Waste Management DM

8/12/2019 Waste Management DM

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SOLID WASTEand

its Management

WASTE• It is defined as:

Waste (also known as rubbish , trash , refuse ,garbage , junk ) is any unwanted or useless materials.

OR

“Any materials unused and rejected as worthless

or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity;using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly orcarelessly”



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Waste - Definition & Classification

Any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or

processor.

Classification• Domestic waste• Factory waste• Waste from oil factory• E-waste• Construction waste• Agricultural waste•

Food processing waste• Bio-medical waste• Nuclear waste

Classification of Wastes• Solid waste - vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household waste etc.

• E-waste - discarded electronic devices like computer, TV, musicsystems etc.

• Liquid waste - water used for different industries e.g. tanneries,distilleries, thermal power plants

• Plastic waste - plastic bags, bottles, buckets etc.

• Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc.

• Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power plants



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Solid Waste

SOLID WASTE• It is defined as:

“Non -liquid, non-soluble materials ranging frommunicipal garbage to industrial wastes thatcontain complex and sometimes hazardoussubstances”

•

Solid wastes also include:• Sewage sludge

• Agricultural refuse• Demolition wastes

• Mining residues



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Paper andPaperboard

Yard Waste

Food Waste

Plastics

Metals

Rubber, leather, &textilesGlass

Wood

Other

Types of Solid Waste

Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as follows:1. Household waste is generally classified as Municipal waste

2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious waste

Municipal Solid Waste

• Municipal solid waste consists of:Household waste

Construction and demolition debrisSanitation residueWaste from streets .

USA Domestic Waste



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The type of litter we generate and the approximate time ittakes to degenerate

Type of litterApproximate time it takes to

degenerate the litterOrganic waste such as vegetable and fruit

peels, leftover foodstuff, etcA week or two.

Paper 10 – 30 days

Cotton cloth 2 – 5 months

Wood 10 – 15 years

Woolen items 1 year

Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such ascans

100 – 500 years

Plastic bags one million years

Glass bottles undeterminedMade by Sahrish (BS Hons in Environmental

Science) International Islamic University,Islamabad

Solid Waste in India• 7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste

• One Sq. km of additional landfill area every-year

• Rs. 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes

• In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million tonnes of

high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostlydumped on open low lying land areas.

• Source: Estimate of Ministry of Environment & Forest



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Growth of Solid Waste In India

• Waste is growing by leaps & bounds•

In 1981-91, population of Mumbai increased from 8.2 million to12.3 million

• During the same period, municipal solid waste has grown from3200 tonnes to 5355 tonne , an increase of 67%

• Waste collection is very low for all Indian cities• City like Bangalore produces 2000 tonnes of waste per annum, the

ever increasing waste has put pressure on hygienic condition of thecity

• Source: The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi

Waste Collection in India• Primarily by the city municipality

-No gradation of waste product e.g. bio-degradable, glasses, polybags, paper shreds etc.-Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts

• Local raddiwala / kabadiwala (Rag pickers)-Collecting small iron pieces by magnets-Collecting glass bottles-Collecting paper for recycling

• MCD- Sophisticated DWM (Delhi Waste Management) vehicle



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How solid waste affected us in recent years?

• Cloudburst in Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage line due to

large no. of plastic bags

• Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, caused due to importedscrap from Iran

• Reduction in the number of migratory birds due to consumption ofcontaminated foods

• Stray animals dying on streets and farmland due to consumptionof plastic bags, which blocks the food movement in their stomach

WASTE MANAGEMENT

3 R’s CONCEPT• Three R’s ( Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) to be

followed for waste management.• Otherwise Refuse!



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Pollution prevention is reducing or eliminating waste at thesource by modifying production processes, promoting the use ofnon-toxic or less-toxic substances, implementing conservationtechniques, and re-using materials rather than putting them intothe waste stream.

Under this initiative, EPA focuses on an industry-by-industryapproach rather than a pollutant-by-pollutant approach toregulatory policy.

Pollution Prevention Act 1990

Refuse: Disposal of Solid Wastes

• Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it is processed to recover the usable resources and to improvethe efficiency of the solid waste disposal system.

• The main processing technologies are• Compaction• Incineration

• Manual separation.



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Sanitary Landfills

18

Secure Landfills



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Problems Associated with Sanitary Landfills

• Methane gas production• Surface water / ground water contamination• Not a long-term remedy• Even when closed, considerable cost

Incineration• Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic

wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert theminto residue and gaseous products.

• This process reduces the volumes of solid waste by 70 to80 % of the original volume.

• Incineration and other high temperature waste treatmentsystems are sometimes described as " thermal treatment " .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_treatment









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Mass Burn Incinerator

http://www.ecomaine.org/electricgen/index.shtmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/13/science/earth/13trash.html?pagewanted=all

Modern Incinerator are called combustion facilities or Waste-to-Energy plants

Burn cleanly, Generate electricity to power 70,000 homes

http://www.ecomaine.org/electricgen/index.shtm

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/13/science/earth/13trash.html?pagewanted=all

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/13/science/earth/13trash.html?pagewanted=all

http://www.ecomaine.org/electricgen/index.shtm



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Incineration of Solid Waste

CO 2 emissions perkwatt-hour ofelectricity production

Problems Associated with Incineration

• Always some air pollution• Produce large amounts of ash•

Site selection often controversial• NIMBY: Not In My Back Yard



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Old Tragedy: Love Canal• Founded by William Love, who was trying to design a city that ran

off hydroelectric power. – Began digging a canal to Niagara Falls, but ran out of money. – ‘Hooker Chemical & Plastics Corporation’ bought the land and

dumped 22,000 tons of toxic chemicals into the canal.

Love Canal: Tragedy

• Hooker Chemical Company and Plastics Corporation were guilty for the LoveCanal tragedy. Hooker Chemical Company got sued for over $200,000,000.

• The dumpsite was buried, planted over, and eventually sold to the city of NiagaraFalls for $1.

• Almost 300 animals died of diseases.• Babies were born with many birth defects including deafness, autism,

blindness, three ears, and an extra row of teeth.• Pregnant women and children under the age of two had to be evacuated.

Chemicals leached into sewers.



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Old Tragedy: Khian Sea waste disposal incident

•

In January 1988, the barge was able to unload 4,000tons in Haiti, claiming it was“

topsoil fertilizer ”

. – Greenpeace alerted Haiti officials that it was toxic ash. Haiti

ordered the ash be reloaded, but the barge left. – Attempted to unload the cargo in Morocco, Yugoslavia, Sri

Lanka, and Singapore.• Name of the ship was changed twice

– Eventually dumped into the Atlantic and Indian Ocean in November 1988.

Organic matter + O 2 + aerobic bacteria CO2 + H 2O + NH 3 + energy + humas

Composting and BiogasComposting is the biochemical degradation of the organic fraction ofsolid waste material having a humus-like final product that could beused primarily for soil conditioning.

• Major portion of municipal solid wastes ( MSW ) in India contain up to 70% by weight of organic materials.

• Certain industrial by-products – those from food processing, agriculturaland paper industries – are mostly composed of organic materials.

• Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes as well as largerorganisms such as insects and earthworms play an active role indecomposing the organic materials. As microorganisms begin todecompose the organic material, they break down organic matter and

produce CO2, water, heat and humus (the relatively stable organic end product). This humus end product is compost.



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Industrial Composting

• Reduces yard waste in landfills

• Can be sold or distributed tocommunity

Biogasification

Biogasification or Biomethanation is the process of conversion of organic matter inthe waste (liquid or solid) to BioMethane.

Methanogens (methane producing bacteria) are the last link in a chain ofmicroorganisms, which degrade organic material and return the decomposition

products to the environment. In this process, biogas is generated, which is a sourceof renewable energy.

Biogas is a mixture of gases composed of methane (CH 4) 40 – 70 vol.%, CO 2 30 – 60 vol.%, other gases 1 – 5 vol.% including, hydrogen (H 2) 0 – 1 vol.% and H 2S (0 – 3 vol.%). It originates from bacteria in the process of bio-degradation of organicmaterial under anaerobic (without air) conditions.



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The Three R

s

• Three goals:• 1) Reduce• 2) Reuse• 3) Recycle

• The most common consumer products recycled include:Aluminum such as beverage cansCopper such as wireSteel food and aerosol cansOld steel furnishings or equipmentPolyethylene and PET bottlesGlass bottles and jarsPaperboard cartons

Newspapers , magazines and light paper Corr ugated fiberboard boxes .

Recycling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDPE


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_of_PET_Bottles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperboard


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carton



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_of_PET_Bottles







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Recycling into What?

Recycled roadways :

In 2003, Texas Department ofTransportation (TxDOT) built and repairroadways with complete recycled content

products like Fly ash, Crushed Concrete,Rubber, Steel, and compost materials.

European Countries :The academic institutions should buy only recycled paper for regular activities.

JUSCO opened the road fully made out of recycled plastic waste – See more at:http://indiacivic.com/savenature/jusco-plastic-road-future/#sthash.elNe439N.dpuf

Tata Steel Jamshedpur - Road Made from Waste Plastics in Jamshedpur

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se12y9hSOM0

Recycling: India



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Recycling: Benefits

– Saves money, raw materials, and land. –

Encourages individual responsibility. – Reduces pressure on disposal systems.

• Japan recycles about half of all household and commercialwastes.

– Lowers demand for raw resources. – Reduces energy consumption and pollution.

Example : Recycling 1 ton of aluminum saves 4 tons of bauxite, 700 kg of

petroleum coke and pitch, and keeps 35 kg of AlF 3 out of the air.• Aluminum Production from scrap instead of bauxite ore cuts energy use by

95%. – Yet still throw away more than a million tons of aluminum annually.

36

USA Recycling Rates



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Recycling: Potential Problems

– Market prices fluctuate wildly. – Contamination

• Most of 24 billion plastic soft drink bottles soldannually in the U.S. are PET, which can be meltedand remanufactured into many items.

– But a single PVC bottle can ruin an entire truckload ofPET if melted together.

The Special Problem of Plastic• Shear amount is staggering• Do not readily breakdown• Chemical Complexity

Plastics have large macromolecules.

When different types of plastics are melted together they tend to phase-separate, like oil and water, and set in these layers. The phase boundaries cause structural weakness in the resulting material.

Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of dyes, fillers, andother additives in plastics. Additives are less used in beveragecontainers and plastic bags, allowing them to be recycled.



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Problem of Plastic

Creek in Manilla, Philippines , March 01 2009.Photo: Francis R. Malasig

Plastic Sea. Photo Source: Coastal wiki

The Hindu: Colossal waste for India

You tube video: water bottle

Cloudburst in Mumbai (2005) clogged thesewage line due to large no. of plastic bags

The Special Problem of TiresUsing Old Tires• Crumb Recycling• Incineration 50%• Low Grade Rubber



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Energy Savings

Waste Prevention• Integrated Waste Management



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E-waste (Electronic and electrical waste) is the trash that you generate when youdiscard broken, obsolete or surplus electronic and electrical gadgets. It includes

end-of-life gadgets like computers, printers, phones, T.V., refrigerators, toasters,toys, shavers and many other gadgets that run on electricity. Rapid changes intechnology, lower costs and increasing demand for electronics has resulted in E-waste growing rapidly everywhere.

What is E-Waste

Do we have laws on E-waste in India?

E-waste Rules came into force in 2012 and stipulate how E-waste must be disposed.

Consumers are responsible for the proper disposal of E-waste generated by them and

must hand over their used gadgets to authorized collectors, dismantlers or recyclers.You can also give it back to the companies who sold them to you. The producers ofelectronic and electrical gadgets are required to ensure collection and recycling of E-waste. They have to set up “take - back” systems across the country.

E-waste: mobile phones



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E-waste: TV, PC

Computer waste in India to grow 500% by 2020 - report

A technician walks inside an e-waste recycle factory at Mankhal, 55 km south Hyderabad July 17,2009. Waste from discarded electronics will rise dramatically in the developing world within adecade, with computer waste in India alone to grow by 500 percent from 2007 levels by 2020.



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E-Waste: Recycling Countries1999 average lifespan of a computer 4-6 years.

2005 it dropped to less than 2 years.

Personal computers contain toxic heavymetals such as barium, cadmium,chromium, copper, zinc, nickel andlead.

All of these materials are regulated bythe EPA.

http://www.electronicstakeback.com/2011/11/30/new-studies-show-e-waste-exports-still-harming-children-in-china-ghana/

Ports such as Dubai and Singaporemight be serving as transit points for e-

waste from OECD countries.International traders are aware ofloopholes in India and help bypass laws

by labeling scrap as ‘ used workingcomputers

How hazardous is e-waste?E-waste contains the following toxic substances – lead, cadmium, mercury,hexavalent chromium , plastics , including PVC, BFRs, barium , beryllium ,carcinogens such as carbon black, phosphor and various heavy metals. Thisdeadly mix can cause serious, even fatal, health problems for those who haveto handle the waste

Mercury (Hg) is used in thermostats, sensors, relays, switches, medical equipment,lamps, mobile phones and in batteries. 22% of the yearly world consumption ofmercury is used in electrical and electronic equipment.

Lead (Pb) : Used in glass panels and gaskets in computer Monitors. Solder in printedcircuit boards and other components. Lead causes damage to the central and peripheralnervous systems, blood systems, kidney and reproductive system in humans.

Chromium VI can cause damage to DNA and is extremely toxic in the environment.

Cadmium (Cd) Occurs in SMD chip resistors, infra-red detectors, and semiconductorchips.Cadmium compounds accumulate in the human body, especially the kidneys.






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Barium (Ba) is a soft silvery-white metal that is used in computers in the front panel of a CRT, to protect users from radiation.Short-term exposure to barium causes brain swelling, muscle weakness, damage tothe heart, liver, and spleen.

Beryllium (Be) is commonly found on motherboards and finger clips.Exposure to beryllium can cause lung cancer.

Phosphor and additives : The phosphor coating on cathode ray tubes contains heavymetals, such as cadmium, and other metals, for example, zinc, vanadium as additives,

which are very toxic. is applied as a coat on the interior of the CRT faceplate.Phosphor affects the display resolution and luminance of the images that is seen inthe monitor.This is a serious hazard posed for those who dismantle CRTs by hand.

How hazardous is e-waste?

E-waste related laws of India

DGFT (Exim policy 2002-07) : Second hand personal computers (PCs)/laptops are not permitted for import under EPCG scheme under the provisions of the Exim Policy, even forservice providers. Second-hand photocopier machines, air conditioners, diesel generatorsets, etc, can also not be imported under EPCG Scheme under the same EXIM Policy evenif these are less than ten years old.

• Waste generated from the electronic industry is considered as hazardous waste.

Some international responses to e-waste

USA : In September 2003, California passed the “Electronic Waste Recycling Actof 2003” (SB20), USA’s first comprehensive electronics recycling law, establishinga funding system for the collection and recycling of certain electronic wastes .

European Union : On January 27, 2003, the EU parliament passed a directive thatrequires producers of electronics to take responsibility , financial and otherwise, forrecovery and recycling of E-Waste (Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment-WEEE).



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• Japan : Since April 2001, manufacturers must recycle appliances, televisions,refrigerators, and air conditioners. Under a new law, manufacturers would chargea recycling fee to consumers .

• China : a law in 2002, requiring compulsory retrieval of used industrialproducts .

• Netherlands : Since 1998, It requires manufacturers and importers of electricaland electronic equipment sold in the country to take back their end-of-life

products.

1. Preliminary• The rules are applicable to producer, consumer or bulk consumer engaged in the

manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electronic equipment orcomponents and to recyclers, collection centres and dismantlers of e-Waste.Batteries as covered in the Batteries (Manufacture and Handling) Rules 2001

• Radioactive waste as defined in the Atomic Energy Waste.

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India (MoEF) Guidelines for disposalof E-waste

2. Responsibilities

3. Decrease the percentage of the hazardous substances used in the manufacturing process of electronic equipment. The manufacturing process should not includethe listed elements like lead , chromium , mercury etc. Even if they are used insevere cases the percentage should be about 0.1% not more than that.

India: e-Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2011

E-waste has to be properly segregated and collected through authorized vendors.Collection centers are set up to store the e-waste in the right form and in a secure

place as per prescribed standards and procedures ensuring that no damage is doneto the environment. Records have to be maintained to keep a detail of the amountof e-waste and centers.



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The major e-waste generating states:

Midway atoll, bird corpse. Photo: Chris Jordan



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What can you do?

Reduce the amount of e-waste being produced, individuals can domany things:

1. Keep your old electronics longer instead of replacing them2. If discarding old electronics, be sure to recycle them at a trusted

recycling center 3. Purchase efficient electronics that do not contain hazardous

materials such as mercury and lead.

Related Organizations in India• E-Parisaraa Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka• Attero Recycling Pvt. Ltd., Roorkee, Uttarakhand• Eco Recycling Pvt. Ltd. Andheri (east), Mumbai• K. G. Nandini, near Bangalore, Karnataka• Trishyiraya Recycling India Pvt. Ltd., Chennai• Tess Amm Ltd. Chennai



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Hazardous Waste

– Ignitable with a flash point less than 60 oC. – Corrosive – Toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic to humans or

other life-forms. – Explosive or highly reactive.

Legally, hazardous waste is any discarded liquid or solid waste that

contains substances known to be: Fatal to humans or laboratoryanimals in low doses.

Identification: either or both of the following criteria

1. The list provided by government agencies declaring that substanceas hazardous.

2. Characteristics: 1) Ignitibility 2) Corrosivity 3) Reactivity 4)Toxicity.

Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardouswaste include:

old batteriesshoe polish paint tins

old medicinesmedicine bottles.

Hazardous Waste



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• Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals isconsidered hazardous.

• These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which areused as disinfectants.

Hazardous Waste

•

In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous wasteare the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, andrubber goods industries.

• Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercuryand cyanide can be fatal.

Hospital Waste• Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or

immunization of human beings or animals• It may include wastes like• Sharps• Soiled waste• Disposables• Anatomical waste• Cultures• Discarded medicines• Chemical wastes



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• These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.

• This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat tohuman health if not managed in a scientific and discriminatemanner

• A rough estimation shows that at least ¼ weight of wastegenerated in a hospital would be infected

Hospital Waste

Examples:



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Fuel Additives

Polynuclear aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs or PNAs)

Common Hazardous Waste

Explosives and propellants

InorganicsArsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb),Mercury (Hg); and Cyanide (CN)

Listed hazardous wastes (priority chemicals)EPA by rule, has specifically listed over 600 hazardous number

Four separate lists classified in the F, K, P, and U industrial waste codes

F-list: The F-list contains hazardous wastes from non-specific sources, Thelist consists of solvents commonly used in degreasing, metal treatment bathsand sludges, wastewaters from metal plating operations and dioxin containingchemicals or their precursors.Example : methylene chloride (F001), 1,1,1, trichloroethane (F001), Benzene,toluene (F005)Solvent mixtures or blends, contain greater than 10% of one or more of the solventslisted in F001, F002, F003, F004 and F005 are also considered F-listed wastes

K-list: The K-list contains hazardous wastes generated by specific industrial processes. Examples of industries, which generate K-listed wastes include wood preservation, pigment production, chemical production, petroleum refining, iron andsteel production, explosive manufacturing and pesticide production



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Hazardous Waste

• Management of Hazardous Waste• Cleaning Up Existing Toxic Waste: The Superfund Program

Old toxic waste dumpsite Cleanup

Hazardous Waste : DisposalHazardous waste that cannot be recycled or converted tononhazardous forms regardless of their form (i.e., solid, liquid, orgas), must be stored by 1) burial in a secured landfill 2) deep-wellinjection and 3) surface impoundment .

• Exporting Waste –

Although most industrialized nations have agreed to stopshipping hazardous and toxic waste to less-developedcountries, the practice still continues.

• Basel Convention in 1994 passed an agreement that banned the export of hazardous waste.



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Hazardous waste landfill

Hazardous / Toxic Waste & Dumping Site

• Industrialized countries have waste management problems

• Developed countries have strict environment regulation norms

• Most attractive option for them- to dump into developingcountries



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Timeline of Major Legislation

1970 Clean Air Act1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1974 SafeDrinking Water Act1976 RCRA1976 TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act)1977 Clean Water Act1980 Superfund1986 EPCRA (Emergency Planning and CommunityRight-To-Know Act)

1. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended in 1988.2. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975.3. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, as amended by

Amendment Act, 1991.4. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978.5. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1984, as amended by

Amendment Act, 1987. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules 1982and 1983.

6. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.7. Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,1989 as amended in 2000.8. Management, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989.9. Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms,

Genetically Engineered Microorganisms or Cells Rules, 1989.10. The Public Liability Insurance Act, and The Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1991.11. The Biomedical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1995.12. Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Draft Rules, 1999.

Hazardous Wastes Management in IndiaIndia has enacted the following laws, regulations and standardsgoverning the country's environmental protection:



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Ground Reality

Though the Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules were notified in 1989,the implementation on the ground has left a lot to be desired. Lack of properinfrastructure and strict enforcement mechanism has led to hazardous waste stillremaining a grave problem. New emerging wastes and loopholes in the currentlegislation have also contributed to this. There are still problems of hazardous wastenot being managed in good environmental conditions, improper dumping and lack of

proper treatment and disposal facilities.

Hazardous Wastes Management in India

India is the first country that has made provisions for the protection

and improvement of environment in its Constitution

source: http://www.toxicslink.org

Super Fund 1980Superfund National Priorities List (2002)

1234 sites currently listed

259 removed from list2008

1255 - Sites Listed332 - Delisted63 New sites proposed



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Superfund = abandoned hazardous sites1. A response to

“

The Love Canal”

2. Where does the money come from?• 70% parties responsible pay cleanup

• Those who own the site now and before• Those who transported to the site

• 30% paid for a tax on polluting companies and/or state and federal funds

Love Canal

Part Onehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKIM9sE0t6I&feature=related

Part Twohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXSE9kcBQCI&feature=related

Georgia htt p://www.epa.gov/region4/waste/npl/index.htm#GA

Share of States and Union Territoriesin Urban MSW Generated

Waste per Indian city

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKIM9sE0t6I&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXSE9kcBQCI&feature=related

http://www.epa.gov/region4/waste/npl/index.htm#GA





http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXSE9kcBQCI&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKIM9sE0t6I&feature=related



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Major Polluting Industries in India

• Around 2500 tanneries discharge 24 million cu m of waste watercontaining high level of dissolved solids and 4,00,000 tonnes ofhazardous solid waste

• 300 distilleries discharge 26 million kilo-litres of spend wash peryear containing several pollutants

• Thermal power plants discharge huge waste materials

With an estimated population of 6 million, Bangalore is among the largest fivecities of India. It generates

around 3000-4000 t/d of USW and a major constituent (72%) of which is organicwaste

Bangalore generates around 3000-4000 t/d ofUSW and a major constituent (72%) of which

is organic waste

Source: Chanakya and Sharatchandra, 2005

Bangalore: waste management

Composition of USW found at thedumpsites (TIDE, 2000)



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OUR NATIONAL POLICY FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

In September 2000, India framed its first Municipal Solid Waste (Management& Handling) Rules 2000 , which lets both cities and their citizens know their dutiesand responsibilities for hygienic waste management. They are based on the March1999 Report of a Committee for Solid Waste Management in Class 1 Cities of Indiato the Supreme Court , which urged statutory bodies to comply with the Report’ssuggestions and recommendations. These also serve as a guide on how to complywith the MSW Rules. Both Report and Rules, summarized below, are based on the

principle that the best way to keep streets clean is not to dirty them in the first place.So a city without street bins will ultimately become clean and stay clean. Hence theyadvocate daily doorstep collection of “wet” (food) wastes for composting , which isthe best option for India. This is not only because composting is a cost-effective

process practiced since Vedic times, but also because India’s soils need organicmanures to prevent loss of fertility through unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers.Reprints of this Report, with the MSW Rules 2000, are available from a Committee

member, Mrs Almitra Patel, 50 Kothnur, Bagalur Rd, Bangalore 560077, .

India: Waste Management policy

Littering and throwing of garbage on roads is prohibited . Citizens should keep their wet(food) wastes and dry (recyclable) wastes within their premises until collected , and mustensure delivery of wastes as per the collection and segregation system of their city, preferably

by house-to-house collection at fixed times in multi-container handcarts or tricycles (to avoidmanual handling of waste) or directly into trucks stopping at street corners at regular pre-informed timings. Dry wastes should be left for collection by the informal sector (solddirectly to waste-buyers or given free or otherwise to waste-pickers, who will earn theirlivelihood by taking the wastes they need from homes rather than from garbage on the streets.High - rises, private colonies, institutions should provide their own big bins within theirown areas, separately for dry and wet wastes.

To stop the present unplanned open dumping of waste outside city limits, the MSW Rules havelaid down a strict timetable for compliance: improvement of existing landfill sites by end-2001,identification of landfill sites for long-term future use and making them ready for operation byend-2002, setting up of waste-processing and disposal facilities by end-2003, and provision of a

buffer zone around such sites. Biodegradable wastes should be processed by composting,vermicomposting etc. and landfilling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable inert wasteand compost rejects .

The Rules also require municipalities to ensure community participation in waste segregation (bynot mixing “wet” food wastes with “dry” recyclables like paper, plastics, glass, metal etc) and to

promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. Garbage and dry leaves should never beburnt . Biomedical wastes and industrial wastes must not be mixed with municipal wastes .Routine use of pesticides on garbage has been banned by the Supreme Court on 28.7.1997 .




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The Report recommends that cities should provide free waste collection for all slums andpublic areas, but charge the full cost of collection on “Polluter -Pays” Principle, from hotels,eateries, marriage halls, hospitals & clinics, wholesale markets, shops in commercial streets,office complexes, cattle - sheds, slaughter - houses, fairs & exhibitions, inner-city cottage

industry & petty trade.Debris and construction waste must be stored within premises, not on the road orfootpath, and disposed of at pre - designated sites or landfills by builder, on payment of fulltransport cost if removed by the Municipality.

For improved work accountability, “pin -point” work assignments and 365 -day cleaning arerecommended, with fixed beats for individual sweepers, including the cleaning of adjoiningdrains less than 2 ft deep. Drain silt should not be left on the road for drying, but loadeddirectly into hand-carts and taken to a transfer point . Silt and debris should not be dumped atcompost – plant.


The quantities of garbage collected and transported need to be monitored againsttargets, preferably by citizen monitoring, through effective management informationsystems and a recording weigh - bridge: computerized for 1 million+ cities. At least80% of waste-clearance vehicles should be on-road, and two-shift use implementedwhere there is a shortage of vehicles. Decentralized ward – wise composting ofwell – segregated wet waste in local parks is recommended, for recycling oforganics and also for huge savings in garbage transport costs to scarce disposalsites.

The Report also recommends that waste-management infrastructure should be a strictly-enforced pre-condition in new development areas. It advocates temporary toilets at allconstruction sites (located on the eventual sewage-disposal line) and restriction of cattlemovement on streets. Livestock should be stall-fed or relocated outside large cities.

The Report’s financial recommendations deserve to be supported by all citizens:Cities must fulfill their obligatory functions (like waste management) before funding anydiscretionary functions, while being granted fiscal autonomy to raise adequate funds. Solid-waste-management and other charges should be linked to the cost-of-living index, along withlevy of “administrative charges” for chronic littering. Funds should be earmarked forminimum expenditure on solid waste management: Rs 100 per capita per year in 5-lakh-pluscities, or a minimum of Rs 50 per capita in smaller towns. Many cities are already providingconditional funding to residential areas or colonies willing to take responsibility for improvedwaste-management of their respective areas.

The Supreme Court intends to monitor compliance with the MSW Rules through the HighCourts in each State. This gives all citizens both the opportunity and the obligation to ensurethat hygienic waste-management becomes a reality, soon.AHP 14.2.2003




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Waste Treatment Plant

Wastewater Treatment

• Primary treatment holds the sewage in a large containment vessel. – Heavy solids that sink to the bottom are removed. – Grease and oils that float to the top are also removed. – May also be aerated to remove as much of the smell as possible.

• The sludge that is leftover from these treatments is decomposed

with bacteria or composted.• Secondary treatment adds bacteria to decompose the dissolved

organic matter. – The bacteria must then be killed once the process is complete. This is

usually done with chlorine.• Tertiary treatment is any additional treatment, such as the removal

of nitrates and phosphates.

Human sewage is a waste product that is unavoidable, but it can betreated to minimize environmental impacts.



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Documents

Waste Management DM