La collana Asia Orientale propone testi di elevato livello didattico, scientifico, divulgativo nel campo delle varie discipline relative alla storia e alla cultura dell’Asia Orientale. L’interesse per l’area è certamente cresciuto in seguito all’importanza economica e strategica assunta negli ultimi decenni, come dimostra il fiorire di varie recenti iniziative editoriali in Italia presso piccoli e grandi editori. È ovvio che la prevalenza globale di quest’area ha portato un cambiamento negli orientamenti degli studi di settore, decretando il superamento sia dell’orientalismo ‘vecchia maniera’ che di quello ‘impegnato’ a carattere terzomondista. Con il declino dei vari ‘orientalismi’ è sempre più necessaria una conoscenza che corrisponda alle esigenze presenti, e che non può prescindere tuttavia da una specializzazione che tenga conto delle differenze culturali persistenti, e dal confronto fra civiltà diverse. La presente collana intende concentrarsi sulla realtà di quest’area, offrendo e sollecitando contributi che coprano non solo la realtà immediata di cui dobbiamo tenere conto, ma vari aspetti delle antiche civiltà che ne costituiscono la base culturale. Perciò la collana intende promuovere varie discipline, oltre ai settori storici, filosofici e letterari, come quello linguistico e politico-economico. La collana si propone, inoltre, di incoraggiare la pubblicazione di monografie etnografiche sulle culture e società dell’Asia Orientale, con particolare riguardo all’antropologia della Cina. La collana adotta un sistema di valutazione dei testi basato sulla revisione paritaria e anonima (peer review). I criteri di valutazione riguarderanno la qualità scientifica e didattica e la significatività dei temi proposti. Per ogni proposta editoriale, tali requisiti saranno accertati dal comitato scientifico, che si avvarrà di almeno un revisore esperto. La possibilità di avere edizioni online oltre che a stampa permette l’utilizzo di sistemi multimediali e di comunicazione di particolare interesse per la distribuzione, la didattica e la fruizione su vari supporti. Il direttore della collana, Paolo Santangelo (paolo.santangelo@uniroma1.it), è coadiuvato da un comitato scientifico composto dal Prof. Guido Samarani (Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia) , dalla Prof. Stefania Stafutti (Università di Torino) e dal Prof. Alessandro Dell’Orto (Università Urbaniana di Roma).

MingQing

Studies 2013

edited byPaolo Santangelo

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Ist edition:

Ming Qing Studies 2013Editor

Paolo Santangelo, Sapienza Università di Roma

Editorial Board

Marianne Bastid-Bruguière, CNRS, Paris William Dolby, Edinburgh Mark Elvin, Australian University, Canberra Lionello Lanciotti, IsIAO, Roma Lee Cheuk Yin, National University of Singapore Mario Sabattini, Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia

Editorial Assistants

Maria Paola CuledduTommaso Previato

November 201222013

CONTENTS

9 Preface by PAOLO SANTANGELO 17 Justice and Morality in Early Qing Dynasty Crime Fiction: A

Preliminary Study. LAVINIA BENEDETTI

47 The Hexagrams of the Yijing (Book of Changes) in Historical Studies - Li Zhi’s Jiuzheng Yiyin (九正易因). CHEN XINYU 陈欣雨

71 Legitimation of a ‘Marginal Dynasty’: The Great Xia in Sichuan, 1362-

1371 - A Case Study. MAX JAKOB FÖLSTER

117 China and the West in the Art of the Nineteenth Century: A Cultural

and Historical Review of the Relations between Painting and Photography. FOO YEE WAH, MARCO MECCARELLI AND ANTONELLA FLAMMINII

161 The Silk Cover of the Admonitions Scroll. Aesthetic and Visual Analysis. MARIA CHIARA GASPARINI

219 Was Fujian a Frontier? State Policies and Seafaring Culture from the

Heyday of Piracy to The Ming-Qing Wars. HO DAHPON DAVID 何大鵬

259 Fujian Coast: The Home of Boundary-crossers in the Long Eighteenth

Century. LI GUOTONG 李国彤

275 The Old Catholic Church in Shanghai. A 350-year-old Treasure.

OLGA MEREKINA 285 Transformation of the Min (Fujian) Cainü Culture in the Late Qing

Reform Era. QIAN NANXIU 钱南秀

8 Contents

313 ‘Disgust’: Some Fragments of an Equivalent Feeling in Chinese Traditional Experience. PAOLO SANTANGELO

339 The Descriptions of Sicily in Chinese Travel Diaries and Geographic

Works until Qing Dynasty. RENATA VINCI

371 A Change in the Poetic Style of Emperor Qianlong: A Study of the

Heptasyllabic Regulated Verses on New Year’s Day. YAN ZINAN 顏子楠

395 A Comparative Literature Study on the Monstrosity and

Transmissibility of Culture in Qing Dynasty. ZHAO JING 赵倞

435 Feline Shadows in the Rising Sun: Cultural Values of Cat in Pre-

Modern Japan. DIEGO CUCINELLI

NOTES AND DISCUSSIONS 451 Imperial China and the Cultural Boundaries between Hua-Xia 华夏 and

Man-Yi 蛮夷 - Toward an Holistic Conception of Ethnic Relations. TOMMASO PREVIATO

461 How Chinese scholars read Franks' Re Orient: some materials.

SANTANGELO PAOLO 489 REVIEWS 493 Frontiers of History in China 2013 495 World Sinology 2012

PREFACE The Ming Qing Studies 2013 issue contains articles on history, literature, art and philosophy covering the period of the last two dynasties of imperial China, and one article on Japanese traditional culture. Lavinia Benedetti’s “Justice and Morality in Early Qing Dynasty Crime Fiction: A Preliminary Study” deals with the Chinese literary genre comprising stories and novels that describe the investigation of one or several criminal cases. This article examines two works of the early Qing period and focusses on the basic didactic attitude of the authors, who narrate the perpetration of a crime, its treatment at a judicial level, and the punishment of the criminal or the punishment of the corrupt official, in order to extoll the accomplishment of justice, the working of retribution, and the final restoration of social order.

Lavinia Benedetti, research fellow of Chinese Language and Literature at the University of Catania, obtained her doctorate at Tsinghua University in Beijing. Chinese court-case literature, especially the narrative genre developed during the Qing Dynasty, is one of her research interests. She has taken part in international conferences, and among her publications, “The Supernatural and Chinese Crime Fiction” has appeared in the Asian Journal of Literature, Culture and Society of Assumption University (Thailand). Chen Xin-yu 陈欣雨 , in “The Hexagrams of the Yijing (Book of Changes) in Historical Studies — Li Zhi’s Jiuzheng Yiyin (九正易因)” focusses on Li Zhi’s 李贄 (1527-1602) work on the Yijing, his Jiuzheng Yiyin (九正易因). The historical theory of the late Ming thinker, elaborated through an analysis of the function of the hexagrams, is based on a historical development view and the theory of the indeterminism of right and wrong, as well as on the three-fold principle: “the Six Classics are all histories” 六經皆史, “the Classics and history mirror each other” 經史相為表裏, and the concept of human equality (between sages and mortals, farmers and merchants, men and women). The diagrams stress the influence of the Yijing on his historical thought.

Chen Xin-yu is doctoral student at Renmin University in China and a joint-doctoral student at Sapienza University of Rome. Her major is Chinese Philosophy, with a focus on studies in Confucian Classics, and she has published some articles in Chinese academic journals. Foo Yee Wah, Marco Meccarelli, and Antonella Flamminii are the co-authors of an article on the relationship between painting and photography: “China and the West in the Art of the 19th Century: A Cultural and Historical Review of the Relations between Painting and Photography”. The history of the beginning of

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photography in China is a crucial topic for the modern history of China and its culture, a crossroad between traditional artistic expressions and Western cultural and technological influences. This paper, starting with an introduction of some of the early cultural contacts between China and the West, and the discovery of photography in China, focusses on the mutual interrelationship between stylistic and compositional procedures of the two genres, and the cross-fertilisation between both artistic expressions.

Yee Wah Foo completed her doctorate on Chinese-Soviet relations at the University of Lincoln in 2002, and is now Senior Lecturer in Political Science in the School of Social Sciences, Brayford Pool, and an honorary member of the Nanjing Museum for the Site of Chinese Modern History.

Marco Meccarelli, Oriental art historian, having obtained a Certificate of the Advanced School of Oriental Archaeology of Rome (2005), and a Ph.D. on ‘History and Civilizations of East Asia’ at Sapienza University of Rome (2010), is now cooperating with Archeo magazine on Chinese archaeology and history.

Antonella Flamminii is specialized in Oriental Archaeology at Sapienza University of Rome. She and Marco Meccarelli have recently published the first monography on the history of photography in China written in Italian (Storia della fotografia in Cina. Le opere di artisti cinesi e occidentali, Aprilia: Novalogos, 2011). Max J. Fölster’s “Legitimation of a ‘Marginal Dynasty’: The Great Xia in Sichuan, 1362-1371 – A Case Study” deals with the difficult and significant issue of ‘legitimation’ of a short-lived and marginal dynasty, which is not included in the legitimate (zhengtong) dynastic succession. Based on diverse and comprehensive sources, the article illustrates traditional strategies, procedures, and methods, as well as religious-millenarian beliefs. After carefully reviewing and making reflections and comparisons, the author describes in detail the Great Xia’s rise and fall, and examines how this ‘marginal dynasty’ claimed legitimacy. He cautiously argues that while traditional Confucian patterns for legitimation played a key role, the role of militiamen’s beliefs cannot be ignored, especially considering the limitations of Chinese sources: although the Xia’s origins lay in a religiously motivated uprising and these beliefs continued to be vital, its leaders eventually turned to the established tradition and their representatives – former officials and scholars – in order to secure legitimacy. The appendix of sources is also valuable.

Max J. Fölster is doctoral student working on a Ph.D. thesis on “Organization of Knowledge in Ancient China: The Treatise on Literature in the History of the Former Han (Hanshu Yiwenzhi)”. Since October 2011 he has worked in the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC) as a Universität Hamburg Researcher working on Project CO3 “For Palaces and Tombs: Book Collections in Ancient China (3rd - 1st centuries BCE)”, and he is executive secretary and editorial manager of ASIEN, The German Journal on Contemporary Asia.

Preface 11

Mariachiara Gasparini’s “The Silk Cover of the Admonitions Scroll. Aesthetic and Visual Analysis” is a useful contribution on the history of Chinese and Central Asian decorative art. She argues how in the context of the decorative arts, the lack of detailed study on this medium has created a gap that needs to be filled with modern research, and reconsiders the importance of textiles that, because of their ‘functionality’, are conventionally placed on a low level in the hierarchy of Chinese art. Her analysis of the textile document, starting from a short history of the Admonitions scroll, focusses on the origin and the development of its pattern and tianhua motif, the centrality of the representation of the cosmic order, Buddhist symbology, through a detailed study of its technical aspects, including fibres, dyes, and aesthetic features.

Mariachiara Gasparini, a graduate of the Oriental University of Naples (2005), after specialising in Textile Rendering and Colour Foundation (New School of Design, New York City, 2008), and in East Asian Art (Sotheby’s Institute of Art in London, 2011), is currently a Ph.D. student at the University of Heidelberg. Her research focusses on the unpublished Turfan textile collection held in the Asian Art Museum of Berlin, Germany, which she catalogued and digitized in the summer of 2012 – thanks to the support of the International Dunhuang Project at the British Library – and on the representation of Central Asian weaving compounds and their transmission onto European architectural and woven surfaces. The first results of her research have been presented in various international conferences and her essay “Woven mythology. The textile encounter of makara, senmurv and phoenixes” is due to be published in the anthology Global Textile Encounters: China, India, Europe edited by The Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Textile Research and University of Copenhagen (forthcoming in 2014). Dahpon D. Ho 何大鵬 in “Was Fujian a Frontier? State Policies and Seafaring Culture from the Heyday of Piracy to the Ming-Qing Wars” aims at exploring the impacts of state policies on Fujianese seafaring culture, and demonstrates how Fujian can be seen as a frontier. Fujianese skills and seafaring culture were alternately exploited and condemned throughout Chinese history. This paper traces the historical development of Fujian’s maritime activities and social organisation from the pirate crisis of the mid-1500s to the bloody Ming-Qing wars that devastated the province in the mid-1600s, and focusses on Fujianese knowledge and the practice of innovating and adapting to the longstanding Ming policy of criminalizing private seafaring, and the brutal Qing depopulation of costal areas.

Dahpon D. Ho is an assistant professor of history at the University of Rochester. His chief interests are maritime history and the ways in which flows of trade, people, and goods have shaped life in China and East Asia from the early modern period to the present. His first book project, called Sealords Live in Vain, tells the story of how the maritime province of Fujian in southeast

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China was transformed by trade and piracy into an outlaw frontier in the 17th century. Further research interests include Tibet, population mobility in Chinese history, and the development of robotics and cybernetics in East Asia. Guotong Li’s 李國彤 article, “Fujian Coast: The Home of Boundary-crossers in the Long Eighteenth Century”, crosses gender, minorities, border and culture studies. In fact, it examines Fujianese migration through the lenses of gender and ethnicity in the eighteenth century. Intermarriage between Han settlers and the aborigines on the Taiwan frontier and between She migrants and Han natives in coastal Fujian are significant instances of cultural encounter within intermarried families which go beyond the phenomena of assimilation or acculturation. The essay stresses how women’s roles in the family represented more than a fulfilment of dual ethnic identities and the prescribed roles in both cultures. The article concludes that the Fujian coast moves from the empire’s margin to a center of the early modern maritime world, and demonstrates that this shift was not stimulated by the government’s policies but was rather facilitated by individuals, families and clans, and motivated by their economic needs.

Guotong Li was educated at Peking University (B.A.), the National University of Singapore (M.A.), and the University of California, Davis (Ph.D.). She is presently an assistant professor of History at California State University, Long Beach. She is the author of several articles (in English and Chinese), including “Imagining History and the State: Fujian Genteel Ladies on the Road”, in The Inner Quarters and Beyond: Women Writers from Ming through Qing, edited by Grace Fong and Ellen Widmer (Leiden: Brill, 2010); and “The Consciousness of Responsibility and ‘Immortality’ in Women’s Writings in Late Imperial China”, in Yenching Journal of Chinese Studies (2006); as well as co-editor of Selected Biographies by Hu Shih (Shanghai: Orient, 1999). She teaches Chinese migration history, Asian women’s history, and the Pacific Ocean in world history. Her first book manuscript, entitled Reopening the Fujian Coast, is about family strategies, gender relations, and ethnic identities along the Fujian coast during the 18th century.

Guotong Li organized the panel Fujian in a Maritime World: A Boundary-crossing Perspective on Local Histories at the Association for Asian Studies 2013, on intercultural and interethnic relations and gender roles in the ‘peripherical’ and maritime area of Fujian. The three articles by Guotong Li, Dahpon D. Ho and Nanxiu Qian published in this volume are the revised papers presented in this panel and concerning the Ming and Qing period. Olga Merekina, in “The Old Catholic Church in Shanghai. A 350-year-old Treasure”, illustrates the change of functions of a building throughout the history of old Shanghai. It is a reconstruction of the vicissitudes of a 350-year-old Shanghai building that has outlived the Taiping Rebellion, the Japanese invasion and even the Cultural Revolution. Originally a residence of one of the

Preface 13

wealthiest family in Shanghai, it was purchased by the Jesuit Francesco Brancati and became a Catholic church. Later confiscated to become the War God Temple, after the Second Opium War it was given back to the Society of Jesus, which restored it as a church. In the second half of the 20th century, it was used as a gymnasium for a primary school.

Olga Merekina, B.A. in Chinese Studies (2007, Far Eastern State University, Russia), is now a student in the Master’s degree program at the Department of Contemporary Art and Social Thoughts, School of Intermedia Art at the China Academy of Art, Hangzhou). She has written articles on Chinese art, Nestorian artifacts in Quanzhou, and Giuseppe Castiglione and his painting style. Nanxiu Qian 錢南秀, in “Transformation of the Min (Fujian) Cainü Culture in the Late Qing Reform Era”, after a brief introduction to the Min cainü and Fuzhou Navy Yard cultures, presents three significant cases of intellectual women, namely, Xue Shaohui (1866-1911), Xiao Daoguan (1855-1907), and Shen Queying (1878-1900), when the earlier Min Cainü culture was influenced by Western culture during the great transformation of late Qing social, political, and cultural life. The originality of the article, which crosses literature, gender history and anthropology, is not only in the conclusions, but also in the method and the choice of sources. This paper explores the significance of the impact that the late Qing Fuzhou shipyard culture had on the literary world of local women. It throws new light on concrete transformations in the social, political, and cultural life of the late Qing through examining the lives and works of three Min cainü, and demonstrates how they went beyond the inherited Confucian model in relation to socio-political changes in China in general and the specific Min cultural background in particular.

Nanxiu Qian, Associate Professor of Chinese Literature, Rice University, received her M.A. in classical Chinese literature from Nanjing University (1982), and a Ph.D. in literature from Yale (1994). Her research interest concerns classical Chinese literature, Chinese intellectual history, and comparative literature. Qian’s major publications include Spirit and Self in Medieval China: The Shih-shuo hsin-yü and Its Legacy (2001), Politics, Poetics, and Gender in Late Qing China: Xue Shaohui (1866-1911) and the Era of Reform (forthcoming), and several edited and co-edited volumes on late Qing women and gender studies (2004-2008), as well as numerous articles and book chapters. Qian is embarking on two new projects, a Chinese book based on the expanded research from her 2001 study on the Shishuo Xinyu and its later imitations, in China and in Japan, and a comparative study on Women’s history in East Asia, between the two biographic traditions, Lienü Zhuan (Biographies of Exemplary Women) and the Shishuo “Xianyuan” (Virtuous and Talented Ladies).

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Paolo Santangelo’s “‘Disgust’: Some Fragments of an Equivalent Feeling in Chinese Traditional Experience” is an essay written in the ambit of his long-term research project on the representation of emotions and states of mind in late imperial China. Owing to its aesthetic, religious, hygienic and moral implications, “disgust” is an important negative concept in the sensory-emotional sphere of any culture, and its study may shed new light on several key aspects of a certain civilisation. The article presents an analysis of the use and meanings of equivalent terms with the notion of “disgust” in Ming and Qing literary works as well as their semantic peculiarities in Chinese culture. Renata Vinci’s “The Descriptions of Sicily in Chinese Travel Diaries and Geographic Works until the Qing Dynasty” is the first survey of the main Chinese documents describing Sicily during the whole history of the Empire, for which the pioneering study by Fracasso on earlier sources appeared in 1982. The research focusses on the descriptions of Sicily circulating in China from the first account written by Inspector of Foreign Sea-Trade of Fujian Zhao Rugua in his book the Zhufan Zhi in 1225 up to the Qing period, when the ever-increasing quantity and quality of information about Sicily circulating in China and the changing in the opinions about the Sicilian people represent a slow but constant crescendo of Chinese interest in the West.

Renata Vinci obtained a Master’s degree in Linguistics and Intercultural Communication (Eastern Languages for Intercultural Communication) at the University for Foreigners of Siena in 2011. Her study about the images of Sicily circulating in China in the imperial period received an award for academic works about “Economic, institutional and cultural exchanges between Italy and China” and an abridged version of this study was presented at the XIXth EACS Conference in Paris in September 2012. Yan Zinan 顏子楠, in “A Change in the Poetic Style of Emperor Qianlong: A Study of the Heptasyllabic Regulated Verses on New Year’s Day”, examines 147 verses on New Year’s Day composed by Emperor Qianlong during his life. Yan for the first time analyses the text, breaking down its “imperial style”, and deals with the techniques of composition. There is a huge gap in such studies, and Yan Zinan has set the ball rolling in a highly commendable and intellectually deft manner that will pave the way for wider studies, as the prolific poetic opus of this emperor needs to be looked at both for its literary and non-literary qualities, its influence on other poets and political implications.

Yan Zinan now teaches at the School of Oriental and African Studies and is author of several articles on poetry in late imperial China, such as “Poetic Convention and Hierarchy at the Imperial Court—Analysing the Structure of Qing Examination Poems”, in Korea Journal of Chinese Language and Literature, 2012 (no.1, Vol. 2) and “Peng Tingmei yu Guochao Shixuan” 彭廷

梅與《國朝詩選》, in Jingyi Zhongwen Xuebao, 2012, (no.1).

Preface 15

Zhao Jing’s 赵倞 “A Comparative Literature Study on the Monstrosity and Transmissibility of Culture in the Qing Dynasty”. This interdisciplinary essay covers various religious, moral and aesthetic aspects in Chinese and Western cultures surrounding the dichotomous concepts of anomalous/monstrous and canonical, sacred and profane, pure and impure. The author begins his reflection from the surprised reaction of Western missionaries faced with the ambiguity of the chenghuang city god temples, which present a mixture of the horror of sacrality and the vulgarity of petty affairs in everyday life. Thus the article presents the image as seen through Western eyes, as well as the ways in which Chinese intellectuals re-elaborated the popular beliefs in these gods. This ambiguity is confirmed by the strange elements which are presented in the literary genre of zhiguai 志怪 , by official documents, which in apparent contradiction resort to both ‘rational orthodox Confucianism’ and magic practices and beliefs, and by the coexistence of the strange elements in zhiguai and classical studies (in accordance with Confucian moral criteria 經學), within the specific texts. In fact, the essay is a very enlightening contribution to the study of religion, as it gives concrete examples of the religious experience in China.

Zhao Jing, a Ph.D. candidate at the School of Liberal Arts, Renmin University of China, is currently a visiting student at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, Sapienza University of Rome. He graduated with a Master’s Degree in Liberal Arts at Renmin University in 2009. He is the author of several academic essays and recently published a monograph on “Animal(ity): The Anthropological Ground between Tradition and Modernity” 動物（性）— 傳統與現代之間的人性根由 (Beijing: Press of Peking University, 2013). His academic interests include Missionary Sinology, Classics Studies and Western Literary Theories. Diego Cucinelli, in “Feline Shadows in the Rising Sun: Cultural Values of Cats in Pre-modern Japan” focusses on this domestic animal in traditional Japanese imagery. The cat, probably introduced in Japan from China and kept in temples to prevent mice, was often mistaken for a badger and depicted as a creature capable of changing shape, and appreciated by courtiers during the Heian period. As occurred in the West, the cat took on various connotations in the Japanese context.

Diego Cucinelli earned a scholarship to Kyoto University, an M.S. degree in Contemporary Japanese Literature from Waseda University in 2009, and a Ph.D. in Japanese Literature from Sapienza University of Rome in 2013. His research interests center around the supernatural in Japanese fiction, the yōkaigaku (the “science of Japanese monsters”), and the production of Murakami Haruki. He is now a contract lecturer of Japanese Language and Literature at Tuscia University in Viterbo.

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In the section dedicated to notes and discussions, Tommaso Previato, who contributed to the last issue with an article on the Salars of Xunhua, is author of “Imperial China and the Cultural Boundaries between Hua-Xia 华夏 and Man-Yi 蛮夷 – Toward a Holistic Conception of Ethnic Relations”. Paolo Santangelo is the author of “How Chinese Scholars Read Franks’ Re Orient: Some Materials”. I am grateful to Maria Paola Culeddu and Tommaso Previato for their commitment to the editorial work that has made the publication of this volume possible, and I must sincerely thank all anonymous readers who have dedicated their time towards the improvement of the contributions. I also wish to express my gratitude to Heddi Goodrich for her English revision of some articles and the preface, where she has infused the same writer’s touch and style that she uses in her own narrative works.

Paolo Santangelo