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Warm Up
Describe the Law of Superpostition.
http://rapguidetoevolution.co.uk/i%e2%80%99m-a-african#comments
• What do you think each of the following mean?
o Fossil o Comparative anatomy o Comparative embryologyo Comparative biochemistryo Geographic distribution
o Fossil
preserved remains or traces of animals,plants, and other organisms
o Comparative anatomy
Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different organisms
o Comparative embryology
Compares and contrasts embryos of different species
o Comparative biochemistry
structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems.
o Geographic distribution
Distribution of Plants and animals
Evidence of Evolution
• Fossil • Comparative anatomy • Comparative embryology• Comparative biochemistry• Geographic distribution
Evidence of Evolution
Evolution
Fossils
Glyptodont
Fossils provide a record of species that lived long ago. Fossils show that ancient species share similarities with
species that now live on Earth.
Armadillo
Evolution
Derived traits newly evolved features
Feathers do not appear in the fossils
of common ancestors.
Ancestral traits primitive features
Teeth appear in ancestral forms.
Two classes of traits
Comparative Anatomy
Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor are called homologous structures.
• Analogous structures – same appearance, structure or function – evolved separately– do not share common ancestor.
• Homologous structures– Similar structures – Share common ancestor
Homologous or Analogous
Evolution
Show that functionally similar features can evolve independently in similar environments
Analogous structures
Evidence of Evolution
Evolution
Vestigial Structures
reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms.
Evidence of Evolution
Evolutionary theorypredicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost.
Evolution
Vestigial Structures
reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms.
Evidence of Evolution
Evolutionary theorypredicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost.
Evolution
Vestigial Structures
reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms.
Evidence of Evolution
Evolutionary theorypredicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost.
Evolution
Vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development but become totally different structures in the adult forms.
Comparative Embryology
Evidence of Evolution
Evolution
Many different organisms share metabolic molecules
Common ancestry
Comparative Biochemistry
Evolution
Comparisons of the similarities in these molecules across species support the evolutionary patterns seen in comparative anatomy and in the fossil record.
Organisms with closely related morphological features have more closely related molecular features.
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Geographic Distribution The distribution of plants and animals Evolution is intimately linked with climate and
geological forces.
Rabbit Mara
Evolution
Types of Adaptation Adaptation
trait increases an organism’s reproductive success.
Camouflage
Mimicry
California kingsnake
Western coral snake
Evolution
Fitness is a measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation.
Traits with higher fitness become more common.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
2
4
6
8
10
12
Fitness vs. Number of organisms
Fitness
# of
org
anism
s with
trai
t
Name the independent and dependent variables?
Independent variable
dependent variable
A. ancestral traitsB. analogous structuresC. homologous structuresD. vestigial structures
Identify the term that is used to describe anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor.
EvolutionChapter 15
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
A. snake pelvisB.porpoise flipperC. human appendix
Which is not a vestigial structure?
EvolutionChapter 15
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
A. a tailB. bonesC. feathersD. teeth
Which is an example of a derived trait?
EvolutionChapter 15
15.2 Formative Questions
A. analogous structuresB. embryological structuresC. homologous structuresD. vestigial structures
Which features are similar in use and evolve in similar environments, but do not evolve from a common ancestor?
EvolutionChapter 15
15.2 Formative Questions
True or False
Organisms with similar anatomy share similar DNA sequences.
EvolutionChapter 15
15.2 Formative Questions
A. adaptationB. biogeographyC. gradualismD. speciation
At the heart of the theory of evolution by natural selection lies the concept of __________.
EvolutionChapter 15
15.2 Formative Questions
A. camouflageB. mimicryC. embryological adaptationD. vestigial structure
Determine which morphological adaptation the monarch butterfly exhibits.
EvolutionChapter 15
Chapter Assessment Questions
Evolution
Which is the best explanation for the similarities in the construction of these forelimbs?
A. Each forelimb is a similar modification derived from a different ancestor.
B. Natural selection has produced similar modifications in the forelimb.
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Practice
Evolution
C. They are functionally similar features that have evolved independently.
D. They are modifications of the forelimbs of a common ancestor.
Chapter 15
Standardized Test Practice
Which is the best explanation for the similarities in the construction of these forelimbs?
Closing Quiz
Contrast ancestral and derived traits.