WarmUp #3

• What was the Renaissance?• What was the idea of “humanism”?• Who painted the Mona Lisa?• Who invented the printing press?• Explain two differences between art in the Italian &

Northern Renaissance periods.• What message did Machiavelli write about in his book, The

Prince?

The Protestant Reformation &Counter Reformation

The Roman Catholic Church

• Renaissance popes did not meet the spiritual needs of the Church– concerned with worldly pursuits (making $$$, having

children, etc.)

– indulgences: pardons issued to reduce time in Purgatory• (“when the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from hell springs”)

– belief: go to Purgatory to “work off” your sins before you can go to Heaven

• sold indulgences to gain $$$ for art & buildings– i.e. St. Peter’s Basilica

Martin Luther• Catholic monk &

professor in Wittenberg, Germany

• Catholic Church taught: – good works & faith led to

salvation (& indulgences)

• Luther believed: – justified (made right

before God) by faith alone

Martin Luther• The Holy Bible is the only source for religious truth,

thus one does not need a priest – very upset by sale of indulgences…believed that they led

people away from true salvation

• nailed 95 Theses attacking indulgences to the door of Wittenberg church (1517)– copies of 95 Theses quickly spread (printing press)

• 1520: further split from the Catholic Church– only 2 sacraments: communion & baptism– allowed clergy to marry

• The Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of Worms, argues for Luther to be excommunicated (1521)

Politics & the Reformation

• The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (formerly Charles I of Spain) ruled most of Europe!– wanted to keep all his lands united & under the

Roman Catholic Church

• many local rulers supported Luther against Charles V to prove their independence– 1555: forced Charles V to sign the Peace of

Augsburg: each ruler given choice of religious preference!

Peace of Augsburg

John Calvin

• Protestantism: protest of Roman Catholicism

• predestination: God has chosen who He will save/damn before they are ever born

• T.U.L.I.P.– 1536: Geneva,

Switzerland, example of Calvin’s City of God

Reformation in England• Henry VIII: Pope had called him the “Defender of the Faith”

– his wife (Catherine of Aragon) only had a daughter (Mary)

• needed a son (heir) to carry on his Tudor line

• divorce was not given = Henry VIII left Roman Catholic Church– 6 wives: “divorced, beheaded, died…divorced, beheaded, survived”– Catherine of Aragon (Princess of Spain): staunch Catholic = Mary– Anne Boleyn (English): Protestant; “bewitched” Henry VIII, beheaded = Elizabeth– Jane Seymour (English): = Edward (Henry VIII is buried with Jane)– Anne of Cleves (German Princess): ugly & fat, according to Henry VIII– Katherine Howard (English): 15 & Anne Boleyn’s cousin; beheaded for adultery– Catherine Parr (English): survived Henry VIII (mother for kids)

• 2 changes in the Church of England (Anglican):– 1) Monarch: head of Church (Act of Supremacy) – 2) Monarch: divorces allowed

• all other things, same as Roman Catholic Church

Reformation in EnglandWas Henry VIII justified in breaking from the Roman Catholic Church?

Reformation in England• Edward VI (Henry VIII’s son via Jane Seymour)

ruled for a short time– his advisors strengthened the break with the Roman

Catholic Church– gave Catholic Church lands to the nobles to gain

support for the young king

• Edward VI died & Mary (the daughter of Catherine of Aragon) came to the throne– she tried to force England back to Catholicism– killed over 300 Protestants @ one time (Bloody

Mary)

• Mary’s death > Queen Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn)– her advisors went back to Protestantism– was the “son” Henry VIII always wanted– ushered in “The Golden Age” in English history– most beloved ruler in English history (…to most)

Clips from “Elizabeth”

• Queen Mary (sickly) vs. Elizabeth (healthy)• The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth

• "I Am No Man's Elizabeth“• Queen Elizabeth I: The Virgin Queen

• Elizabeth: The Golden Age (Exploration, War with Spain & Mary Queen of Scots)

Protestant Reformers (Chp.15, Sec. 3)

Name: Place: Ideas:

Luther

Zwingli

Calvin

Knox

Anabaptists

Henry VIII

Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)• Roman Catholic Church weakened greatly by the

Protestant Reformation– Changes to the Catholic Church in 16th Century:

• formation of the Jesuits • reform of the papacy • Council of Trent: addressed corruption

• Jesuits (Society of Jesus) – founded by Ignatius Loyola – took vow of absolute obedience to pope – very missionary minded: message was spread via education

• 1545 Council of Trent – faith & good works - 7 sacraments – celibacy of priests - yes to indulgences, but not selling of– clear body of doctrine unified Catholics under the Pope

Counter Reformation(Catholic Reformation)

Evolution of Western Christianity• Compare Roman Catholicism & Protestantism

• (pg. 449-460)

Issue: Roman Catholicism Protestantism

How to get to Heaven:

Head of Christian Church:

Clergy can marry?

Indulgences?

Practices should come from where/whom?

How are Christians seen on a social level? Equal?

The Protestant Reformation &Counter Reformation

In-Class Assessment• 1. What is the Protestant Reformation?

• 2. Who is Martin Luther & why is he significant?

• 3. How did geography & the power struggle between political leaders & the Roman Catholic Church assist Martin Luther in his cause?

• 4. What was Martin Luther’s argument against the Roman Catholic Church in terms of helping people get to Heaven?

• 5. Why would the Roman Catholic Church feel threatened by Martin Luther & his teachings?

• 6. Where was Martin Luther spreading his ideas of the Roman Catholic Church?

• 7. How did Martin Luther believe people received salvation?

Elizabeth: The Golden Age

• Items to which notes should be taken:– Roman Catholic vs. Protestant relations– Power struggle (religion IS political)

• Absolutism: monarchs with absolute power

– Historical characters:• Elizabeth I, Queen of England• Mary, Queen of Scots• Phillip II of Spain• Sir Walter Raleigh

– fire ships & the Spanish Armada