WAP PPT1

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WAP- Wireless Application

Protocol

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Over view

WAP Introduction

WAP architecture requirements

Architecture overview

World-wide web model

WAP model

Components of WAP architecture

Sample Configuration of WAP technology

Usage, Advantages & Disadvantages of WAP

Summary

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WAP- Wireless Application

Protocol� An open, global specification that empowers

mobile users with wireless devices to easilyaccess and interact with internet information

and services instantly.

� The wireless industry came up with the idea

of WAP. The point of this standard was toshow internet contents on wireless clients,like mobile phones.

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� WAP stands for Wireless ApplicationProtocol

o WAP is an application communication

protocolo WAP is used to access ser vices and

information

o WAP is inherited from Internet standards

o WAP is for handheld devices such as mobilephones

o WAP is a protocol designed for microbrowsers

o WAP enables the creating of webapplications for mobile devices.

o WAP uses the mark-up language WML (notHTML) WML is defined as an XML 1.0application

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The WAP specifications continue to be developed by

contributing members, who, through interoperability

testing, have brought WAP into the limelight of the

mobile data marketplace with fully functional WAP±

enabled devices as shown below:

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The basic AIM of WAP is to provide a web-like

experience on small portable devices - like mobile phones

and PDAs.

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Purpose of WAP

To enable easy, fast delivery of relevant information

and services to mobile users.

Type of devices that use WAP

Handheld digital wireless devices such as mobile phones, pagers, two-way radios, smart phones and

communicators -- from low-end to high-end.

WAP works with most Wireless networks such as:CDPD, CDMA, GSM, PDC, PHS, TDMA, FLEX,

ReFLEX, iDEN, TETRA, DECT, DataTAC, Mobitex.

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Operating systems that are compatible with WAP

�WAP is a communications protocol and an applicationenvironment.

�WAP is independent of OS that means WAP can be

implemented on any OS.

�It can be built on any operating system including Palm

OS, EPOC 32, Windows CE, FLEXOS, OS/9, Java OS,

etc. It provides service interoperability even betweendifferent device families.

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WAP Architecture

Requirements� Leverage existing standards whenever

possible

� Define a layered, scaleable and extensiblearchitecture

� Support as many wireless networks as

possible� Optimize for narrow-band bearers with high

latency

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WAP Architecture

Requirements (Contd.)

� Optimize for efficient use of device

resources

� Provide support for secure applications and

communication

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Architecture Over view

� WWW programming model is optimized and

extended to match characteristics of the

wireless environment

� Utilizes proxy technology to connect

between the wireless domain and WWW

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World-Wide Web Model

CG I,

Scripts,

Etc.

Content

Web Server

Cl ient

Web

Br owser

Request (URL)

Response

( Content)

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WAP Programming Model

CGI,

Scripts,Etc.

Content

Web Server

Cl ient

WAE

User

Agent

Request

(URL)

Response

(Content)

Gateway

Encoders

And

Decoders

E ncoded

Request

E ncoded

Response

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� WAP Device

- Is used to access WAP applications andcontent. It might be a PDA, handheldcomputer.

�WAP Client

- Entity that receives content from Internet via aWAP Gateway. This is usually the WAPBrowser.

� WAP Content/Origin/Application Server

- Element in the network where the informationor web/WAP applications resides.

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� WAP Proxy

- Acts both as a client and as a server in the

network.Typically has ± Protocol gateway : translates requests from the

WAP protocol stack to WWW protocol stack

± Content encoders and decoders : translate WAP

content into compact encoded formats to reduce

the size of data over the network

It allows content and applications to be

hosted on standard WWW servers anddeveloped using proven WWW technologies

such as CGI scripting

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� WAP Gateway

- Intermediary element used to connect two different

types of network. It receives request directly fromthe clients as if it actually were the origin server that

clients want to receive the information form. The

clients are usually unaware that they are speaking to

the Gateway.

� WAP Browser

± Software running on the WAP device that

interprets the WAP content arriving from theinternet and decides how to display it on WAP

device.

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WML

� WML ± Wireless Markup Language formerlycalled HDML (Handheld Devices Markup

Language)

� Is a tag language that allows the text portions of

Web Pages to be presented on cellular phones andPersonal Digital Assistants (PDAs) via wireless

access.

�

WML is used for delivering data to WAP devices,and is HTML- like in its appearance.

� An alternative to WML is I-Mode¶s cHTML

language.

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WAP Network Example

W eb

Server

Wireless

Network

WAP

P roxy

HTML

F ilter

W T A

Server

WAP

Cl ient

W ML

W ML HTML

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WWW Protocol Stack

T CP/ I P

UD P/ I P

T LS - SSL

H TT P

H T ML

J ava Script

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Components of WAP

Architecture

Other Services

And Appl icati ons

T r ansport Layer (WD P )

Securit y Layer (W T LS)

T r ansacti on Layer (W T P )

Sessi on Layer (WS P )

Appl icati on Layer (WAE)

GSM CDM A P HS IS-136 CD P D P DC- P FL EX E tc«

Bearers :

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Wireless Application Environment

(WAE)

� General-purpose application environment

based on a combination of WWW and

mobile telephony technologies.

� It defines the user interface on the phone. It

contains WML and WTA (Wireless

Telephony Application).

� Primary objective ± interoperable

environment.

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Wireless Application Environment

(Contd.)� WAE includes a micro-browser (Client software

designed to overcome challenges of mobile handhelddevices that enables wireless access to services such

as Internet information in combination with asuitable network ) server environment which provides

± WML

± WML script

± WTA

± Content formats

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Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)

� The WAP session protocol (WSP) layer providesa lightweight session layer to allow efficientexchange of data between applications.

� Application layer with a consistent interface for two session services

± Connection-oriented service that operates above the transaction layer protocol (WTP)

± Connectionless service that operates above a

secure or non-secure datagram service (WDP)

� Optimized for low-bandwidth bearer networkswith long latency

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Wireless Transaction Protocol

(WTP)

» Runs on top of a datagram ser vice

� The WAP transaction protocol (WTP) layer

provides transaction support, adding reliability to

the datagram service provided by WDP.� Light weight transaction-oriented protocol

� Three classes of transaction services

± Unreliable one-way requests

± Reliable one-way requests

± Reliable two-way request-reply transactions

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Wireless Transport Layer

Security (WTLS)

Based on industry-standard Transport Layer

Security (TLS) protocol

� Optimized for use over narrow-band

communication channels� Features:

± Data integrity

± Privacy

± Authentication

± Denial-of-service protection

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Wireless Datagram Protocol

(WDP)

� The WAP datagram protocol (WDP) is theTransport layer that sends and receives messagesvia any available bearer network, including SMS,USSD, CSD, CDPD, IS±136 packet data, and

GPRS.

� Operates above the data capable bearer servicessupported by various network types.

� Provides a common interface to the upper layer protocols and hence they function independent of the underlying wireless network.

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Bearers

� Differing levels of quality of service with

respect to throughput, error rate, and delays

� WAP protocols are designed to compensatefor or tolerate these varying levels of

service

�

WDP specification lists the bearers that aresupported and techniques used to allow

WAP protocols to run over each bearer

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Sample WAP Stacks

No layer

I P Non-I P

UD P W D P

W T P

W S P/ B

WAE

W TLS

WAE

User Ag ents

No layer

I P Non-I P

UD P W D P

W T P

W TLS

A ppl icat ions over

transact ions

No layer

I P Non-I P

UD P W D P

W TLS

A ppl icat ions over

Data g ram Transport

WA P T echnology

Outsi d e of WA P

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Mobile-Originated Example of WAP

ArchitectureThe request from the mobile device is sent as a URL

through the operator's network to the WAP gateway,

which is the interface between the operator's network

and the Internet as shown in the figure below.

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FUTURE OF WAP

Will WAP comply with Third Generation wireless standards?

Yes, WAP has been designed to be as independent as possible from the

underlying network technology.

Is WAP necessary with higher bandwidth 3G networks?

Even as bandwidths increase, the cost of that bandwidth does not fall to

zero.T

hese costs result from higher power usage in the terminals,higher costs in the radio sections, greater use of RF spectrum, and

increased network loading. In addition, the original constraints WAP

was designed for -- intermittent coverage, small screens, low power

consumption, wide scalability over bearers and devices, and one-

handed operation -- are still valid in 3G networks. Finally, we canexpect the bandwidth required by application users to steadily increase.

Therefore, there is still a need to optimize the device and network

resources for wireless environments. We can expect WAP to optimize

support for multimedia applications that continue to be relevant.

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If WAP is very successful in mass-markets on 2.5G networks, 3G

networks may be needed purely for capacity relief.

The reasons to migrate to WAP technology

Network operators are behind WAP

With minimal risk and investment, WAP enables operators to

decrease churn, cut costs, and increase revenues by improving

existing, value-added services and offering exciting new

informational services.

Why are equipment manufacturers interested in WAP?

Being a global open specification suite, WAP has generated thecritical mass for manufacturers. This has opened up new product

and marketing opportunities in the wireless industry and provides

new revenue to participating companies.

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WAP in the Competitive EnvironmentCompetition for WAP protocols could come from a number of

sources:

� subscriber identity module (SIM) toolkit ² The use of SIMs or smart cards in wireless devices is already widespread and

used in some of the service sectors.

� Windows CE ² This is a multitasking, multithreaded operating

system from Microsoft designed for including or embeddingmobile and other space-constrained devices.

� JavaPhone� ² Sun Microsystems is developing

PersonalJava� and a JavaPhone� API, which is embedded in a

Java� virtual machine on the handset. NEPs will be able to build

cellular phones that can download extra features and functionsover the Internet; thus, customers will no longer be required to

buy a new phone to take advantage of improved features.

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USAGE

- Corporate Applications: Sales force automation

where sales people use their WAP enabled handsets toget instant, direct access to the latest pricing, latest

news, competitive information any time, anywhere.

- Online Services:

Bank i ng: Users can get their current balance,

transfer funds between accounts and receive fax of a

mini-statement.

E l ectr onic Commerce: Subscribers can use their handset just like their PC to purchase products and

services over the Web.

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- Tele services

P repai d Services:With a WAP-enabled phone, prepaid subscribers can see their current balance with

the press of a button. By pressing another button,they can also recharge their account by entering acredit card or voucher number into the handset.

- Personal Productivity

E mai l: Using WAP users can keep track of their email right from their handset.

- Others include:

- Interactive Chat

- Auctions

- Games

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The ADVAN T AG ES that WAP can offer over these other

methods are the following:

�open standard, vendor independent

�network-standard independent

�transport mechanism±optimized for wireless data bearers

�application downloaded from the server, enabling

fast service creation and introduction, as opposed to

embedded software

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DISADVAN T AG ES of WA P

� S mall screens: For web phones, there's an incredibly small

viewing area; palmtops are barely better.� Speed of access: All devices have slow access.

� Li mited or f r agmented avai labi l it y: Wireless web access issporadic in many areas and entirely unavailable in other areas.

� P rice: Many technology limitations are being addressed byhigher-end devices and services. But the entry price for agood wireless web palmtop with decent display, keyboard,and speed is easily $700 to $900, not including monthlyaccess.

� Lack of user habit : It takes some patience and overcomingthe learning curve to get the hang of it -- connecting, puttingin an address, typing. Users just aren't used to the idea and

protocol yet.�

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Summary

� WAP provides a markup language and a transport protocol that

open the possibilities of the wireless environment and give players

from all levels of the industry the opportunity to access an

untapped market that is still in its infancy.

� The bearer-independent nature of WAP has proved to be a long-

awaited breath of fresh air for an industry riddled with multiple proprietary standards that have suffocated the advent of a new

wave of mobile-Internet communications. WAP is an enabling

technology that, through gateway infrastructure deployed in

mobile operator's network, will bridge the gap between the mobile

world and the Internet, bringing sophisticated solutions to mobileusers, independent of the bearer and network.

� Backed by 75 percent of the companies behind the world's

mobile telephone market and the huge development potential of

WAP, the future for WAP looks bright.

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References

Books:

� Beginning WAP ± Wrox Publications

� Dynamic WAP Application Development-Manning Publications, Inc

Websit es:

Documents

WAP PPT1