Wales- Cymru

Wales- CymruWales- Cymru

Identity and nationalismIdentity and nationalism

Wales (2)-Modern PeriodWales (2)-Modern Period

• Growth in Welsh nationalism and Growth in Welsh nationalism and national consciousness.national consciousness.

• 1936-the burning of the bombing 1936-the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth. (Saunders school in Penyberth. (Saunders Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine).Valentine).

Wales- CymruWales- Cymru

After survival- growthAfter survival- growth

Wales-CymruWales-Cymru

• 1536 1536 Act of UnionAct of Union• 1546 First printed book in Welsh.1546 First printed book in Welsh.• 1567 Translation of Prayer Book 1567 Translation of Prayer Book

and New Testament into Welsh.and New Testament into Welsh.• 1588: 1588: Translation of the whole Translation of the whole

Bible into Welsh- its influenceBible into Welsh- its influence..

William MorganWilliam Morgan and and translation of Bible into translation of Bible into

WelshWelsh

Wales -Modern PeriodWales -Modern Period

• 1707 Edward Lhuyd’s 1707 Edward Lhuyd’s Archaeologia Archaeologia BritannicaBritannica. Beginnings of Celtic . Beginnings of Celtic Studies.Studies.

• Mid 18Mid 18thth century- the beginnings of century- the beginnings of Welsh non-conformityWelsh non-conformity. Howel Harris. . Howel Harris. Rejection of Anglicanism.Rejection of Anglicanism.

• 1737-61: the circulating schools of 1737-61: the circulating schools of Griffith JonesGriffith Jones

• 1743 The Methodist Association in 1743 The Methodist Association in WalesWales

Welsh Welsh ChapelsChapels

WalesWales

• Beginnings ofBeginnings of industrialisation industrialisation in in Wales 1757.Wales 1757.

• Iron works, Iron works, • coal-mining, coal-mining, • tin works.tin works.

• Dowlais, Dowlais, • Merthyr Tudful, Merthyr Tudful,

Collier and pit-ponyCollier and pit-pony


• Beginnings of industrialization in Beginnings of industrialization in Wales:Wales:

• The first iron-works in 1757 in The first iron-works in 1757 in Hirwaun, south Wales.Hirwaun, south Wales.

• The centre of Welsh culture and The centre of Welsh culture and history shifts to the south-east, history shifts to the south-east, the iron works and then the coal the iron works and then the coal industryindustry..


• Wales had by then (late 18Wales had by then (late 18thth century century and 19and 19thth century) become a century) become a non-non-conformist Protestant nation, largely conformist Protestant nation, largely Welsh-speaking (only) and for most Welsh-speaking (only) and for most of the population living in an of the population living in an industrialized environment (after industrialized environment (after 18601860).).

The Methodist RevivalThe Methodist Revival

• Key names: Howell Harris, Daniel Key names: Howell Harris, Daniel Rowlands and the most prominent: Rowlands and the most prominent: William Williams Pantycelyn. (often William Williams Pantycelyn. (often just called Pantycelyn).just called Pantycelyn).

• Methodism in Wales was a break Methodism in Wales was a break with Anglicanism (not officially until with Anglicanism (not officially until the early 19the early 19thth century). It was an century). It was an evangelical form of Protestantism evangelical form of Protestantism inspired by the works of Calvin.inspired by the works of Calvin.

The Methodist RevivalThe Methodist Revival• Pantycelyn was a great writer of religious Pantycelyn was a great writer of religious

poems (we would call them hymns) still poems (we would call them hymns) still popular today.popular today.

• Another great eighteenth century Welsh Another great eighteenth century Welsh religious writer was Ann Griffiths (1776-religious writer was Ann Griffiths (1776-1805), who died shortly after childbirth at 1805), who died shortly after childbirth at the early age of 29.the early age of 29.

• Following her death her hymns were written Following her death her hymns were written down by her maid’s husband. They are love-down by her maid’s husband. They are love-songs, full of vividimages and meatphors, songs, full of vividimages and meatphors, reflecting a deep knowledge of the Bible and reflecting a deep knowledge of the Bible and the beliefs of the Non-conformists (all the the beliefs of the Non-conformists (all the non-Anglican versions of Protestantism).non-Anglican versions of Protestantism).

The Methodist RevivalThe Methodist Revival

• By the nineteenth century, Welsh By the nineteenth century, Welsh Nonconformity was no longer a radical Nonconformity was no longer a radical force in religious terms, but rathera force in religious terms, but rathera social force and institution that social force and institution that dominated Welsh all aspects of Welsh dominated Welsh all aspects of Welsh culture.culture.

• Religious leaders were now the leaders Religious leaders were now the leaders of society in Wales and they disapproved of society in Wales and they disapproved of the older folk culture of Wales.of the older folk culture of Wales.

Rediscovering rootsRediscovering roots: Iolo : Iolo MorgannwgMorgannwg

• Iolo Morgannwg (1747-1826) was a Iolo Morgannwg (1747-1826) was a prolific poet and keen promoter of ancient prolific poet and keen promoter of ancient Welsh history.Welsh history.

• He claimed to have ‘discovered’ many He claimed to have ‘discovered’ many poems by the 14poems by the 14thth century poet Dafydd ap century poet Dafydd ap Gwilym in local manuscripts but they Gwilym in local manuscripts but they were many invented.were many invented.

• He felt that Glamorganshire, his He felt that Glamorganshire, his placeplace, deserved a rich literary placeplace, deserved a rich literary history, and so he partly invented it!history, and so he partly invented it!


• First census in Wales 1801- First census in Wales 1801- population of Wales 587,000.population of Wales 587,000.

• Separation of Welsh Methodists Separation of Welsh Methodists from the Church of England from the Church of England (Anglicans).(Anglicans).

• Merthyr Riots 1831. Beginnings of Merthyr Riots 1831. Beginnings of unionisation.unionisation.

• Rebecca Riots 1839-44.Rebecca Riots 1839-44.


• 1865- 1865- a contingent of Welsh people a contingent of Welsh people leave for Patagonia in Argentina, leave for Patagonia in Argentina, founding the still existing and founding the still existing and thriving Welsh settlements in South thriving Welsh settlements in South America.America.

• 1872 –The University of Wales opens 1872 –The University of Wales opens (in Aberystwyth).(in Aberystwyth).

University of Wales, University of Wales, AberystwythAberystwyth

CYMRU/WALES (4)CYMRU/WALES (4)


• 1886- the 1886- the Cymru FyddCymru Fydd movement is movement is founded.founded.

• 1898-the foundation of the South 1898-the foundation of the South Wales Miners’ Federation. The ‘FED’.Wales Miners’ Federation. The ‘FED’.

• 1916-Lloyd George becomes first 1916-Lloyd George becomes first Welsh prime-minister of the UK.Welsh prime-minister of the UK.

• 1925 1925 Plaid CymruPlaid Cymru is founded. The is founded. The National Party of Wales.National Party of Wales.


• Growth in Welsh nationalism and Growth in Welsh nationalism and national consciousness.national consciousness.

• 19361936-the burning of the bombing -the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth. (school in Penyberth. (Saunders Saunders LewisLewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis , D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine).Valentine).


• Saunders Lewis”s Saunders Lewis”s Fate of the Fate of the Language” Language” radio lecture in 1962radio lecture in 1962..

• 1962- the formation of the 1962- the formation of the Welsh Welsh Language SocietyLanguage Society (non-violent (non-violent pressure group, civil disobedience).pressure group, civil disobedience).

The Trefechan Bridge The Trefechan Bridge ProtestProtest19631963


• Period of civil disobedience by Period of civil disobedience by members of the Welsh Language members of the Welsh Language Society. Two major campaigns:Society. Two major campaigns:– Road signs in Welsh.Road signs in Welsh.– The creation of a Welsh-language The creation of a Welsh-language

television channel.television channel.

– http://cymdeithas.org/english/http://cymdeithas.org/english/

Tryweryn- 1963-5Tryweryn- 1963-5

Gwynfor Evans


• 1964-Creation of the Welsh Office, 1964-Creation of the Welsh Office, and James Griffiths appointed first and James Griffiths appointed first Secretary of State for Wales.Secretary of State for Wales.

• 1967-first 1967-first Welsh Language ActWelsh Language Act..(‘equal status’in law-courts)(‘equal status’in law-courts)

• 1973-Kilbrandon Commission 1973-Kilbrandon Commission recommends creation of recommends creation of regional regional parliamentparliament for Wales. for Wales.


• Period of civil disobedience by Period of civil disobedience by members of the Welsh Language members of the Welsh Language Society. Two major campaigns:Society. Two major campaigns:– Road signs in Welsh.Road signs in Welsh.– The creation of a Welsh-language The creation of a Welsh-language

television channel.television channel.


• 1979- 1979- first referendum on Welsh first referendum on Welsh parliament (assembly).parliament (assembly).

• 1982-Welsh-language television 1982-Welsh-language television channel (S4C) set up.channel (S4C) set up.

• 1988- creation of the Welsh 1988- creation of the Welsh language board as a consultative language board as a consultative body.body.


• 1991- census reveals 1991- census reveals increaseincrease in in numbers of those able to speak Wales.numbers of those able to speak Wales.

• 1993-Second Welsh Language Act1993-Second Welsh Language Act passed.passed.

• 1999 – Welsh National Assembly 1999 – Welsh National Assembly opens in Cardiff.opens in Cardiff.

• 2011- Appointment of first Language 2011- Appointment of first Language CommissionerCommissioner

Second referendumSecond referendum

• In July 1997, the British Government In July 1997, the British Government published a White Paper, published a White Paper, A Voice for A Voice for WalesWales, which outlined proposals for , which outlined proposals for devolution in Wales.devolution in Wales.

• A referendum was held on 18 A referendum was held on 18 September 1997. It was very close: September 1997. It was very close: 559,419 for and 552,698 against. 559,419 for and 552,698 against. Just over half the electorate voted.Just over half the electorate voted.

The National Assembly for The National Assembly for WalesWales

• The establishment of the national The establishment of the national Assembly for Wales in May 1999 Assembly for Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales.policies were focused on Wales.

• Wales remains part of the UK.Wales remains part of the UK.• New powers.New powers.

Welsh Assembly (in Welsh Assembly (in Cardiff)Cardiff)

Y SeneddY Senedd

National Assembly for National Assembly for WalesWales


• The establishment of the National The establishment of the National Assembly for Wales in Assembly for Wales in May 1999May 1999 changed the nature of politics in changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales.policies were focused on Wales.

• Wales remains part of the UK.Wales remains part of the UK.• New powers.New powers.• http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-

home.htmhome.htm


• 1991- census reveals increase in 1991- census reveals increase in numbers of those able to speak numbers of those able to speak Wales. How?Wales. How?

• 1993-Second Welsh Language 1993-Second Welsh Language Act passed.Act passed.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993Welsh_Language_Act_1993

The 1993 Language ActThe 1993 Language Act• 'in the course of public business and the 'in the course of public business and the

administration of justice, so far as is administration of justice, so far as is reasonably practicable, the Welsh and English reasonably practicable, the Welsh and English languages are to be treated on the basis of languages are to be treated on the basis of equalityequality.' .'

• Basically the Act did three things:Basically the Act did three things:• set up the Welsh Language Board, answerable set up the Welsh Language Board, answerable

to the Secretary of State for Wales, with the to the Secretary of State for Wales, with the duty of promoting the use of Welsh and duty of promoting the use of Welsh and ensuring compliance with the other provisions. ensuring compliance with the other provisions.

• gave Welsh speakers the right to speak Welsh gave Welsh speakers the right to speak Welsh in court proceedings in court proceedings

• obliged all organisations in the public sector obliged all organisations in the public sector providing services to the public in Wales to providing services to the public in Wales to treat Welsh and English on an equal basis treat Welsh and English on an equal basis

New Language Act 2011New Language Act 2011

• LCO (Legislative Competence LCO (Legislative Competence Order)Order)

• Proposed new measure on the Proposed new measure on the Welsh Language had been expected Welsh Language had been expected by summer 2010.by summer 2010.

• http://www.assemblywales.org/lco-http://www.assemblywales.org/lco-ld7372-e.pdfld7372-e.pdf

Second referendumSecond referendum

• In July 1997, the British In July 1997, the British Government published a White Government published a White Paper, Paper, A Voice for WalesA Voice for Wales, which , which outlined proposals for devolution outlined proposals for devolution in Wales.in Wales.

• A referendum was held on 18 A referendum was held on 18 September 1997. It was very close: September 1997. It was very close: 559,419 for and 552,698 against. 559,419 for and 552,698 against. Just over half the electorate votedJust over half the electorate voted..

Y SeneddY Senedd

National Assembly for National Assembly for WalesWales


• The establishment of the National The establishment of the National Assembly for Wales in Assembly for Wales in May 1999May 1999 changed the nature of politics in changed the nature of politics in Wales by creating a new style of Wales by creating a new style of government in which decisions and government in which decisions and policies were focused on Wales.policies were focused on Wales.

• Wales remains part of the UK.Wales remains part of the UK.• New powers.New powers.• http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-

home.htmhome.htm

Documents

Wales- Cymru