Warm up – Page 5Warm up – Page 5

What are the 3 stages of memory?What are the 3 stages of memory?What is encoding?What is encoding?What are the 5 different ways we What are the 5 different ways we

encode info?encode info?Class- Demos 4 and 5 Class- Demos 4 and 5

Part 2Part 2

Part 2 Part 2 Sensory Sensory

MemoryMemoryShort Term Short Term

MemoryMemoryLong Term Long Term

MemoryMemory

Storage:Sensory MemoryStorage:Sensory Memory Sensory Memory:Sensory Memory: refers to the initial recording of sensory refers to the initial recording of sensory

information in the memory system. All information is held information in the memory system. All information is held

here brieflyhere briefly ((1/2 to 4 seconds1/2 to 4 seconds))

Filter system- Filter system- figures out if the stimuli is figures out if the stimuli is importantimportant

Sensory Memories include both:Sensory Memories include both:

1.1. Iconic Memory:Iconic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of a a momentary sensory memory of a visual visual stimulistimuli. Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second. . Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second.

2.2. Echoic Memory:Echoic Memory: a momentary sensory memory for a momentary sensory memory for auditory stimuliauditory stimuli. Sound memories can usually last up to . Sound memories can usually last up to 3 3 or 4 seconds.or 4 seconds.

Sensory memory is Sensory memory is very hard to measurevery hard to measure since it fades as we since it fades as we try to measure it. try to measure it.

George Sperling’s George Sperling’s Experiment to Measure Iconic Experiment to Measure Iconic

MemoryMemory

Demo 1- Sensory Memory Demo 1- Sensory Memory

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MKLMKLWDCWDCBGTBGT

DWSDWS

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QKIQKI

NHYNHY

FVGFVG

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How Does Sensory Memory How Does Sensory Memory Get Processed Into Memory?Get Processed Into Memory?

Sensory memories disappear unless Sensory memories disappear unless you focus your you focus your selective attentionselective attention on the information.on the information.

Attention causes information to Attention causes information to be further processed.be further processed.

Rehearse things and Rehearse things and make them make them relevant and meaningfulrelevant and meaningful to to yourself yourself

Only wayOnly way to get info into short to get info into short term and then eventually into term and then eventually into long term memory storagelong term memory storage

Storage: Short Term Memory Storage: Short Term Memory Peterson StudyPeterson Study

Demo 2Demo 2

1. You want to remember 1. You want to remember TXLTXL22. Start counting backwards from 100 by 3s. Start counting backwards from 100 by 3s3. After 5 seconds write the trigram on your activity 3. After 5 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheetsheet

Remember Remember LTSLTS 4. After 20 seconds write the trigram on your 4. After 20 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheetactivity sheet

5. Why did you forget the trigram as time goes on5. Why did you forget the trigram as time goes onIf you don’t rehearse info. it goes awayIf you don’t rehearse info. it goes away

Storage: Short Term MemoryStorage: Short Term MemorySTM- has a STM- has a limited capacitylimited capacity and duration and duration

Couple seconds Couple seconds 7 +/- 27 +/- 2

Remember Remember random digits better than random random digits better than random lettersletters

Remember things we hear better than things we Remember things we hear better than things we seesee

If you use chunking, rehearsal and self reference If you use chunking, rehearsal and self reference you will remember things longer you will remember things longer

Only through Only through rehearsal and or self referencerehearsal and or self reference do do short-term memories become long term memories.short-term memories become long term memories.

Is Long Term Memory Like an Is Long Term Memory Like an Attic?Attic?

Sherlock Holmes: “I consider that a Sherlock Holmes: “I consider that a man’s brain is like a little empty man’s brain is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose…It is a such furniture as you choose…It is a mistake to think that that little room mistake to think that that little room has elastic walls and can distend to has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget addition of knowledge you forget something you knew before.”something you knew before.”

Is this true?Is this true?

Storage- Long Term MemoryStorage- Long Term MemoryAverage adult has a Average adult has a billion bits billion bits

of infoof info in their memory in their memoryIf you don’t properly encode info, If you don’t properly encode info,

it it becomes hard to recallbecomes hard to recallWe don’t always encode info We don’t always encode info correctlycorrectly

LTM= LTM= limitless capacitylimitless capacityRajan Mahadeva = Pi experimentRajan Mahadeva = Pi experiment

Demo 3Demo 3

2 1 6 9 6 4 6 1 5 1 9 9 7 2 2 1 6 9 6 4 6 1 5 1 9 9 7 2 5 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 9 6 1 6 0 8 5 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 9 6 1 6 0 8 9 49 4

4-6 average4-6 average10-19 extraordinary10-19 extraordinary20-30 brilliant20-30 brilliant

So Where Are Memories Stored?So Where Are Memories Stored?Karl Lashley searched Karl Lashley searched

for the brain for the brain “engram,” physical “engram,” physical “memory trace” in rats “memory trace” in rats after they had run after they had run mazes from 1920 to mazes from 1920 to 1955.1955.

Lashley believed: Lashley believed: Learning was NOT Learning was NOT

localized, all parts of localized, all parts of cortex worked together cortex worked together and as a whole.and as a whole.

Neural Basis and Emotional Neural Basis and Emotional Impact For MemoryImpact For Memory

Long Term Potentiation (LTP):Long Term Potentiation (LTP): refers to the refers to the long-lasting strengthening of the long-lasting strengthening of the connection between 2 neuronsconnection between 2 neurons. Is believed . Is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory.to be the neural basis for learning and memory.

Process occurs naturally when we learn through Process occurs naturally when we learn through association…after learning has occurred, association…after learning has occurred, neurons involved in process neurons involved in process become more become more efficient at transmitting the signals. efficient at transmitting the signals.

Drugs that block LTP Drugs that block LTP affect learning affect learning drasticallydrastically. .

Strong emotions make for stronger Strong emotions make for stronger memoriesmemories Stress hormones boost impact on learning. Stress hormones boost impact on learning.

Storage Loss: AmnesiaStorage Loss: AmnesiaAmnesiaAmnesia refers to the loss of refers to the loss of

memory.memory.Depending on the damage or Depending on the damage or

disease different kinds of disease different kinds of memories can be damagedmemories can be damaged

Amnesiac patients typically have Amnesiac patients typically have losses in explicit memorylosses in explicit memory..

Explicit MemoryExplicit Memory (declarative (declarative memory): memory): memory of factsmemory of facts and experiences that one can and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.consciously know and declare.

My birthday is ………My birthday is ………Napoleon is…………Napoleon is…………

Hippocampus’s Role in Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit MemoryExplicit Memory

Hippocampus:Hippocampus: neural center neural center located in limbic located in limbic system that helps system that helps process explicit process explicit memoriesmemories for for storage….left and storage….left and right right hippocampus hippocampus have different have different effects.effects.

Hippocampus’s Role in Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit MemoryExplicit Memory

Names, images and eventsNames, images and eventsDamage to the Left= Damage to the Left= trouble with trouble with

verbal info.verbal info.Damage to Right= Damage to Right= visual designs visual designs

and locations and locations Different parts of the brain house Different parts of the brain house

different memories different memories Monkeys with Hippocampus damage Monkeys with Hippocampus damage

had had old memories that remained old memories that remained intactintact

Implicit MemoryImplicit MemoryOther type of memory Other type of memory

storage is known as:storage is known as:Implicit Memory Implicit Memory

(Procedural Memory): (Procedural Memory): retention of things retention of things without conscious without conscious recollection. recollection. Is Skill Is Skill Memory.Memory.

WalkingWalkingRiding a bikeRiding a bikeSoccer Soccer

Cerebellum’s Role in Implicit Cerebellum’s Role in Implicit MemoryMemory

Cerebellum:Cerebellum: helps helps facilitate associate facilitate associate learning responseslearning responses

ie classical ie classical conditioningconditioning. .

Cutting pathway to Cutting pathway to the cerebellum makes the cerebellum makes rabbits rabbits unable to unable to learn conditioned learn conditioned responses.responses.

A Diagram For Your Viewing A Diagram For Your Viewing PleasurePleasure

Types oflong-termmemories

Explicit(declarative)

With consciousrecall

Implicit(nondeclarative)

Without conscious recall

Facts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)

Personally experienced

events(“episodic memory”)

Skills-motorand cognitive

Dispositions-classical and

operant conditioning

effects

Warm Up – pg 8Warm Up – pg 81.1. How do you get info into Long TermHow do you get info into Long Term

Memory?Memory?2.2. What is the purpose of Sensory What is the purpose of Sensory

Memory? Memory? 3.3. What is Long Term Potential? What is Long Term Potential? 4.4. What is the capacity of STM?What is the capacity of STM?5.5. What is the difference between What is the difference between

explicit and implicit memories?explicit and implicit memories?6.6. Where are explicit memories stored?Where are explicit memories stored?

Chapter 9 Memory pt. 2: Chapter 9 Memory pt. 2: Storage, Retrieval, and Storage, Retrieval, and

ForgettingForgetting

Retrieval: Getting Retrieval: Getting Information OutInformation Out

Recall:Recall: a a measure of measure of memory in which memory in which the person must the person must retrieve retrieve informationinformation learned earlier.learned earlier.

Ex: Ex: Fill in the Fill in the Blank.Blank.

Retrieval: Getting Retrieval: Getting Information OutInformation Out

Recognition:Recognition: a a measure of measure of memory in which memory in which the person need the person need only only identify identify items items previously previously learnedlearned..

Easier than recall Easier than recall Ex: Ex: Multiple Multiple

ChoiceChoice

Retrieval CuesRetrieval Cues

Priming:Priming: activation, often activation, often unconsciously, of unconsciously, of particular particular associations of associations of memorymemory. . Missing child Missing child

poster…. Kidnappedposter…. KidnappedTastes, Tastes,

smells,sightssmells,sights

Retrieval CuesRetrieval Cues

Context Effects Context Effects Memory Memory RetrievalRetrieval: able to : able to retrieve retrieve information better information better when you are in when you are in the same the same context you context you learned it inlearned it in..

Deja VuDeja Vu

                                        

Demo 1Demo 1

Emotional/Mood Impact of Memory:Emotional/Mood Impact of Memory:1. State-Dependent Memory:1. State-Dependent Memory: information is most information is most

easily recalled easily recalled when in same “state” of when in same “state” of consciousnessconsciousness it was learned in. it was learned in.

DrunkDrunk2. Mood Congruent Memory:2. Mood Congruent Memory: tendency to recall tendency to recall

experiences that are experiences that are consistent with one’s current consistent with one’s current mood.mood.

Depressed ppl recall parents as rejecting , mean…..Depressed ppl recall parents as rejecting , mean…..Teenagers and their relationships with their parents Teenagers and their relationships with their parents

Bad mood…. Look=glareBad mood…. Look=glare

7 sins of Memory 7 sins of Memory 1.1. Absent MindednessAbsent Mindedness – –

inattention to detailsinattention to details produces encoding failure produces encoding failure

2.2. TransienceTransience- - unused unused info. fadesinfo. fades

3.3. Blocking-Blocking- unable to unable to access stored info….access stored info….tip tip of your tongue of your tongue

4.4. MisattributionMisattribution- - confusing the sourceconfusing the source of of the info. the info.

5. 5. SuggestibilitySuggestibility- the - the lingering effects of lingering effects of misinformationmisinformation

Leading Leading questionsquestions

6.6. BiasBias-- belief- belief- colored recollectionscolored recollections

7. 7. Persistence-Persistence- unwanted memories unwanted memories won’t go awaywon’t go away

Blocking Demo Blocking Demo 1.1. OsloOslo2.2. AnkaraAnkara3.3. NairobiNairobi4.4. MontevideoMontevideo5.5. LhasaLhasa6.6. CanberraCanberra7.7. LisbonLisbon8.8. BucharestBucharest9.9. Port- au- PrincePort- au- Prince10.10. Sofia Sofia 11.11. SeoulSeoul12.12. BaghdadBaghdad13.13. NicosiaNicosia

13.13. NicosiaNicosia14.14. ManilaManila15.15. ManaguaManagua16.16. HelsinkiHelsinki17.17. BogotaBogota18.18. OttawaOttawa19.19. BangkokBangkok20.20. CaracasCaracas21.21. JuneauJuneau22.22. Santa FeSanta Fe23.23. PierrePierre24.24. Jefferson CityJefferson City25.25. TopekaTopeka26.26. DoverDover

27. Raleigh27. Raleigh28. Montpellier28. Montpellier29.Olympia29.Olympia30. Cheyenne30. Cheyenne31.Jackson31.Jackson32. Concord32. Concord33. Boise33. Boise34. Springfield34. Springfield35. Harrisburg35. Harrisburg36. Salem36. Salem37. Helena37. Helena38. Hartford38. Hartford39. Lansing39. Lansing40. Augusta 40. Augusta

ForgettingForgetting

Forgetting is a result of Forgetting is a result of either:either:

1.1. Encoding FailureEncoding Failure

2.2. Storage Decay OR Storage Decay OR

3.3. Retrieval FailureRetrieval Failure

Forgetting As Encoding Forgetting As Encoding FailureFailure

Information Information never enters the memory never enters the memory systemsystem

Attention is selectiveAttention is selectivewe cannot attend to everything in we cannot attend to everything in

our environmentour environmentWilliam James said that we would be as William James said that we would be as

bad off if we remembered everything as bad off if we remembered everything as we would be if we remembered nothingwe would be if we remembered nothing

Change BlindnessChange BlindnessPenny Penny

Encoding Failure: Which Encoding Failure: Which Penny is the Real Deal?Penny is the Real Deal?

Penny Penny 1.1. Which way does Lincoln Face? To the Which way does Lincoln Face? To the

Left or Right?Left or Right?2.2. Is anything written above his head? If Is anything written above his head? If

yes, what it is?yes, what it is?3.3. Is anything below his head? If so, what Is anything below his head? If so, what

is it?is it?4.4. Is anything written to the left of his Is anything written to the left of his

face? If so, what is it?face? If so, what is it?5.5. Is anything written to the right of his Is anything written to the right of his

face? If so, what is it? face? If so, what is it?

PennyPenny

1.1. Lincoln faces to the rightLincoln faces to the right

2.2. Above his head it say’s “ In god Above his head it say’s “ In god We Trust”We Trust”

3.3. Below his head is nothingBelow his head is nothing

4.4. To his left it says” liberty”To his left it says” liberty”

5.5. To his right is the year the coin To his right is the year the coin was minted was minted

More Encoding Failures More Encoding Failures

1.1. What is the color of the top stripe of What is the color of the top stripe of the American flag?the American flag?

RedRed

2. The bottom Stripe? 2. The bottom Stripe? RedRed

3. How many red and white stripes 3. How many red and white stripes does it have?does it have?

7 red and 6 white7 red and 6 white

More Encoding FailuresMore Encoding Failures

4. Most wooden pencils are not round. 4. Most wooden pencils are not round. How many sides dot hey typically How many sides dot hey typically have?have?

Six Six

55. In what hand does the Statue of . In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch?Liberty hold her torch?

Right Right

Storage Decay Storage Decay

Over time we Over time we just forget just forget things things

Retrieval FailureRetrieval Failure

Forgetting Forgetting can result can result from from failure failure to retrieve to retrieve information information from long-from long-term term memorymemoryGoogle Google

Forgetting and Spanish Forgetting and Spanish LearnedLearned

Retentiondrops,

then levels off

1 3 5 9½ 14½ 25 35½ 49½Time in years after completion of Spanish course

100%

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Percentage oforiginal

vocabularyretained

Forgetting As InterferenceForgetting As Interference

Learning some items may disrupt Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other informationretrieval of other informationProactive(forward acting) Proactive(forward acting) InterferenceInterferencedisruptive effect of prior disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new learning on recall of new informationinformation

New Phone NumberNew Phone NumberNew schedule New schedule

Forgetting As InterferenceForgetting As Interference

Retroactive (backwards Retroactive (backwards acting) Interferenceacting) Interferencedisruptive effect of new disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old learning on recall of old informationinformation

Teacher learning new Teacher learning new namesnames

Take a break after learning Take a break after learning