October-December 2017Number 4Volume 8

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Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development

Scopus coverage years: from 2010 to 2016 Publisher:

R.K. Sharma, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications

ISSN:0976-0245E-ISSN: 0976-5506 Subject area: Medicine:

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

CiteScore 2015- 0.02

SJR 2015- 0.105

SNIP 2015- 0.034

Cite Score 2017- 0.03SJR 2017- 0.108SNIP 2017- 0.047

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & DevelopmentEXECUTIVE EDITOR

Prof Vidya SurwadeAssociate Professor, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar,Medical College & Hospital, Rohinee, Delhi

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD1. Dr. Abdul Rashid Khan B. Md Jagar Din, (Associate Professor) Department of Public Health Medicine, Penang Medical College, Penang, Malaysia2. Dr. V Kumar (Consulting Physician) Mount View Hospital, Las Vegas, USA3. Basheer A. Al-Sum, Botany and Microbiology Deptt, College of Science, King Saud University,

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia4. Dr. Ch Vijay Kumar (Associate Professor) Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Buraimi, Oman5. Dr. VMC Ramaswamy (Senior Lecturer)

Department of Pathology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur6. Kartavya J. Vyas (Clinical Researcher)

Department of Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (USA)

7. Prof. PK Pokharel (Community Medicine) BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal

NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE1. Dr. Anju Ade (Associate Professor)

Navodaya Medical College, Raichur,Karnataka2. Dr. E. Venkata Rao (Associate Professor) Community Medicine,

Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.3. Dr. Amit K. Singh (Associate Professor) Community Medicine,

VCSG Govt. Medical College, Srinagar – Garhwal, Uttarakhand4. Dr. R G Viveki (Professor & Head) Community Medicine,

Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka5. Dr. Santosh Kumar Mulage (Assistant Professor)

Anatomy, Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences Raichur(RIMS), Karnataka6. Dr. Gouri Ku. Padhy (Associate Professor) Community and Family

Medicine, AII India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur7. Dr. Ritu Goyal (Associate Professor)

Anaesthesia, Sarswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Panchsheel Nagar8. Dr. Anand Kalaskar (Associate Professor)

Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, AP9. Dr. Md. Amirul Hassan (Associate Professor)

Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, UP10. Dr. N. Girish (Associate Professor) Microbiology, VIMS&RC, Bangalore11. Dr. BR Hungund (Associate Professor) Pathology, JNMC, Belgaum.12. Dr. Sartaj Ahmad (Assistant Professor),

Medical Sociology, Department of Community Medicine, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Meerut,Uttar Pradesh, India

13. Dr Sumeeta Soni (Associate Professor) Microbiology Department, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat,India

NATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD1. Prof. Sushanta Kumar Mishra (Community Medicine)

GSL Medical College – Rajahmundry, Karnataka2. Prof. D.K. Srivastava (Medical Biochemistry)

Jamia Hamdard Medical College, New Delhi3. Prof. M Sriharibabu (General Medicine) GSL Medical College, Rajahmundry,

Andhra Pradesh4. Prof. Pankaj Datta (Principal & Prosthodentist)

Indraprastha Dental College, Ghaziabad

NATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD5. Prof. Samarendra Mahapatro (Pediatrician)

Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Orissa6. Dr. Abhiruchi Galhotra (Additional Professor) Community and Family

Medicine, AII India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur7. Prof. Deepti Pruthvi (Pathologist) SS Institute of Medical Sciences &

Research Center, Davangere, Karnataka8. Prof. G S Meena (Director Professor)

Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi9. Prof. Pradeep Khanna (Community Medicine)

Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana10. Dr. Sunil Mehra (Paediatrician & Executive Director)

MAMTA Health Institute of Mother & Child, New Delhi

11. Dr Shailendra Handu, Associate Professor, Phrma, DM (Pharma, PGI Chandigarh)

12. Dr. A.C. Dhariwal: Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Dte. DGHS, Ministry of Health Services, Govt. of India, Delhi

Print-ISSN: 0976-0245-Electronic-ISSN: 0976-5506, Frequency: Quarterly (Four issues per volume)Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development is a double blind peer reviewed international journal. It deals with all aspects of Public Health including Community Medicine, Public Health, Epidemiology, Occupational Health, Environmental Hazards, Clinical Research, and Public Health Laws and covers all medical specialties concerned with research and development for the masses. The journal strongly encourages reports of research carried out within Indian continent and South East Asia.

The journal has been assigned International Standards Serial Number (ISSN) and is indexed with Index Copernicus (Poland). It is also brought to notice that the journal is being covered by many international databases. The journal is covered by EBSCO (USA), Embase, EMCare & Scopus database. The journal is now part of DST, CSIR, and UGC consortia.

Website : www.ijphrd.com©All right reserved. The views and opinions expressed are of the authors and not of the Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. The journal does not guarantee directly or indirectly the quality or efcacy of any product or service featured in the advertisement in the journal, which are purely commercial.

EditorDr. R.K. Sharma

Institute of Medico-legal PublicationsLogix Office Tower, Unit No. 1704, Logix City Centre Mall,

Sector- 32, Noida - 201 301 (Uttar Pradesh)

Printed, published and owned byDr. R.K. Sharma

Institute of Medico-legal PublicationsLogix Office Tower, Unit No. 1704, Logix City Centre Mall,

Sector- 32, Noida - 201 301 (Uttar Pradesh)

Published atInstitute of Medico-legal Publications

Logix Office Tower, Unit No. 1704, Logix City Centre Mall, Sector- 32, Noida - 201 301 (Uttar Pradesh)

I

1. A study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding the Care of Patients on Mechanical Ventilation and Prevention of VAP among Nursing Students of a Selected Nursing College ............................................... 1

A S Saritha

2. A Study on Job Satisfaction among Employees in Quick Service Restaurants ............................................ 5A. Arun, J. Yuvaraj, A. Wilfred Lawrence

3.ComparitiveEvaluationoftheFluorideReleaseandRechargabilityofChitosanModifiedGlass IonomerCementandaGlassIonomerCement–AninVitroStudy..............................................................9

Binsy Mathew, Abi M Thomas, Rajesh kumar

4. A Study on Determinants of Agricultural Productivity in Tamilnadu ......................................................... 14C. K. Gomathi, S. N. Sugumar

5.SusceptibilityofGenderEntrepreneurshipGapinIndia–APreview..........................................................18Chandrachud. S, S. N. Sugumar, S. Thangamayan, S. Sudha

6. Analysis of Medical Tourism and its Economic Impact ............................................................................. 21MS. J. Revathi, S. Jansi Rani

7.OccurrenceofMenstrualIrregularitiesamongAdolescentGirlsinSelectedArea,Dehradun,Uttarakhand 27Jyoti Kandpal, Mugdha Devi Sharan Sharma, Upma George

8. Mother’sKnowledgeonNutritionandIncidenceofMalnutrition.............................................................32Kalpana Sawane, Sheetal Barde

9. MortalityPatternamongstPatientAdmittedinTertiaryHealthCareCenter,Rajnandgaon(C.G.) ........... 35Harshal Mendhe, Kiran Makade, Dhiraj Bhawnani, Daneshwar Singh

10.EffectivenessofSelf-InstructionalModuleonKnowledgeRegardingPost-PartumPsychiatricDisorders41Leeja Bonny Thomas, Anusha Pradhan

11.AStudytoEvaluatetheEffectivenessofStructuredTeachingProgrammeonObesity&its ConsequencesamongAdolescentsinSelectedPrivateHighSchoolsinPune...........................................47

Mangesh V. Jabade, Manu Acha Roy

12.AssessmentoftheAwarenessaboutEffectsofCellPhoneRadiationsamongstStudentsatSymbiosis International(DeemedUniversity)HillBaseCampus................................................................................51

Anshika Nikita Singh, Neeti Sharma, Abhay Saraf, Samir Barve, Yatin Pimple

13.AStudytoEstimatetheLevelofPhysicalActivityandPerceivedBenefitsandBarriersto Exercise among Women in Coastal Karnataka ........................................................................................... 57

Sneha Deepak Mallya, Pawan Kumar, Sravan Kumar Reddy T, Beulah Sarah James, Asha Kamath

I

Indian Journal of Public Health Research &

Development

www.ijphrd.com

Volume 8 Number 4 October-December 2017

1. Detention, Nepotism and Truancy as Predictors of Workplace Deviance in.....................................................................01

Service Organizations: India's Experience

Sainath Malisetty, K Vasanthi Kumari

2. A Comparative Study of Satisfaction of Midwives and Mothers of Adherence to Patient Rights..................................07

Maryam Soheily, Akram Peyman, Beheshteh Tabarsy

3. Indian Diabetes Risk Score for Screening of Undiagnosed Diabetes...................................................................................13

Individuals of Eluru City, Andhra Pradesh, India

Chandrasekhar Vallepalli, K Chandra Sekhar, U Vijaya Kumar, P G Deotale

4. Awareness and Predictors of PCOD among Undergraduate Students ..............................................................................18

CAnn Mary Nelson, Lekha Viswanath, Anju Philip T

5. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness on the Reduction of Anxiety...........................................................................................23

and Depression of Divorced Women

Yasamin Hojatifar, Mina Hosein Zadeh, Fariborz Dortaj

6. A Study on Clinical Profile and Trend in Suicide Attempters in Psychiatry Consultation...............................................28

D Naveen Kumar

7. A Study of Organo-phosphorous Compound Poisoning with Reference to....................................................................33

Blood Sugar and Pseudocholinesterase Levels

Nithinkumar S Kadakol, Sunilkumar S Biradar, Smitha M, Mallikarjun KBiradar

8. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in School Going Children in...........................................................................37

Rural Areas of Hapur District, UP, India

KamyaVerma, Krati R Varshney, Sanjeev Dimri, S P Garg

9. Study of Osteoporosis in Women of Malwa Region of Punjab............................................................................................41

Veerendra Choudhary

10. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Group Therapy on Reducing Internet...............................................................44

Addiction and Increasing the General Health of Adolescent Girls

Nasrin Rahimi Shadbad

11. Role of Social Support and Coping Styles in Mental Health of Women Who Apply for Divorce..................................49

Farhad Asghari, Hajar Ramazannia

Contents

Volume10,Number1 January2019

II

14.EffectofDispositionalMindfulnessonPerceivedStressScoresofEngineeringStudents: An Empirical Study ..................................................................................................................................... 63

Ranju Lal, Pramod Pathak, K. R. Chaturvedi, Payel Talukdar

15. ConfocalLASERScanningMicroscopy(CLSM)forEvaluationofEndodonticMicroflora-AReview...69Laxmish Mallya, Kundabala M, Vinod Jathanna

16. EffectiveRecruitmentandSelectionSystemfortheITSoftwareIndustryinIndia...................................74Ramkumar A., Rajini G.

17. AStudyonInnovativeRecruitmentTechniquesandIt’sImpactonJobSeekers.......................................79Ramkumar A., Rajini G.

18.EmotionalIntelligenceandPerformanceofManagerinManufacturingIndustries (WithspecialreferencetoAutomobileIndustry)........................................................................................85

S. Chandrachud, M. Thaiyalnayaki

19.MechanicallyInducedStumpDermatoses:HighPrevalenceConcernandMeasuresofPrevention.........88Salman Shaikh, Akshay Malhotra

20.AStudyonUniversalPrecautionsandNeedleStickInjuriesamongNursingStaffina TertiaryCareHospital,Davangere..............................................................................................................93

Sandhya Rani Javalkar, Sanjana S N

21. PatternofEmploymentandConsumptionExpenditureinIndia................................................................98S. Jansirani, S. Sudha

22. A Study on Women Domestic Workers in M.g.r.nagar in Kanchipuram District ..................................... 103S. Jansirani, S. Janifar Vinnarasi

23. InfluenceofEmotionalIntelligenceonEmployeePerformanceamongSelecedRestaurants,Chennai..106V. Krishna Priya

24.PreferencesandProblemsofAgri-BasedEnterprisesofGuntur(A.P.,India): AnEmpiricalStudyofFarmersAdvisoryCommitteesUnderAtma........................................................111

Vineet Pandey, Fate Bahadur Singh

25.EffectsofStrengthTrainingExercisesonPhysicalParametersandQualityofLifeamongOlder AdultsinSelectedGeriatricHomesinKerala,India................................................................................116

Nisha B S, Dhanyamol K S, Devika Shaji, Rebecca Seguin

26.StudyofMRSAandESBLOrganismsIsolatedfromInfectedWounds 121Suresh P, V. Sreenivasulu Reddy, V. Praveen Kumar, P. Vamsimuni Krishna

27. PrevalenceofAnglesMalocclusionTraitsin7-16-Year-oldSchoolChildrenofMewarRegion,India..125Pradeep Vishnoi, Tarulatha R Shyagali, Prabhuraj Kambalyal, Deepak P Bhayya, Rutvik Trivedi, Jyoti Jingar

28.AStudyonMarketingProspectsinPromotingCulturalTourisminTamilNadu.....................................131A. Arun, J. Yuvaraj, A. Wilfred Lawrence, Chittaranjan Srivastsava

29.AnObjectiveandSubjectiveEvaluationofDentalImplantImpressionsusingVinylsiloxanetherand PolyetherImpressionMaterials−Anin Vivo Study ................................................................................... 135

Divya Raigangar, Mahesh Mundathaje, Puneeth Hegde, Umesh Pai, Thilak Shetty, Sharon Saldanha, Shobha J Rodrigues

VI

76. An Empirical Analysis Research on the Characteristics of Elderly Welfare Organizations on JobFitandContextualPerformance.........................................................................................................379

Il-Hyun Yun

77.AStudyontheEffectofJobPerformanceonEmotionalLabor,CareerTurnoverIntention, JobStress,GrowthNeed...........................................................................................................................385

Il-Hyun Yun

78.ApplicationofDigitalRubbingMassageinPainLevel,Comfort,andDurationofLaborPhase............391Sudirman, Sumarni, Hartati, Hendra M., Ismi Rajiani

79.UsingPropensityScoreBootstrappingonDeterminingtheModeloftheHIV/AIDSPatients’Assistance 396Mahdalena, Mahpolah, Ismi Rajiani

80.ARCSModule(Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) to Increase Classroom Motivation for PregnantWomenatPublicHealthCenter.................................................................................................401

Agustine Ramie, Mahdalena, Hammad, Ismi Rajiani

81.InterprofessionalEducationModuleinAchievingEthics/Values,Roles,Responsibilities,Professional CommunicationCompetencies,andTeamCollaborationamongtheCollegeofHealthStudents...........406

Neny Triana, Ismi Rajiani

82.AnxietyLevelofDentalCareamongAdolescentsinKepulauanSelayarDistrict...................................409Lilies Anggarwati Astuti, Nurnaeni, Faiqah Umar, Hasanuddin Tahir, Asmawati Amin

83.BabyMassageWithCommonColdMassageOilonTemperatureChange,PulseRate,FrequencyofBreath, SleepQualityandNumberofStreptococcusBacteriainToddlerswithAcuteRespiratoryInfection......413

Melyana Nurul W, Fatatu Malikhah, Kusmini Suprihatin, Sutarmi

84.RiskFactorsAffectingAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderamongEarlyChildhoodinthe Agricultural Area in Indonesia .................................................................................................................. 417

Istiklaili F., Suwandono A., Suhartono S., Widyorini E., Saputro D.

85. MaternlandNeonatalOutcomesofElectiveandEmergencyCesareanSections....................................422Esraa Abdulkareem Mohammed

86. ComorbiditiesofPhototherapyUsedinNeonatalJaundiceinDiyalaGovernorate,Iraq........................428Saif Hakeem Tofiq, Kareem Assi Obaid, Mazin Razooqi Mohammed

87. EffectofThyroidDisorderonLiverFunctionandSomeImmunologicalParameters.............................433Jamela Jouda, Majida G. Maghtoof, Alia Essam Mahmood Alubadi, Youns Atiyah Kamil

88. ThePresenceofPathogenic Leptospira sp.inWaterBodiesinKlatenDistrict.......................................439Novia Tri Astuti, Mateus Sakundarno Adi, Yuliani Setyaningsih, Martini, Lintang Dian Saraswati

89.DialecticUnitybetweenThreatandDivisionSociologicalStudy............................................................444Majida Shaker Mahdi

90. JobDemands,LowBackPain,andJobCraftingBehaviors:AProposedFramework.............................449Malek Ahmad Al-Natour, Nor Azimah Chew Abdullah

91.“Educational-StaffKnowledgeandAttitudetowardsAntibioticUseinTechnicalInstituteofKarbala”.455Maytham Salim AL-Nasrawii, Ali abd Al–Latif. G. Mohammed, Mohammad Abdul Baqi Abdul Mohsin, Mohammed A.Merzah

VIII

107.TheEffectivenessofUsingDirectCompositeVeneerTemplateSysteminRestoringAnteriorTeeth.....543Sri Wahyuni, Saluna Deynilisa, Ismalayani

108.AStudyonBreastCancerAwarenessinFemaleStudentsofBegumRokeyaUniversity,Rangpur: ACross-SectionalStudy............................................................................................................................547

Sukanta Das, Mst. Sirajum Munira, BK Chakravorti

109.FailureofSpeedoligoMycobacteriatodiagnoseMycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Directly from Sputum Samples ................................................................................................................. 553

Tarig MS Alnour, Faisel Abuduhier, Eltayib H Ahmed Abakur, Fahad MA Albalawi, Khalid AS Alfifi, Bernard C. Silvala

110.BodyFatCompositionasaDeterminanofCognitionFunctionsinElementarySchoolStudents...........557Tria Wahyuningrum, Lida Khalimatus Sakdiyah, Rina Mardiyana

111.FactorsAssociatedwiththeKnowledgeandAttitudeTowardsBreastfeedinginThaiGrandmothersof Pregnant Adolescents ................................................................................................................................ 560

Wilasinee Bootsri, Surasak Taneepanichskul

112. Cross-SectorCollaborationIndicatorsDevelopmentofHIV-AIDSPreventionPrograminIndonesia...566Balqis, Hasbullah Thabrany, Kemal N Siregar

113.TheRelationshipbetweenVentilationwithExcessCancerRisk(ECR)ofBenzeneattheShoe HomeIndustryinRomokalisariSurabaya................................................................................................572

Bachtiar Chahyadhi, Abdul Rohim Tualeka

114.ThePrevalenceofOralManifestationinTransgenderswithHIV/AIDSinSurabaya,EastJava,Indonesia577Bagus Soebadi, Adiastuti Endah Parmadiati, Hening Tuti Hendarti, Desiana Radithia, Diah Savitri Ernawati

115.EvaluationoftheHealthPolicyImplementationofIndonesianSocialInsuranceAdministration OrganizationinPrimaryHealthCareFacilities........................................................................................581

Supriyana, Edy Susanto, Irmawati, Bernadus Rudy Sunindya, Asep Tata Gunawan, Ismi Rajiani

116.TheRelationshipbetweenEnvironmentalSanitationtotheIncidenceofHepatitisAinRural AreasofCentralJava,Indonesia...............................................................................................................585

Teguh Widyanto, Marsum, M. Choerul Anwar, Subinarto, Ahmad Fikri, Asep Tata G, Ismi Rajiani

117.TheCorrelationbetweenGreenOpenSpacewithCarcinogenToxicityScoreofBenzeneinShoes HomeIndustrySurabaya...........................................................................................................................589

Nima Eka Nur Rahmania, Abdul Rohim Tualeka

118.FrequencyofCardiacTroponinT(TNNT2)Polymorphism,aDilatedCardiomyopathyGenein TabukPopulation.......................................................................................................................................594

Muhammad Tariq, Khalid Fandi, Rashid Mir, Yassir Birema, FM Abuduhier

119.SLC2A2Gene(GlucoseTransporter2)VariationisAssociatedwithanIncreasedRiskofDeveloping T2d in an Ethnic Population of Saudi Arabia ............................................................................................ 600

Fahad M Almutairi, Rashid Mir, Faisal Abu-Duhier, Roaid Khan, Khalid Harby, Imadeldin Elfaki

120.AContentAnalysisofOriginalResearchArticlesonPublicHealthPublishedinanInternationalJournal: The Case Study of Thailand ...................................................................................................................... 606

Sunanta Wongchalee, Orapin Laosee, Ratana Somrongthong

IX

121.StudyofMentalHealthandAttitudetowardsPsychologicalHelpSeekingamongManagementand ScienceUniversityStudents......................................................................................................................612

Bavani A/P Raman, Venkata Pavan Kumar Sriperumbuduru, Hasanain Faisal Ghazi, Fazna Saleem, Nava Jyothi Dalayi

122. AcuteLungRejection:AnImportantFactorforLongTermSurvivalinLungTransplantation..............617Zulkifli Amin, Ignatius Wuryantoro, Ceva Wicaksono Pitoyo, Elvina Johanna Yunasan

123.TheIncidenceofStevens-JohnsonSyndromeandToxicEpidermalNecrolysisinDr.SaifulAnwar GeneralHospitalMalang,Indonesiafrom2012-2017..............................................................................622

Safrina Dewi Ratnaningrum, Diana Lyrawati, Sinta Murlistyarini, Nurdiana, Tommy Alfandy Nazwar

124. DynamicTransmissionofDengueHemorraghicFeverandClimateVariabilityPatternsinJakarta.......628Haryoto Kusnoputranto, Margareta Maria Sintorini, Suyud Warno Utomo, Nurusysyarifah Aliyyah, Epi Ria Kristina Sinaga, Okky Assetya Pratiwi

125. KnowledgeaboutLungCancerandAwarenessofitsRiskFactorsamongtheUniversityStudents.......633Ashok Kumar Jeppu, Nur Atikah Binti Mohamed Jailani, Kavitha Ashok Kumar

126.CommunityTreatmentSecurityIndexinMakassarCity..........................................................................638Rusli, Chatarina U. Wahyuni, Suharjono, Hari Basuki Notobroto, Agust Dwi Djajanti, Rudy Hartono

127. Early Detection of Risk Factors and Severity of Airway Obstruction Through Measurement of Critical Values of FVC and FEV1onBusTerminalOfficers....................................................................642

Sudiro Sudiro, Martono Martono, Nursalam Nursalam, Ferry Efendi

Anxiety Level of Dental Care among Adolescents in Kepulauan Selayar District

Lilies Anggarwati Astuti1,2, Nurnaeni1,3, Faiqah Umar1,4, Hasanuddin Tahir5, Asmawati Amin6

1Post Graduate Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia; 2Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Muslim Indonesia, Makassar,

Indonesia; 3Gunung Sari Makassar Midwifery Academy, Makassar, Indonesia; 4Makassar Medical State Laboratory, Indonesian Ministry of Health, Makassar, Indonesia; 5Department of Periodontology,

6Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Dental health has not seen any tangible results that needs an attention and require cooperation from various parties. One of the contributing factors is the lack of data on the level of community dental and oralhealthcareneedsthatownedbythelocalgovernmentsothateffortstoactualizehealthycommunitiesincluding dental and oral health are less than optimal. TheobjectiveofthestudyistoidentifythelevelofanxietyofdentalservicesamongadolescentsinKecamatanBenteng,KepulauanSelayarDistict.

Subjects and Method: Thepresentstudyisapurposive-samplingstudy,adolescentsbetweentheageof17to21yearsoldinstateseniorhighschool.Thisstudyobtained511studentsfromthreedifferentschoolsandprocessed with SPSS Version 16.

Discussion: Atotalof511studentsshowedfourlevelofanxiety-NotAnxious,LessAnxious,AnxiousandVeryAnxious.Moststudentexperiencedanotanxiouslevel(56,8%),whileonly2,3%studentsshowedaveryanxiouslevel.Inaddition,therespondentwasdividedintotwogroups,basedonvisitingdentistinthelast two years. Respondents who have had last visit to the dentist more than 2 years witnessed more anxiety than they who are visiting dentist in the last two years.

Conclusions:Thecauseofanxietytodentaltreatmentisinfluencedbymanyfactors,whichrelatecloselytothe pain history on dental treatment both in the adult and children.

Keywords: Anxiety, Dentist Care, Adolescents, Kepulauan Selayar District.

Corresponding Author:Lilies Anggarwati AstutiDepartmentofPeriodontology,FacultyofDentistry,Pajongadg.Ngallest.no.27,UniversityofMuslimIndonesia,Makassar,IndonesiaEmail:liliesanggarwati.astuti@umi.ac.id

INTRODUCTION

Kepulauan Selayar is a district in South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia,whichBentengcityisthecapitalcity.This district has an area of 903.35 km² and apopulation of ± 100,000 inhabitants. This area is theonly regency in South Sulawesi that its entire territory separated from the mainland of South Sulawesi and more

than that region Kepulauan Selayar District consists of a group of islands so that is the archipelago region. This place consists of 123 islands, both large islandsand small islands extending from North to Southwhich has a stable number of schools each year. Those are elementary school 139 units (16,207 students), juniorhighschool52units(5,232students),seniorhighschool8units(2,343students),andvocationalschool7units(1,481students).

In addition, it has variety of health facilities. Onegeneral hospital, 13 public health center and 61 unitssupporting community health center. On the other hand,oral and dental health problems are found inKepulauan Selayar which need to get attention and require cooperation from various parties. Moreover,

DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00081.0

410 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, January 2019, Vol.10, No. 1

efforts to overcome have not seen any tangible resultswhen measured with public dental health indicators. One of the contributing factors is the lack of data on the level of community dental and oral health care needs that owned bythelocalgovernmentsothateffortstoactualizehealthycommunities including dental and oral health are less than optimal.Ifthiscontinues,obviouslydentalandoralhealthespecially in the community will continue to decline. And ultimatelyaffecttheirqualityoflife(1,2).

Anxiety is a vague feeling of discomfort, with ashadowthatsomethingundesirablewillhappen(Kargan& Haveman, 1976). Surveys generally showed thatmost of the general population avoid regular visits to dentists because they are afraid to do so. In recent studies,anxietyaboutdentalcareisassociatedwiththelength of time since the last visit to dental care and the greatest frequency of cancellation visits. Anxiety about dental care restricts partial, or prevents all oral healthcare services. An anxious person shows more damage or missing teeth and less restored teeth (4.5 ). The level of anxiety is closely related to the method of oral and dental treatment that will be given to the patient. Patients withhighlevelsofanxietywillfinditmoredifficulttoreceive dental and oral care as well(3,13).

SUBJECTS AND METHOD

Thepresentstudywasapurposive-samplingstudyamong adolescents between the age of 17 to 21 years old in state senior high school. This study obtained 511 students from three different schools. Those schoolswere Benteng Senior High school, MuhammadiyahSeniorHighschoolandBentengVocationalHighschool.Examination of survey was based on questionnaires/survey forms . Researchers attend all senior state high school and vocational schools in each location then explained the purpose of visits, followed by thedistributionofaquestionnaire /surveyformandfillingthe questionnaire/survey form. Eventually, the datacollected was processed with SPSS Version 16.

DISCUSSION

Results showed that the characteristics of respondents consists of age, sex, class grade, parentaleducationlevel,lastvisittodentistandanxietyofdentalservices.Majority respondentswas in 16-17years old(75.5%)andtheleastagewasin20-21yearsold(0.8%).

Inaddition,mostofrespondentswerewomen(58.1%),while another was only 41.9%. The respondents wasgenerally second grade (57,9%) and most of themhad parentswith bachelor education level (51,1%). Inthe last two years, it had 52,4% who had visited thedentist.Furthermore,mostoftherespondentsdonotfeelanxiousaboutdentalservices(56.8%).ThedataresultsisshoweninTable1below:

Table 1: Characteristics of respondents

Respondents Characteristics n %AgeGroup(year)

16-17 386 75,518-19 121 23,720-21 4 0,8

GenderMan 214 41,9

Women 297 58,1Grade

1 12 2,32 296 57,93 203 39,7

Parents’ EducationHighschool 250 48,9Bachelor 261 51,1

Last Visit To Dentist > 2thYes 268 52,4No 243 47,6

Anxiety Level of dental servicesNot Anxious 290 56,8Less Anxious 149 29,2

Anxious 60 11,7Very Anxious 12 2,3

Source:PrimaryData

Table 1 showed that most of adolescences was not anxious of dental services. Even thought it showed a notanxiouslevel,therewereotheranxietylevelswhichalmost a half of the results. This sums that anxiety of dental services was still an issue in Kepualaun Selayar District.Moreover,thecorrelationofanxietylevelandlast dentist visiting is shown in table 2.

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, January 2019, Vol.10, No. 1 411

Table 2: Correlation of anxiety level to dental services and last dentist visit

AnxietyLast visit to the dentist > 2 years

AmountYes No

n % n % n %Not Anxious 145 54,1 145 59,7 290 56,8Less Anxious 82 30,6 67 27,6 149 29,2

Anxious 33 12,3 27 11,1 60 11,7Very Anxious 8 3,0 4 1,6 12 2,3

Amount 268 100 243 100 511 100

Source:PrimaryData

Table 2 shows that in the last two years visiting the dentist had almost the same number in all level of anxiety.Respondentswho’vehadlastvisittothedentistmore than two yearsmostly felt not anxious (54,1%).This number has slightly lower than them who were not visitingthedentist,whichwere59,4%.Incontrast,otheranxiety levels on respondents who visited the dentist experienced a little more percentage compare to them who had not visited.

Different types of anxiety components areinterconnected with one another, but it is importantto repeat here that there is no one-on-one relationbetween the components. Some people are actually very anxious about dental treatment but regularly and fairly cooperatively examined while others may actually avoid visiting dentists.6,14

Approach through education alone is not enough,because it only gives partial impact on behavior change. Although humans need information and skills, theyhave no motivation to implement the newly-giveninformation15. The idea that research alone is not enough,supportedbyresearchconductedbyToddetal(1982).Although91%ofthesamplesizeislargeenoughto agree that regular visits to dentists are important to maintaindentalhealth,43%say theygo to thedentistonly when experiencing symptoms. The imbalance between knowledge and the actual behaviour may related to the motivation factor, especially the consequencesseen from its actions.6

Areviewoftheliteratureestimatesthat9%oftheworld population suffer from a sense of fear/anxietyto dental treatment, with a reduction in prevalence as

age increase. The cause of anxiety to dental treatment is influenced by manyfactors, which relate closely tothe pain history on dental treatment both in the adult and children. The prevalence of fear to dental care is consideredhigh(24.3%),butlowersthanfearofsnakes,heightsorinjuredphysically.

Surprisingly, among all the phobias, the mostcommon is dental phobia (3.7 %). These findingsshould be on alert by both researchers and dental care practitioners as a very real problem with the aim to finding ways to improve the conditions. 12 Fear to dental care usually begins in childhood with a negative experience,commonlyexpressedasapainfulexperienceand/orbeingtreatedbyaroughdentist.

Although it tends todecreasewithage increasing,anxiety of dental care can last until adolescence and continue into adulthood.This is important. Therefore,thedentistshouldbeabletoidentifythesepatients,withthe aim to plan dental interventions that can reduce an individual’sanxietylevel. 12

CONCLUSIONS

Thecauseofanxietytodentaltreatmentisinfluencedbymanyfactors,whichrelatecloselytothepainhistoryon dental treatment both in the adult and children.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have noconflictsofinterest.

Source of Funding: This paper is a self funding.

Ethical Clearance: Authors was taken ethical clearance from Health Ethics committee of Universitas MuslimIndonesia(UMI)Makassar.

412 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, January 2019, Vol.10, No. 1

REFERENCES

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3.AartmanIH,JonghA,MeulenMJ.Psychologicalcharachteristics of patients applying for treatment in a dental fear clinic. European Journal of Oral Sciences.1997;105(5P1):384-388.

4.Humphris GM, Dyer TA, Robinson PG. Themodified dental anxiety scale: Uk generalpublic population norms in 2008 with furtherpsychometricsandeffectsofageBMCoralhealth.2009;9(1):1.

5.Nicholas Emmanuel, Collado Valerie, FaulksDenise, Bullier Brigitte, Hennequin Martine.A National Cross-sectional Survey of DentalAnxiety in The French AdultPopulation. BMCOralHealth.2007,vol.7.No.12.p.2.AccessedonMei,20th2010

6.Kent GG, Blinkhorn AS. Pengelolaan TingkahLakuPasienpadaPraktikDokterGigi.In:BudimanJA,editor. Kecemasan dan Penyebabnya. Ahlibahasa:LilianYuwono.Jakarta:EGC;2005.p.63-137.

7.D. Locker, A Liddell, and D Burman. Dentalfear and anxiety in an older adult population. CommunityDentistryandOralEpidemiology,vol19,no.2,pp.120-124,1991.

8.A.Al-Namankany, P. Ashley, andA. Petrie. Thedevelopment of a dental anxiety scale with cognitive

component for children and adolescents. Pediatric Dentistry,vol34,no.7,pp.219-224.2012.

9.Berggeren U, Meynert G.Dental fear andavoidance:cause,symptoms.Andconsequences.[internet], I am dent assoc. 1984,vol.109. No.2.available from hptt://www.ncbi.nml.nih.goy.AccessedonMei,20th2010

10.AkeelRiyadhF,abduljabarnadel,.Dentalanxietyamong patient attending king saud university. [internet]. Saudi dental journal 2000,vol.12.No.3.p.124.available from :http://www.sclsjournal.org. accessed on Mei 20th2010.

11.Udoye C.I.,oginni F.O,.dental anxiety amongpatients undergoing various dental treatment in nigerian teaching hospital. The journal ofcontemporary dental practice.2005.Vol.6No.2.,availablefrom:http://www.thejcdp.com accessed on Mei 17th2010

12.Soraya Coelho LEAL, Danielle Matos deMenezes,JoE.Frecken.AssosiatedofARTwithpain in dental treatment. JApplOral Sci 2009;17(sp.issue):84-8.

13.Armfield JM, Pohjola V, Joukamaa M, MattilaAK, Souminen AL, Lahti SM. Exploring theassociation between somatization and dental fear and dental visiting. Europian Journal of Oral Sciences,2011;119(4):288-293.

14.M. Frazer and S. Hampson. Some personalityfactors related to dental anxiety and fear of pain. BritishDentalJournal,vol165,no.12,pp.436-439,1988.

UW Bowman, A Wennstrom, U Stenman, andMHakeberg.Oral health-related quality of life,sense and coherence and dental anxiety. BMCOralHealth,vol.12,article14,2012.

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