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BIBLIOG RAPHY
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INDEX OF NAMES
D'Abro, A. 177 Agassi, J. XVI, 68,101,113,132,177 Ajdukiewicz, K. IX, 32-3, 46,68-71,83,
87-8,105-6,109-10,113-4,119,177,181 Albert, Duke of Prussia 11 Alexander, H. G. 23, 180 Amsterdamski, S. X-XI, XVIII, 46,
112-3, 159, 176-7, 181 Aristarchus of Samos 14 Aristotle 8-9,11,38,43,96-7,150-2,
167, 171 Augustynek, Z. 159, 181 Aulicus 11 Ayer, A. J. 45, 177
Bachelard, G. 177 Bacon, F. 14, 69, 71-4, 169 Baczko, B. IX Barber, B. 142, 177, 179, 181 Bartley, W. W. 46,177 Bellarmine, R. 15 Benedetti, G. 151-2 Berkeley, G. 69 Bernal, J. D. 177 Bernard, C. 14,23, 177 Bochner, S. 177 Bodin, J. 11 Bohr, N. 44,98, 113, 130, 178 Boyle, R. 154-5 Bouvard, A. 97 Broglie, L. de 140 Buck, R. C. 180 Bunge, M. 177 Burnet, P. 23, 178 Butterfield, H. 22-3, 178
Carnap, R. 25-6,31,45,91-2, 112-4, 178,181
Cassirer, E. 46 Chisholm, R. M. 67, 178 Clarke, S. 18-20, 23, 180
Cohen, R. S. X, XV, 46,113,142,177-8, 180, 182
Colodny, R. 67, 178 Conant, J. 178 Copernicus, N. 5, 10, 11-2, 14-5, 22-3,
43, 66, 96, 98, 178 Cotes, R. 19
Darwin, C. 44 Davy, H. 156 Democritus 39 Descartes, R. 7,17,43,72,169,171 Duhem, P. 21, 25, 72, 88, 102, 112, 134,
178
Eilstein, H. X, 87, 176, 178, 181 Einstein, A. VII, 5, 11, 19, 23, 43-4, 99,
113, 123,155, 167, 177-9 Engels, F. IX, 20 Enriques,F. 178 Euclid 114
Faraday, M. 157-8 Feigl, H. 50,67, 178-9, 182 Feyerabend, P. K. 23,55,67, 129, 141-3,
178-9 Fontana, F. 10 Frank, Ph. 23 Frankena, W. K. 178
Galileo, G. 7,9, 14, 15, 17, 79, 98, 150-1 Geymonat, L. 46, 178 Giedymin, J. 87,159, 178-9 GOdel, K. 175-6 Gregory, D. 17,19,20 Griinbaum, A. XVI, 106, 114, 179
Habermas, J. 179 Hall, H. H. 142, 179 Hegel, G. 51,55, 143, 169 Heisenberg, W. 71,142, 179
184 INDEX OF NAMES
Heraclides 14 Hempel, C. G. 45, 179 Hesse, M. 179 Hemy, J. 158 Hirsch, W. 142,177,179,181 Holton, G. J. 179 Hoyle, F. 44 Hume, D. 25, 57, 69-72 HusserI, E. 51
Infeld, L. IX, 178 Ingarden, R. IX, 30, 46, 179
Jacob, F. 13, 22-3, 179 Jammer, M. 179
Kandinsky, W. 5 Kant, I. VD, 20, 25, 26, 50, 72, 84-5,
169-71,176, 179 Kepler, J. 15,66, 134, 179 Klee, P. 5 Klein, M. XVI Kolakowski, L. IX,45-6, 142, 179 Kotarbmska, J. 78,86-7, 179-80 Kotarbinski, T. IX Koyre, A. 17-8,21-3,151, 159, 176, 180 Kramers, H. A. 130 Krzywicki, L. IX Kuhn, T. S. X, XI, 22-3, 38,46, 53-5, 62,
67, 87, 95, 113, 117-29, 135-6, 139-43, 147, 160-3, 173, 177, 180
Kuznjetzov, B. G. 22, 87, 180
Lakatos, I. X, XVI, 33, 46, 62-8, 95, 100-3, 113, 117, 129-43, 147, 158, 173, 176-82
Lanczos, C. 180 Lange, O. IX Laplace, P. S. 14, 18,44 Laudan, L. XVI Leibniz, G. W. 16-20, 23, 180 Le Roy, E. 72,180 Lenz, F. 158 Leonardo da Vinci 5, 152 Lesniewski, S. IX Leverrier, U. 97 Lobatschevski, N. 114 Locke, J. 71-2, 171 Lukasiewicz, J. IX
Mach, E. 25, 69, 71-2, 180 Madden, E. 180 Malebranche, N. 10, 22 Mannheim, K. 46, 180 Masterman, M. 119, 141, 180 Maxwell, J. C. 14, 44, 71, 98, 167 Maxwell, G. 178-9 Mehlberg, H. 27, 45, 180-1 Mejbaum, W. X, 152, 154, 159, 181 Mendel, G. 5, 23 Mendeleer, D. I. 22 Merton, R. K. 181 Michalowski, P. XVI Mill, J. S. 74 Morgan, T. H. 44 Mostowski, A. IX Mullins, N. C. 181 Musgrave, A. 113, 143, 158, 176, 178-82
Nagel, E. XV, 46, 176, 181 Napoleon 18 Needham, J. 179,182 Neugebauer, O. 22 Newman, J. R. 176 Newton, I. 5, 11-2, 14, 16-20,43-4,
97-8, 109, 123, 134-5, ISS, 177-8 Nowak, L. 181
Ohm, G. 153-8 Oppenheimer, R. 127 Osiander, A. 15, 23
Passmore, J. 178 Pavlov, I. P. 44 Pawlowski. T. 86, 179-82 Planck, M. 148,167 Plato 51, 55, 118 Poincare, H. 25, 72, 88, 102, 107-10, 112,
114, 134, 181 Polanyi, M. 55, 67, 95, 129, 141, 181 Pomian, K. X, XVID, 46, 87, 181 Popper, K. R. X, 25, 27, 31-3, 45-59,
67-8, 72, 76-9, 84-96, 100-3, 111-4, 117,121,125,127,128,132,139,140-3, 160-2,176,181
Przel~ki, M. 87, 178,181 Ptolemy 5, 8, 14, 15
Quine, W. V. O. 35,45-6, 108, 114, 162, 182
INDEX OF NAMES 185
Rainko, S. 47, 49, 67, 182 Ravetz, J. R. 182 Reichenbach, H. 25, 40, 45, 50, 112, 182 Rembrandt 5 Rieman, B. 99, 152 Rodin, A. 5 Russell, B. 21, 23
Sarton, G. 180 Schaff, A. IX,87, 113, 177 Scheffer, I. 182 Schilpp, P. 178 Schlik, M. 25-6, 182 Sellars, M. 182 SchrOdinger, E. 22, 182 Scriven, M. 178 Shapere, D. 87 Sherrington, C. S. 44 Singer, C. 182 Slater, J. C. 130 Snow, C. P. 182 De Solla Price, D. XVI, 182 Stanosz, B. 182 Such, J. 159, 182 Suszko, R. X, 143-9, 158-9, 162, 182 Szaniawski, K. IX, XVIII
Tarski, A. IX Tartaglia, N. 151-2 Tatarkiewicz, T. IX Teich, M. 179, 182 Teske, A. 17, 19,23, 182 Thompson, M. 178 Toulmin, S. E. X, 142, 182 Twardowski, K. IX
Van der Waals, J. 15+-5 Vavilov, S. 182 Vermel, E. M. 182 Voltaire, F. M. A. 19, 20, 23
Wartofsky, M. W. X, XV, 46,113,142, 177, 178-82
Watkins, J. W. N. 142, 182 Wiener, N. 44 Williams, L. P. 142 Wittgenstein, L. 25-6
Young, R. 179, 182
Za1Iar, E. 180 Zawirski, Z. IX
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Absolute motion, space, time 16-20 Absolute truth, see truth Acceptance (choice) of basic statements,
see basic statements of observational statements, see obser
vational statements of theories, see theories See also background knowledge, con
firmation, corroboration, empirical basis, facts, heuristics, regulative principles
Accumulation of knowledge 5, 6, 20, 22, 38, 119, 146, 148-52, 160-5
and correspondence of theories, see correspondence
Ad hoc hypotheses, see hypotheses Aesthetic criteria 5 Aim of science, see science; see also puzzle
solving, truth Alchemy 24 Analytic-empirical dichotomy 25-7,
34-5, 72 Analytic statements 25-7, 35, 144-5 Anomalies, see empirical anomalies Anti-historicism 48-9 Anti-psychologism 49,67,78-9
See also logicism, psychologism Applied research 127 A priori knowledge, two senses of 85-6 Apriorism XVII, 72, 84-6 Aristotelian cosmology 7, 14,69, 71, 79,
151 empiricism 8-9, 69, 71 doctrine of form and matter 170-1 physics 7-8, 11, 38, 96-8, 150-1, 167
Art versus science evolution 4-6 Assumptions epistemological, see episte-
mology, knowing subject explicit and implicit 111-2,157,175 metaphysical, see metaphysics ontological, see ontology
See also background knowledge, common sense knowledge, consensus omnium, regulatory principles.
Astrology 24, 125 Asymmetry between falsification and
verification 26,87,91,93 Atomism 10,17,39,74 Auxiliary hypotheses, see hypotheses Axiomatic basis, axioms 145-7
Background knowledge 93, 96-110, 103, 109-11, 115, 129-32, 137-8, 149, 157
See also conventionalism, falsification-ism
of competing theories 113, 129 its scope 97, 100, 110-11 its role in interpreting empirical data
87,93,111 See also common sense knowledge,
consensus omnium, empirical basis, epistemology, observation statements, ontology, regulative principles
Basic discipline and its ontological concepts 166-9
Basic statements 89-90 their choice and justification 77-8,
90-6,100,102-4,130 potential falsifier 90-1 See also empirical basis, conventions,
falsification, observation statements Biology 39, 86, 124-5 Boyle's law 154-5
Cartesian theory of cogito 170-1 Categories of pure reason 85,171 Certainty 67 Common sense knowledge, its relation to
science 29,82,86,111-2 Communication between scientists during
a crisis 168-70 See also paradigms, incommeasurabiIi
ty, theories
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 187
Competition of theories 130-2, 137-8 See also theories
Conceptual apparatus, its impact upon interpreting empirical data 16, 80-4, 104--6, 111-2, 150-1
See also background knowledge, its scope, observational statements, theoretical statements
Confirmation inductive, confinnability 26-7, 31, 51, 67, 73, 75, 78, 84, 89, 101,108
degree of 26, 78, 91-3 See also probability, logical empiricism,
radical empiricism, testability Congruency 106 Consensus omnium, as framework for
overcoming crisis 168-74 See also epistemological assumptions,
ontological assumptions, rationality, scientific revolutions
Context of justification and context of discovery 47-68,94
and the subject of philosophy of science XVII, 2, 78-9,94,116,135
their logical independence and historical relationships 51-7
See also anti-psychologism, growth of knowledge, logicism, philosophy of science, 'third world'
Continuity in evolution of science, see correspondence of theories, accumulation of knowledge, self-identity
Conventions absolute and relative 108-12 methodological, see methodological
rules terminological 30, 104-5 pertaining to basic statements 92-3, 103 to background knowledge 93,103,137 to observational statements 77-8 See also conventionalism, falsification
ism Conventionalism 63,72,88-114
Ajdukiewicz's 83-4, 88, 105, 110 Duhem's 88, 102, 134 Lakatos' 95, 138 Poincare's 88, 102, 108-10, 113-4, 134 Popper's 78,88-102 revolutionary versus conservative 103 and empiricism 108-14
See also falsification ism Coordination definitions 74 Copernicus'theory 5,102,14-5,96-8 Copenhagen interpretation of quantum
physics 99, 123 Corpuscular and wave theory oflight 140 Correspondence of theories 20, 22, 75,
149-66 formal 149, 152 semantic 150-2 and accumulation of knowledge 148,
150,152-8,160-5 and scientific revolutions 148, 152,
153-66 See also incommeasurabiIity, scientific
revolutions Corroboration 92, 102, 132, 171 Cosmology, cosmological order 39,42-5,
79,98,167 Counter-reformation 115, 129, 136 Criteria of demarcation, see demarcation
of rationality, see rationality Crucial experiments 93, 98, 131 Culture, science as fragment of, see
science
Darwin's theory 5 Deductivism 77, 92, 131
See also falsificationism, inductivism, logic of scientific discovery
Demarcation criteria 4, 22, 24-46, 48, 50, 57, 64, 74, 76, 88-90, 116, 122, 125, 141,161,164
absolute and relative 128 normative versus descriptive 28, 30-3 and the problem of growth of knowl-
edge 28,36-7,48 See also falsifiability, falsificationism,
logical empiricism, puzzle-solving tradition, radical empiricism, testability, verifiability
Demarcation problem 24-46, 50, 52-6, 141
between empirical and formal sciences 25-6,34
between disciplines studying science 52-6
between science and metaphysics 26-7, 31,89-90, 140-1, 170-2
188 INDEX OF SUBJECTS
between science and knowledge on science 33-8
science and non-science xvii, 4, 22, 25-33,89
See also falsificationism, logical empiricism
Denotation 144,146 Diachronic epistemology, see episte-
mology Diachronic logic, see logic Dialectical logic, see logic Discovery, context of, see context
Empirical anomalies contradicting theories 12, 13, 15, 22, 27, 72, 75-9, 84, 93, 95-6, 115, 132, 140, 157, 162
See also facts, falsification, theories Empirical basis, its relation with theories
~II, 15,22,27, 72-9, 84-6 See also basic statements, facts, obser-
vational statements, theories Empirical content of theories, see theories Empirical data, see facts Empirical meaning 12, 76, 148-9, 157-8
See also empirical statements Empirical statements 12, 25-6, 34, 36-7,
66, 74, 77, 107-9 See also analytic statements, basic
statements, observational statements Empiricism 13, 69-87, 88, 102-14
Aristotelian 8-9, 69, 71 logical, see logical empiricism modern 20-1,28,71 radical, see radical empiricism and ancient science 7-9 and modern science, 7-9, 13, 16-22 as an ontological hypothesis 69-70 versus apriorism 85-6 versus conventionalism 88, 102-14 See also inductivism, logical empiric-
ism, radical empiricism Episteme (and tekhne) 43-5 Epistemological assumptions of science
34,37,66,81-5,87,100,137,167-75 See also knowing subject, metaphysics,
philosophy Epistemological experience 168, 172-5 Epistemological idealism 81
Epistemology 6,46,51,55,57,66,70,85, 95
diachronic versus synchronic 46-55, 67,95
without knowing subject 51,55, 57,66 See also apriorism, empiricism, know
ing subject, logic of scientific discovery, radical empiricism, 'third world'
Error, individual and collective 98-9 Ether theory 10 Ethics 59
of science 29,95 Evolutionary versus revolutionary
changes in science 145-8, 158 See also accumulation, correspondence,
growth of knowledge, incommeasurability, paradigm, research programs, scientific revolutions
Evolution of science, see growth of knowledge
Exactness 67 Existential hypotheses, see hypotheses Experience as source and method of con-
trol of knowledge, see empiricism concept of 9,66,84,110,164 direct 70-1, 80-4 indirect 70, 79-80, 83 See also facts, theories
Experiment as arbiter between competing theories 132
authority of7-8, 13 thought-experiment 99 See also experience, empiricism, falsifi-
cation, testability, verification Experimentum crucis 93,98,131 Explanation, theory of 75 External history of science 62-6, 116, 120
See also internal history, psychology and sociology of science
Facts (empirical data) their relation to natural phenomena and to theories ~II, 4-12, 14-6, 20, 22, 37, 69, 72, 73-5, 80-8,98-9, 115, 152
See also empirical anomalies, empiricism, experience, theories
Falsifiability 27-8, 75, 88-9
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 189
Falsification 26-7, 87-98, 100, 103, 115, 121, 128-33, 137-9
See also basic statements, facts, falsificationism
Falsificationism 27, 49, 64, 77, 88-102, 115-7, 129-41
as ethic of science 95 dogmatic 100 Lakatos' modifications of 101-2, 116,
129-41 naive 100, 102, 132 Popperian 88-102 relation to conventionalism 67-8, 88,
93-5, 131, 138 sophisticated 100-1, 132 See also logic of scientific discovery,
methodology of research programs Framework, see consensus omnium
Galileo's physics 9,17,150-1 Genidentity of science, see self-identity Geometry 107, 114 God 17-9,169 Godel's theorems 175-6 Gravitation 16-7,99, 134-5, 152 Growth of knowledge 6, 14, 22, 35-8, 48,
50, 52-61, 66-7, 84, 88-94, 100, 111-5,119-20
Hard core, see research program Hegelianism 55, 65 Heisenberg's principle 71 Heuristics, heuristic program 168, 171-5
See also metaphysics, regulatory principles, style of thinking
History of science 2-6,14,24,41,47-52, 57-61,64,66,96,98,115-7,120,131
Hypotheses ad hoc 93,97-8,102 auxiliary 133-4, 138, 147 existential 27,89, 103 metaphysical 16-8,170-6 risky 89-92, 101 probability of, see probability 'hypotheses non fingo' 16-20
Idols of mind 73 Impetus theory 151 Incommensurability 160-165 Indeterminacy principle 71
Inductivism, induction 7, 16, 51, 63, 73, 75-80,84,87,92,101-2
See also empiricism, logical empiricism, radical empiricism
Inertia law 7, 107, 114, 151 Information theory 69 Instrumentalism 36, 10, 174 Internal history of science 62-6, 116
See also logic of scientific discovery, logical reconstruction
Interpretative statements, see theoretical statements
Intersubjective control 57, 80 Irrationalism, irrationality, non
rationality 54, 57, 63-7, 89,160-4 See also rationalism
Isochrony of clocks 106
Kant's philosophy 20, 72 See also apriorism
Knowing subject 66, 69-70, 71, 74, 80-2, 85,168-172
See also consensus omnium, epistemological assumptions, epistemology
Knowledge, a priori 85-6 background, see background knowl
edge common sense, see common sense
knowledge growth of, see growth of knowledge objectivity of 51, 55, 57, 61, 74, 81-3,
see also 'world third' subjectivity of 51, 57, 81-3, see also
'world second' theory of, see epistemology without presuppositions 175 See also science, theories
Language, artificial 31, 83, 104-5, 111 'closed' and 'coherent' 103, 105-6,
118-9,160,161,175 formalized 144-9 meta 34 natural 12, 82-3, 104-5, 110 observational 75-7,86 systems 48,86,105,108 untranslatability of 105-6, 160-1
Laws 26, 71, 91, 108-9, 152-8 dependence stated by 152-8
190 INDEX OF SUBJECTS
conditions and range of relevance 153-9
as prohibitions 91 Logic 25-7,31-6,51, 145, 169
diachronic 143-8 dialectical 143 laws of 33, 35-6, 51, 72 and philosophy of science, see philos
ophy of science Logical empiricism 26-7,47-9,67,69,72,
76 See also empiricism, inductivism,
radical empiricism Logical reconstruction of growth of
knowledge 37, 48-9, 59-66, 77, 94, 96, 98, 100, 116
of structure of science 47-9, 58, 72, 76-7
See also growth of knowledge, external and internal history, logic of scientific discovery
Logicism 79, 94 See also anti-psychologism
Logic of scientific discovery 48-9, 88-102,129-41,161
and the context of justification and discovery 48-9, 53, 55
and the growth of knowledge 48-9, 53-6, 60-6, 115-8, 129-41
normative versus descriptive character of 57-62
as normative pattern of scientific procedures 58-60, 68, 143
as normative standards of appraisal 58-60, 68, 95, 143
and rationality of science, see rationality
and scientific revolutions, see scientific revolutions
See also external and internal history of science, falsificationism, logical reconstruction, methodology of research programs
Magic 24 Marxism IX 89 Mathematics 13,24-7, 31-5, 169 Maxwell's theory 167 Meaningful statements 26,31-2
Meaning invariance of observational terms and statements 72-5, 146, 149
See also facts, observational terms, observational statements
Measuring instruments, procedures 21, 70-1,79-83, 100, 106, 137
See also experience Mechanistic theory of nature 167 Memory 70 Mendel's theory 5, 23 Mercury orbit 12-3,97-8 Metaphysics and evolution of science
16-7,18-20,31,48,65,74, 140, 146, 169-75
See also consensus omnium, epistemological and ontological assumptions
Metaphysical statements 26-7,89 Methodological rules xvii, 4-6, 22, 24,
28,30-9,45,48,52,92-8,103,115-8, 129-34, 161, 168
See also methodology, philosophy of science, rationality, science
Methodology of science a-pragmatic versus pragmatic 32 descriptive (naturalistic) versus norma-
tive 31-3, 58-9, 62 diachronic versus synchronic 47-55,95 of research programs 63, 129-41, 161 and values 30-1 See also logic of scientific discovery,
philosophy of science Mill's canons 74 Model (semantic) 145-9 Models of evolution of science
inductivist see inductivism Kuhnian 117-29, see also paradigm,
normal science, scientific revolutions Lakatosian 62-6, 129-41, see also me
thodology of scientific research programs, external and internal history
Popperian 88-102, 129-41, see also falsification ism, logic of scientific discovery
Modus tolens 93, 133, 135, 138, 141
Natural histories 73 Natural phenomena and scientific facts
82, 149-52 See also facts, theories
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 191
Neoplatonism 69, 70 Neurophysiology 69,70 Newton-Leibniz controversy 16-20 Newtonian physics 5, 12, 16-20, 97-8,
123,130,134,147, 152, 155, 167 Newton's third law 109, 134 Normal science 117-29, 135- 6, 165, 174 Norms, see methodology
Objective knowledge, see knowledge, 'world third'
Objective spirit 51 Observational language, see language Observational statements, their accept-
ance 7, 76-87, 92-5, 104-5, 115 their justification 73, 76-77 their meaning (theory-ladenness) 72-5,
79-84,86-7,92,147-9 See also empirical basis, theories
Observational terms 75-6, 86 Ohm's law 152-7 Ontological assumptions 16-20, 82, 85,
100,120,137,167-85 Operationalism 36
Paradigm 87,95,116-29,135-6,140,160, 174
articulation of 127, 135, 147 epistemological 117 level of generality of 123-5, 163-4, see
also local and global scientific revolutions
transition to a new one, see scientific revolutions
See also normal science, research programs
Permanent revolution 88, 121, 127, 132 Petitio principi 175 Phenomenalism 72, 76 Physicalism 72, 76 Philosophy of science xvii, 1-3, 24, 42,
47-68,93-5,116-9,133,169-76 its limitation to logic and methodology
xvii,2,47-69, 78-9,94,116,135 its subject and tasks 1, 3, 22, 33, 47,
56-67 See also methodology of science
Planck's constant 148 Platonism 55
Potential falsifiers 90-1 Preformation theory 9-10,39 Probabilistic statements 27 Probability of hypotheses 91-2, 112-3 Psychoanalysis 89 Psychologism 51,77-9 Psychology 69, 70
of science 2, 24, 50-1, 54, 57, 95, 160 Ptolemaic theory 5,8,11,14,15 Puzzles (of normal science) 121-7, 135 Puzzle solving activity 125-8, 135
Quantum mechanics 21, 36, 123, 146, 167-8
Qualities, dispositional, primary, secondary 81
Radiation theory 98,155 Radical empiricism xvii, 6-13, 21-2, 26
31, 35, 37, 63, 69-86, 88,92-4, 104, 107, 115, 117, 150, 160-1
See also empiricism, inductivism, logical empiricism, observational statements, theories
Rational criticism 11,51,89, 173 discussion about norms 30-1
Rationalism, rationality; criteria of 4,36, 48,63-6,95,116,119,160-5,173
of science 29, 45, 51, 55, 57-8, 61-6, 89,95,98,119,139,160-4
Realism 36,81 Reduction of theories to observational
statements 74 Reductionism 166 Regressus ad infinitum 104 Regulatory principles 168-9, 172-6 Relativity theory 5, 12, 19-21, 59, 113,
123,130,147-8,152,155,157-8,167, 169
Research program 129, 133-141 its hard core 133-5, 138, 140 negative and positive heuristics 134,
135, 138, 139 transition to a new one 137-41, 143,
163 See also falsification ism, logic of scien
tific discovery, methodology of research programs
192 INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Resistance to new theories 99 Revolutions, see scientific revolutions Riemann's space 99, 132
Science, aim of 5,85,125,126-7,128,135 autonomy of 21 and common sense knowledge 29, 82,
86,111-2 continuity of, see self-identity demarcation of, see demarcation definition of 8,24,28,30-9,41,63 empirical and formal 25, 27, 34-5 ethics of 29, 95 function in human culture XVII, 23,
29,37,39-45,50,65-6,116,127,163 as language system 105, 108-10 and metaphysics 41-5, 127-8, 160-75 and meta-science 31,33-8 normal, see normal science policy 2 and practical skills 42 rationality of, see rationality reputation of 29 and sciences 122-4 as social institution 2,29,44,85 unity of 105,108-10 and values 30-1, 54 See also philosophy of science,
sociology of science Scientific communities 54, 120-1 Scientific revolutions 117-8, 122, 124,
135,136,141,144-175 global and local 123-5, 162-8, 171 strong and weak 146-9,162 of 17th century 6-9,20,70-1,163,
167-9 rational character of 160-5 incommeasurability of theories 160-3 See also common sense knowledge,
consensus omnium, heuristics, metaphysics, methodology, normal science, paradigm, research program, regulative principles
Self-identity of science 39-45 absolute 40 functional 41-2 genidentity 40-1 relative 40 structural 40
Self-knowledge, self-reflection, see knowledge
Semantics, semantic system 145-9 Semantic rules 74, 76, 83, 87, 104-5, 109,
149 Senses, sense-data 69-12,75,80-3,85,87 Series of theories
degenerative 130, 134, 136, 138, 140 progressive 130-1, 134, 136, 138-40 See also research program
Simplicity 15, 103 Simultaneity, definition of 12, 106 Sociology 169
of knowledge 52 of science 2-3,24,50-1,54,57,61
Statements, see analytic, basic, conventions, empirical, existential, hypotheses, interpretative, meaningful metaphysical, normative, observational, probabilistic, theoretical, universal statements
Stellar parallax 11 Style of thinking 2, 116, 163, 168, 169 Subjectivity, see subjective knowledge,
'world second' Synchronic epistemology, see
epistemology
Tacit knowledge 116 Testability 26, 170-4 Tekhne (and episteme) 43-5 Theoretical statements 26,74-9,83-7,95,
103,115 Theoretical terms 74-6, 86, 94 Theories, their acceptance, see empirical
basis, empirical anomalies, facts, falsification, verification
and background knowledge, see background knowledge
and common sense knowledge 29, 82, 86,111-2
competition of 130-2, 137-8 confirmation of, see confirmation correspondence of, see correspond-
ence empirical content of 12,39,89-91,
129-34 falsification of, see falsification incommeasurabilityof 160-4
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 193
as inductive generalisation, see inductivism
refutation without new empirical data 7, 11, 14, 131
reduction to observational statements, see reduction
series of 130-40 structure of, see logical reconstruction unfalsifiable 88-9, 91 as untranslatable languages 105-6,
160-1 Theory of knowledge, see epistemology,
knowing subject Thermodynamics 38, 74 Theseus ship 39 Third world, see 'world third' Trial and error method 92
See also deductivism Truth, absolute 118, 146
as aim of science 125-8, 135 as common agreement of scientists 126 as instrumental and autotelic value 128
truth-value 26,51, 107, 144, 164
Unfalsifiability 27, 88-91 Unified field theory 167 Universal statements 26-7,90, 107 Unity of science 105, 108-10
Values 4, 13,30-31,54,116, 128 Van der Waals law 154-5 Verifiability 26 Vicious circle 108-9, 120, 175
Wave theory of light 140 'Weight' of hypotheses 91 'World first' 57
'second' 51,57 'third' 51,55, 57, 58, 94
World of ideas 51 World perspective 7,97, 106,118, 150,
167
SYNTHESE LIBRARY
Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology,
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Managing Editor:
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1. J. M. BoCHENSKI, A Precis 0/ Mathematical Logic. 1959, X + 100 pp. 2. P. L. GUIRAUD, Problemes et methodes de la statistique linguistique. 1960, VI + 146
pp. 3. HANS FREUDENTHAL (ed.), The Concept and the Rnle 0/ the Model in Mathematics
and Natural and Social Sciences, Proceedings 0/ a Colloquium held at Utrecht, The Netherlands, January 1960. 1961, VI + 194 pp.
4. EVERT W. BETH, Formal Methods. An Introduction to Symbolic Logic and the Study oj'EjJectivt; Operations in Arithmetic and Logic. 1962, XIV + 170 pp.
5. B. H. KAZEMIER and D. VUYSJE (eds.), Logic and Language. Studies Dedicated to Professor Rudo/fCarnapon the Occasion oj' his Seventieth Birthdoy.1962, VI + 256 pp.
6. MARX W. W ARTOFSKY (ed.), Proceedings 0/ the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy 0/ Science, 196/-1962, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume I. 1973, VIII + 212 pp.
7. A. A. ZINOV'EV, Philosophical Problems of Many- Valued Logic. 1963, XIV + 155 pp. 8. GEORGES GURVITCH, The Spectrum of Social Time. 1964, XXVI + 152 pp. 9. PAUL LoRENZEN, Formal Logic. 1965, VIII + 123 pp.
10. ROBERT S. COHEN and MARX W. WARTOFSKY (eds.), In Honor 0/ Philipp Frank, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume II. 1965, XXXIV+475 pp.
11. EVERT W. BETH, Mathematical Thought. An Introduction to the Philosophy 0/ Mathematics. ] 965, XII + 208 pp.
12. EVERT W. BETH and JEAN PlAGET, Mathematical Epistemology and Psychology. 1966, XlI + 326 pp.
13. GUIDO KliNG, Ontology and the Logistic Anolysis 0/ Language. An Enquiry into the Contemporary Views on Universals. 1967, XI + 210 pp.
14. ROBERT S. COHEN and MARX W. WARTOFSKY (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium/or the Philosophy 0/ Science 1964-1966, in Memory 0/ Norwood Russell Hanson, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume III. 1967, XLIX +489 pp.
15. C. D. BROAD, Induction, Probability, and Causation. Selected Papers. 1968, XI+296pp.
16. GiiNTHER PATZIG, Aristotle's Theory of the Syllogism. A Logical-Philosophical Study of Book A of the Prior Analytics. 1968, XVII + 215 pp.
17. NICHOLAS REsCHER, Topics in Philosophical Logic. 1968, XIV +347 pp. 18. ROBERT S. CoHEN and MARX W. WARTOFSKY (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston
Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science 1966-1968, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume IV. 1969, VIII + 537 pp.
19. ROBERT S. COHEN and MARX W. W ARTOFSKY (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science 1966-1968, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume V. 1969, VIII +482 pp.
20. J. W. DAVIS, D. J. HOCKNEY, and W. K. WILSON (eds.), Philosophical Logic. 1969, VIII + 277 pp.
21. D. DAVIDSON and J. HINTIKKA (eds.), Words and Objections: Essays on the Work of W. V. Quine. 1969, VIII + 366 pp.
22. PATRICK SUPPES, Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science. Selected Papers from 1911 to 1969, XII + 473 pp.
23. JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Models for Modalities. Selected Essays. 1969, IX + 220 pp. 24. NICHOLAS REsCHER et al. (eds.). Essay in Honor of Carl G. Hempel. A Tribute on
the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday. 1969, VII + 272 pp. 25. P. V. TAVANEC (ed.), Problems of the Logic of Scientific Knowledge. 1969,
XII +429 pp. 26. MARSHALL SWAIN (ed.), Induction, Acceptance, and Rational &lief 1970.
VII+232pp. 27. ROBERT S. COHEN and RAYMOND J. SEEGER (eds.), Ernst Mach; Physicist and
Philosopher, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume VI. 1970, VIII + 295 pp.
28. JAAKKO HINTIKKA and PATRICK SUPPES, Information and Inference. 1970, X + 366 pp.
29. KAREL LAMBERT, Philosophical Problems in Logie. Some Recent Developments. 1970, VII + 176 pp.
30. ROLF A. EBERLE, Nominalistic Systems. 1970, IX + 217 pp. 31. PAUL WEINGARTNER and GERHARD ZECHA (eds.), Induction, Physics, and Ethics,
Proceedings and Discussions of the 1968 Salzburg Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science. 1970, X + 382 pp.
32. EVERT W. BETH, Aspects of Modern Logic. 1970, XI + 176 pp. 33. RISTO HILPlNEN (ed.), Deontic Logic: Introductory and Systematic Readings. 1971,
VII + 182 pp. 34. JEAN-LoUIS KRIvINE, Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory. 1971, VII + 98 pp. 35. JOSEPH D. SNEED, The Logical Stricture of Mathematical Physics. 1971, XV + 311
pp. 36. CARL R. KORDIG, The Justification of Scientific Change. 1971, XIV + 119 pp. 37. MILle CAPEK, Bergson and Modern Physics, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of
Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume VII, 1971, XV+414pp.
38. NORWOOD RUSSELL HANSON, What I do not Believe, and other Essays, ed. by Stephen Toulmin and Harry Woolf, 1971, XII + 390 pp.
39. ROGER C. BUCK and ROBERT S. COHEN (edS.), PSA 1970. In Memory of Rudolf Carnap, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky, Volume VIll. 1971, LXVI + 615 pp. Also available as a paperback.
40. DONALD DAVIDSON and GILBERT HARMAN (eds.), Semantics of Natural Language. 1972, X + 769 pp. Also available as a paperback.
41. YEHOSHUA BAR-Hn.LEL (ed)., Pragmatics of Natural Languages. 1971, VII + 231 pp. 42. SOREN STENLUND, Combinators, A.-Terms and Proof Theory. 1972, 184 pp. 43. MARTIN STRAUSS, Modern Physics and Its Philosophy. Selected Papers in the logic,
History, and Philosophy of Science. 1972, X + 297 pp. 44. MARIO BUNGE, Method, Model and Matter. 1973, vn + 196 pp. 45. MARIO BUNGE, Philosophy of Physics. 1973, IX + 248 pp. 46. A. A. ZlNOV'EV, Foundations of the Logical Theory of Scientific Knowledge (Complex
Logic), Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume IX. Revised and enlarged English edition with an appendix, by G. A. Smirnov, E. A. Sidorenko, A. M. Fedina, and L. A. Bobrova 1973, XXII + 301 pp. Also available as a paperback.
47. LADISLOV TONDL, Scientific Procedures, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume X. 1973, xn + 268 pp. Also available as a paperback.
48. NORWOOD RUSSELL HANSON, Constellations and Conjectures, ed. by Willard C. Humphreys, Jr. 1973, X + 282 pp.
49. K. J. J. HINTIKKA, J. M. E. MORAVCSIK, and P. SUPPES (eds.), Approaches to Natural Language. Proceedings of the 1970 Stanford Workshop on Grammar and Semantics. 1973, VIn + 526 pp. Also available as a paperback.
50. MARIO BUNGE (ed.), Exact Philosophy - Problems, Tools, and Goals. 1973, X + 214 pp.
51. RADu J. BOGDAN and ILKKA NIINILUOTO (eds.), Logic, Language, and Probability. A selection of papers contributed to Sections IV, VI, and XI of the Fourth International Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Bucharest, September 1971. 1973, X + 323 pp.
52. GLENN PEARCE and PATRICK MAYNARD (eds.), Conceptual Chance. 1973, xn + 282 pp.
53. ILKKA NIINILUOTO and RAIMo TuoMELA, Theoretical Concepts and HypotheticoInductive Inference. 1973, vn + 264 pp.
54. ROLAND FRAissf, Course of Mathematical Logic - Volume I: Relation and Logical Formula. 1973, XVI + 186 pp. Also available as a paperback.
55. ADoLF GRUNBAUM, Philosophical Problems of Space and Time. Second, enlarged edition, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XII. 1973, XXllI + 884 pp. Also available as a paperback.
56. PATRICK SUPPES (ed.), Space, Time, and Geometry. 1973, XI + 424 pp. 57. HANS KELSEN, Essays in Legal and Moral Philosophy, selected and introduced by
Ota Weinberger. 1973, XXVllI + 300 pp. 58. R. J. SEEGER and ROBERT S. CoHEN (eds.), Philosophical Foundations of Science.
Proceedings of an AAAS Program, 1969. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XI. 1974, X + 545 pp. Also available as paperback.
59. ROBERT S. CoHEN and MARX W. W ARTOFSKY (eds.), Logical and Epistemological
Studies in Contemporary Physics, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XlII. 1973, VIII + 462 pp. Also available as paperback.
60. ROBERT S. COHEN and MARX W. WARTOFSKY (eds.), Methodological and Historical Essays in the Natural and Social Sciences. Proceedings 0/ the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy 0/ Science, 1969-1972, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XIV. 1974, VIII + 405 pp. Also available as paperback.
61. ROBERT S. CoHEN, J. J. STACHEL, and MARx W. WARTOFSKY (eds.), For Dirk Struik. Scientific, Historical and Political Essays in Honor 0/ Dirk J. Struik, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XV. 1974, XXVII + 652 pp. Also available as paperback.
62. KAZIMIERZ ArouKIEWIcz, Pragmatic Logic, trans!. from the Polish by Olgierd Wojtasiewicz. 1974, XV + 460 pp.
63. SOREN STENLUND (ed.), Logical Theory and Semantic Analysis. Essays Dedicated to Stig Kanger on His Fiftieth Birthday. 1974, V + 217 pp.
64. KENNETH F. SCHAFFNER and ROBERTS. CoHEN (eds.), Proceedings 0/ the 1972 Biennial Meeting, Philosophy 0/ Science Association, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XX. 1974, IX + 444 pp. Also available as paperback.
65. HENRY E. KYBURG, JR., The Logical Foundations 0/ Statistical In/erence. 1974, IX +421 pp.
66. MARJORIE GRENE, The Understanding 0/ Nature: Essays in the Philosophy 0/ Biology, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XXIII. 1974, XlI + 360 pp. Also available as paperback.
67. JAN M. BROEKMAN, Structuralism: Moscow, Prague, Paris. 1974, IX + 117 pp. 68. NORMAN GESCHWlND, Selected Papers on Language and the Brain, Boston Studies
in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XVI. 1974, XII +549 pp. Also available as paperback.
69. ROLAND FRAIssE. Course 0/ Mathematical Logic - Volume II: Model Theory. 1974, XlX+ 192 pp.
70. ANDRZEJ GRZEGORCZYK, An Outline 0/ Mathematical Logic. Fundamental Results and Notions Explained with all Details. 1974, X + 596 pp.
SYNTHESE HISTORICAL LIBRARY
Texts and Studies
in tye History of Logic and Philosophy
Editors:
N. KRETZMANN (Cornell University)
G. NUCHELMANS (University of Leyden)
L. M. DE RuK (University of Leyden)
1. M. T. BEONIO-BROCCHlERI F'uMAGALU, The Logic of Abelard. Translated from the Italian. 1969, IX + 101 pp.
2. GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEmNITZ, Philosophical Papers and Letters. A selection translated and edited, with an introduction, by Leroy E. Loemker. 1969, XII + 736 pp.
3. ERNST MALLY, Logische Schri/ten, ed. by Karl Wolf and Paul Weingartner. 1971, X+340pp.
4. LEWIS WHITE BECK (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Kant Congress. 1972, XI + 718 pp.
5. BERNARD BOLZANO, Theory of Science, ed. by Jan Berg. 1973, XV + 398 pp.
6. J. M. E. MORAVCSIK (ed.), Patterns in Plato's Thought. Papers arising out of the 1971 West Coast Greek Philosophy Conference. 1973, YIII + 212 pp.
7. NABIL SHEHABY, The Propositional Logic of Avicenna: A Translation from alShifd:al-Qiyiis, with Introduction, Commentary and Glossary. 1973, XIII + 296 pp.
8. DESMOND PAUL HENRY, Commentary on De Grammatico: The Historical-Logical Dimensions of a Dialogue of St. Anselm's. 1974, IX + 345 pp.
9. JOHN CoRCORAN, Ancient Logic and Its Modern Interpretations. 1974. X + 208 pp.
10. E. M. BARTH, The Logic of the Articles in Traditional PhilosophY. 1974, XXVII + 533 pp.
11. J AAKKO H1NTucKA, Knowledge and the Known. Historical Perspectives in Epistemology. 1974, XII +243 pp.
12. E. J. AsHWORTH, Language and Logic in the Post-Medieval Period. 1974, XIII + 304pp.