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Warm UpWarm Up
Hand in writing. Top TrayHand in writing. Top TrayFigure out who your partner Figure out who your partner is going to be for next classis going to be for next class
Pick up security agreement Pick up security agreement off of the overhead . You off of the overhead . You need both pagesneed both pages
Chapter 15 pt. 2: Mood Chapter 15 pt. 2: Mood Disorders, Dissociation, Disorders, Dissociation,
Schizophrenia, and Personality Schizophrenia, and Personality DisordersDisorders
Mood Disorders Illustrate Mood Disorders Illustrate Emotional ExtremesEmotional Extremes
Mood DisordersMood Disorders are characterized are characterized by by emotional extremesemotional extremes and come and come in variety of forms:in variety of forms:–1. Major Depressive Disorder1. Major Depressive Disorder–2. Dysthymic Disorder2. Dysthymic Disorder–3. Seasonal Affective Disorder3. Seasonal Affective Disorder–4. Bipolar Disorder4. Bipolar Disorder
Depression Is PervasiveDepression Is Pervasive Nearly everyone will experience at least Nearly everyone will experience at least
some type of some type of mild depressionmild depression in their in their life often due to some external sad life often due to some external sad event.event.
Major Depressive Disorder:Major Depressive Disorder: differentiates itself from mild depression differentiates itself from mild depression since a person has depressed mood, since a person has depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, and feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest FOR NO EXTERNAL diminished interest FOR NO EXTERNAL REASON for REASON for 2 or more weeks. . 2 or more weeks. . – Dysthymic Disorder:Dysthymic Disorder: less severeless severe down down
swing in mood but lasts for swing in mood but lasts for 2 or more 2 or more yearsyears..
DepressionDepression Seasonal Affective Seasonal Affective
Disorder:Disorder: also known also known as “as “winter winter depressiondepression.” Nearly .” Nearly unknown in the unknown in the tropics, but tropics, but measurably prevalent measurably prevalent in higher latitudes in higher latitudes especially in polar especially in polar areas where daylight areas where daylight becomes rare in becomes rare in winter. winter.
Gender and DepressionGender and Depression
Percentageof population
aged 18-84experiencing
majordepression
at somepoint In life
20
15
10
5
0
USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand
Around the worldwomen are more
susceptible todepression
Gender and DepressionGender and Depression
12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Age in Years
10%
8
6
4
2
0
Percentagedepressed
Females
Males
Effects on DepressionEffects on Depression Neurotransmitter, Neurotransmitter,
serotoninserotonin is scarce is scarce during depression.during depression.
Cognitively, people Cognitively, people tend to have a tend to have a negative negative explanatory explanatory outlookoutlook which which helps feed helps feed depression and depression and lower mood. lower mood.
Brainchemistry
Cognition
Mood
Vicious Cycle of Vicious Cycle of DepressionDepression
Breaking Breaking any of the any of the links can links can often help often help eliminate eliminate depressiodepression. n.
1Stressful
experiences
4Cognitive and
behavioral changes
2Negative
explanatory style
3Depressed
mood
Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder:Bipolar Disorder:
mood disorder in which mood disorder in which person alternates person alternates between between hopelessness and hopelessness and lethargylethargy of depression of depression and the and the overexcited, overexcited, hyperactivehyperactive, , optimistic state of optimistic state of mania. mania.
Used to be known as Used to be known as Manic Depressive Manic Depressive Disorder.Disorder.
– 1%1%
VS.
Mood Disorders and SuicideMood Disorders and Suicide
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+
Suicides per100,000 people
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Males Females
The higher suicide rateamong men greatly increases in late adulthood
Explaining Mood DisordersExplaining Mood Disorders1.1. Many Many behavioral and cognitivebehavioral and cognitive changes changes
accompany depression accompany depression Unmotivated, grades decreases, no sleepUnmotivated, grades decreases, no sleep…….…….
2.2. Depression is Depression is widespreadwidespread3.3. Women at greater riskWomen at greater risk
Women more Women more passivepassive Men more active Men more active
4.4. Depression usually goes away Depression usually goes away 5.5. Stressful eventsStressful events usually precede depression usually precede depression6.6. Depression is striking Depression is striking more and earliermore and earlier
Explaining Mood DisordersExplaining Mood Disorders
Genetic Genetic – Mood disorders are Mood disorders are geneticgenetic– Have not found a single Have not found a single
“depression” “depression” genegeneThe BrainThe Brain
– Decrease in Decrease in serotoninserotonin– Lack of activity in Lack of activity in frontal lobefrontal lobe
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Symptoms Symptoms – Memory loss (amnesia) of certain time Memory loss (amnesia) of certain time
periods, events and people periods, events and people – Mental health problems, including Mental health problems, including
depression and anxiety depression and anxiety – A sense of being detached from yourself A sense of being detached from yourself
(depersonalization) (depersonalization) – A perception of the people and things around A perception of the people and things around
you as distorted and unreal (derealization) you as distorted and unreal (derealization) – A blurred sense of identity A blurred sense of identity
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders CausesCauses
– children subjected to chronic children subjected to chronic physical, sexual or emotional abuse physical, sexual or emotional abuse
– a home environment that is a home environment that is otherwise frightening or highly otherwise frightening or highly unpredictable.unpredictable.
– A child who learns to dissociate in A child who learns to dissociate in order to endure an extended period order to endure an extended period of his or her youth may use this of his or her youth may use this coping mechanism in response to coping mechanism in response to stressful situations throughout life. stressful situations throughout life.
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders In general In general Dissociative Dissociative
DisordersDisorders are disorders in are disorders in which a person’s conscious which a person’s conscious awareness becomes separated awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous (dissociated) from previous memories and feelings. memories and feelings.
Dissociative Identity Dissociative Identity Disorder: Disorder: used to be known as used to be known as multiple personality multiple personality disorderdisorder. Rare disorder where . Rare disorder where person exhibits person exhibits 2 or more2 or more distinct and alternating distinct and alternating personalities.personalities.
Dissociative Disorders Include Dissociative Disorders Include Amnesia (NOT IN BOOK)Amnesia (NOT IN BOOK)
Unlike other forms of memory loss dissociative Unlike other forms of memory loss dissociative memory loss is memory loss is NOT caused by brain NOT caused by brain trauma.trauma.
Anterograde Amnesia:Anterograde Amnesia: loss of memory loss of memory afterafter a traumatic event. a traumatic event. Cant learn new factsCant learn new facts that that occur after incident.occur after incident.
Retrograde Amnesia:Retrograde Amnesia: loss of memories from loss of memories from before a traumatic eventbefore a traumatic event. Cant remember . Cant remember anything prior to the incident. anything prior to the incident.
Dissociative (Psychogenic) Amnesia:Dissociative (Psychogenic) Amnesia: is the is the loss of a person’s identityloss of a person’s identity. According to . According to Freud, caused by intense anxiety. Serves as an Freud, caused by intense anxiety. Serves as an escape. escape.
Dissociation Disorders (NOT Dissociation Disorders (NOT IN BOOK)IN BOOK)
Dissociative (Psychogenic) Dissociative (Psychogenic) Fugue State:Fugue State: when person when person with amnesia with amnesia physically physically moves away from homemoves away from home and takes on a new identity and takes on a new identity somewhere else. somewhere else.
Usually temporary and Usually temporary and according to some according to some researchers is caused by researchers is caused by traumatic/stressful traumatic/stressful episode. episode.
Schizophrenia Is Not One Schizophrenia Is Not One DisorderDisorder
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia is a group is a group of disorders characterized of disorders characterized by by disorganized and disorganized and delusional thinkingdelusional thinking, , disturbed perceptions, and disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions. inappropriate emotions.
Schizophrenics often Schizophrenics often experience experience hallucinationshallucinations (false perceptions) and (false perceptions) and delusionsdelusions (false beliefs of (false beliefs of grandeur or persecution).grandeur or persecution).
Background Background
1 in 1001 in 100 ppl get it ppl get it Typically appears Typically appears
in in teens and teens and twentiestwenties– Men before 25Men before 25– Women 25-45Women 25-45
Men and women Men and women affected equallyaffected equally
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEXyqe85cuA&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v=4LScZZOkeIs&sav=4LScZZOkeIs&safety_mode=true&pfety_mode=true&persist_safety_modeersist_safety_mode=1&safe=active=1&safe=active
Positive symptomsPositive symptoms involve the involve the presence of inappropriate perceptions presence of inappropriate perceptions behavior. behavior. – Ex: Ex: Hallucinations, Delusions, Hallucinations, Delusions, “Word Salad,”“Word Salad,” Inappropriate Inappropriate laughter, etc. laughter, etc.
Negative symptomsNegative symptoms involves the involves the absence of appropriate behaviorabsence of appropriate behavior. . – Ex: toneless voices, expressionless, Ex: toneless voices, expressionless,
rigid, mute, etc. rigid, mute, etc.
Positive vs. Negative Positive vs. Negative SymptomsSymptoms
Explaining Schizophrenia: Explaining Schizophrenia: Brain ChemistryBrain Chemistry
Most psychologists believe Most psychologists believe disorganized thinking and disorganized thinking and hallucinations is caused by a hallucinations is caused by a breakdown in selective attentionbreakdown in selective attention..
Selective attention breakdown is most Selective attention breakdown is most likely caused by an overabundance of likely caused by an overabundance of the neurotransmitter the neurotransmitter dopaminedopamine..
Abnormal Abnormal brain chemistry brain chemistry
What Causes it? What Causes it?
Don’t really know…. Maybe….. Don’t really know…. Maybe….. Low birth weightLow birth weight Oxygen deprivationOxygen deprivation Viral infectionsViral infections while in the womb while in the womb Genetics definitely play a role Genetics definitely play a role Environment or parenting is Environment or parenting is notnot
thought to cause itthought to cause it Environmental events Environmental events may trigger may trigger
it it
Warning Signs……Warning Signs…… A A mother mother who whose schizophrenia who whose schizophrenia
was severe and long lastingwas severe and long lasting Birth complicationsBirth complications Separation from parentsSeparation from parents Short attention span and poor Short attention span and poor
muscle coordinationmuscle coordination Disruptive or withdrawnDisruptive or withdrawn behavior behavior Emotional unpredictabilityEmotional unpredictability Poor peer relationsPoor peer relations and solo play and solo play
Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia and GeneticsGenetics
Lifetime riskof developingschizophrenia
for relatives of a schizophrenic
40
30
20
10
0 Generalpopulation
Siblings Children Fraternaltwin
Childrenof two
schizophrenia victims
Identicaltwin
Personality disorders Personality disorders
SymtomsSymtoms– Frequent mood swings Frequent mood swings – Stormy relationships Stormy relationships – Social isolation Social isolation – Angry outbursts Angry outbursts – Suspicion and mistrust of others Suspicion and mistrust of others – Difficulty making friends Difficulty making friends – A need for instant gratification A need for instant gratification – Poor impulse control Poor impulse control – Alcohol or substance abuseAlcohol or substance abuse
Personality disorders Personality disorders
Causes Causes – The causes of personality disorders are The causes of personality disorders are
not fully known. not fully known. – Nurture- possible causes include trauma Nurture- possible causes include trauma
in early childhood such as abuse, in early childhood such as abuse, violence, inadequate parenting and violence, inadequate parenting and neglect.neglect.
– nature- Neurological and genetic nature- Neurological and genetic factors may also play a partfactors may also play a part
Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders refer to refer to
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that that impair social functioningimpair social functioning. .
Variety of Types:Variety of Types:– 1. Avoidant Personality:1. Avoidant Personality: avoids avoids
personal interaction because they personal interaction because they fear fear they are inadequatethey are inadequate or socially or socially inept. inept.
– 2. Paranoid Personality: 2. Paranoid Personality: constant constant distrust of othersdistrust of others; believe others are ; believe others are out to get you. out to get you.
Personality Disorder Types Personality Disorder Types ContinuedContinued
3.3. Borderline Personality:Borderline Personality: characterized characterized by by mood instability and poor self-mood instability and poor self-imageimage. Trouble maintaining relationships. . Trouble maintaining relationships.
4.4. Histrionic Personality:Histrionic Personality: must be must be center center of attentionof attention; constantly interrupts others. ; constantly interrupts others.
5.5. Narcissistic Personality:Narcissistic Personality: very self very self centered personality.centered personality. Will exaggerate Will exaggerate achievements. achievements.
Antisocial Personality Antisocial Personality Does NotDoes Not Mean Shyness/Not Good With Mean Shyness/Not Good With
PeoplePeople Anti-Social Anti-Social
Personality Disorder:Personality Disorder: characterized by a characterized by a lack lack of conscience for of conscience for wrong-doingwrong-doing toward toward anyone. anyone.
Often aggressive or Often aggressive or con con artists and fearlessartists and fearless. .
MurderersMurderers like Charles like Charles Manson. Manson.
Explaining Antisocial Explaining Antisocial PersonalityPersonality
PET scans illustrate reduced activation in PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s a murderer’s frontal cortexfrontal cortex
Normal Murderer
Influences on CriminalsInfluences on Criminals
Percentageof criminaloffenders
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Total crime Thievery Violence
Childhoodpoverty
Obstetricalcomplications
Both poverty and obstetrical complications
Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders
Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals
Ethnicity Gender
Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8%
Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8
Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3
Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6
Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8
Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5
Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6