Warm-UpWarm-Up

Write a paragraph describing what you know about CPR.

First Aid and EmergenciesFirst Aid and EmergenciesLesson 27

ObjectivesObjectives

Describe criteria that determine when emergency first aid is needed

Demonstrate the appropriate steps for responding to emergency situations

Define universal precautions and appropriate use

Identify the appropriate steps for responding to life threatening emergencies

TermsTerms

First Aid:– Immediate, temporary care given to an ill or injured

person until professional medical care can be provided Universal Precautions

– Actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluid as if they contained pathogens

Wearing protective gloves Using a mouth piece during breathing emergencies Washing hands before and after providing first aid

Responding to an EmergencyResponding to an Emergency

First step in responding to an emergency is recognizing it

Common indicators of an emergency:– Unusual sights, sounds, behaviors, and/or

odorsIf you find yourself in an emergency,

remain calm and follow these steps developed by the American Red Cross– Check, Call, Care

First steps to take in an emergency situation.

Check, Call, Care

Types of Injuries: Open WoundsTypes of Injuries: Open Wounds Abrasion

– Skin scraped against a hard surface– Tiny blood vessels in the outer layers of skin break– Dirt and bacteria can easily enter the site– Especially important to clean the wound

Laceration– Cut caused by a sharp object– Slices through layers of skin– Accompanied by bleeding– Infection may occur if not cleaned– Deep lacerations may damage nerves, large blood vessels and soft tissues

Puncture– Small by deep hole caused by an object that pierces the skin– Does not usually cause heavy external bleeding, however, if the puncture it deep

internal bleeding could occur– High risk of infection, including tetanus

Avulsion– Tissue is partly or completely separated from the body– Heavy bleeding– Pack the severed part in ice or ice water, if possible to preserve the issue– Immediately call for professional medical assistance

First Aid for BleedingFirst Aid for Bleeding

First put on clean protective gloves Wash a minor wound with mild soap and running water DO NOT attempt to clean a severe injury such as an

avulsion Control the bleeding

– Cover the wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth and apply pressure

– Elevate the wound above the level of the heart– Cover the gauze with a sterile bandage– Cover the dressing with a pressure bandage and/or use pressure

point bleeding control– Call for help!

Applying a Pressure BandageApplying a Pressure Bandage

Place a dressing ove the woundSecure the roller bandage over the dressingUse overlapping turns, covering the

dressing completelySecure the bandage

– Split the ends into two strips and tie them together over the wound

Make sure the bandage is not so thight that it cuts of all circulation

Pressure Point Bleeding ControlPressure Point Bleeding Control

Press the main artery against a bone to stop blood supply to the injured area

Used only when absolutely necessary!

Person requiring this is seriously injured and possible in shockPoints at which pressure should be applied

BurnsBurnsCaused by

– Heat

– Radiation

from sun

– Chemicals

– ElectricityClassified into 3 categories, based upon

depth

Figure 26.2 pg 741

Responding to Common Responding to Common EmergenciesEmergencies

Muscle CrampsMuscle Cramps

Sudden and painful tightening of a muscle Can occur when active or at rest Medications can also cause them Treatment

– Stretch out the affected muscle to counteract the cramp

– Massage firmly

– Apply moist heat

– Get medical help if the cramp persists

Strains and SprainsStrains and Sprains Strain: injury to a muscle, usually resulting from overuse

– Symptoms Pain Swelling Bruising Loss of movement

Sprain: injury to a ligament, usually resulting from a sudden twisting force– Symptoms

Pain Swelling

Serious strains and sprains require medical attention, while minor ones can be treated with RICE– R: Rest

Avoid any movements that cause pain– I: Ice

Icing helps reduces the pain and swelling– 20 minutes on, 20 minutes off

– C: Compression Light pressure from an elastic wrap

– E: Elevation Raise the affected limb above the level of the heart

Fractures and DislocationsFractures and Dislocations

Fracture: break in the boneKeep the victim still and call 911If the victim must be moved, keep the

fractured area immobilized by securing a splint

UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness

Condition in which a person is not alert and aware of his or her surroundings

Different levels, ranging from drowsiness to coma

Unconscious victim can choke to death because of an inability to cough, clear the throat or react to a blocked airway

Place an unconscious victim in the recovery position

FaintingFainting Occurs then blood supply to the brain is

temporarily inadequate Usually brief Could be symptomatic of a medical problem, but

not necessarily If you feel faint lie down, or sit with your head

between your knees If someone else faints, position him or her on

back, with legs elevated 8 to 12 inches above the heart

If vomiting occurs, place the person in the recovery position to prevent choking

ConcussionConcussion Jarring injury to the brain that affects normal

brain function Do not move an unconscious victim if you

suspect a head injury or concussion Check the person’s airway, breathing, and

circulation Get professional help Have a conscious victim lie down Use first aid for any bleeding If the victim is unconscious and you do not

suspect head or neck injury, place in the recovery position

Recovery Position: Figure 28.7 pg 751Recovery Position: Figure 28.7 pg 751

Animal BitesAnimal Bites

Wash the bite area with mild soap and warm water for 5 minutes to remove saliva and foreign matter

Use direct pressure or pressure point bleeding control to stop any bleeding

If wound is swollen apply ice Cover the wound with a clean dressing or bandage Most serious consequence is rabies

– Viral disease of the nervous system that if left untreated eventually will cause paralysis and death

– No cure for rabies after symptoms develop– If vaccinated promptly after being bitten, immunity can be

developed before symptoms arrive

NosebleedsNosebleeds Can occur

– If the nose is struck– If the mucous membranes in the nose dry out from breathing dry

air Treatment

– Keep the person quiet Walking, talking and blowing the nose may increase breathing

– Breathe through the mouth– Site down and lean forward, DO NOT tilt the person’s head back

Could cause person to choke as blood runs down the back of the throat

– Use a protective barrier and press on the bleeding nostril for 15 minutes

Object in the EyeObject in the Eye

Do not rub the eye Encourage the person to blink Try to find the object

– Gently pull the lower eyelid down while the person looks up– Pull the upper eye lid up while the person looks down– Touch the object with a moistened cotton swab or corner of a

clean cloth Flush the eye

– Tilt the head so the affected eye is lower than the unaffected eye– Hold the eye open with one hand– Pour a steady stream of cool water into the eye, from the inside

corner to the outside corner

Poisoning TreatmentPoisoning Treatment

Poison: any substance that causes injury, illness or death when introduced into the body

Approximately 90% of poisonings occur in the home

Over half of these poisonings involve children under 6

Types of poisoningTypes of poisoning Venom: a poisonous substance secreted by a snake,

spider or other creature – Injected into body through a bite or sting

Certain plants or foods can also be poisonous Gasses or vapors may also be poisonous

– Carbon monoxide from hot water heaters or furnaces– Exhaust fumes from automobiles– Fumes from gas or oil burning stoves

Poison Control Center– 24 hour hotline that provides emergency medical advice on

treating poisoning victims– When calling

Be prepared to give your name, location and phone number Provide the name of the substance, when it was ingested and the

amount involved Describe the state of the victim, as well as his or her age and weight Be prepared to follow instructions and answer any questions

First Aid for PoisoningFirst Aid for PoisoningFirst call 911, then practice these strategies Swallowed poisons

– Call poison control– May be instructed to dilute the poison by drinking milk or water or to

induce vomiting Inhaled poison

– Get the person to fresh air– Do not breathe in the fumes – If victim is not breathing, start rescue breathing

Poison on the skin– Remove contaminated clothing– Rinse skin continuously with water for 15 minutes– Rinse with mild soap and water after rinsing for 15 minutes– Rinse again with fresh water– Have someone call 911 while your rinse, if possible

Poison in the eye– Flush eye immediately for 15 minutes– Have victim blink– Call 911

First Aid for Poisonous Bites and StingsFirst Aid for Poisonous Bites and Stings Snakebite

– 20 venomous snakes in the US– Usually not fatal, however a bite can cause sever pain,

loss of function, and rarely the loss of a limb Insect Bites and Stings

– Move to a safe area to avoid further harm– Remove the singer by scraping it with a firm, sharp-

edged object– Wash with mild soap and water– Apply cold compress– If bitten by a venomous spider, or if victim shows

trouble breathing, call 911 immediately

First Aid for Poisonous PlantsFirst Aid for Poisonous Plants

85% of Americans will develop an allergic skin reaction if exposed to poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac– Symptoms:

Blistering Swelling Burning Itching Fever

First defense is to recognize and avoid them Flush affected areas with water and then wash with soap

and water Use calamine lotion to relieve itching