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Water and Seawater
Chapter 3
Water Molecules
Water has three states
ICE
GAS
WATER
Ice Floats
Water carries heat energy
Water is a powerful solvent.
Seawater
Oceans pick up dissolved solids from a variety of sources
A Niskin Bottle in action
Seawater sampling
Red Sea
Elevated Salinity
Atlantic Ocean at mouth of Amazon River
Baltic Sea
Low Salinities
Temperature, Salinity and Density
String of water bottles
A rosette of sampling bottles and other instruments
Water Column profile for temperature
19th Century Oceanography
Chart from HMS Challenger Expedition
Satellite Imagery
Ocean surface temperatures – easier than taking millions of Niskin samples (assuming you have satellite).
Seawater and Dissolved Gases
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Pressure and water depth
Density and Ocean Layering
Water Column Profiles
Temperature profiles vary with latitude
Thermohaline Circulation
Three-layered ocean
Solar energy generate movement of air masses
Hadley Cells
Prevailing winds
Major oceanic surface currents
Thermohaline Circulation
Wave Structure
Wave structure
Tides
Tides
Grunion (Leuresthes tenuis)
Tides
Two forces pull at the water
Tides
Tides
The Earth rotates through the bulges generated by centrifugal and gravitational forces
Tides Semidiurnal
Mixed SemidiurnalTides
DiurnalTides
Tides
