MODERN ERA: DE STIJL, BAUHAUSSession 9

Course : W0512 | History of Interior Design and CultureYear : 2012/2013

20th CENTURY | EARLY MODERN

The beginning of the 20th Century began with the emerged of various style in Europe in between 1900-1945, among others were Wiener Werkstatte, De Stijl, Bauhaus, International Style and Art Deco

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Wiener Werkstate (Vienna Seccession) was a style developed from Art Nouveau developed in Austria.

This movement were applying Art Nouveau principals in the search of modern aesthetic values, eliminated the boundaries between fine art and applied art as well as increasing the public tastes

Similar with Art Nouveau, this movement was heavily influenced by the British Arts and Crafts

WIENER WERKSTATTE | 1903-1932

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WIENER WERKSTATTE | interior

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WIENER WERKSTATTE | furniture

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In Holland, a group of young artist formed a new movement in 1917 and began publishing a magazine, calling both movement and magazine De Stijl (The Style). The magazine circulated until 1928

The group of artists running the magazine were : Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg dan Gerrit Rietveld.

DE STIJL | 1917-1930

Piet Mondrian, Composition with Red, Blue & Yellow, 1921

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Influenced by Cubism movement, these artists and designer wanted renewal that gave strong boundaries and orders. Their concept was decreasing shapes to only vertical and horizontal and lessen the use of color to only primary colors (red, yellow, blue) black and white, towards simple abstraction which were simple and pure.

The goal was universal beauty to meet the needs through mass production and the spiritual goal was world peace

The style was first developed in paintings and graphic design, but later inspired architect and interior designer as well as furniture design with Gerrit Rietvield as the main figure

DE STIJL | definition

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Theo van Doesburg, Café l’Aubette, Strasbourg, France, 1926-1928

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DE STIJL | interior

Gerrit Rietveld | The Schroder House, Utrecht |1923-24

DE STIJL | interior

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Gerrit Rietveld|The Schroder House, Utrecht|1923-24

Gerrit Rietveld|Red Blue Chair|1918

DE STIJL | architecture & furniture

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The word ‘Bauhaus’ means ‘House of Structure’. This group pioneered by Walter Gropius

In 1919, Walter Gropius was appointed the director of the Weimar School of Arts and Crafts in Germany, founded in 1906.

Under Gropius the school was renamed Das Staatliche Bauhaus (roughly translated as ‘State School of Building’) and referred to as Bauhaus

Joost Schmidt |Poster for Bauhaus Exhibition at Weimar|1923

BAUHAUS | 1919-1930

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Bauhaus tried to combined architecture, art, craft and design suitable to industrial demand. Until now the Bauhaus’ curriculum still used and applied in art and design school and institution worldwide.

In 1925, Bauhaus was forced to move to north Dessau. Here Gropius designed a building which expressed the school’s goals. In 1933, the Nazis closed the school for good

Then moved again to Berlin in 1932-19Pindah lagi ke Berlin 1932-1933 dan akhirnya karena gejolak politik yang kuat, pindah ke Chicago, Amerika pada 1937-1938.

Setelah itu kembali ke Dessau

Walter Gropius |Bauhaus Workshop Wing, Dessau |1925-26

BAUHAUS | background

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‘Form follow Function’ became the main principal. Strong, simple and firm shapes in relation with function were the dominant concepts in design. New materials were also explored in this institution

The design styles Bauhaus later on developed and favored worldwide under the name of International Style

BAUHAUS | ideas and influences

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Walter Gropius, Bauhaus Weimar, Germany, 1923

(left) Mies van der Rohe, Barcelona Chair, 1929 (right) Mies van der Rohe, Bruno Chair, 1929 - 1930

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BAUHAUS | furniture

(left) Marcel Breuer, Tubular Chair/Wassily Chair, 1925 (right) Marcel Breuer, Cesca Chair, 1925

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BAUHAUS | furniture

REFERENCES

Bina Nusantara University 17

mitchtempparch.blogspot.com

John Pile. (2009). A History of Interior Design (3rd ed). Wiley & Sons. New Jersey. ISBN: 9780470228883. Chapter 16, pp. 323-347

Judith Miller. (2011). Furniture: World Styles from Classical to Contemporary. DK. London. ISBN: 9781405358002, pp. 418-431

The Schroder House (1924), Utrecht, Netherlands: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kf8WdLNuTj0&feature=related