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TIÊU CHUẨN VIỆT NAM
TCVN 6910-4 : 2001
ISO 5725-4 : 1994
ĐỘ CHÍNH XÁC (ĐỘ ĐÚNG VÀ ĐỘ CHỤM) CỦA PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐO VÀ KẾT QUẢ ĐO - PHẦN ! CÁCPHƯƠNG PHÁP CƠ "ẢN XÁC Đ#NH ĐỘ ĐÚNG CỦA PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐO T$%U CHU&N
Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results – Part 4: Basic methods for thedetermination of the trueness of a standard measurement method
Lời nói đ!
TCVN '*-! +** ,./ 0./ 012/3 412/3 567 $8O 9:+9-!
P,; <;= A =>? 07@ =,B/ /. <. D 4E/,F == ,; <;= "F C 5. I =,J 4 0,?L ,
TCVN '*-! +** T7 ?/ KR 0,S0 T7@ =,B/ TCVN TC' 8C'
P,12/3 , 5. K0 D 4 7@/ ?/F TW/3 =;= T7@ =,B/ Đ <1/3
C,Y0 <1Z/3 4[ /3,EF "\ K,? ,]= C^/3 /3,_ 5. M^7 0`1/3 ?/ ,./,
Lời "i#i $%i&!
0'0 TCVN '*-! +** <. L\0 ,a/ =>? TCVN '*F \ 07@ =,B/ /. 3bL ' ,a/ 167 0@/ =,/3 c
Đ\ =,d/, e= ( 4\ 4f/3 5. 4\ =,;L) =>? ,12/3 , 4 5. 0 D 4g!
- P,a/ ! N3@/ 0h= 5. 4E/, /3,i? =,/3
- P,a/ +! P,12/3 , =2 / e= 4E/, 4\ <j <k7 5. 4\ 07 <S =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/
- P,a/ l! C= 0,16= 4 0`/3 37?/ 4\ =,;L =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/
- P,a/ ! C= ,12/3 , =2 / e= 4E/, 4\ 4f/3 =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/
- P,a/ 9! C= ,12/3 , ,= 4 e= 4E/, 4\ =,;L =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/
- P,a/ '! 8m ;/3 == 37 0`E 4\ =,d/, e= 0`/3 0,n= 0
0'1 TCVN '* m ;/3 ,?7 0,S0 /3o c4\ 4f/3g 5. c4\ =,;Lg 4 7p/ 0 4\ =,d/, e= =>? L\0 ,12/3, 4 cĐ\ 4f/3g =,J n 3a/ /,? 37o? 0`/3 q/, r ,]= =>? L\0 r <6/ 0 D 0,m /3,7_L 5. 37 0`E0,n= ,j= 37 0`E D =,7 41Z= =,Y /,S/ cĐ\ =,;Lg =,J n 3a/ /,? 37o? == 0 D 0,m /3,7_L
0'2 8n esL et0 0W/3 D0 5[ == 4k7 <1Z/3 /. 41Z= =, 0`/3 TCVN '*- 5. 5S ,^/3 41Z=/,h= <k7 0`/3 07@ =,B/ /. TCVN '*- /@/ 41Z= 4]= 0 ,Z =u/3 567 0Y0 = == ,a/ ,= =>?TCVN '*F = 07@ =,B/ /.F v7 5q /w 41? `? == 4E/, /3,i? =2 / 5. == /3@/ 0h= =,/3
0'( cĐ\ 4f/3g =>? L\0 ,12/3 , 4 41Z= D?/ 0xL ,7 =w 0, ,q/, /3 5[ 37 0`E 0,n= =>? L\0 4j=0d/, 4?/3 41Z= 4 T /,7@/F 4r7 567 L\0 r ,12/3 , 4F 37 0`E 0,n= ,^/3 0, 70 L\0 ==, =,d/,e=F /w =w 0, =w L\0 37 0`E D =,7 41Z= =,Y /,S/ =, 4j= 0d/, 4?/3 41Z= 4y 5d ;F =w 0, m ;/3== Lz =,B/ 0,d=, ,Z ,j= =w 0, 0,70 <S 37 0`E D =,7 {/3 ==, D 5[ L\0 ,12/3 , 4,= ,j= {/3 n =,B/ E L\0 Lz 4| 70 Đ\ 4f/3 =>? L\0 ,12/3 , 4 =w 0, 41Z= ,0 ,7_/{/3 57_= /, 37 0`E D =,7 41Z= =,Y /,S/ 567 L}= =>? == 0 D 41Z= =, v7 ,12/3 ,4 Đ\ 4f/3 0,1/3 41Z= 7p/ 0 {/3 4\ =,_=, Đ\ =,_=, =w 0, eY0 ,7_/F 5d ;F 0`/3 == ,x/ 0d=,, ,]= / ,12/3 , 4 ,^/3 =,70 Y0 ,0 41Z= 0./ \ L\0 /3@/ 0rF ,j= / 0b/ 0k7 L\0/3@/ 0r =/ 0`v 57_= e= 4E/, /3@/ 0r ,=
0'4 H?7 0,16= 4 4\ 4f/3 4[ 41Z= D?/ 0xL 5. esL et0 4/ 0`/3 07@ =,B/ /. ?) Đ\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4! 4x <. , /~/3 L. ,12/3 , 4 =w 0, 3x `? 4\ =,_=,F /w0b/ 0k7 v Y0 =} 4x 5. Y0 =} ,7 /. L. ,t 4 41Z= 0,n= ,7_/F ? /o? /w • <. 47[ =r0 4 esLet0 c4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4g (/,1 4| 4E/, /3,i? 0`/3 TCVN '*-) N,o/3 n 4€7 ,7 =>? L\00,d /3,7_L <7@/ D?/ 4/ `Y0 /,7[ ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L /,1 4| 7p/ 0 0`/3 TCVN '*-+
) Đ\ =,_=, =>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L! == ,t 4 0`/3 L\0 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 42/ <‚ =w 0, 3x `? 4\=,_=, ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L (/,1 4E/, /3,i? 0`/3 TCVN '*-) N 41Z= 4[ /3,E 0,n= ,7_/ L\0 0,d/3,7_L 4 4/, 37 4\ =,_=, ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 0,q =w 0, /,S/ `? `{/3 n 4/, 37 4w =,J =w 37 0`E v0,7 47L 0,d /3,7_L H2/ /o?F 57_= 7L 0`? 0,1/3 e@/ 4€7 ,7 n /, ,1v/3 =>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L4w ,^/3 7/ 4W7F ,12/3 , 4| 41Z= 7p/ 0 0`/3 TCVN '*-' =w 0, u/3 4r7 567 ,12/3 ,/.
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)* CH+NH ,C .)* )/N V )* CHM3 CA HN H )O V 8T U; )O - H<N 4:CC HN H C =;N ,C )>NH )* )/N CA HN H )O TIÊU CHUẨN
Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results – Part 4: Basic methodsfor the determination of the trueness of a standard measurement method
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=,7? 4\ <7@/ 0;= =, L\0 37 0`E 42/ <‚ /,1 <. L\0 0 D 0,m /3,7_LF Lj= u 37 0`E 42/ <‚ =w 0, <. L\00 D 0d/, 0/ 0ƒ L\0 /,wL D?/ 0`h=
1'( Đ == ,t 4 =u/3 0,n= ,7_/ L\0 ==, 37r/3 /,?F 47[ =,> <. ,12/3 , 4 ,7 41Z==,B/ , TY0 = == ,t 4 ,7 0,n= ,7_/ 0,s ,12/3 , =,B/ 4w
1'4 C= 37 0`E =,_=, =, 0? n 4/, 37 5[ r <1Z/3 , /~/3 =>? L\0 ,12/3 , 4 =, 0 D=,d/, e= (4f/3) K,7 L\0 37 0`E 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4 4| 41Z= e= 4E/, =u/3 567 0 D 0,m/3,7_L 0, 41Z= {/3 ,12/3 , 4 4wF =w L\0 ,.L „ <. == 4j= 0d/, 37r/3 /,? • 41Z= 4 {/3== ==, /,1 /,?
1'5 T7@ =,B/ /. =,J 41Z= ;/3 / 37 0`E D7 =,7 41Z= =,Y /,S/ =w 0, 41Z= 0,70 <S /,1 L\037 0`E 0,n= D7 16=F 5d ; {/3 == =,B/ 4 <1/3 ,j= == Lz =,B/ 0,d=, ,Z ,j= {/3 n 4[ =S067 L\0 ,12/3 , 4 D7 =,7F ,j= n =,B/ E L\0 Lz =, 0`16=
C= Lz =,B/ =w 0, <.!?) /,o/3 Lz =,B/ 4| 41Z= =,}/3 /,S/y
) == 5S0 <7_ 4| 41Z= / eY0 5q L;= 4d=, =>? 0,d /3,7_L 567 == 4j= 0d/, 4| 70y ,j=
=) == 5S0 <7_ =w == 4j= 0d/, 4| 41Z= 0,70 <S {/3 == ,t 4 m ;/3 L\0 ,12/3 , 4 ,= =w4\ =,_=, ,^/3 4/3
1'6 T7@ =,B/ /. =,J et0 == 0`1/3 ,Z ,7 =,J =a/ 16= <1Z/3 4\ =,_=, v L\0 L}= 0k7 L\0 0,7 47LNw ,^/3 41Z= ;/3 / 4\ =,_=, 0`/3 ,t 4 L\0 4j= 0d/, E 0= 4\/3 v7 L}= =>? 4j= 0d/, 0,},?7 (0}= <. /w ,^/3 et0 4/ == 012/3 0=) 8n /, 4\ 4f/3 =>? ,?7 ,12/3 , 4 41Z= 0`q/, .0`/3 TCVN '*-'
C,f 0,d=, … T`/3 07@ =,B/ /.F 4\ =,_=, 41Z= =7 <. =,J v L\0 L}= 0k7 0,7 47L I 4w =,J r j =,L}= 4| 41Z= D?
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0`/3 4w
µ <. 37 0`E D7 =,7 4| 41Z= =,Y /,S/ =>? 4k7 <1Z/3 4
δ <. 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4
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M^ ,q/, 4w 0`v 0,./,
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0`/3 0,t4'2'1'2 8r <1Z/3 =>? Lz =,B/ =a/ ,7 4> =, 0./ \ =,12/3 0`q/, 0,d /3,7_LF ? 3bL = <1Z/3n 0`o / 0,Y =a/ 0,70
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0`/3 4w #2
r 5. 1 y 012/3 }/3 <. ,12/3 ?7 5. 0`/3 q/, =>? n 0 D 0,m /3,7_L y t$ 0, 41Z= 0ƒ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L %
P,t 7L /3,7_L C=,`?/ 0`/3 TCVN '*-+ =a/ 41Z= ;/3 =, ,12/3 ?7 21 s 4 ,/3 4E/,
`{/3 ,^/3 =w n ,= /,? 4/3 37o? == ,12/3 ?7 0`/3 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L Đb 0,E M?/s< h 5. $0`/3 TCVN '*-+ =Ž/3 =a/ 41Z= 5• 4 esL et0 0Š LJ ,2/ 5[ == 37 0`E Y0 0,1/3 07[L B/
N 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ ,^/3 41Z= e= 4E/, 0`16= 0,s TCVN '*-+ 0,q sr • 41Z= =7 <. 16= <1Z/3 0r0 /,Y0 =>? /w N 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 =>? ,12/3 , 0,m
/3,7_L 07@ =,B/ ` 41Z= e= 4E/, 0,s TCVN '*-+F 0,q #2r =w 0, 41Z= 4/, 37 {/3 0Š r!
& = 2r s l 2
r σ ... ()
T,r/3 @ 7L /3,7_L C 41Z= /, 567 37 0`E 067 ,k/
& cnt =2
)1( α − x ( 1v )v
567 2
)1( α − x ( 1v ) <. ,x/ 5E L}= =>? (-α ) =>? ,x/ r 2
x 567 5‘ (/-)’ S= 0n
N ,^/3 =w D 4E/, ,= 0,q α 41Z= 37 4E/, <. *F*9
?) N & ' & cnt 0,q 2r s ,^/3 <6/ ,2/ 2
r σ L\0 ==, 4/3
) N & & cnt ! 0,q 2r s <6/ ,2/ 2
r σ L\0 ==, 4/3
T`/3 0`1/3 ,Z ?)F 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 r σ • 41Z= m ;/3 4 16= <1Z/3 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3, 4 T`/3 0`1/3 ,Z )F =a/ 0,70 ,7 esL et0 == /3@/ /,x/ =>? n ,= 7_0 5. =w 0, <j <k70,d /3,7_L 0`16= ,7 em <„ 07 0,s
4'7'1'2 Ư6= <1Z/3 2
R s =>? ,12/3 ?7 07 <S 4r7 567 p ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 0,?L 37? 41Z= 0d/, /,1 ?!
=2
R s Ι− p
1 ∑=
p
I
y1
1( - ) y+ †
−
n
11 2
r s (+)
567
∑=Ι
= p
y p
y1
1
1 (l)
N 4\ <_=, =,B/ 07 <S =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ 0`16= 4x ,^/3 41Z= e= 4E/, 0,s 4f/3 567TCVN '*-+F R s • 41Z= esL /,1 <. 16= <1Z/3 0r0 /,Y0 =>? /w N 4\ <_=, =,B/ 07 <SF Rσ 5. 4\
<_=, =,B/ <j <k7F r σ =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ 4| 41Z= e= 4E/, 0,s TCVN '*-+F 0,q R s =w
0, 41Z= 4/, 37 37/ 07 {/3 ==, 0d/, 0Š r
'C
22
22
)/11(
)/11(
r R
r R
n
sn s
σ σ −−−−
()
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T,r/3 @ 7L /3,7_L 'C 41Z= /, 567 37 0`E 067 ,k/
'
cnt C vv x /)(2)1( α −
v 4x )(2
)1( v x α − <. ,x/ 5E L}= (-α ) =>? ,x/ r 2 x F 567 )1( −= pv S= 0n N ,^/3 =w D7
4E/, ,= 0,q α 41Z= 37 0,70 <. *F*9
?) N 'C ' & cnt 0,q )/11(2 n s R −− 2
r s ,^/3 <6/ ,2/ 22)/11( r R n σ σ −− L\0 ==, 4/3
) N 'C “ & cnt 0,q )/11(2 n s R −− 2
r s <6/ ,2/ 22)/11( r R
n σ σ −− L\0 ==, 4/3
T`/3 0`1/3 ,Z ?)F 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 r σ 5. 4\ <_=, =,B/ 07 <S Rσ • 41Z= m ;/3 4 4/,37 4\ 4f/3 =>? ,12/3 , 4 T`/3 0`1/3 ,Z )F =a/ esL et0 R <1”/3 == 47[ 7_/ <.L 57_= =>?Lˆ7 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 0`16= ,7 4/, 37 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ Cw 0, eY0 ,7_/ L\0r ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 4| ,^/3 m ;/3 0,70 E 0,s 4f/3 @ =a ,j= ,^/3 <.L 57_= 0,s == 47[7_/ D7 4E/, T`/3 ,x/ 0d=, , ,]=F =w 0, eY0 ,7_/ L\0 r 5Y/ 4[F 5d ;F 0,7 n 7L 0 5[ /,7_04\F 4\ BLF =w n ^ /,7L N,1 5S 0,d /3,7_L =w 0, =a/ 41Z= <j <k7 4 /,S/ 41Z= 37 0`E 4\ =,;LL/3 Lr/
4'7'2 #G gn" đ G%&G% G %Pn" %B đQ $iF! G%!n
Ư6= <1Z/3 4\ =,_=, =>? == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 4?/3 41Z= 4/, 37 =, {/3!
y=δ - µ (9)
‡ 4x δ =w 0, <. 12/3 ,j= xL
N 37 0`E 0_0 4r7 =>? 4\ =,_=, 4| 41Z= 16= <1Z/3 L. /, ,2/ ,j= {/3 + 4\ `\/3 =>? ,/3,^/3 4L F /,1 4| 4E/, /3,i? 0`/3 $8O G7s l9F 0,q ,^/3 =w 7 ,7_/ 5[ 4\ =,_=,
8n 7/ 4\/3 =>? 16= <1Z/3 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4 <. n 7/ 4\/3 == 0 D =>? D0`q/, 4 5. 41Z= 0, ,7_/ {/3 4\ <_=, =,B/ 0d/, 0,s =^/3 0,}=!
δ σ p
nr R
22 )/11( σ σ −− (')
0`/3 0`1/3 ,Z == 37 0`E 4\ =,;L 4| 70F ,j=
p
S nS S
r R
22)/11( −−
=δ (:)
0`/3 0`1/3 ,Z == 37 0`E 4\ =,;L =,1? 70
K,/3 07/ =S eY eJ 9 =, 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4 =w 0, 41Z= 0d/, /,1 ?!
R R A A σ δ δ σ δ +≤≤− (Œ)
T`/3 4w A 41Z= =, 0`/3 ,12/3 0`q/, (') N Rσ =,1? 70F 0,q =a/ 0,? /w {/3 16= <1Z/3 R s 5.
,7 0d/, A 567 ./ s s R
=γ
N ,/3 07/ =S 4w ,> 37 0`E * 0,q 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4 <. ,^/3 =w „ /3,i? v L}= „ /3,i?α 9! 0`1/3 ,Z /31Z= <k7 <. =w „ /3,i?
5' ,BG đJn% đ G%&G% %n" $% n"%i&@ G @$ %n" $% n"%i&@ Dpn" %Pn" %B đQ $iF!G%!n
N,1 L^ 0 167 4xF == 0,d /3,7_L 0`/3 L\0 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 41Z= m ;/3 4 4/, 37 4\ =,_=,,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 567 47[ 7_/ 4w <. L\0 0,d /3,7_L 4\ =,;L <7@/ ,€/3F 0x/ 0,> TCVN '*-+F 4| e=4E/, 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 =>? ,12/3 , 4
5'1 Tifn %`n% $% n"%i&@
T,d /3,7_L ,7 41Z= 0,n= ,7_/ 0,s ,123 , 07@ =,B/ L\0 ==, /3,7@L /3j0 5. == ,t 4 ,741Z= 07/ ,./, 167 47[ 7_/ <j <k7 T`16= ,7 4/, 37 4\ 4f/3F =a/ 7L 0`? 4\ =,;L =>? /,o/3,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ 4| 41Z= m ;/3 0`/3 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L Đ7[ /. =w /3,i? <. =a/ =w n /, 37o? 4\ <_=, =,B/ 0`/3 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 5. 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 4| =, =>? ,12/3 , 407@ =,B/
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8n h e 0,d /3,7_L ? 3bL == ,t 4 =a/ 0,70 =>? L\0 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 0`/3 0,d /3,7_L 5[ 4\=,;L /,1 4| L7@ 0 0`/3 TCVN '*-+ Đr7 567 n ,k/ =, =>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 42/ <‚F n ,=/,? /,Y0 <. @ =a ,; 0,@L 4 m ;/3 37 0`E D7 =,7 4| 41Z= =,Y /,S/
K,7 4 4\ =,_=, =>? L\0 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_LF ,^/3 =a/ ,7 D?/ 0xL /,7[ 4/ Lˆ7 0,d /3,7_Ly =w <• 0r0,2/ <. 0,n= ,7_/ == ,t 7L 0`? v == ,/3 /,1 4| 0`q/, . 0`/3 TCVN '*-' N 4\ <j <k7=>? ,12/3 , 4 0,YF 0,q 0`/3 0,n= 0 • ,^/3 4k0 41Z= 4\ 4L =? ,7 16= <1Z/3 4\ =,_=,=>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L
5'2 T_G% Dn TCVN 6910-1 ` TCVN 6910-2
K,7 4]= TCVN '*- 5. TCVN '*-+ 0`/3 0.7 <7_ /.F c4\ 4f/3g • 41Z= 0,? 012/3 }/3 {/3 c4\
=,;Lg ,? c4\ <j <k7 5. 4\ 07 <Sg T`/3 TCVN '*-+ r <1Z/3 == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L • <. p=% 5. <f=4w /317 37o 5?7 0`€ c47[ ,./,g 5. c37L 0g <. L\0
5'( SY Zf$ o!k $%q n"%i&@
Đ\ ,^/3 4L 0 ̀/3 16= <1Z/3 4\ =,_=, =>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L ,; 0,\= 5. 4\ <j <k7 =>?,12/3 , 4 5. r 0 D 0,m /3,7_L 0, 41Z=
Đ =, == 0 D =>? L\0 0,d /3,7_L =w 0, ,0 ,7_/ `? 4\ =,_=, n 7/ 567 e= Y0 =? (esL ,;<;= C)F 0,q r == 0 D 0,m /3,7_LF n ,7 0, L|/ ,12/3 0`q/, ? 4x!
w Ar σ 4,18
m∆≤ ()
0`/3 4wm∆ <. 4\ <6/ n 7/ =>? 4\ =,_=, L. /317 <.L 0,d /3,7_L L/3 Lr/ ,0 ,7_/ 41Z= 0ƒ == 0 D
0,d /3,7_L
r σ <. 4\ =,_=, <j <k7 =>? ,12/3 , 4
w A n
6,19 (+*)
5'4 L\ G%]n @! G%!n
N m ;/3 Lz =,B/ =a/ 0x/ 0,> == @ =a 0`/3 +
5'5 %an $G% $%Yn" ZF
5'5'1 8i^@ $_ đ &G% G%!n $_Qn" GBG $% n"%i&@ $%`n% iFn
Td/, 37 0`E 0`/3 q/,F W y F =>? n 0 D 0,m /3,7_L 5. 16= <1Z/3 W s =>? 4\ <_=, =,B/ 0`/3 ==
,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 0,./, 57@/ wσ /,1 ?!
w y ∑=
n
k
k yn 1
1 (+)
2n
1k wk w
)yy1n
1s ∑
=
−−
= (++)
C= 0 D 0,m /3,7_L =a/ ,7 41Z= esL et0 R 4r7 567 == 37 0`E Y0 0,1/3 {/3 ==, m ;/3,t 7L /3,7_L G` /,1 0`/3 :l =>? TCVN '*-+!
N 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7F r σ F =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ 4| 70F 0,q 16= <1Z/3 W s =w 0, 41Z=4/, 37 {/3 ==, ? 4x!
Td/, 0Š r!
''C ( r w s σ / )+ (+l)
5. /, 37 0`E ''C 567 37 0`E 067 ,k/
''
cnt C ./)(2
)1( vv x α −
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0`/3 4w )(2
)1( v x α − <. ,x/ 5E L}= (-α ) =>? ,x/ r 2 x 567 [ ]1−= nv S= 0n N ,^/3 =w
D 4E/, ,=F 0,q α 41Z= 37 0,70 <. *F*9
?) N ≤''C ''
cnt C ! 0,q W s ,^/3 <6/ ,2/ r σ L\0 ==, 4/3
) N ''C “ ''
cnt C ! 0,q W s <6/ ,2/ r σ L\0 ==, 4/3
T`/3 0`1/3 ?) 4\ =,_=, =,B/ <j <k7 =>? ,12/3 , 4F r σ • 41Z= m ;/3 4 4/, 37 4\=,_=, ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L
T`/3 0`1/3 ,Z )F =a/ ,7 et0 4/ 57_= <j <k7 0,d /3,7_L 567 ,/3 4E/, v 0Y0 = == 16= `{/3,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ • 41Z= 0,n= ,7_/ L\0 ==, =,d/, e=
5'5'2 #G gn" đ G%&G% %n" $% n"%i&@
Ư6= <1Z/3F ∆̂ F =>? 4\ =,_=, ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L – 41Z= =, v7
∆̂ µ −w
y (+)
8n 7/ 4\/3 =>? 16= <1Z/3 4\ =,_=, =>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L <. n 7/ 4\/3 0`/3 == 0 D =>?D 0`q/, 4 5. 41Z= 0, ,7_/ {/3 4\ <_=, =,B/ =>? /w /,1 ?!
r σ σ =∆ n (+9)
0`/3 0`1/3 ,Z 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 4| 70F ,j=
/T8V —=∆ (+')
0`/3 0`1/3 ,Z 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 =,1? 70
K,/3 07/ =S 9 =>? 4\ =,_=, ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L =w 0, 41Z= 0d/, /,1 ?!
r wr w A A σ σ +∆≤∆≤−∆ (+:)
v 4x w A 4| =, 0`/3 ,12/3 0`q/, (+*) N r σ =,1? 70 0,q =a/ ,7 0,? /w {/3 16= <1Z/3 r s
N ,/3 07/ =S /. ,> 37 0`E *F 0,q 4\ =,_=, =>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L • ,^/3 =w „ /3,i? v L}= „/3,i? α 9F 0`1/3 ,Z /31Z= <k7 <. =w „ /3,i?
Đ\ =,_=, =>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 41Z= esL et0 R ,2/ 0`/3 TCVN '*-'
6' =BQ GBQ $_Xn% %i đrn" ` GBG o![f$ đJn% G %i đrn"6'1 =BQ GBQ G G%![Fn "i $%Yn" ZF
8? ,7 0 0,f= 57_= ,x/ 0d=, 0,r/3 @F =,@/ 37? 0,r/3 @ =a/ 570 L\0 = 4 0`q/, <@/ ,\7 4b/3T`/3 = /. == 0,^/3 07/ ? 4x ,7 41Z= 0`q/, .
?) " = 4a 4> 5[ == D?/ 0 4| /,S/ 41Z= 0ƒ 0,? 0= 57@/ 5.,j= 37L 0 57@/ 5[ ,12/3, 4 07@ =,B/
) " = 4a 4> 5[ == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 4| E <k7 `? /,1 <. == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L Y0 0,1/3F =u/3567 == <„ E <k7
=) " = 4a 4> 5[ L]7 37 0`E 0/ Lk/ 5.,j= 37 0`E Y0 0,1/3 4| 41Z= e= 4E/, 5. =,f/3 4| 41Z=<„ 377F ,7_ =,d/, ,j= <k7 ,? =,1?
) "/3 0 D =r7 =u/3 567 == 37 0`E 0`/3 q/, 0,d=, ,Z 5. 0,16= 4 4\ =,;Ls) 8n ,/3 4E/, 5[ 4\ <_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ 567 37 0`E D7 =,7 41Z= =,Y /,S/ =w„ /3,i? ,? ,^/3˜ N =w 0,q 4\ <6/ =>? /w v Lˆ7 L}= ,7 41Z= =
6'2 CBG o
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=) K0 D =>? == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L Y0 0,1/3 5.,j= /,S/ et0 =>? 0,? 0= 57@/ 5. 37L 0 57@/F =w=,J `? n =a/ 0,70 ,7 =7 07/ ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ ,^/3˜ N =wF @ =a 4r7 567 n =7 07/ <.3q˜
) N,o/3 0 D 0,d /3,7_L 4\ =,d/, e= =,}/3 0 ,12/3 , 4 =w 0, 41Z= =,Y /,S/ /,1 L\0,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/ ,^/3˜ H./, 4\/3 /. =a/ 07/ ,./, <7@/ D?/ 4/ n =^/3 r /w˜
7' Sq DEn" Ds i&! đ đtn"
T`q/, . 0`/3 47[ : =>? TCVN '*-! +**
%E EG A
(D 4E/,)
CBG Zu %i&! ` G%s if$ $v$ Dpn" $_Qn" TCVN 6910
a P,a/ E =,h/ 0`/3 Lr7 D?/ ,_
s = a + *m
A ™ 0r u/3 4 0d/, 4\ ,^/3 4L =>? 16= <1Z/3
* Đ\ r= 0`/3 Lr7 D?/ ,_
s = a + *m
B T,./, ,a/ 0`/3 0 D 0,m /3,7_L 7 0,E 4\ <_=, =>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 567 0`/3 q/,
=,/3 (0,./, ,a/ ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L =>? 4\ =,_=,)B T,./, ,a/ =>? B 7 0,E 0Y0 = == 0r ,^/3 0,? 4W7 0`/3 47[ 7_/ =,;L 0`/3 37?/
B(%) B(,)... C= 0,./, ,a/ =>? B 7 0,E /,o/3 0r 0,? 4W7 0`/3 47[ 7_/ =,;L 0`/3 37?/
c P,a/ E =,h/ 0`/3 Lr7 D?/ ,_
$3 = † $3 L
& & &- C= 0,r/3 @ 7L /3,7_L
& crit & crit &- crit C= 37 0`E 067 ,k/ 4r7 567 /,o/3 ,t 7L /3,7_L 0,r/3 @
& p Đ\ ?7 ,= 067 ,k/ 567 e= Y0 P
&"p P,kL 57 067 ,k/ 567 e= Y0 P
d Đ\ r= 0`/3 Lr7 <7@/ ,_
$3 s c + d $3 m
e T,./, ,a/ 0`/3 0 D 0,m /3,7_L 7 0,E ?7 r /3z /,7@/ 0b/ 0k7 0`/3 L]7 0 D 0,m/3,7_L
f ™ 0r ,kL 57 067 ,k/
/ p(0 % 0 , ) P,x/ 5E L}= p =>? ,x/ r / 567 == S= 0n 5 5. 5+
1 T,r/3 @ 7L /3,7_L G`
h T,r/3 @ 7L /3,7_L /,Y0 D/ 37o? == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L =>? M?/s<
$ T,r/3 @ 7L /3,7_L /,Y0 D/ 0`/3 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L =>? M?/s<
šCš G767 ,k/ 7L 0 167 (,j= 3767 ,k/ ,./, 4\/3 ,j= 3767 ,k/ =/, )
m T`/3 q/, =,/3 =>? 4j= 0d/, 0,my L}=
2 ™ 0r 41Z= esL et0 0`/3 47[ 7_/ =,;L 0`/3 37?/
3 8r ,t <j
n 8r 0 D 0,m /3,7_L 0, 41Z= =>? ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 0k7 L\0 L}=
p 8r ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L 0,?L 37? 0,d /3,7_L <7@/ ,€/3
P X= Y0
8r <1Z/3 == L}= =>? 4j= 0d/, 0,m /3,7_L 0`/3 0,d /3,7_L <7@/ ,€/3
r G767 ,k/ <j <k7
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" G767 ,k/ 07 <S
›M Mz =,B/
s Ư6= <1Z/3 =>? 4\ <_=, =,B/
sœ Đ\ <_=, =,B/ n 4/
5 TW/3 0, ,j= 0W/3 =>? 7 0,}= /. 4w
t 8r == 4r7 01Z/3 0,m /3,7_L ,j= r /,wL
UCš G767 ,k/ 7L 0 0̀ @/ (,j= 3767 ,k/ ,./, 4\/3 ,j= 3767 ,k/ =/, )
6 ™ 0r 0`]/3 r m ;/3 0`/3 0d/, 0/ ,b7 D 0`]/3 r
7 Đ\ `\/3 =>? 0S ,Z == 0 D 0,m /3,7_L
8 Io <7_ m ;/3 =, 0,m /3,7_L G`
y K0 D 0,m /3,7_L
y T`/3 q/, r ,]= =>? 0 D 0,m /3,7_L
y T`/3 q/, =,/3 =>? 0 D 0,m /3,7_L
9 M}= „ /3,i?
X= Y0 ?7 <aL <k7 $$
γ TŠ r 37o? 4\ <_=, =,B/ 07 <S 5. 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 (σ›σ` )∆ Đ\ =,_=, ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L
∆œ Ư6= <1Z/3 =>? ∆
δ Đ\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4
δ œ Ư6= <1Z/3 =>? δ
λ 8n ?7 ,= ,0 ,7_/ 41Z= 37o? == 4\ =,_=, =>? ,?7 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L ,j= == 4\ =,_=, =>?,?7 ,12/3 , 4
µ G7 0`E 0,n= ,j= 37 0`E D =,7 41Z= =,Y /,S/ =>? 4j= 0d/, 0,m /3,7_L
0 8r S= 0n
p TŠ r ,0 ,7_/ 41Z= 37o? 4\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 =>? ,12/3 , " 5. ,12/3 , A
σ G7 0`E 0,n= =>? 4\ <_=, =,B/
τ T,./, ,a/ =>? 0 D 0,m /3,7_L 7 0,E n 0,? 4W7 0,s 0,7 37?/ 0ƒ <a/ ,7_ =,B/ =r7=u/3
φ TŠ r ,0 ,7_/ 41Z= 37o? =~/ S= ,?7 =>? q/, ,12/3 0`/3 q/, 37o? == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L=>? ,12/3 , " 5. ,12/3 , A
χ p(0) P,x/ 5E L}= p =>? ,x/ r χ + 567 S= 0n 0
CBG Zu %i&! đgG jq DEn" n% G%w jY
C 8n ,= /,? 5[ ,7_ =,B/
ž 8n ,= /,? 5[ 0,70 E
i C,J r =>? L\0 ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L =; 0,
$( ) C,J r =>? 0,16= 4 0`/3 37?/ =>? 4\ =,;LF 0`/3 Y /3j= =,J <k7 0q/, ,r/3 0̀ /3 37?/
j C,J r =>? L\0 L}= =; 0, (TCVN -+)
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Hq/, "+ … H.L <1Z/3 L?/3?/ 0`/3 Dj/3 h0! K0 D 0,m /3,7_L v L}= +
H.L <1Z/3 L?/3?/
C,f 0,d=, … C= 47L 0`/3 ,/3 =,J ` == 0 D 0,m /3,7_L 41Z= =7 <. 37 0`E Y0 0,1/3 0,s ,t7L /3,7_L C=,`?/ (C)
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Hq/, "l … H.L <1Z/3 L?/3?/ 0`/3 Dj/3 h0! K0 D 0,m /3,7_L v L}= l
H.L <1Z/3 L?/3?/
Hq/, " … H.L <1Z/3 L?/3?/ 0`/3 Dj/3 h0! K0 D 0,m /3,7_L v L}=
C,f 0,d=, … C= 47L 0`/3 ,/3 =,J ` == 0 D 0,m /3,7_L 41Z= =7 <. 37 0`E Y0 0,1/3 0,s ,t7L /3,7_L C=,`?/ (C)
Hq/, "9 … H.L <1Z/3 L?/3?/ 0`/3 Dj/3 h0! K0 D 0,m /3,7_L v L}= 9
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C,J r ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L
Hq/, "' … H.L <1Z/3 L?/3?/ 0`/3 Dj/3 h0! == 37 0`E , 41Z= /,wL 0,s == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L
C,J r 0,d /3,7_L
Hq/, ": … H.L <1Z/3 L?/3?/ 0`/3 Dj/3 h0! == 37 0`E 41Z= /,wL 0,s == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L
Hq/, "Œ … H.L <1Z/3 L?/3?/ 0`/3 Dj/3 h0! Đ\ <_=, =,B/ <j <k7 5. 07 <S <. L\0 ,.L 0/ 0d/,=>? L}= /b/3 4\ L
%E EG C
.T%@ Z%kQ3
CBG %Pn" $_Xn%
C'1 CBG %Pn" $_Xn% .53 ` .63 .cb@ 4'53
8r <1Z/3 /, /,Y0 =>? == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_LF F 5. r <1Z/3 /, /,Y0 =>? 0 D == 0,m /3,7_LF /F
41Z= 0d/, 0/ 4 0,? L|/ ,?7 47[ 7_/ ? 4x!?) ,t 7L /3,7_L =w 0, ,0 ,7_/ 41Z= `{/3 4\ =,_=, {/3 * 567 e= Y0 … ¡ *F9y
) ,t 7L /3,7_L =w 0, ,0 ,7_/ 4\ <6/ n 7/ =>? 4\ =,_=,F ¢L 567 e= Y0 … *F9
Đ7[ 7_/ 0,} /,Y0 41Z= 0`q/, . ` 0`/3 :+F v 4w ,/3 07/ =S =>? 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4F¢F 41Z= m ;/3 4 07/ ,./, L\0 7L /3,7_L 0,r/3 @ 5[ 37 0,0 ,^/3 (*) `{/3 4\ =,_=, {/3,^/3 (H*! ¢ *)F 4r7 567 4r7 0,0 `{/3 4\ =,_=, <. ,= * (H! ¢ £ *)
M\0 k/3 012/3 412/3 =>? ,t 7L /3,7_L /. <. /, 37 0`E 0_0 4r7 =>? 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3, 4!
¤ ¤¤ y - ¥¤
V67 37 0`E 067 ,k/ K 5. <k7 H* (¢ *) N ¤ ¤“ K ‘5. =,Y /,S/ H* (¢ *) / ¤ ¤‹ K’
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K =w 0, 41Z= e= 4E/, ? =, e= Y0 <k7 37 0,70 H*F / H* 4f/3F ,7 {/3 L}= „ /3,i? =,0`16= ¡ 9
P(¤ ¤“ K ¤¢ *) ¡ *F*9
P(¤ ¤‹ K ¤¢ *) - ¡ *F9
Φ ( ) … Φ )
+ Φ ( ) …
¦ ( ) *F:9
)ˆ(δ V
K
= 975,0 µ
F'*
)ˆ(960.1 δ V K = (C)
0`/3 4w!
Φ ( ) <. ,.L ,x/ r 0d=, <R =>? ,x/ r =,B/ 07@ =,B/y
<. ,x/ 5E L}= p =>? ,x/ r =,B/ 07@ =,B/y
)ˆ(δ V <. ,12/3 ?7 =>? 16= <1Z/3 4\ =,_=, =>? ,12/3 , 4
)()()ˆ( yV yV V =−= µ δ
pn p
r L
22 σ σ +
pn p
r r R
222
σ σ σ +−
pn
n R R R
22222)( γ σ γ σ σ +−
2
2
2 1)1( R
pn
nσ
γ
γ
+−
0`/3 4w 2
Lσ <. ,12/3 ?7 37o? == ,€/3 0,d /3,7_L ? =,
222
r L R σ σ σ += 5.
r Rσ σ γ =
Đ7[ 7_/ 0,} ,?7 <. ,t 7L /3,7_L =a/ ,7 =w , /~/3 ,0 ,7_/ 4\ <6/ n 7/ =>? 4\ =,_=,F mδ
567 e= Y0 - =β *F9!
K P >δ ̂( =−== β δ δ 1m*F9
K P >δ ̂( === β δ δ m*F9
−Φ=
−≤
−
)ˆ()ˆ()ˆ(
ˆ
δ
δ
δ
δ
δ
δ δ
V
K
V
K
V P mmm
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645,1)(
05,0 −==
−u
V
K m
δ
δ
)(645,1 δ δ V K m −= (C+)
8 /, + 7 0,}= (C 5. C+) 4r7 567 ? 0? 41Z=!
)(645,1)(960,1 δ δ δ V V m −=
(F'* † F'9) mV δ δ =)(
mV δ δ =
+ )(960,1
960,1
645,11
+
960,1
645,11 m R A δ σ =
84,1
m R A δ
σ =
C'2 CBG %Pn" $_Xn% .193 ` .203 (esL 9l)
C= ,12/3 0`q/, /. 41Z= `? 0`n= 07 / /,1 0`/3 57_= z/ `? 0`16= 4x =^/3 0,}= (C)
)ˆ(,ˆ,, δ δ δ δ V m 5. A 41Z= 0,? 0, 012/3 }/3 v7 ,, ∆∆∆ m V(∆ ) 5. A7 5. 7 0,}= 4r7 567 @ (δ ̂ )41Z= 0,? 0, {/3 7 0,}=
nV r /)( 2σ =∆
%E EG }
.T%@ Z%kQ3
T`i i&! $%@ Z%kQ
‘’ $8O l9l-+ ! lF 80?0707= … V=?<?` ?/ L< … P?`0 +! 80?0707=?< D?<70 =/0`<
‘+’ $8O l9l-l ! lF 80?0707= … V=?<?` ?/ L< … P?`0 l! Is73/ § ses`7Ls/0
‘l’ TCVN '*-lF Đ\ =,d/, e= (4\ 4f/3 5. 4\ =,;L) =>? ,12/3 , 4 5. 0 D 4 … P,a/ l! C=0,16= 4 0`/3 37?/ 4\ =,;L =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/
‘’ TCVN '*-9F Đ\ =,d/, e= (4\ 4f/3 5. 4\ =,;L) =>? ,12/3 , 4 5. 0 D 4 … P,a/ 9! C=,12/3 , ,= 4 e= 4E/, 4\ =,;L =>? ,12/3 , 4 07@ =,B/
‘9’ TCVN '*-'F Đ\ =,d/, e= (4\ 4f/3 5. 4\ =,;L) =>? ,12/3 , 4 5. 0 D 4 … P,a/ '! 8m;/3 == 37 0`E 4\ =,d/, e= 0`/3 0,n= 0
‘'’ $8O G7s ll ! ŒF Us § =s`07§7s `s§s`s/=s L?0s`7?<
‘:’ $8O G7s l9 ! ŒF Cs`07§7=?07/ § `s§s`s/=s L?0s`7?< … Gs/s`?< ?/ 0?0707=?< `7/=7<s
![KWAZULU-NATAL PROVINCIAL ROADS ACT NO. 4 OF 2001 · No. 4, 2001 22 June 2001 [English text signed by the Premier] KWAZULU-NATAL PROVINCIAL ROADS ACT NO. 4 OF 2001 Assented to on 2001-06-06](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/604f6bec193c250c2f778e7b/kwazulu-natal-provincial-roads-act-no-4-of-no-4-2001-22-june-2001-english-text.jpg)
