Warm Up: Why do we hate paragraphs so much? What did paragraphs ever do to you?

Warm Up:

Why do we hate paragraphs so much?

What did paragraphs ever do to you?

South America Geography Quiz on Thursday

Chapter 23

Nation Building & Economic Transformations in the Americas,

1800-1900

I. Independence in Latin America 1800-1830

A. Roots of Revolution, to 1810

1. Enlightenment Ideals• Heavily influenced by revolutions in U.S. &

France

- Declaration of Independence

- Declaration of Rights of Man & Citizen


2. Napoleonic Conquest• Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807, Spain in

1808• Created crisis in colonies- Spanish King Ferdinand VII abdicated his

thrown- Portuguese King John VI fled to Brazil


B. Spanish South America

1. Dispute over authority• Colonies question authority of colonial officials• Popular movements overthrew Spanish

officials in 1808-1809- Venezuela, Mexico, & Alto Peru (Bolivia)• Spanish leaders reasserted control, punished

leaders in 1810


2. Independence• Creoles in Caracas

(Venezuela) declared independence in 1811

• Espoused popular sovereignty & representative democracy

• Aim to gain political power at expense of Spanish

• Led by Simon Bolivar

- Son of wealthy planters


2. Bolivar • Bolivar led an army that fought for

independence• Allied with slaves and free blacks- Bolivar agreed to support emancipation- Received support from Haiti• Liberated modern Venezuela, Columbia

Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia (named for Bolivar)


3. Attempt at Unity• Bolívar defeated the Spanish armies in 1824• Tried to forge Venezuela, Colombia, and

Ecuador into a single nation. - Gran Columbia• Attempted to create a confederation of the

former Spanish colonies.• Both failed by 1830


4. Buenos Aires• local junta leaders declared independence as

the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata.- modern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and

Bolivia• The new government was weak, and the

region quickly descended into political chaos.

Warm Up:

Compare the leadership of the American Revolution to that of the revolutions in Spanish South America.


C. Mexico, 1810 - 1823

1. Disparity of Wealth • In 1810, Mexico was Spain’s richest and most

populous colony• Spanish immigrants dominated government,

church & economy• the Amerindian population of central Mexico

was very poor


2. Revolution • On September 16, 1810, a priest, Miguel

Hidalgo y Costilla, urged uprising against the Spain.

- resulting in violent revolution- Targeting ranch & mine owners (peninsulars

& creoles)• after Hidalgo’s capture and execution, José

María Morelos, also a priest, became leader.

- Declared independence

- Drafted a constitution • Loyalist forces defeated the insurrection and

executed Morelos in 1815.Jose Maria Morelos

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla


3. Independence • In 1821, military revolt in

Spain • Colonel Agustín de Iturbide

allied loyalist and insurgents• declared Mexico’s

independence- with himself as emperor. • In early 1823, the army

overthrew Iturbide• Mexico became a republic.

- Iturbide executed in 1824


D. Brazil, to 1831

1. End of Portuguese Rule • King John VI of Portugal ruled his kingdom from

Brazil until 1821• unrest in Spain and Portugal led him to return to

Lisbon.• King John’s son Pedro remained in Brazil,

- ruled as regent until 1822• Pedro declared Brazil to be an independent

constitutional monarchy, with himself as king.


2. Constitutional Monarchy• King Pedro’s enacted liberal policies

- including opposition to slavery• alienated the political slave-holding elite• incurred heavy losses of men and money as he

attempted to control Uruguay by military force. • Street demonstrations and violence led Pedro I to

abdicate in favor of his son, Pedro II• reigned until republicans overthrew him in 1889.

Read pages 652-653Answer #1-4

II. The Problem of Order, 1825–1890

A.Constitutional Experiments

1. Constitutionalism• Leaders in both the United States and in Latin America espoused

constitutionalism.

2. United States• the colonists’ prior experience with representative government

contributed to the success of constitutionalism

3. Latin America• inexperience with popular politics contributed to the failure of

constitutions.

- conflict between church and state

- military & civilian government


4. Canada• Britain responded to demands for political reform• Established limited self-rule in each of the

provinces in the 1840s. • In 1867, the provincial governments of Ontario,

Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia entered into a confederation

- Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa.

Dominion of Canada, 1873

Dominion of Canada, 1873Although independence was not yet achieved and settlement remained concentrated along the U.S. border, Canada had established effective political and economic control over its western territories by 1873.


B. Personalist Leaders

1. Military Leaders of Civilian Government• Successful military leaders in both the United States and Latin America

were able to use their military reputations to gain political power. • Able to mobilize the masses

United States

- George Washington

South America

- Simon Bolivar

Mexico

- Agustín de Iturbide• Latin America’s slow development of stable political institutions made

personalist politics more influential than it was in the United States.


2. Populism• The constitutions excluded large numbers of

poor citizens from full political participation. • led to the rise of populist leaders

- spoke to the desires of the excluded poor


3. Páez & Jackson• Both dominated national politics by identifying with

the common people- in practice, they promoted the interests of powerful

property owners. • in Latin America personalist leaders often became

dictators

- weaker constitutional tradition, less protection of property rights, lower literacy levels, and less developed communications sytems


Paez• uneducated and poor man• became one of Bolivar’s leading generals• declared Venezuela’s independence from Bolívar’s Gran

Colombia in 1829- ruled as president or dictator for the next eighteen years.

Jackson• born in humble circumstances,• successful general who became president

- increased the powers of the presidency at the expense of the Congress and the Supreme Court.


C. The Threat of Regionalism

1. Fragmentation in Latin America• After independence, the weak central governments of the new nations

were often unable to prevent regional elites from leading secessionist movements.

• In Spanish America, all of the postindependence efforts to create large multistate federations failed.

• Central America split off from Mexico in 1823

- broke up into five separate nations; • Gran Colombia broke up into: - Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador• Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia declared their independence from

Argentina.

Latin America Geography Quiz


2. U.S. Expansion• The Louisiana Purchase & Mexican-American

War greatly increased the size of the U.S.• Question of slavery in new territories

increased regional tensions

Territorial Growth of the United States, 1783-1853

Territorial Growth of the United States, 1783–1853The rapid western expansion of the United States resulted from aggressive diplomacy and warfare against Mexico and Amerindian peoples. Railroad development helped integrate the trans-Mississippi west and promote economic expansion.


3. The United States & Slavery• Slavery divided the nation• leading to the establishment of the

Confederacy and the U.S. Civil War.

- 600,000 deaths

- Abolition of slavery in the U.S.


D. Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars

1. Causes Of Conflict• national borders, access to natural resources,

and control of markets.


2. Conflict with Europe• War of 1812• Spanish – American War (1898–1899)- U.S. gained Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines- Cuban independence • French invasions of Mexico - the French invaded Mexico in 1862, ousted President

Benito Juárez - established Maximilian Habsburg as emperor. - Juárez drove the French out in 1867


3. Conflicts between American Nations• Mexican - American War

- U.S. gained Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado in 1848.• Chile defeated the combined forces of Peru and Bolivia in two wars

(1836–1839 &1879–1881)- Chile gained nitrate mines- forced Bolivia to give up its only outlet to the sea.• Argentina and Brazil fought over control of Uruguay in the 1820s- finally recognized Uruguayan independence.• Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay cooperated in a five-year war against

Paraguay- Paraguay was defeated, occupied, lost territory, and was forced to open

its markets to foreign trade.


E. Native Peoples and the Nation-State

1. End of Colonial Protection• Independence ended colonial protection of native

peoples lands• Independent Amerindian peoples posed a challenge

to the new nations of the Western Hemisphere• Amerindian military resistance was overcome in

both North and South America by the end of the 1880s.


2. United States• expansion of white settlements between 1790

-1810 • led to conflict between the American

government and Amerindians• Indian Removal Act of 1830

- forced the resettlement of eastern Amerindian peoples to land west of the Mississippi River.

Read: Indian Removal Documents

Answer questions on a separate sheet of paper


• Amerindians living on the Great Plains had become skilled users of horses and firearms

- resisted to the expansion of white settlement. • Horses and firearms had made the Plains peoples less reliant

on agriculture• more reliant on buffalo hunting.

Decline of Pains Indians • Overhunting of the buffalo, loss of land to ranchers, armed

conflict with the U.S. Army forced the Plains Amerindians to give up their land

- Forced to move to reservations

Pile of Buffalo Skulls

Extermination of the Bison to 1889

• Original range

• Range as of 1870

• Range as of 1889

This map based on William Temple Hornaday's late-nineteenth-century research

Read: Accounts of Massacres

Indian Cession of Lands to the United States

Indian Cession of Lands to the United StatesForced removal of the Creek, Cherokee, and Chickasaw Indians led to the death of thousands on the Trail of Tears to reservations in Oklahoma, as well as to the destruction of their cultures.


3. Argentina & Chile• Native people were able to check the expansion

of white settlement until the 1860s• population increase, political stability, and

military modernization gave the Chilean and Argentinean governments the upper hand.

• In the 1870s both Argentina and Chile crushed native resistance

- drove surviving Amerindians onto marginal land.


5. Mexico• plantation owners in the Yucatán Peninsula

forced Maya communities off their land

- lived in poverty. • Maya communities in the Yucatán rose in a

revolt • the Caste War (1847)

- nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule.

Warm Up:

What led to the downfall of Native American civilation in the United States?

III. The Challenge of Social and Economic Change

A. The Abolition of Slavery

1. Ideals vs. Reality• Enlightenment ideals of freedom and

citizenship contrasted with the reality of slavery.

• Slavery survived in much of the Western Hemisphere until the 1850s


2. Slavery in the United States• In the early19th century, slavery was

weakened:

- abolition in some of the northern states

- by the termination of the African slave trade to the United States (1808)


3. United States Abolitionist• Made moral and religious arguments against slavery. • women and free African Americans, played

important roles in the abolition movement.

- neither had full Constitutional Rights• The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in

the rebel states not occupied by the Union army• final abolition was accomplished with the passage of

the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.


4. Brazil• progress toward the abolition of slavery was

slower• Slaves joined army in exchange for freedom

during war with Paraguay (1865-1870)

- Served with distinction

- Increased support for abolition• Slavery abolished in 1888.


5. the Caribbean colonies• little support for abolition among whites or among

free blacks. • abolition in British Caribbean colonies was the

result the declining profitability of the sugar plantations

• abolition in the French colonies followed the overthrow of the government of Louis Philippe.

• Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886.


B. Immigration

1. Need for labor• As the slave trade ended, immigration from

Europe and Asia increased. • During the 19th century, Europe provided the

majority of immigrants to the Western Hemisphere

• Asian immigration increased after 1850.

Immigrants to Argentina await processingArgentina was one of the most important destinations for European immigrants in the nineteenth century. In this photo, thousands of recent arrivals are packed into an assembly hall to await processing. (Library of Congress)

Immigrants to Argentina await processing

Chinese in VancouverVancouver was an important Western Hemisphere destination for Chinese immigrants in the nineteenth century. This photo shows how an important element of traditional Chinese culture--the elaborate Chinese funeral--thrived among the storefronts and streetcar lines of the late-Victorian Canadian city. (Special Collections, Vancouver Public Library)

Chinese in Vancouver


2. Discrimination• Immigration brought economic benefits• Asian immigrants faced discrimination and violence in

the United States, Canada, Peru, Mexico, and Cuba• immigrants from European countries also faced

prejudice and discrimination.

3. Assimilation• Desire for immigrants to adopt culture• Schools were used to teach language, cultural values,

and patriotism.


C. American Cultures

1. Impact of Immigration• Customs of immigrant communities changed

- Acculturation• Influence of immigrants

- Language, food, dance, music, sports, fashion, political ideas


D.Women’s Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice

1. Women’s Rights Movement• Women’s Rights Convention, Seneca Falls, NY 1848

- Called for equal rights for women• Slow progress:

- Demanded economic, legal, political, and educational equality in the United States, Canada, and Latin America.

• Most working-class women played no role in the women’s rights movements

- took jobs outside the home, contributing to the transformation of gender relations.

Read: Declaration of Sentiments


2. Civil Rights• discrimination against persons of African

descent existed throughout the Western Hemisphere

• Demand for equal political & economic rights


E. Development and Underdevelopment

1. Growth• Nearly all the nations of the Western Hemisphere

experienced economic growth during the 19th century

• the United States was the only one to industrialize• Only the United States, Canada, and Argentina

attained living standards similar to those in Western Europe.


2. Foreign Investment• Rising demand for mine products led to mining

booms in the western United States, Mexico, and Chile.

• European & North American corporations played a significant role in developing mining enterprises in Latin America.

• The expense of transportation and communications technology also increased dependence on foreign capital.


3.Interdependence• Latin America, the United States, and Canada

all participated in the increasingly integrated world market

• Those nations that industrialized achieved prosperity and development,

• those nations that depended on the export of raw materials and low-wage industries experienced underdevelopment.


4. Success vs. Failure• Based on cyclical swings in international markets• The United States and Canada gained independence

during periods of global economic expansion. • Latin American countries gained independence when

the global economy was contracting.• Weak governments, political instability, and (in some

cases) civil war slowed Latin American development.• Latin America became dependent on Britain and, later,

on the U.S. for technology and capital.


F. Altered Environments

1. Effects of Growth• Deforestation, soil exhaustion, and erosion. • Rapid urbanization put strain on water delivery systems,

sewage and garbage disposal systems• The expansion of the mining industry led to erosion and

pollution• Increased demand led to environmental degradation but also

contributed to economic growth. • Given a choice between protecting the environment or

achieving economic growth, nations chose economic growth.

The United States, 1850-1920

The United States, 1850-1920This map shows the expansion of the United States from the coasts into the interior of the continent. In the western half of the continent, only California and Texas were states in 1850; territories located further from the coasts became states later. The economic development, shown by the railroad lines, followed much the same pattern, radiating west and south from the northeastern states and--to a lesser extent--eastward from California.

IV. Comparative PerspectivesA. Constitutional Challenges• All new nations in the Western Hemisphere evolved from their colonial political traditions.• All but the United States suffered failed constitutions within a generation and were divided by distinct

regions and ideologies.

B. Challenges of Expansion• The new nations faced foreign intervention and/or regional competition over territory.• Amerindians lost out to white encroachment throughout the hemisphere.

C. Social and Economic Changes• The end of slavery in the United States and Brazil followed long campaigns and protests to the point of

Civil War.

- The poorest regions of the United States and Brazil were those that had relied upon slave labor.• Amerindian populations were forced to marginal lands and remained at the bottom economically.• Immigrants to the Western Hemisphere tended to settle in regions that had not included slavery.

- Many came as indentured servants and some, such as the Chinese and East Indians, suffered racial discrimination.

• Nations in the more temperate regions tended to prosper the most. Although economic growth throughout the hemisphere depended upon agricultural exports, the United States had become a major industrial nation by 1890.