjeCT SPoNSorS:
Adam Smith International
Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK)
Health Canada
IAPMO
International Water and Sanitation Centre
International Water Association
International Water Centre
Michael and Susan Dell Foundation
Millennium Water Alliance
National Environmental Health Association
National Institutes of Health Fogarty International
Center
North Carolina Sea Grant
P&G Children’s Safe Drinking Water Program
PATH
Plan International USA
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
TK Holdings, Inc.
UNEP Risoe Centre
UNESCO
UNICEF
University of Bristol (UK)
University of Leeds (UK)
UNU-WIDER
US EPA
US EPA—People, Prosperity and Planet Program
USAID
Wallace Genetic Foundation
WASRAG
WaterAid
Wells Fargo Foundation
WHO
World Bank
World Vision
CoNfereNCe SPoNSorS:
300in6
American Water Works Association
Amway
Aquagenex
Aquatest /University of Bristol (UK)
Catholic Relief Services
Collegiate Capital Management
Conrad N. Hilton Foundation
Environmental Science and Technology Journal
FHI 360
IAPMO
Neerman
NSF International
Pall Medical
Pfizer
Plan International USA
Profile Products
RTI International
Sensus
Suez Environment/United Water
TK Holdings, Inc.
Tomlinson Industries
Triangle Global Health Consortium
Triple Quest
Vestergaard Frandsen/LifeStraw
Wells Fargo Foundation
INdIvIdUal CoNTrIbUTIoNS:
Marcia Angle and Mark Trustin
Carol and Michael Baum
John McConnell
Stephen Morse
Mary Norris Preyer Oglesby
Amy Thorne Pitt
Perialwar Regunathan
The Haiti Connection
Chen-yu Yen
SPeCIal ThaNkS To:
Don and Jennifer Holzworth
Contents4 Message from the Dean
5 Message from the Director
6 Strategic Functions
7 Focus Areas
8 Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning for WaSH
10 WaSH Governance
12 Sanitation for the 21st Century
14 Adapting to Water Scarcity and Climate Change
16 Drinking Water for All
18 National and Regional WaSH Challenges in the US
19 Water-Food-Climate-Energy Nexus
20 Research
22 Knowledge and Information Management
24 Networking and Partnerships
26 Teaching and Learning
28 Who We Are
35 Publications
39 Finances
A B B r e v i A t i o n s
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CLTS Community-led Total Sanitation
DFID Department for International Development (UK)
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Aff airs (UK)
GEF Global Environment Facility
HWTS household water treatment and safe storage
IAPMO International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Offi cials
IWA International Water Association
JMP Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
(of WHO and UNICEF)
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MEL monitoring, evaluation and learning
NGO nongovernmental organization
NIH National Institutes of Health (US)
ODF open-defecation free
PATH Program for Appropriate Technology in Health
SWA Sanitation and Water for All Partnership
UN United Nations
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UNC University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency
USWP US Water Partnership
VLC virtual learning center
WaSH water, sanitation and hygiene
WHO World Health Organization
WSP Water Safety Plan
WWDR World Water Development Report
©The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Acknowledgements
d e s i g n : UNC Creative
All photos in the report are courtesy of
UNC Gillings School of Global Public
Health, with thanks to Lisa Albert, Tom
Fuldner Photography, Barbara Tyroler,
Dan Powell, The Water Institute and other
photographers as highlighted.
Water Institute faculty, staff and students
contributed to the text of this report.
Angie Brammer served as our copy editor.
WaSH
The Water
Institute at
UNCDevelopmentHealth
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Water at UNC
Message from Barbara K. Rimer, DrPH
d e A n o f u n c g i l l i n g s s c h o o l o f g l o B A l P u B l i c h e A lt h
Since the earliest days of this School, our faculty and students have been leaders and
innovators in solving problems of water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH). They have worked
on access, delivery, testing and policy. They have created solutions in North Carolina, across
the US and around the world. We have been at this work for a long time, because WaSH
problems are huge global and local issues that have challenged, daunted and stymied some
of the smartest people in the world. In a time when we can put men and women in space and
sequence the human genome, why can’t we ensure every human on the planet has access to
safe water and sanitation? Why do we need Millennium Development Goals to push us to do
better? Because even though water is essential to life, we still have not assured that it is available to each life.
Impatient with the pace of progress so far, we launched The Water Institute in 2010. We knew that Jamie
Bartram, PhD, former head of Water and Sanitation at the World Health Organization, also was impatient for
progress, and that he would be challenged, but undaunted, by the enormity of the global problem—at least 1.8
billion people in the world today without safe water and 2.5 billion without access to basic sanitation. We were
confi dent that he would create the interdisciplinary environment needed for innovations in problem solving, and
that, as part of such an eff ort, he would bring together smart people from diff erent fi elds, all committed to the
goal of safe water and sanitation for all. And he has done that. For three years, the Institute has hosted the Water
and Health Conference, which convenes international researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, students and
entrepreneurs focused on the intersections of water, sanitation, hygiene, health and development. It’s one of the
most stimulating, energizing and exciting meetings anywhere.
This three year review highlights The Water Institute’s evolution into a US leader on the links between
WaSH, health and development. The Institute, through its strategic collaborations with partners in science,
academia, the private sector intergovernmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations as well as
local governments in developed and developing nations, is making a positive impact on our campus and around
the world. Thanks to the eff orts of Professor Bartram and others, in 2012 UNC leaders announced that Water In
Our World would be the university’s fi rst campus theme. Since then, ideas and events have fl owed across the
campus, creating new interdisciplinary courses, events and research eff orts. Water Institute faculty members and
students also have completed infl uential research. Particularly notable was the development of a country-level,
and also a US county-level, ranking of vulnerability to extreme weather events associated with climate change,
and estimations that progress towards the MDG target has been over-stated for both water and sanitation.
I am delighted with the Institute’s progress so far, as well as its future trajectory. This growth would not have
been possible without the generous contributions made to further the Institute’s work. I am especially grateful
for the Don and Jennifer Holzworth Distinguished Professorship Fund, which strengthens the School’s capacity
to make a real diff erence in global health through The Water Institute. Our School’s Advisory Council (which Don
Holzworth chairs) has been a source of generous fi nancial support and great feedback and ideas. We are also
grateful for the support we received from former Chancellor Holden Thorp. It is fi tting that new UNC Chancellor
Folt is known internationally as an environmental scientist who has focused on water.
Water is fundamental to life and hope; it is everyone’s issue, and it is one to which I and our School
are committed.
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Message from Jamie Bartram, PhD
d i r e c t o r
Water is a defi ning challenge of the 21st century. It represents one of the great de-
velopment opportunities of our time, impacting health, agriculture, security, the
economy and the environment. Water will either constrain or enable the future
development of every country, including the US. It will determine our prosper-
ity, health and ability to enjoy nature; those countries that know how to manage
water well have healthier and wealthier populations.
The water, sanitation and hygiene challenges that confront North Carolina,
the US and the world, demand interdisciplinary initiatives to deliver proven
solutions supported by: fi nancial innovation in managing water supplies; technological innovation in augmenting
water resources; scientifi c innovation in understanding health and ecosystem impacts of new contaminants; social
innovation in bringing water and sanitation to the unserved; and policy innovation to address threats such as
climate change.
We need a unifi ed vision and cooperation to solve WaSH challenges. They call for academic leadership. UNC
is well positioned to contribute to and advance the course of development in the coming decades.
The University is responding to local, national and global water challenges by developing new courses with
collaboration across disciplines and schools, expanding interdisciplinary research initiatives, and extending the
campus theme, Water In Our World, until 2015.
The Water Institute furthers this progress by addressing WaSH, health and development issues through our
research, networking and partnership development, knowledge and information management, and teaching
eff orts. This review summarizes our work over the fi rst three years –towards a world in which WaSH supports
health and development for all.
the mission of the water institute at unc is to provide global academic
leadership for economically, environmentally, socially and technically
sustainable management of water, sanitation and hygiene for equitable
health and human development.
The Water Institute at UNC
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Strategic FunctionsoUr STraTegIC PlaN foCUSeS oN four key functions to support our mission to provide global academic
leadership in WaSH, health and development, using science to inform good practices and appropriate policy, through
forward-thinking, collaborative activities.
reSearCh: We provide leadership and direction
in tackling critical knowledge gaps that hamper
progress in water, sanitation, hygiene, health
and development. Our research contributes to
evidence-based decisions in the scientific, policy
and practitioner communities domestically and
internationally. In our first three years, we published
more than 60 scientific papers, and citations of our
work are increasing.
kNoWledge aNd INformaTIoN
maNagemeNT: We aim to provide balanced,
objective and relevant information on WaSH, health
and development for policy-makers, practitioners,
researchers and funders. We use a range of channels
in disseminating information, including WaSH publica-
tions, invited presentations, virtual learning opportuni-
ties, workshops, and our newsletter that reaches more
than 15,000 individuals. We also co-publish with IWA
the already well-established Journal of Water Sanita-
tion and Hygiene for Development.
NeTWorkINg aNd ParTNerShIP devel-
oPmeNT: We bring together individuals and institu-
tions from diverse disciplines and sectors, empower-
ing them to collaborate to solve critical global issues
in WaSH, health and development. Our annual Water
and Health Conference attracts hundreds of partici-
pants from dozens of countries and organizations and
we are launching two new conferences in 2014: Nexus
2014: Water, Food, Climate and Energy and Water Mi-
crobiology: Microbial Contaminants from Watersheds
to Human Exposure.
TeaChINg aNd learNINg: We use innovative
distance learning programs and hands-on learning to
help fill the global need for relevant, accessible train-
ing for WaSH professionals. Through multidisciplinary
coursework, students benefit from the comparative
advantage in the knowledge base and expertise
of Water Institute faculty, staff, fellow students and
collaborators. Our first distance learning program on
Water Safety Plans is now a regular offering.
global aCademICleaderShIP
kNoWledgeaNd INformaTIoN
maNagemeNT
NeTWorkINg aNd ParTNerShIP
develoPmeNT
reSearCh
TeaChINg aNd
learNINg
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Focus AreasoUr fIve eSTablIShed foCUS areaS are things we see as the ‘elephants in the room’—the complex
issues that are too readily ignored in favor of easier-to-answer questions, but that block accelerating and
sustaining progress on WaSH. We aim to work with existing and new partners to identify them, understand them
and find creative added-value ways forward. We are evaluating two potential additional focus areas— National
and Regional WaSH Challenges in the US and the Water-Food-Climate-Energy Nexus.
global
aCademIC
leaderShIP
moNITorINg,
evalUaTIoN
aNd learNINg
for WaSh
WaSh
goverNaNCe
SaNITaTIoN
for The
21ST CeNTUry
NaTIoNal
aNd regIoNal
WaSh ChalleNgeS
IN The US
(in evaluation)
WaTer-food-
ClImaTe-eNergy
NexUS
(in evaluation)
adaPTINg
To WaTer
SCarCITy
aNd ClImaTe
ChaNge
drINkINg
WaTer
for all
fo
cu
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ar
ea
s
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moNITorINg, evalUaTIoN aNd learNINg for WaSh
Despite substantial progress in increasing access to improved water sources over the past few decades, limited
data are available on the impact and outcomes of investments in WaSH. Even though many organizations con-
duct program monitoring, and some even conduct periodic evaluations, the WaSH sector is lacking a robust set
of standardized indicators for tracking program outcomes.
The Water Institute is developing a set of standard indicators that enable organizations and funders to mea-
sure and improve the performance, outcomes and sustainability of their WaSH programs. By adopting the set
of indicators, organizations can improve and accelerate the impact of their WaSH programs and reach the most
disadvantaged and underserved populations. Quality improvement methods and tools will help direct resources
to the most effective programs and help target the areas and individuals most in need.
The Water Institute is working with organizations to collect, analyze, and interpret data and turn lessons
learned into action for continuous quality improvement in WaSH. We have created an online resource, the Virtual
Learning Center, to facilitate and accelerate monitoring, evaluation and learning.
The Virtual Learning Center (VLC) is a platform for global practitioners to share knowledge, ideas and experi-
ences. This VLC facilitates training in the collection and analysis of WaSH monitoring data, and supports the
dissemination of knowledge and innovations relevant to WaSH implementers and partners in the field.
We are applying an evidence-based, data driven approach to address cross-cutting WaSH issues such as:
the unserved and ultra-poor; WaSH in schools; sustainability; and information and communications technologies
for WaSH monitoring. Through our research and systematic reviews of WaSH data, we work to strengthen WaSH
programs worldwide in the post-2015 period and are dedicated to increase and improve the quality of monitor-
ing, evaluation and learning.
ProjeCT: monitoring, evaluation and learning of
the Conrad N. hilton foundation Water, Sanitation
and hygiene Initiative
The Water Institute is working with Hilton Foundation
partners in West Africa, India and Mexico to measure
progress of their WaSH programs and advise them
on quality improvement opportunities. Current Hilton
Foundation WaSH Partners include: The Aga Khan
Foundation, Alternativas y Procesos de Participacion
Social A.C. de C.V., The Desert Research Institute,
The Foundation Center, IRC (International Water and
Sanitation Center), The Millennium Water Alliance,
The OneDrop Foundation, Safe Water Network, Water.
org, WaterAid, Water and Sanitation for Africa (formerly
CREPA), World Vision and UNICEF. Implementers,
technical advisors, research groups, advocacy partners
and knowledge managers were all involved in developing
a core set of indicators and multiple learning tools for
immediate and continuous quality improvement for
partners to increase the effectiveness of WaSH programs.
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ProjeCT: hWTS Network: UNC Support to the
Who, UNICef and others
The International Network on Household Water
Treatment and Safe Storage is a WHO and UNICEF-
led global alliance of more than 150 non-profit
organizations, governments, research institutions
and private sector firms working to increase access
to safe drinking-water. With support from the P&G
Children’s Safe Drinking Water Program, The Water
Institute has provided communications support to
Network members since 2010. Our activities have
included supporting the dissemination and uptake of
a new WHO & UNICEF toolkit on M&E through public
presentations, webinars and learning workshops.
INSIghT: getting Wet, Clean and healthy: Why
households matter (bartram et al., Lancet, 2012)
Slowing population growth will not substantively
benefit progress on drinking water and sanitation
because water and sanitation services are
increasingly delivered to households, not individuals.
Worldwide, the number of households is increasing
rapidly, and will roughly triple from 1.3 billion to
3.6 billion between 1990 and 2050. We show that
challenges in maintaining and expanding drinking
water and sanitation coverage are underestimated,
progress is overestimated, and that improved
indicators and monitoring of access to water and
sanitation are needed to ensure that scarce public
resources are focused on underserved populations.
INSIghT: global access to Safe Water: accounting
for Water Quality and the resulting Impact on mdg
Progress (onda et al., International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, 2012)
At the time Target 7c of the MDGs was developed,
there was no credible monitoring alternative to
counting households using various types of sources
of drinking water. Doing so meant that no account
was taken of actual water safety. With support from
IAPMO, Water Institute researchers used existing
data to re-calculate progress accounting for safety,
showing that a total of 1.8 billion people using piped or
other improved water sources in fact receive unsafe
water, a shortfall of 10 percent of the global population
towards the MDG target in 2010 rather than the official
‘on track’ estimate. The health and development
implications suggest that greater attention is needed
to better understand and manage water safety.
Participants at the Network’s Regional Workshop on HWTS for
West Africa in Accra, Ghana.
Projected trends in population and number of households
normalized to 1990 values
Comparison of MDG Target 7c baseline and target when including
and excluding fecal contamination and sanitary risk in water safety
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
1990 2010 2030 2050
Pro
ject
ed
Po
pu
lati
on
an
d N
um
be
r o
f H
ou
seh
old
s n
orm
aliz
ed
to
19
90
Va
lue
(ye
ar
valu
e/1
99
0 v
alu
e)
France - Households
France - Population
Dominican R. - Households
Dominican R. - Population
Ethiopia - Households
Ethiopia - Population
01990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
10
23
2017
1413
12
28
37
53
46 (projected)
26 (target)
26 (projected)
18 (target)
12 (target)
Current MDG indicator definition of unsafe as unimproved
Unsafe (Adjusted for Water Quality Estimates)
Unsafe (Adjusted for Water Quality and Sanitary Risk)
9 (projected)
47
20
30
40
50
60
Pro
ject
ed
Wit
ho
ut
Sa
fe W
ate
r (%
)
fo
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s
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WaSh goverNaNCe
Many WaSH interventions fail prematurely (for example, it has been estimated that one-third of hand pumps in sub-
Saharan Africa do not work at any one time). Other interventions are under-invested, with inadequate replacement
of aging infrastructure in both developed and developing countries. Resilient institutions, appropriate policies and
efficient, implementable regulations are instrumental in sustaining drinking water and sanitation services.
We seek to understand how institutions, stakeholders, policies and policy instruments, such as regulations,
combine to optimize access, quality and benefits of water and sanitation services. Our research spans
governance on the local, national and international levels.
Better understanding of the determinants of sustainability of established interventions, and of the scalability
of proposed interventions could contribute to improving sector performance. These determinants include the
“enabling environment:” institutions, policies, regulations and the influences of social, cultural, political, economic
and environmental circumstances.
We have conducted research on progress towards the MDG target for water and sanitation and our WaSH
Governance work contributes to the development of post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals. We undertook
a number of studies for UNICEF related to WaSH monitoring in the context of post-2015 development agenda
discussions; this and other work informed WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) working group
recommendations about future global WaSH targets and indicators.
ProjeCT: Water Wisdom: developing local-global
Capacities in managing Water
Completed in 2012, the Water Wisdom project, funded the NIH Fogarty
International Center, addressed how to maximize health and social
benefits from investments in WaSH by improving the quality of local and
global policy and program implementation. Working in Brazil, Ecuador
and Malawi, we examined how information is collected, made available
and used; and how new technology might overcome critical constraints.
The project established new approaches for designing institutional
and technological systems to provide accurate and timely information
in the appropriate format to support improved WaSH policy-making
and program implementation. This research program contributes to
identifying how to analyze and use evidence in decision-making within
institutions on regional, national and global scales.
ProjeCT: Identifying barriers and levers
to advancing hWTS to Scale
This study, sponsored by PATH and UNICEF, sought to better
understand the enabling environment for the scale-up and sustainability
of household water treatment and safe storage. We explored
obstructing and enabling factors through interviews, focus groups and
online surveys with diverse professionals. The results were used to
develop three assessment tools that could be used to determine the
likelihood of scaling up a particular HWTS product in a country, the
readiness of national governments to scale up HWTS, and factors for
implementing interventions in a particular community. We concluded
that it is critical to consider the target population, the organization/
intervention characteristics and the enabling environment. The
results from the study have been presented at the HWTS Network’s
Southern African regional conference and the UNC Water and Health
Conference, and will be described in a journal publication.
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INSIghT: equity in Water and Sanitation: developing an Index to
measure Progressive realization of the human right (luh et al.,
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2013)
Water and sanitation was recognized as a human right in 2010, making
countries responsible for progressively realizing universal access.
Existing indicators measure either the level of fulfillment of water-
related goals or rates of change of target indicators. Neither of these
methods allows the progress made by countries to be fairly compared
against each other and across time. Water Institute researchers
created an Equity Index to evaluate country progress in realizing
substantive equity for the right to water. They found that most of
the 56 countries analyzed are achieving some progress in reducing
inequality. These index scores make it possible to: rank and compare
countries, detect countries that are non-compliant with the principle of
progressive realization and re-direct WaSH policy and program efforts
to areas of need.
INSIghT: Post-2015 global monitoring of Water Safety
As part of a study for UNICEF on urban monitoring of WaSH for the Post-2015 development framework, The
Water Institute supported the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme’s Water Working Group in exploring the
feasibility of different approaches to global monitoring of drinking water safety. We identified three approaches
to water quality data: dedicated water quality surveys, integration of water quality testing within household
surveys and data from regulatory agencies and/or utilities; then assessed their suitability for global monitoring
purposes, and calculated preliminary cost estimates. We recommended that water quality information be
systematically collected for selected parameters both at the point of service delivery/collection and at the point
of consumption, where possible.
EQ
UIT
Y I
ND
Ex
D ISTRIBUTION OF 2010 EQUITY INDEx
SCORES BY SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP
FOR THE 56 COUNTRIES ANALYZED
PROPOSED INDICATORS FOR WATER QUALITY
GROSS NATIONAL INCOME PER CAPITA
100 1000 10000 100000 -1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
high income uppermiddleincome
lowermiddleincome
low income
(b)
Gross National Income per capita
Name relaTIoN To WaTer QUalITy examPle daTa SoUrCe
Improved/Unimproved Systematic reivew of expert opinion on likelihood of contamination/protected sources
JMP (derived from household surveys and censuses)
Basic/Intermediate/Higher Service levels are being devised and may include water quality measures
TBC
Continuity of service Potential indicator of infiltration risk in piped supplies, will be source dependent
IBNET
Leakage rate For piped supplies, the leakage rate may be a proxy for infiltration, especially if there are intermittency problems
IBNET
Perception Individual perception of water quality. Indicator of acceptability, but a poor predictor of microbial quality
Gallup survey Household surveys WASH Cost
Taste Not considered a likely proxy for priority health contaminants, especially microbial; possible indicator for acceptability
WASH Cost
Sanitary risk May be a good proxy for water quality; a direct measure of risk
RADWQ
Free chlorine (preferably with Turbidity measure if above/or 5 NTU)
May be a good proxy for microbial contamination in some supplies
DHS Peru IBNET
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SaNITaTIoN for The 21ST CeNTUry
Sanitation is the promotion and use of hardware for the safe management of human excreta. In 2011, about 2.5
billion people in the developing world lacked access to basic sanitation, including one billion who practice open
defecation. As most of the sickness and death associated with inadequate WaSH results from fecal-oral disease
transmission, management of human feces constitutes the heart of the WaSH challenge. An increasingly urban
world complicates sanitation, as more human waste is concentrated into smaller areas, increasing exposure
while limiting simple technical options.
While sanitation’s importance has become increasingly recognized over the past 15 years, we are still
ignorant of the basic interactions between pathogens, pathways, practices, players and policies. Fundamental
processes are poorly understood, particularly in environmental health and human terms: Which exposures to
human feces constitute the greatest risks? Which are most amenable to control? What factors drive adoption of
sanitation? What happens to wastes between the toilet or latrine and their return to the environment? How can
sanitation promotion efforts best be managed where resources are scarce?
Understanding “what is going on now” is a first step in developing realistic health interventions. A major
research opportunity in sanitation, particularly in urban areas, is to understand clearly where the risks arise, and
what can be done about them. Quantitative microbial risk analysis and geographic information system (GIS)-
based epidemiology are tools that may identify critical risks in dense urban slums in the developing world and
identify clear targets for intervention. This could permit the development of risk based sanitation interventions
that focus on where the greatest risks can be most economically reduced. These need to be coupled with
analysis of the human and sanitation management systems (formal and informal), and the engineering, economic
and financial constraints to innovate and overcome current constraints.
The Water Institute assembles teams with multi-disciplinary skills including microbiologists, anthropologists,
marketing specialists and sanitation engineers to contribute to new insights on sanitation implementation, and its
monitoring and evaluation.
ProjeCT: Testing modified Community-led Total
Sanitation for Scalability
CLTS is an approach to sanitation promotion that has
spread to countries around the world in the past 15
years. It seeks to encourage the construction and use
of sanitation facilities through “triggering” of grassroots
community mobilization. When successful, as has been
reported from many parts of South Asia, this promotes
a community-wide commitment to becoming open-
defecation free. Success depends on the quality of the
triggering; but the number of development professionals
skilled in such participatory mobilization approaches is
limited. PLAN International and others are eager to learn
who can take on this triggering role: natural leaders
from the community, local school teachers and health sector workers. The Water Institute has designed, and is
implementing, rigorous evaluation studies of PLAN-supported CLTS projects in Ethiopia, Ghana and Kenya to
learn the effects of such modifications to the CLTS approach, see how they influence success or failure, and
learn lessons for future intervention design. This work is important not only for the questions it may directly
answer, but also for the methodological lessons, as to how such studies can best be conducted, that may assist
other applied researchers in sanitation in the future.
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ProjeCT: Support to the Who/UNICef joint monitoring
Programme’s Working group on Sanitation
As part of a larger study for UNICEF on urban monitoring for the Post-
2015 Development Framework for WaSH, The Water Institute supported
the Sanitation Working Group in development and analysis of options to
monitor progress towards “complete management of human excreta,”
which is the chain of treatment and disposal (or lack thereof) prior to the
return of treated excreta to the environment. This responds to the growing
recognition of clandestine and dangerous dumping of latrine wastes after
emptying, of uncontrolled sewage discharges. Neither of these can be
monitored through the current JMP method. A number of options were
developed, discussed with the Working Group and are described in a working paper. While much work remains to be
done on the practical details of such monitoring, The Water Institute’s presentation showed promise and the Working
Group adopted the monitoring of the complete management of excreta in its recommendations.
INSIghT: Sanitation: a global estimate of Sewerage
Connections without Treatment and the resulting Impact
on mdg Progress (baum et al., Environmental Science
and Technology, 2013)
JMP estimated that in 2010, 4.3 billion people were using
an improved sanitation facility, and 2.6 billion people were
using an unimproved sanitation facility worldwide. However,
monitoring of progress toward the sanitation component
of MDG Target 7c did not account for the need to protect
communities and the wider population from exposure to
untreated sewage. Water Institute researchers reassessed
the progress of 124 countries by classifying connections to
sewerage as “improved sanitation” only if the sewage was
treated before discharge to the environment. Redefining
sewerage-without-treatment as unimproved sanitation in
MDG monitoring would raise the 1990 baseline population
using unimproved sanitation from 53% to 64% and the corresponding 2015 target from 27% to 32%. At the current
rate of progress, we estimate a shortfall of 28% (1.9 billion people) in 2010 and a project 27% shortfall in 2015. This
publication highlights the need to re-evaluate the JMP monitoring categorization “basic sanitation” to encompass
both the individual and the collective right to a clean and healthy environment.
INSIghT: how health Professionals Could lever
health gains from Improved Water, Sanitation and
hygiene Practices (Platt and bartram, Perspectives
in Public Health, 2010)
There are missed opportunities for coordination and
collaboration between the health and WaSH sectors
that contribute to the disease burden associated
with inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene. With
support from WaterAid, we applied an established
health system functions framework to water,
sanitation and hygiene and concluded that health
agencies and professionals have the potential to
improve the implementation, impact and sustainability
for safe WaSH-related practices.
Global access to sewerage connection alone and to
sewerage connection with sewage treatment in 2010,
by country income group
how health professionals can advance health by
engaging in WaSh
• Prima non nocere: Enact, implement and enforce minimum
standards for WaSH in all types of healthcare facilities including
both physical facilities and their safe functioning and patient
safety and infection control measures
• Review curricula and in-career development for all health
professionals to ensure relevant and usable WaSH components
are incorporated
• Update clinical practice guidelines: When patients are present
with diseases associated with poor WaSH practices, offer long-
term preventive solutions in addition to immediate treatment
• Provide patient education materials in healthcare settings
such as waiting rooms and clinics
• Actions speak louder than words: Remember in your daily
interactions that you can model safe WaSH-related practices to
those around you
100
Low Income
% o
f P
op
ula
tio
n w
ith
Acc
ess
Sewerage ConnectionSewerage Connection and Treatment
Low MiddleIncome
Upper MiddleIncome
Higher Income
80
60
40
20
0
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adaPTINg To WaTer SCarCITy aNd ClImaTe ChaNge
Water scarcity arises when resources are insufficient to meet the sum of the demands made on them, whether
from agriculture, industry, household use, environmental or other needs. By 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living
in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world’s population could be under
water stress. To some extent, water availability can be improved by storage in dams, groundwater recharge
and planned re-use. However, climate change is adversely affecting availability in most regions and is projected
to result in increased flooding and drought, rising sea levels, amplified coastal storminess and an overall
decrease in precipitation in most subtropical regions. Drinking water and sanitation facilities and services in both
developed and developing nations are vulnerable. The impacts of climate change are likely to have substantive
adverse impacts on drinking water and sanitation services, increasing the rate of failure and the costs of
maintaining and extending coverage.
The Water Institute’s work on climate change focuses on assessing risks to drinking water and sanitation
at different scales; identifying and ranking opportunities for adaptation; and supporting adaptation through
identification, collation and dissemination of good practices. We incorporate adaptation considerations across
our work in other focus areas and work with partners to assess vulnerabilities in their programs and projects and
identify adaptation opportunities. We believe that understanding the vulnerability of WaSH services and anticipating
future challenges can inform adaptation strategies that will help to increase resilience to climate change.
ProjeCT: Water and Sanitation Service Sustainability: WaSh and
Climate Change Country assessment
UNICEF country programs, designed and implemented in response
to national priorities, need to be adapted to the potential adverse
effects of climate change. Better information is needed to harmonize
interventions, lessen the risk to countries and communities, and
ensure that progress achieved is not lost. The Water Institute assessed
20 UNICEF “WaSH Priority” countries, evaluating their vulnerability,
resilience and adaptive capacity to the major hazardous events
associated with climate change. Our assessment work formed the basis
for an internal UNICEF analysis of country-specific vulnerability and
preparedness for WaSH programming effectiveness and sustainability.
ProjeCT: County-level ranking of US drinking Water and Sanitation Systems for Climate Change
vulnerability and Preparedness
Extreme weather events, like floods and droughts, are expected to be more frequent and severe due to climate
change. These climate-related hazards will adversely impact both drinking water and sanitation systems. The
effect of these hazards is dependent on a number of factors: the sensitivity, resilience, and adaptive capacity of
the affected water and sewage or septic systems, the geographical location and the weather event itself. Using
data for US states and municipalities, and made possible by support from Wells Fargo, The Water Institute team
developed a model that analyzes and ranks US counties by their preparedness and vulnerability to climate-
related hazards. The system enables at-risk areas to be identified, so that adaptations and potential innovations
can be suggested for most vulnerable areas.
MAP
RANK 1 (LEAST VULNERABLE)
RANK 2
RANK 3
RANK 4
RANK 5 (MOST VULNERABLE)
VULNERABIL ITY DUE TO FLOOD
IN NORTH CAROLINA
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INSIghT: Technologies for
Climate Change adaptation –
Water Sector guidebook (elliott et al.,
UNeP risoe Centre, 2011)
Water Institute researchers wrote this
guidebook, published by the UNEP
Risoe Center and freely available
online at http://www.waterinstitute.
unc.edu/media/TNAhandbook_
Water.pdf. It describes adaptation
strategies in the categories of water
conservation, storm water control and
capture, resilience to water quality
degradation, preparation for extreme
weather events, diversification of
water supply and mitigation. It is a
practical tool for use by a broad range
of stakeholders, including those
in governmental agencies, water
utilities, community water boards,
nongovernmental organizations and
private sector companies.
INSIghT: evaluating Country-
level Population vulnerabilities
to Water access due to Climate
related hazards Using high
Spatial resolution methods
(elliott et al., submitted)
With funding from The Wallace
Genetic Foundation, The Water
Institute developed a methodology
to determine the vulnerability
and preparedness of drinking
water systems to climate-related
hazardous events such as flood,
drought and cyclone. We produced
the first ever country-level ranking
of population-level vulnerability,
presented in maps depicting risks
due to cyclone, flood and drought
and for the sum of the three hazards.
x
Div
ers
ifica
tio
n o
f W
ate
r
Su
pp
ly
Gro
un
d-
wa
ter
Re
cha
rge
Pre
pa
rati
on
fo
r E
xtre
me
We
ath
er
Eve
nts
Re
silie
nce
to
Wa
ter
Qu
alit
y D
eg
rad
ati
on
Sto
rmw
ate
r C
on
tro
l an
d
Ca
ptu
re
Wa
ter
Co
nse
rva
tio
n
�
� �
�
� �
�
� �
� � �
� � � �
� � �
� � �
Boreholes/Tubewells as a Drought Intervention for Domestic
Water Supply
Desalination
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS)
Improving Resilience of Protected Wells to Flooding
Increasing the Use of Water-efficient Fixtures and Appliances
Leakage Management, Detection and Repair in Piped
Systems
Post-construction Support (PCS) for Community-managed
Water Systems
Rainwater Collection from Ground Surfaces—Small Reservoirs
and Micro-catchments
Rainwater Harvesting from Roofs
Water Reclamation and Reuse
Water Safety Plans (WSPs) � �
TYPES OF ADAPTATION
TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES
DESCRIBED IN THE GUIDEBOOK
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drINkINg WaTer for all
Today, reliable safe water is available to a minority of the world’s population.
Small and rural water supplies have higher rates of failure and of contamination in developed and
developing countries worldwide. Evidence indicates that the key failure point is in back-up to community level
operation and maintenance; especially for technical and financial management. The potential benefits from
innovation in management of these small systems are large.
Many urban systems deliver water intermittently and large populations collect water from community sources.
Outbreaks in systems that meet, or appear to meet, drinking water standards suggest that periodic
assessment of the water quality does not consistently result in the provision of safe water. Preventive
management has the potential to reduce public health risk and to enhance good asset management. Strategies
to make systems that deliver safe water more robust, by systematically recognizing and addressing risks, are
embodied in the concept of Water Safety Plans (WSPs) which have been widely adopted and applied since their
introduction by WHO in 2003. We are interested in determining the characteristics of settings that help maximize
benefits of WSPs.
ProjeCT: The last mile of Safe drinking Water delivery
This project, sponsored by IAPMO, explores opportunities to reduce risks
for contamination between sources of safe water and water use in homes. It
includes assessment of plumbing code enforcement in the United States in
three phases. Phase One involved categorizing US states according to the
types of state-level plumbing code adoption, enforcement procedures and
administrative rules. Phase Two includes assessing the frequency of local
plumbing code enforcement, the capacity of local plumbing code enforcement
departments, and perceived levels of compliance with plumbing codes, through
a nationally-representative survey. Phase Three describes the relationship
between state-level plumbing regulation types and local enforcement behavior
and efficacy, using data collected in the first two phases.
ProjeCT: Public health and Social benefits of at-
house Water Supplies
Funded by DFID and in cooperation with the Universities
of Leeds and East Anglia, UK, we sought to understand the
health and social benefits of at-house water supply. We
undertook systematic literature reviews, analyzed global
data, and implemented field studies in Ghana, Vietnam and
South Africa. We concluded that at-house water supply
has significant, measurable benefits when compared
with use of shared water sources, outside the home, if
the service provided is reliable. Reliable at-house water
supply are associated with higher volumes of water use,
greater practice of key hygiene behaviors, a reduction in
musculoskeletal impacts associated with carrying water
from outside the home, and improved water quality.
Our work suggests a policy shift towards the promotion
of reliable household access as the international
benchmark for water supply, in contrast to today’s focus on
community-shared sources.
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INSIghT: benefits of Water Safety
Plans: microbiology, Compliance
and Public health (gunnarsdottir
et al., Environmental Science and
Technology, 2012)
This study, led by Icelandic
colleagues with support from the
Environmental and Energy Research
Fund of Reykjavík Energy, collected
and analyzed surveillance data on
water quality and diarrhea in Iceland,
one of the first countries to legislate
the use of Water Safety Plans.
Results showed that, following WSP
implementation, microbiological water
quality improved, compliance with
drinking water standards increased,
and incidence of diarrhea declined.
People living where a WSP was
implemented were 14 percent less
likely to develop clinical diarrhea.
This study confirms that there
are substantive benefits of WSPs,
especially on water quality and
waterborne disease reduction.
INSIghT: aquatest research Program: Testing Scenarios and global regulatory review
The Aquatest project, led by the University of Bristol, UK, examined improved, cost-efficient approaches to
monitoring drinking water quality to support better management of water safety in urban and rural settings. The
Water Institute contributed to two components of this project: evaluating realistically-achievable changes to current
water quality monitoring practices in response to potential simplified testing methods, and characterizing regulatory
approaches and monitoring requirements for microbial contaminants of drinking water supply worldwide.
MEAN ANNUAL NONCOMPLIANCE WITH ICELANDIC DRINKING WATER
REGULATION AT F IVE WATER UTIL IT IES BEFORE AND AFTER WSP
COUNTRY-AVERAGED
MARGINAL COST PER TEST
FOR CURRENT (LEFT BAR)
AND MODIFIED (R IGHT
BAR) SCENARIOS
0%
V4 V5 V12 V15 V16 Average all
2%
Non-compliance before WSP Non-compliance after WSP
4%
6%
8%8.2%
1.4%
10.3%
1.0%
5.0%
0.0%
2.2%2.6%
12.6%
2.3%
7.7%
1.5%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
Large Urban Small Urban + Rural Surveillance
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Transport cost
Labor cost
Test cost
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Focus Areas in EvaluationIN addITIoN To oUr fIve eSTablIShed foCUS areaS, we are evaluating two further areas for
potential inclusion in our future plans:
NaTIoNal aNd regIoNal WaSh ChalleNgeS IN The US
In the early 20th century, the US provided international leadership in establishing drinking water and sanitation
services for its cities and rural populations. The results demonstrated the health benefits of drinking water
treatment on control of typhoid and of introducing disinfection. Today the infrastructures for these critical
services are aging and remain incomplete. The American Society of Civil Engineers routinely grades US water
and sanitation infrastructures with a ‘D.’ Septic tank failure rates are common and small water systems, which
supply around 20 percent of the population, often fail basic safety standards.
There are opportunities to improve on current practices that could enhance health protection, service
delivery or contribute to containing costs. We are focusing our preliminary work on two challenges: tackling the
specific problems of small and marginalized communities; and the potential contribution of Water Safety Plans
as an approach that has demonstrated benefits in other developed nations. In both cases, we seek to provide
added value links between our activities in the Southeastern US and abroad.
ProjeCT: racial disparities in access to Public
Water and Sewer Service in North Carolina:
Public health Impacts and Policy Solutions
This project, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation, focuses on reducing racial disparities in
access to public water and sanitation services. Sub-
stantial disparities exist in North Carolina, a legacy
of racial segregation. This research aims to discover
the roles of race and socioeconomic status in deter-
mining the likelihood of access to WaSH services, as
well as the contribution the lack of WaSH services
make to health disparities, and the resulting state-
wide health and economic costs. The results will
address the policy, system and administrative strate-
gies that are most effective in reducing disparities in
the effectiveness, efficiency and outcomes of public
health strategies delivered to racial and ethnic
minority and low-income populations.
ProjeCT: Water Safety Planning in Small municipal and Private Water
Supply Systems in North Carolina
Water Safety Plans were developed by the WHO as a means to manage risks
within drinking water systems. They involve a preventive approach to identify
and control risks in a drinking water system from catchment to consumer.
With support from NEHA and CDC, a team of Water Institute researchers is
identifying the potential impacts of introducing Water Safety Plans in small
municipal and private water supply systems in North Carolina. We have identified locations for pilot projects that
are feasible and appropriate, and are discovering factors that either facilitate or inhibit the implementation of the
WSP process in the US context.
WAKE COUNTY (NORTH CAROLINA) POCKETS OF LOW
PERCENTAGE WATER SERVICE BY 2010 CENSUS BLOCK
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WaTer-food-ClImaTe-eNergy NexUS
Global trends such as population growth, urbanization and rising living standards are increasing the demands for
water, food and energy, which will impact the security and sustainable use of natural resources. If current trends
continue: agriculture will have to produce 70 percent more food by 2050, primary energy needs will increase by 50
percent by 2035 and demand for water will exceed global availability by 40 percent in 2030. In order for the world to
reduce hunger and eradicate poverty and to maintain standards already achieved, attaining security for water, energy
and food for all people is essential. This challenge is becoming even more critical with the impacts of climate change.
ProjeCT: Nexus Conference
In 2014, The Water Institute will host the Nexus 2014: Water,
Food, Climate and Energy Conference. The Conference will
bring together researchers, policy-makers and practitioners from
government, civil society and business internationally to address
the relationships among water, climate, food and energy, and the
impacts on security, sustainability and development.
INSIghT: Who Zoonoses: Workshop on emerging Waterborne
Infectious disease (2009)
The Water Institute, on behalf of the WHO, hosted an
international meeting of experts to discuss the impact of zoonotic
microorganisms linked to waterborne disease in humans and
identify potential future disease threats. The resulting book, Animal
Waste, Water Quality and Human Health (Dufour, Bartram, Bos
and Gannon, Eds.,2012), provides information to help agencies
anticipate future waterborne disease problems and determine
whether existing practices are sufficient to protect human health.
INSIghT: World Water
development report (UN, 2012)
The World Water Development Report
is the UN’s flagship report on water that
assesses the state of the world’s fresh
water resources and provides tools for
implementing sustainable water usage.
Water Institute researchers wrote the
chapter about the underlying driving
forces of water-related diseases for
the 2012 edition of the report. The
work involved adapting the DPSEEA
framework to this new purpose and
now has been published in a scientific
journal. The DPSEEA frameworks indicate
that a select group of driving forces,
including population growth, agriculture,
infrastructure (dams and irrigation), and
climate change, is at the root cause of key global disease burdens. Sanitation was found to be a widely applicable
and effective intervention, targeting the driver/pressure linkage of most of the water-related diseases examined.
• More than 85% of the world’s fecal wastes are from domestic animals, such as poultry, cattle, sheep and pigs, which contaminate recreational waters and drinking water sources with excreta and pathogens.
• Most recognized “emerging” diseases are from zoonotic sources.
DRIVER, PRESSURE, STATE, ExPOSURE AND EFFECT FOR
WATER-BASED DISEASES (Gentry-Shields and Bartram, 2014)
Line
Thickness
Strength of
association
Strong
Intermediate
Fair
Environmental
manipulation
Environmental
modification
Modify or
manipulate
human behavior
Schistosomiasis
Exposure to
contaminated
waters (e.g.
bathing)
Concentration
of pathogens
Uncontained
and untreated
excreta
Changing
environmental
characteristics
Climate Change
Agriculture
Population
Growth
Concentration
of intermediate
host
Dams and
irrigation
projects
Improved
sanitation
Driver Pressure State Exposure Health E�ect
Action Health Impact
Assessment
WaTer
food
ClImaTe
eNergy
NexUS
2014
SUSTaINabIlITy
SeCUrITy
develoPmeNT
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ResearchWaTer INSTITUTe reSearCherS Work with visiting and collaborating scholars worldwide. Our
research identifies emerging trends and examines ongoing problems in WaSH, health and development.
The four primary objectives of our research strategy are to: produce a coherent, focused research effort;
support UNC faculty research relevant to the Institute and its focus areas; ensure our research is accessible to
a variety of audiences; and identify critical new and emerging issues. Water Institute researchers work toward
these objectives through the integrated processes of defining research problems, building teams to explore
them, producing deliverables and communicating findings.
INPUTS
Water Institute researchers identify, develop and submit grant proposals that align with one or more of our focus
areas. Our annual number of research grant proposals has progressively risen since 2010; and the success rate
of awards for submitted proposals approaches 50 percent.
We create collaborative research with UNC faculty and departments as well as governments,
intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, universities and other research institutes. Our research is often
multidisciplinary, bringing in diverse perspectives from fields such as engineering, epidemiology, health behavior,
environmental sciences, human rights law and public policy. Through this intersection of viewpoints, we are able
to provide distinct approaches to address complex challenges in WaSH, health and development.
RESEARCH INDICATORS
2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Proposals submitted
Awards granted
Active projects
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In the three academic years to 2012-13, we produced more than
60 publications. Nearly two-thirds of our research outputs have
been scholarly articles in peer-reviewed journals. We also
authored and edited book chapters and have contributed to
publications such as the UN’s World Water Development Report
and UNEP’s Technologies and Practices for Climate Change
Adaptation in the Water Sector. Our outputs also include invited
presentations made at conferences around the world.
ImPaCTS
Published peer-reviewed papers with increasing citation rates
illustrate The Water Institute’s research impact. Water Institute
research papers have been cited 321 times, and as of December
2013, we have an h-index of 8 and an i10-index of 8, according
to Google Scholar. Our research provides evidence to support
effective decision-making on WaSH. The article Global Access
to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Resulting
Impact on MDG Progress (Onda et al., International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, 2012) was cited 40
times by various academics and practitioners, including multiple
UN agencies, between its publication in 2012 and 2013. Another
article, Sanitation: A Global Estimate of Sewerage Connections
without Treatment and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress
(Baum et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 2013), had
already cited 10 times between its publication earlier in 2013 and
December 2013.
Dr. Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson
joined The Water Institute as our
Director of Research in September
2013. In this role, she steers the
implementation of the overall
research effort of the Institute.
She has been a professor in the
Department of Environmental
Sciences and Engineering
at UNC since 2007. Her own
research focuses on constructing
mathematical models that can
be used to assess the impacts
of alternative policies and aid in
decision-making on environmental
quality and public health.
CITATIONS TO WATER INSTITUTE ARTICLES*
* As of October 30, 2013.
“The Water Institute at UNC,” Google Scholar, accessed October 30, 2013,
http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=yodNYMAAAAAJ&hl=en
2009 2010 2011 2012
165
0
2013
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Knowledge and Information ManagementWe IdeNTIfy, ProdUCe aNd dISTrIbUTe relevant and timely insights on WaSH, health and
development. We seek to support effective policy-making and decision-taking, which protect and improve
human health worldwide and foresee emerging risks. The Water Institute is committed to transforming science
into meaningful findings and actionable recommendations.
Our strategy aims to: utilize innovative and tested approaches to identify relevant WaSH information and
knowledge; create mechanisms for capturing knowledge in ways pertinent to specific target audiences; and
disseminate and share lessons to provide effective support for decision-makers and policy-makers.
The Water Institute’s knowledge and information management activities take a variety of forms and we
use a range of dissemination channels. Aside from our peer-reviewed publications, we are bridging the gap
between researchers, policy-makers and practitioners through policy briefs, conferences, invited presentations,
maps, virtual learning opportunities, working group participation and workshops. Our communications tools and
partnerships multiply the reach of these efforts, such as our newsletter with more than 15,000 recipients. With WHO
we are developing briefing notes to improve the uptake and impact of household water treatment and safe storage.
Our activities have provided insight into achieving progress on vexing issues in the WaSH sector, from
accounting for water quality in monitoring MDG progress to understanding the needs and perspectives of
government finance ministries on funding WaSH.
We seek opportunities to share our work with the WaSH community and other audiences through invited
presentations at other events. Water Institute staff addressed the University of Oxford’s International Conference
on Water Security, Risk and Society on the status of water resources worldwide and recently delivered two
presentations and a workshop on monitoring and evaluation in Ethiopia. We also presented on what works in
drinking water and sanitation at the UN General Assembly MDG summit in 2010.
Policy brief for the Steering Committee of the
Sanitation and Water for all Partnership
The Water Institute and the Global Research
Institute (GRI) at UNC hosted a meeting of senior
government officials from six African countries to
discuss government decision-making related to
water, sanitation and hygiene. The meeting was led
by GRI Fellow Clarissa Brocklehurst. The participants,
who came from Nigeria, The Gambia, Sierra Leone,
Uganda, Liberia and South Sudan, covered a number
of subjects: the process by which finance ministers are
briefed, the role of finance ministries in shaping WaSH
investments and the perceptions of finance ministers
with respect to WaSH. The insights and lessons gained
from this dialogue were captured and shared in a policy
brief and recommendations for WaSH advocates, sector
stakeholders and Sanitation and Water for All.
The meeting participants with Global Research Institute
fellow Clarissa Brocklehurst (right).
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Io
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ma
Na
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me
NT
Our research into the climate change vulnerability and
preparedness of US states and counties has shown that
impact is dependent on a number of factors. We are working
to make this data available online via our website and to
create a ranking system that will enable identification of
at-risk areas and targeting of investments in adaptation and
resilience strategies.
We work with Plan International and the Hilton
Foundation and their partners to strengthen implementation
according to best practices and lessons learned from our
research efforts. In these projects, we are creating virtual
knowledge and learning hubs for sharing resources,
discussing challenges and issues with the goal of facilitating
program improvement.
We participate in working groups convened by WHO
and UNICEF for the post-2015 MDG targets and indicators for
water and sanitation, and were asked by WHO to convene
a gathering of international experts to discuss research on
the impact of waterborne zoonotic disease in humans and
identifying potential future disease threats.
QUARTERLY ISSN: 2043-9083
IWA PUBLISHING:
LONDON, ENGLAND
WaSH MEL
VIRTUAL LEARNING CENTER
In collaboration with IWA, we publish
the Journal of Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene for Development. This
peer-reviewed journal is devoted
to the dissemination of high-quality
information on the science, policy
and practice of drinking water
supply, sanitation and hygiene at
local, national and international
levels. In its first few years of
publication, the journal has become
a valuable and expanding resource
in the sector and was recently
included in Thomson Reuters’ Web
of Science, an index of scholarly
and influential works. The journal is
on track to receive an impact factor
rating in 2014.
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Networking and Partnership development
Canada
United States
Mexico
Argentina
Finland
Denmark
The NetherlandsGermany
BelgiumIreland
United KingdomFrance
Portugal Spain SwitzerlandItaly
EgyptSierra Leone Ghana
Nigeria
ZambiaRwanda
South Africa
Madagascar
Sudan
EthiopiaUganda
Tanzania
Georgia
UAE
Oman
Napal China
BangladeshCambodia
Philippines
Japan
Australia
Thailand
Malaysia
India
Pakistan
COUNTRIES OF ATTENDEES AT
THE 2012 WATER AND HEALTH
CONFERENCE
We aIm To brINg TogeTher individuals and institutions from diverse disciplines and sectors and
empower them to work together to solve the most critical global issues in WaSH, health and development.
Our objectives are to convene those working in the WaSH sector to address major challenges through annual
conferences, to develop collaborating partnerships internal and external to UNC, and to actively engage in
international and domestic WaSH coalitions.
aNNUal WaTer aNd healTh CoNfereNCe
Each year we host the Water and Health Conference, which attracts around 500 participants and focuses on the
intersections of WaSH, health and development. Participants include researchers, practitioners, policy-makers,
advocates, students and entrepreneurs from more than 50 countries.
The Water Institute was launched at the 2010 Conference, and over subsequent years the Water and Health
Conference has become a well-respected global event that serves as a forum for research, learning and innova-
tion. In 2012, there were more than 400 abstract submissions and more than 525 attendees. Organizations in-
creasingly use the Conference as a launching pad for publications or activities, as UNICEF did in 2012 to launch
its Raising Even More Clean Hands campaign.
The Conference offers participants the opportunity to collaborate, network, discuss and discover new issues
in WaSH through a mix of interactive sessions, presentations and keynote speeches. In 2012, participants had
the chance to interact with the chairs of the post-2015 MDG working groups on WaSH of WHO and UNICEF.
The exchange allowed the chairs to report on their group’s work and to hear feedback from those who may not
otherwise have had an opportunity to voice an opinion.
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CollaboraTIoNS
Our staff, researchers and students seek out and work to establish enduring relationships with domestic and
international partners. Our collaborators are those individuals and organizations we work with to implement our
activities. We have more than 50 partners, which include governments, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs,
private industry, universities and research institutes. We also collaborate with a number of UNC departments
and faculty members. These partnerships support all facets of our work and allow us to provide sound science
relevant to influencing policy and practice to improve human health and development. Many of our collaborators
are identified alongside the description of the work we have done with them throughout this review.
We are members of several international coalitions, including the Sanitation and Water for All Partnership
(SWA), The Water and Climate Coalition, the International Network on Household Water Treatment and Safe
Storage and the US Water Partnership. Our membership in these organizations enables us to contribute to
solving larger WaSH challenges that require diverse resources. We offer our expertise and staff resources and
support various activities, such as leading SWA’s Research and Learning Constituency, which makes existing
information in WaSH relevant to SWA, and available and accessible to SWA partners.
The Water Institute had a significant role in the planning and launch of a major new partnership in 2011. We
worked closely with the US Department of State, the Global Environment and Technology Foundation and others
to develop the US Water Partnership. This public-private partnership was formed to share knowledge, leverage
and mobilize resources, and facilitate cross-sector partnerships to find solutions to global water accessibility
challenges, especially in the developing world. The Water Institute was the only academic founding institution
and we continue to help shape the partnership by participating in joint activities, chairing the membership
committee and serving on the steering committee.
SWA is a global partnership of 90
developing country governments, donors,
civil society organizations and other
development partners working together
to catalyze political leadership and action,
improve accountability and use of scarce
resources more effectively. Partners work
towards a common vision of universal
access to safe water and adequate
sanitation.
The US Water Partnership brings together
more than 70 organizations with the goal
of ensuring sustainable and equitable
water management that benefits people
and our environment through:
• Improving WaSH access and quality
of service.
• Advancing integrated water
resource management.
• Increasing efficiency and productivity of
water use.
• Improving governance through stronger
public and private institutions, policies
and processes.
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We aIm To CreaTe a teaching identity that shares the benefits of The Water Institute’s access and
approach to knowledge of WaSH and health, with a particular focus on graduate and professional development.
As a single player among many building capacity in the WaSH sector, we need to focus our teaching in areas of
specific expertise of our staff, faculty and partners. We:
• Contribute to the courses, seminars and degree programs within the Gillings School of Global Public
Health, and elsewhere on campus;
• Respond to global, national and local needs by developing international and local teaching and learning
partnerships that deliver innovative, relevant and highly accessible professional training programs;
• Address contemporary challenges by developing interdisciplinary training opportunities that span the
breadth of areas needed to solve WaSH problems.
Our strategy-in-development for teaching and learning includes:
INPUTS
ParTICIPaTIoN aNd eNgagemeNT are
CrITICal To learNINg, and these elements lie
at the heart of our teaching. We cannot simply “transfer
knowledge and skills to students,” but we can facilitate
the learning about WaSH and health, which can only
come from students’ active engagement. This means
that in all our teaching we promote engagement,
participation and exchange among participants and
instructors. While not always easily managed in face-to-
face settings, fostering engagement and participation is
even more challenging in distance learning.
dISTaNCe learNINg IS The key To
WaTer INSTITUTe oUTreaCh IN TeaChINg
aNd learNINg , particularly for our global
constituency of practitioners at the intersection of WaSH,
health and development. If well-managed, the potential
impact of distance learning is huge. Distance learning
is not a “soft option” for those who teach or those who
learn. While modern technology allows greater flexibility
in timing and location of learning, the course preparation
and administration require additional rigor on the part of
the teaching staff.
With initial funding support from the International
Water Association and in partnership with the University
of Surrey, The Water Institute has developed and
taught a distance learning course to 40 WaSH sector
practitioners and funding agency staff from around the
globe and within North Carolina. The course has been
certified for three Continuing Education Units, and will be
taught on an ongoing basis.
Teaching and learning
Professor Pete kolsky joined The Water
Institute as our Director of Teaching and
Learning in June 2012. Dr. Kolsky is a proud
alumnus of UNC’s MSEE degree program.
His past experiences in water, sanitation
and health include 12 years as a practicing
engineer in the public and private sectors,
10 years of research, teaching and technical
support at the London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, and, most recently,
12 years with the World Bank, where he
served as a focal point on sanitation issues.
He has worked in more than 30 countries,
and has lived at least a year each in Côte
d’Ivoire, Egypt, Mozambique, Cambodia and
Madagascar. His work at The Water Institute
focuses on developing and implementing a
practical and coherent strategy for teaching
and learning, including the successful
development and piloting of a distance
learning course on Water Safety Planning.
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all WaTer INSTITUTe TeaChINg IS foCUSed oN oUr areaS of ComParaTIve
advaNTage aNd exPerTISe. The sector does not need “copies” of existing courses, although
combining courses may create synergistic opportunities. The Water Institute ensures that participants have ready
access to experience and expertise in the courses we offer them, and this is most directly available to us from
Water Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Gillings School of Global Public Health faculty.
oUTPUTS
faCe-To-faCe TeaChINg STIll maTTerS! The contribution of The Water Institute to students in the
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and the Gillings School of Global Public Health contributes
to the education of the next generation of leaders in WaSH and public health. Specialist residential short courses
are planned in topics like WaSH as a Public Health Intervention. Both examples maximize the benefits of bringing a
multi-disciplinary faculty face-to-face with a dedicated community of students for intensive exchange.
The Water Institute contributes to teaching and learning on campus, including mentoring and support for
student organizations, like Engineers Without Borders and A Drink for Tomorrow. We’re also in the process of
preparing a textbook on WaSH and health as an authoritative source on these issues in developing and developed
countries for the interdisciplinary teaching of master’s, doctoral and advanced undergraduate students.
The revised UNC Master of Science in Environmental Engineering degree encourages participation from
international WaSH professionals. Changes to the degree were designed to address more directly the demands
of engineering practice and permit completion of the degree within a year. This non-research degree now allows
those concerned with international WaSH to come to grips with current thinking and practice at a global center
for water, health and development.
The WaTer INSTITUTe WIll leverage ITS oTher aCTIvITIeS for TeaChINg aNd
learNINg. Additionally, two of our projects have built-in opportunities for Water Institute teaching and
learning in the field. Both The Water Institute and the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation saw the value of moving
beyond a narrow “third party evaluation” of extensive water projects, and instead, building capacity for
monitoring and evaluation in these projects so that all could learn the lessons from field experience. Similarly, the
lessons learned with Plan International USA about CLTS promotion in Ethiopia, Ghana and Kenya will be more
widely shared through regional and global learning events.
ImPaCTS
As our Teaching and Learning work grows, we will contribute to capacity building in the water, sanitation, hygiene
and health sector through training the next generation of WaSH professionals. Fourteen of our 17 graduates have
gone on to careers in the WaSH sector. There are many career options for Water Institute-affiliated students after
graduation, including: international nongovernmental organizations (e.g. CARE, World Vision, Water Aid), private
sector consulting groups or firms, governmental development agencies involved in water, sanitation and hygiene
in developing countries (e.g. USAID, WHO/PAHO, the World Bank, UNICEF), as well as universities and research
institutes with interests that overlap with our own.
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Water Institute Staff
dr. jamIe barTram
Director
Jamie Bartram is the Don and Jennifer Holzworth Distinguished Professor in the Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering at UNC. He was awarded the International Water
Association’s Grand Award in 2004 and holds honorary professorships at the Universities of
Bristol and Surrey, UK. Jamie has more than 25 years of experience in international policy,
research and advisory work in public health and disease prevention, especially in relation to
environment, health, water supply and sanitation; he has worked in more than 30 developing
and developed countries worldwide. He spent 10 years as coordinator of Water, Sanitation,
Hygiene and Health at the WHO headquarters, where he led reform of the WHO’s interna-
tional monitoring and standard-setting activities and developed a series of influential com-
munities of practice.
dr. PeTe kolSky
Director of Teaching and Learning
Dr. Pete Kolsky is a Professor of the Practice in Environmental Sciences and Engineering and
Director of Teaching and Learning for The Water Institute, where he focuses on appropriate
distance learning for sector professionals and community of practice fora. As a Former Senior
Water and Sanitation Specialist in the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank,
Dr. Kolsky, brings to the Institute over 35 years of experience in the issues of water, sanitation
and health in developing countries.
dr. jaCQUelINe maCdoNald gIbSoN
Director of Research
Dr. Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson steers implementation of the overall research effort of the
Institute. Her research focuses on constructing mathematical models that can be used to
assess the impacts of alternative policies on environmental quality and public health. She has
been a professor at UNC in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering since
2007. Previously, she was the Associate Director of the Water Science and Technology Board
at the US National Research Council.
marISSa STreyle
Manager of Networking and Partnerships
Marissa oversees Water Institute conferences and events, and she works closely with our
partners and collaborators to ensure that we are forwarding research and knowledge in the
water sector. Marissa has more than 10 years of experience in international development policy.
She holds a Master of Public Management degree from the University of Maryland and a BA
from Texas A&M University.
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kaIda lIaNg
MEL Project Manager
Kaida is the project manager for the
monitoring, evaluation and learning project
in partnership with the Conrad N. Hilton
Foundation. Kaida has extensive international
program and project management experience specializing
in water, sanitation and hygiene, and humanitarian
emergencies. She holds a Master of Public Health from
UNC, with a focus on environmental health and water.
kaTIe doNohUe
Public Relations and Partnerships Coordinator
Katie develops partnerships between The
Water Institute and researchers, foundations,
corporations and alumni, and promotes work
coming out of the Institute. She has a Master
of Public Health and Global Health certificate from UNC,
and a BA from the University of Mary Washington.
eNelda bUTler
Communications Associate
Enelda develops content for the newsletter
and website, supports Water Institute confer-
ences, and works with campus and external
partners on communications activities. She
has a MA in Journalism and Mass Communication from
UNC, and a BA from the University of Alabama.
We are also grateful to all of
our past staff members, who
contributed to The Water
Institute’s first three years:
Patty Chuang
Margo Ginsberg
Jessica Izquierdo
Denise Johnson
Joe LoBuglio
Ben Mann
Julia Mendenhall
Julie Moushon
CrySTal kI
Project Coordinator
Crystal works closely with research teams to
manage outputs and deliverables. She also
liaises with UNC fiscal and administrative
offices. Crystal has a Bachelor of Science in
Public Health in Environmental Health Science from UNC.
ChrIS ClINe
IT Associate
Chris provides web and software support,
including running Water Institute-hosted
websites and managing our online confer-
ence registration and abstract submission.
He is completing his Master of Information Science at
UNC’s School of Information and Library Science.
haNNah leker
Research Support
Hannah assists the Director of Research
with identifying and evaluating new
research funding opportunities. She has
a Bachelor of Science in Public Health in
Environmental Health Science from UNC.
aShley r. WIllIamS
Research Associate
Ashley works on projects on improving the
regulation, monitoring and quality of the
packed water Industry in Sierra Leone, and
on the public health and social benefits of
at-house water supplies. She completed her master’s
degree in environmental engineering at UNC.
ryaN CroNk
Research Associate
Ryan researches monitoring of access to
drinking water beyond households and as-
sessing the safety of improved water sources
in less-developed countries. He has a mas-
ter’s degree in environmental engineering from UNC.
ryaN roWe
Knowledge Manager
Ryan works on knowledge and information
management with our projects to identify,
characterize, distribute and share lessons
learned and insights. He has nearly 10 years
of experience working with governments, researchers,
nonprofits and private sector. Ryan holds an MPH from
UNC, an MBA from York University and a Bachelor of
Commerce from Concordia University.
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Post-doctoral research associates
Urooj amjad
Urooj examines how societies manage
water by analyzing processes and
relationships within organizations, and
between institutions. Her most recent
research integrates water, food and energy in emerging
and more established economies, exploring how local
and global boundaries are more entangled, and how
institutional activities of public, private and civil society
are overlapping.
georgIa kaySer
Georgia’s research lies at the nexus of global
health policy studies and development
economics. She studies how development
policies achieve their goals through
empirical research. She has also studied the impact of
international water and sanitation development policies,
the efficacy of drinking water innovations and the impact
of transboundary watershed agreements.
jeaNNe lUh
Jeanne’s work focuses on the development
of an index to measure progress in the
realization of the human right to water
and the recalibration of the Millennium
Development Goal targets for safe water and sanitation.
She is also assessing climate change vulnerability to
extreme weather events and the implementation of Water
Safety Plans in North Carolina.
mIke fISher
Mike’s current work focuses on
leveraging monitoring, evaluation and
learning to maximize the impact of WaSH
interventions. His research and fieldwork
experiences have included work on developing,
implementing and evaluating technologies for low-cost
water treatment and safe water access spanning rural
and urban developing country settings.
ferNaNda dalCaNale
Fernanda investigated how information
is disseminated in the WaSH sector
and its effects on decision-making.
She collaborated on several projects
involving knowledge management, dissemination and
information systems.*
mark ellIoTT
Mark’s projects at The Water Institute
focused largely on climate change
adaptation in WaSH, Water Safety Plans
and small water supplies in resource
poor settings. He is now a professor at the University
of Alabama.*
*Former post-doctoral research fellow
visiting fellows
roberT baIN
Rob’s work with The
Water Institute included
developing indicators
for global monitoring
of urban water and sanitation. He
also analyzed aid-supported policy
innovations and technologies aimed
at improving safe drinking water
and sanitation systems in low- and
middle-income countries and the
investment required to achieve and
sustain global access.
dr. eUgeNe Cole
Gene is a professor of
Environmental Health
Sciences at Brigham
Young University. As a
visiting fellow at The Water Institute,
he was instrumental in the develop-
ment of our distance learning course
on Water Safety Plans.
aNdrea PereZ vIdal
Andrea’s work with The
Water Institute involved
the development and
distribution of a survey
on Water Safety Plan adoption, devel-
opment and implementation in Latin
America, and a peer review of a large
risk database for small water systems,
for Health Canada and the WHO.
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Current Water Institute affiliated Students* (as of fall 2013)
maUra allaIre
PhD candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Urban water and
sanitation, water security
raChel baUm
MS candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Measuring progress on the
human right to water and sanitation
aNNalISe blUm
PhD candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: water, sanitation,
policy, climate change
joNNy CroCker
PhD candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Community-led
total sanitation
jordaN deUINk
BSPH Candidate
Health Policy and
Management
Focus: Creating a decision
support tool for rural water and
sanitation projects
NICholaS defelICe
PhD candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Probability of harm
due to environmental contamination,
assessing disparities in water service
krISTeN doWNS
PhD candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Sustainability of rural
water supply, monitoring for sustain-
ability, geographic equity in planning
and implementing water supply
ShadI eSkaf
PhD candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: water and
wastewater rates and rate-setting,
residential water consumption
beN foSTer
MSEE candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Creating a decision
support tool for rural water and
sanitation projects
davId fUeNTe
PhD candidate
City and Regional Planning
Focus: Drinking water
and sanitation in less-
developed countries, infrastructure
finance and planning
Sarah haTCher
PhD candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: The impacts of
industrial animal production on
microbial water quality and environ-
mental health
CarolINe koSTyla
MS candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Clean water in the
developing world
CamIlle morgaN
BSPH Candidate
Biostatistics
Focus: Monitoring WaSH
program sustainability
edema ojomo
PhD candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Creating an
enabling environment for WaSH
kyle oNda
MSPH and MCRP candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering and City
and Regional Planning
Focus: Reducing risk of
contamination in water distributions
systems and plumbing
alyCIa overbo
MSPH Candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Water availability,
water usage, sustainability
STefaNIe SChWemleIN
BSPH Candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: WaSH program
sustainability, school WaSH systems
vIdya veNkaTaramaNaN
PhD candidate
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Focus: Sanitation
and hygiene behavior, applied
qualitative research methods,
sanitation technologies
*Students affiliated with The Water
Institute are registered students
at UNC and have active interest in
WaSH-health-environment linkages.
They pursue research in one or more
of The Water Institute-defined focus
areas, and often work alongside
advisers who are themselves affiliated
to The Water Institute.
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Water Institute alumniaNdreW armSTroNg
2011, MSEE
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Technical Report:
Characterization of ionic copper for
disinfection of stored drinking water
ovIk baNerjee
2012, BS
Environmental
Studies, Biology
Thesis: Evaluating country level
population vulnerabilities to water
access due to climate related hazards
using high spatial resolution method
raChel baUm
2012, BSPH
Health Policy
and Management
Thesis: Measuring the
human right to water: Developing
quantitative indicators through using
existing data sets for the equity com-
ponent of the human right to water
ryaN CroNk
2013, MS
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Thesis: Drinking water,
sanitation and hygiene beyond the
household: A review and case study
of Ghana
kaNg ChaNg
2011, MS
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Thesis: Water Safety Plan
cost analysis: Explanation building
with case studies in the Western
Pacific region
joNNy CroCker
2011, MSEE
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Technical report:
Characterization and cost-analysis of
drinking water quality monitoring in
India and Jordan
ChrISTIaN jaSPer (hUgheS)
2011, MPH
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Technical Report: The
availability of water and sanitation
facilities in schools contributing to
health and educational outcomes: A
systematic review
Tam le
2012, BS
Biology, Romance
Languages
Focus: Dry sanitation
technologies
graNT lIgoN
2011, MSPH
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Thesis: Waterborne
disease outbreaks: A systematic
review of the health effects of
drinking water system failures
elIZabeTh morrIS
2011, MS
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Thesis: Specifications
and design criteria for a packaging
sanitation solution for peri-urban
areas in developing countries
edema ojomo
2011, MSEE
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Thesis: Climate adaptation
preparedness in developing
countries: A study of 21 countries
and knowledge, attitudes and
practices studies in Akwa Ibom and
Lagos States in Nigeria
jeNNIfer PlaTT
2011, DrPH
Health Leadership, Health
Policy and Management
Dissertation: Accelerating
sanitation: A mixed-methods
assessment of the health ministry’s
role in developing countries
aShley WIllIamS (rhoderICk)
2013, MSEE
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Technical Report: Examin-
ing the relationship between distance
and water quantity: A systematic
review and multi-country field study
ryaN roWe
2012, MPH
Health Behavior and
Health Education
Thesis: NC Latina BEAUTY
Salon Project: Formative research,
design, implementation and
evaluation of a salon-based health
promotion pilot program in a Latino
salon in the NC Triangle area
jeNNIfer ShIeldS (geNTry)
2012, PhD
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Dissertation: Utilization of
microbial source-tracking markers
to inform targeted remediation and
predict potential pathogens in the
Cape Fear Watershed
haNNah SPrINg
2012, MSPH
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Thesis: Drinking
water and health: Stakeholders’
risk perceptions
alexaNder yerg
2013, MSPH
Environmental Sciences
and Engineering
Technical Report: Modeling and
forecasting drinking water and
sanitation access: A new approach
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me
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Br
s
wo
rK
IN
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IN
w
as
H
UNC faculty members Working in WaSh
mIChael aITkeN*
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringProfessor Aitken’s research focuses on the application of microbial processes to the biodegradation of organic pollut-ants and to waste treatment problems. He also conducted research to evaluate the inactivation of microbial pathogens during wastewater sludge treatment.
rIChard aNdreWS*
Public PolicyProfessor Andrews’ research focuses on the effectiveness and other con-sequences of environmental laws and policies in promoting or creating barri-ers to a more environmentally sustain-able future.
laWreNCe baNd*
Geography; Director of UNC’s Institute of the EnvironmentVoit Gilmore Distinguished Professor Band’s research focuses primarily on the structure, function and dynamics of watersheds, with an emphasis on the quantity and quality of surface water and ecosystem cycling of carbon and nutrients. This work explicitly includes the actions of human individual and institutional behavior as part of the watershed ecosystem.
margareT e. beNTley*
NutritionProfessor Bentley’s research focuses on women and infants’ nutrition, infant and young child feeding, behavioral research on sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, and community-based interventions for nutrition and health. She is an expert in both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the application of these for program development and evaluation.
karl CaSTIllo
Marine Sciences Assistant Professor Castillo’s research includes coral physiological ecology, climate change, and conservation. He is on the steering committee for Water In Our World.
gregory CharaCklIS*
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssociate Professor Characklis’ primary research interests involve integrated planning of water supply and treatment strategies through the consideration of both engineering and economic criteria.
myroN CoheN*
UNC School of Medicine; Joint appointment in Epidemiology; Director of UNC Center for Infectious DiseasesJ. Herbert Bate Distinguished Professor Cohen’s research focuses on transmission and prevention of transmission of STD pathogens, including HIV. Much of his work has been conducted at the research sites he and his group have developed in Lilongwe, Malawi and Beijing, China.
orlaNdo CoroNell*
Environmental Sciences and Engineering Assistant Professor Coronell studies physicochemical processes for water purification, with an emphasis on membrane technologies.
mIChael emCh
GeographyProfessor Emch conducts medical geography/ spatial epidemiology research that uses geographic information systems, satellite remote sensing and spatial modeling techniques. Most of his research has been on infectious diseases in the developing world, including cholera, dysentery (shigellosis), visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), dengue fever, avian influenza, HIV, malaria and acute lower respiratory infection.
rebeCCa fry
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssistant Professor Fry’s research focuses on understanding how environmental exposures are associated with human disease with a particular interest in genomic and epigenomic perturbations.
WIllIam gray
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringProfessor Gray’s interests include physics-based modeling of environmental processes.
ChIP koNrad*
GeographyAssociate Professor Konrad’s research explores the spatial and temporal patterns of atmospheric processes/patterns and the multiple linkages of these processes/patterns to surface weather and climate variability.
rICk lUeTTICh
Marine Sciences; Director, Institute of Marine SciencesProfessor Luettich’s research deals broadly with modeling and measurement of circulation and transport in coastal waters.
SUZaNNe mamaN
Health BehaviorAssociate Professor Maman’s research interests include global health, health behavior, infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, violence prevention and women’s health. She serves as a Technical Advisor the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Project.
beNjamIN maSoN meIer*
Public PolicyAssistant Professor Meier’s research—at the intersection of international law, public policy and global health—examines the harmful effects of globalization on individual health status and national health systems.
CaSS mIller
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringOkun Distinguished Professor Miller’s research involves the study of complex, multiphase or multimedia environmental systems using theoretical, computational and experimental means.
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raChel Noble*
Marine SciencesProfessor Noble’s research bridges environmental microbiology and marine microbial ecology. She has developed a range of rapid water quality test methods and studies the dynamics of microbial contaminants contributed through stormwater runoff to high-priority recreational and shellfish harvesting waters.
kavITa SINgh oNgeChI
Maternal and Child HealthResearch Assistant Professor Ongechi’s research interests are program evaluation of maternal and child health and HIV prevention programs, influence of gender measures on health outcomes and research focused on reaching vulnerable populations with interventions. She serves as a Technical Advisor for the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Project.
haNS W. Paerl*
Marine Sciences Kenan Distinguished Professor Paerl conducts research in microbially mediated nutrient cycling and primary production dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, environmental controls and management of harmful algal blooms. He assesses the causes/consequences of manmade and climatic nutrient enrichment and hydrologic alterations of inland, estuarine and coastal waters.
TamlIN PavelSky
Geological SciencesHis research interests are focused on the intersections between hydrology, satellite remote sensing, and climate change. He is on the steering committee for Water In Our World.
rohIT ramaSWamy
Public Health Leadership ProgramAssociate Professor Ramaswamy’s research interests include methods and tools for implementation of global health programs, quality improvement of health systems, use of technology for workforce capacity building and monitoring and evaluation. He serves as the Learning Advisor for the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Project.
Terry rhodeS
MusicProfessor Rhodes is the Senior Associate Dean for Fine Arts and Humanities. She is also the co-chair of the steering commit-tee for the campus-wide theme Water In Our World.
marC Serre*
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssociate Professor Serre is interested in the development of space/time statistical methods to model the distribution of environmental and health processes and their application in exposure mapping, disease mapping, environmental epidemiology and risk assessment.
PhIlIP SINger*
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringProfessor Emeritus Singer’s research interests included aquatic chemistry and physical-chemical treatment processes, focusing primarily drinking water treatment.
gary Slade
School of DentistryDistinguished Professor Slade is the Director if the Oral Epidemiology PhD Program. His research focuses on drinking water fluoridation.
mark d. SobSey*
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringKenan Distinguished Professor Sobsey studies human exposure to and health effects from pathogens in water, food and other environmental media to which people can become exposed in the developed and developing world.
jIll STeWarT*
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssistant Professor Stewart is develop-ing novel techniques to detect and track pathogens in water. She is also interested in evaluating impacts of non-point source pollution, and the manner in which hu-man activities can affect people’s expo-sure to microbial contaminants.
hoWard WeINberg
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssociate Professor Weinberg’s research group develops analytical methods for evaluating the occurrence, fate and transport of chemicals that might compromise water quality and threaten public health.
STePheN C. WhaleN*
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssociate Professor Whalen’s interests include nutrient cycling dynamics and productivity in aquatic and forested environments and agroecosystems.
rIChard WhISNaNT
School of GovernmentWhisnant is the Gladys Hall Coates Professor of Public Law and Policy. His work focuses on environmental protection and natural resources management.
dale WhITTINgToN*
Environmental Sciences and EngineeringProfessor Whittington is an environmental and water resources economist with research interests in nonmarket valuation methods. His research focuses on the political economy of international rivers such as the Nile and the Ganges. He also works on water supply and sanitation policy issues in less developed countries.
*Participated in Water Institute activities Academic Years 2009-10 to 2012-13.
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Publications**
Articles in Peer-reviewed JournAls
Bain, Robert, Stephen W. Gundry, Jim A. Wright, Hong Yang, Steve Pedley, and Jamie K. Bartram. 2012. “Accounting for Water
Quality in Monitoring Access to Safe Drinking Water as Part of the Millennium Development Goals: Lessons from Five Coun-
tries.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90 (3): 228-235.
Bain, Robert, Jamie Bartram, Mark Elliott, Robert Matthews, Lanakila McMahan, Rosalind Tung, Patty Chuang, and Stephen
Gundry. 2012. “A Summary Catalogue of Microbial Drinking Water Tests for Low and Medium Resource Settings.” International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (5): 1609-1625.
Bain, Robert, Jim Wright, Hong Yang, Steve Pedley, Stephen Gundry, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Improved But Not Necessarily
Safe: Water Access and the Millennium Development Goals.” Global Water Forum Discussion Paper 1225.
Bartram, Jamie, Katrina Charles, Barbara Evans, Lucinda OHanlon, Steve Pedley, and others. 2012. “Commentary on Community-
led Total Sanitation and Human Rights: Should the Right to Community-wide Health Be Won at the Cost of Individual Rights?”
Journal of Water and Health 10 (4): 499.
Bartram, Jamie, Mark Elliott, and Patty Chuang. 2012. “Getting Wet, Clean and Healthy: Why Households Matter.” Lancet 380
(9837): 85.
Bartram, Jamie and Sandy Cairncross. 2010. “Hygiene, Sanitation and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health.” PLoS Medicine
7 (11): e1000367.
Bartram, Jamie and Jennifer Platt. 2010. “How Health Professionals Can Leverage Health Gains from Improved Water, Sanita-
tion and Hygiene Practices.” Perspectives in Public Health 130 (5): 215-221.
Baum, Rachel, Jeanne Luh, and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Sanitation: A Global Estimate of Sewerage Connections without Treat-
ment and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress.” Environmental Science & Technology 47 (4).
Bradley, David and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Domestic Water and Sanitation as Water Security: Monitoring, Concepts and Strat-
egy.” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 371(2002).
Brocklehurst, Clarissa and Jamie Bartram. 2010. “Swimming Upstream: Why Sanitation, Hygiene and Water are So Important to
Mothers and Their Daughters.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88 (7): 482-482.
Brown, Joe, Vo Thi Hien, Lanakila McMahan, Marion W. Jenkins, Lauren Thie, Kaida Liang, Erin Printy, and Mark D. Sobsey.
2013. “Relative Benefits of On-plot Water Supply Over Other ‘Improved’ Sources in Rural Vietnam.” Tropical Medicine & Interna-
tional Health 18 (1): 65-74.
Cairncross, Sandy, Jamie Bartram, Oliver Cumming, and Clarissa Brocklehurst. 2010. “Hygiene, Sanitation and Water: What
Needs To Be Done?” PLoS Medicine 7 (11): e1000365.
Clasen, Thomas, Jamie Bartram, John Colford, Stephen Luby, Robert Quick, and Mark Sobsey. 2009. “Comment on Household
Water Treatment in Poor Populations: Is There Enough Evidence for Scaling Up Now?” Environmental Science & Technology 43
(14): 5542-5544.
Gibson, Jacqueline MacDonald, Jens Thomsen, Frederic Launay, Elizabeth Harder, and Nicholas DeFelice. 2013. “Deaths and
Medical Visits Attributable to Environmental Pollution in the United Arab Emirates.” PloS One 8 (3): e57536.
Godfrey, Sam, Pawan Labhasetwar, Tapas Chakma, Satish Wate, Aditya Swami, and Jamie Bartram. 2011. “Assessing and
Managing Fluorosis Risk in Children and Adults in Rural Madhya Pradesh, India.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for
Development 1 (2): 136-143.
Gore, Fiona, John Fawell, and Jamie Bartram. 2010. “Too Much or Too Little? A Review of the Conundrum of Selenium.” Journal
of Water and Health 8 (3): 405-416.
Gunnarsdottir, Maria J., Sigurdur M. Gardarsson, Mark Elliott, Gudrun Sigmundsdottir, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Benefits of
Water Safety Plans: Microbiology, Compliance, and Public Health.” Environmental Science & Technology 46 (14): 7782-7789.
Gunnarsdottir, Maria, Sigurdur Gardarsson, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Icelandic Experience with Water Safety Plans.” Water
Science and Technology 65 (2): 277-288.
* This list includes works authored or co-authored by present or past staff, affiliated faculty and students of The Water Institute
at UNC during the calendar years 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 (as of October).
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Howard, Guy, Katrina Charles, Kathy Pond, Anca Brookshaw, Rifat Hossain, and Jamie Bartram. 2010. “Securing 20/20 Vision for
2030: Climate Change and Ensuring Resilience in Water and Sanitation Services.” Journal of Water and Climate Change 1 (1): 2-16.
Hunter, Paul R., Jamie Bartram, and Sandy Cairncross. 2012. “Comment on Randomized Intervention Study of Solar Disinfection
of Drinking Water in the Prevention of Dysentery in Kenyan Children Aged Under 5 Years.” Environmental Science & Technol-
ogy 46 (5): 3035.
Itoh, Sadahiko, Bruce A. Gordon, Philip Callan, and Jamie Bartram. 2011. “Regulations and Perspectives on Disinfection Byprod-
ucts: Importance of Estimating Overall Toxicity.” Aqua- Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology 60 (5): 261-274.
Jasper, Christian, Thanh-Tam Le, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Water and Sanitation in Schools: A Systematic Review of the Health
and Educational Outcomes.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (8): 2772-2787.
Kayser, Georgia, Patrick Moriarty, Catarina Fonseca, and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Domestic Water Service Delivery Indicators and
Frameworks for Monitoring, Evaluation, Policy and Planning: A Review.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10: 4812-4835.
Kosinski, Karen, Michael Adjei, Kwabena Bosompem, Jonathan Crocker, John Durant, Dickson Osabutey, Jeanine Plummer,
Miguel Stadecker, Anjuli Wagner, Mark Woodin et al. 2012. “Effective Control of Schistosoma Haematobium Infection in a Gha-
naian Community Following Installation of a Water Recreation Area.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6 (7): 1709.
Kosinski, Karen , Michael Adjei, Kwabena Bosompem, Jonathan Crocker, John Durant, Dickson Osabutey, Jeanine Plummer,
Miguel Stadecker, Anjuli Wagner, Mark Woodin et al. 2011. “A Novel Community-based Water Recreation Area for Schistosomia-
sis Control in Rural Ghana.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1 (4): 259-268.
Marks, Sara J., Kyle Onda, and Jennifer Davis. 2013. “Does Sense of Ownership Matter for Rural Water System Sustainability?
Evidence from Kenya.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3 (2): 122-133.
Meier, Benjamin, Georgia Kayser, Urooj Amjad, Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum, and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Examining the Practice
of Developing Human Rights Indicators to Facilitate Accountability for the Human Right to Water and Sanitation.” Journal of
Human Rights Practice.
Meier, Benjamin, Georgia Kayser, Urooj Amjad, and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Implementing an Evolving Human Right through
Water and Sanitation Policy.” Water Policy 15 (1): 116-133.
Montgomery, Maggie A. and Jamie Bartram. 2010. “Short-sightedness in Sight-saving: Half a Strategy Will Not Eliminate Blind-
ing Trachoma.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88 (2): 82-82.
Onda, Kyle, Jonny Crocker, Georgia Kayser and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Country Clustering Applied to the Water and Sanitation
Sector: A New Tool with Potential Applications in Research and Policy.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental
Health. Doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.017.
Onda, Kyle, Joe LoBuglio, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Global Access to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Result-
ing Impact on MDG Progress.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (3): 880-894.
Peletz, Rachel, Thomas Mahin, Mark Elliott, Margaret Montgomery, and Thomas Clasen. 2013. “Preventing Cryptosporidiosis:
The Need for Safe Drinking Water.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 91 (4): 238-238a.
Peletz, Rachel, Thomas Mahin, Mark Elliot, Mamie Sackey Harris, Ka Seen Chan, Myron Cohen, Jamie Bartram and Thomas
Clasen. 2013. “Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions to Improve Health Among People Living With HIV/AIDS: A System-
atic Review.” AIDS, 27.
Rahman, Zarah, Jonny Crocker, Kang Chang, Ranjiv Khush, and Jamie Bartram. 2011. “A Comparative Assessment of Institution-
al Frameworks for Managing Drinking Water Quality.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1 (4): 242-258.
Sobsey, Mark D., Christine E. Stauber, Lisa M. Casanova, Joseph M. Brown, and Mark A. Elliott. 2008. “Response to Comment
on ‘Point of Sse Household Drinking Water Filtration: A Practical, Effective Solution for Providing Sustained Access to Safe
Drinking Water in the Developing World.’” Environmental Science & Technology 43 (3): 970-971.
Stauber, Christine E., Byron Kominek, Kaida R. Liang, Mumuni K. Osman, and Mark D. Sobsey. 2012. “Evaluation of the Impact of
the Plastic BioSand Filter on Health and Drinking Water Quality in Rural Tamale, Ghana.” International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health 9 (11): 3806-3823.
Yang, Hong, Jim A. Wright, Robert ES Bain, Steve Pedley, John Elliott, and Stephen W. Gundry. 2013. “Accuracy of the H 2 S Test: A
Systematic Review of the Influence of Bacterial Density and Sample Volume.” Journal of Water and Health 11 (2): 173-185.
Yang, Hong, Rob Bain, Jamie Bartram, Stephen Gundry, Steve Pedley, and James Wright. 2013. “Water Safety, Equity and
Human Rights: Differences in Access to Safe Drinking-water between Rich and Poor Households.” Environmental Science &
Technology 47 (3): 1222-1230.
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Book chAPters Authored or co-Authored
Bartram, Jamie and Barbara Wallace. 2011. “Water + Health = Life: Savvy Water Management Saves Lives.” Chap. 3, In Global
Water Issues, edited by Duncan MacInnes, 45-51. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of International Information Programs, United
States Department of State.
Books Authored or edited
Cunliffe, David, Jamie Bartram, Emmanuel Briand, Yves Chartier, Jeni Colbourne, David Drury, John Lee, Benedikt Schaefer, and
Susanne Surman-Lee, eds. 2011. Water Safety in Buildings: World Health Organization.
Dufour, Alfred, Jamie Bartram, Robert Bos, and Victor Gannon. 2012. Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health. Interna-
tional Water Association: IWA Publishing.
Elliott, Mark, Andrew Armstrong, Joe Lobuglio, and Jamie Bartram. 2011. T. De Lopez (Ed.). Technologies for Climate Change
Adaptation—The Water Sector. Roskilde: UNEP Risoe Centre.
Rees, Gareth, Kathy Pond, and Jamie Bartram. 2010. Safe Management of Shellfish and Harvest Waters. International Water
Association: IWA Publishing.
invited PresentAtions
Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Global Monitoring of Water Safety.” The Hague, Netherlands, Invited Plenary Presentation at WHO/UNI-
CEF Consultation on the Formulation of Post-2015 Global WASH Goals, Targets and Indicators, December 3-5, 2012.
Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “University Day 2012 Keynote Address.” Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
October 12, 2012.
Bartram, Jamie. 2012. London, 2nd International Meeting of WHO/UNICEF Post-2015 Working Group on Water of JMP Process
for Developing Enhanced Goals, Targets and Indicators for Global Monitoring of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Beyond 2015,
WaterAid, June 28-29, 2012.
Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Development of Targets and Monitoring for Post-2015 Global WaSH Monitoring.” Chateau de Penthes,
Geneva, Presentation to WHO Expert meeting on sampling and statistical aspects of the rapid assessment of drinking water
quality, June 18-19, 2012.
Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “State of Water and Sanitation: How Secure is Water for People.” Oxford, UK, Plenary Keynote at Univer-
sity of Oxford International Security Conference: Water Security, Risk and Society, St Hugh’s College, April 16-18, 2012.
Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Water Security: WaSH Goals, Targets and Metrics for the Next 25 Years.” Oxford, UK, University of Ox-
ford International Security Conference: Water Security, Risk and Society, St Hugh’s College, April 16-18, 2012.
Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Health Sciences Perspective.” London, Keynote presentation at session 2 (opportunities and challenges)
of the Wellcome Foundation Workshop on Impact of Global Environmental Change on Water and Human Health: Building Inte-
grated Research and Translation to Understand & Address the Challenges with an emphasis on Low-middle Income Countries
(LMICs). March 21-23, 2012.
Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Lessons Learned from Monitoring Progress Towards the MDG 7c Target for Water Supply and Sanitation,
and the Implications for Future Targets and Monitoring.” Marseilles, Presentation to first working group meeting on Post-2015
Water Targets, March, 2012.
Bartram, Jamie. 2011. “Building Communities: The Changing Principles of International Development - What Does Sustainabil-
ity Mean and How Do We Achieve it?” New Orleans, USA, First keynote address. Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group
World Water Summit IV, May 20, 2011.
Bartram, Jamie. 2011. “Lessons Learned from Monitoring Progress Towards the MDG 7c Target for Water Supply and Sanitation,
and the Implications for Future Targets and Monitoring Drinking Water and Sanitation.” Berlin, Germany, Invited presentation at
the First Consultation on Developing Post-2015 Indicators for Monitoring, World Health Organization and UNICEF, May 4, 2011.
Bartram, Jamie. 2011. “Water Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries.” Cincinnati, OH, Invited Opening General
Session Keynote speaker Water Environment Federation Disinfection Conference, April 10-12, 2011.
Bartram, Jamie. 2010. “International Relations in Practice: How a Specialized Agency such as WHO Collaborates with
Government Institutions, Universities, Medical Schools, NGOs, National Research Institutions to Achieve its Core Functions.”
John Knox Centre, Geneva, Switzerland, Invited presentation at Syracuse University summer course on International Relations,
July 14, 2010.
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Bartram, Jamie. 2010. “How to Design Water Projects to Meet WHO’s Water Quality Standards by Incorporating Monitoring and
Evaluation into Projects.” Montreal, Canada, Invited workshop speaker and facilitator Rotary International ‘Water and Sanitation
Rotarian Action Group’ (WASRAG) World Water Summit III, June 19, 2010.
Bartram, Jamie. 2010. “Drinking Water and Sanitation -- What Works?” New York, NY, Invited presentation to UN General
Assembly ‘MDG Summit’ interactive session with academia on MDGs; participant in discussions with delegations as panelist,
April 8, 2010.
Bartram, Jamie. 2010. “Session Chair of the Benefits of Water Supply and Sanitation Policies, Including Making an Introductory
Presentation at International Expert Workshop on Water Economics and Financing.” Paris, France. Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development, March 15-17, 2010.
Elliott, Mark. 2011. “Climate Change and Water.” Washington, D.C., Invited presentation at World Water Day Learning Forum,
WASH Advocacy Initiative and Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 21, 2011.
Kayser, Georgia. 2012. “Manteniendo Limpia El Agua Para Consumo Humano, Evaluación De Soluciones Sostenibles.” Domini-
can Republic, ‘Más allá de la infraestructura, integrando la Higiene en las Políticas Publicas de Agua y Saneamiento en América
Latina, The Water and Sanitation Program, The World Bank, 2012.
Kayser, Georgia. 2012. “Water Wisdom: Developing Local-Global Capacities in Managing Water.” Chapel Hill, NC, Public Policy,
University of North Carolina, 2012.
Rowe, Ryan. 2013. “Improving Water Quality at Home: A New Toolkit for Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage.” Lisbon,
Portugal, Invited presentation at Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group World Water Summit, June 21, 2013.
Rowe, Ryan. 2013. “Integrating Safe Water and Maternal Health in Malawi.” Accra, Ghana, Invited presentation and workshop
facilitator at WHO/UNICEF Workshop of Environmental Health Interventions in West Africa, May 6, 2013.
Rowe, Ryan. 2013. “Current Status of HWTS.” Lilongwe, Malawi, Invited presentation and workshop facilitator at Ministry of
Health Stakeholders Consultative Workshop on Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage, April 18, 2013.
Rowe, Ryan. 2012. “Household Water Network: Communications for Learning.” Maputo, Mozambique, Invited presentation at
WHO/UNICEF Workshop of Environmental Health Interventions in West Africa, June 22, 2013.
PuBlished conference Proceedings
Au-Yeung, H., D. Kay, D. Thomas, M. Figueras, M. Vargha, M. Kadar, P. Hunter, J. Bartram, and R. Salmon. 2010. “Adverse Health
Effects of Recreational Bathing: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Exposure Trials in Four European Countries.” Glasgow, Scot-
land, Submitted to Five Nations Conference, May 18-19, 2010.
Elliott, M., F. DiGano, A. Fabiszewski, P. Chuang, L. Clark, A. Wang, and M. Sobsey. 2009. “The Effect of Idle Time on Reduction
of Viruses in an Intermittently Operated, Household-scale Slow Sand Filter.” Atlanta, GA, Submitted to the Disinfection 2009
Conference, Water Environment Federation, February 28 - March 3, 2009.
Stauber, C., M. Elliott, F. DiGano, and M. Sobsey. 2009. “Performance Comparison of the Biosand Filter in Laboratory Studies
and a Longitudinal Field Study in Bonao, Dominican Republic.” Atlanta, GA, Submitted to the Disinfection 2009 Conference,
Water Environment Federation, February 28 - March 3, 2009.
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Finances
FUNDING SOURCE DISTRIBUTION
2010-1 1 TO 2012-13
Foreign GovernmentPrivateUN/IGONGO-USNGO-Non-USFoundations
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
year
exp
en
dit
ure
s ($
100
0s)
2010-2011
ANNUAL ExPENDITURE BY
FUNCTION AREA
CoreTeaching and LearningNetworking and PartnershipsKnowledge and Information Management
Research
Annual expenditures follow the July-June fiscal year timeframe. For example, the year 2010-11 spanned July 2010 until June 2011.
Core expenditures are primarily personnel and overlap with other categories, as individual responsibilities span function areas.
Figures include amounts reported in accounts of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, overall
expenditures for Water and Health Conferences and salary estimates for employees from other business units in proportion to
their contribution to Water Institute activities.
2011-2012 2012-2013
24%
4%5%
21%
21%
25%
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The Water Institute at UNC: The Water Institute was founded in 2010 with the mission to provide
global academic leadership for economically, environmentally,
socially and technically sustainable management of water, sanitation
and hygiene for equitable health and human development; and to
be a vibrant, interdisciplinary center that unites faculty, students
and partners from North Carolina and from across developed and
developing nations worldwide.
Our researchers have produced more than 60 publications in important
WaSH policy and practice arenas, including monitoring, evaluation and
learning, governance, sanitation, water scarcity and climate change, and
drinking water.
In three years, our annual Water and Health Conference has become
the most important meeting in North America of international WaSH,
health and development thought-leaders. We are expanding our focus,
with two additional conferences, Nexus 2014: Water, Food, Climate and
Energy Conference and 2014 Water Microbiology Conference: Microbial
Contaminants from Watersheds to Human Exposure.
Through our teaching and learning efforts, we contribute to the courses,
seminars and degree programs within the Gillings School of Global
Public Health and elsewhere on campus. We respond to global needs
by offering highly accessible professional training programs, such as our
distant learning course on Water Safety Plans.
In collaboration with IWA, we publish the Journal of Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene for Development, a peer-reviewed journal devoted to the
science, policy and practice of drinking water supply, sanitation and
hygiene at local, national and international levels.
Since the Institute’s inception, we have developed research partner-
ships with UNC faculty and departments, as well as governments,
intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, the private sector, universities
and other research institutes. We are a founding member of the US Water
Partnership, on the steering committee for the Sanitation and Water
for All Partnership, and provide communications support to the WHO
International Network on Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage.
THE WATER INSTITUTE AT UNC
The Gillings School of Global Public Health
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Rosenau Hall, CB #7431
135 Dauer Drive
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431
(919) 966-7302
www.waterinstitute.unc.edu
LinkedIn: The Water Institute at UNC