VITAMIN A FORTIFICATION OF PALM COOKING OIL

phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

Purwiyatno HariyadiSoutheast Asian Food & Agricultural Science & Technology (SEAFAST) center, andDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,

Bogor Agricultural UniversityBogor-Indonesia

VITAMIN A FORTIFICATION OF PALM COOKING OIL: Continuing Issues & controversies


VITAMIN A FORTIFICATION OF PALM COOKING OIL: A CONTINUING CONTROVERSY

Keywordsi. Vitamin A Fortificationii. Vitamin A Fortification of Palm Cooking Oiliii. Controversy


i. Vitamin A Fortification

Source: Mannar, 2003. Global strategy micronutrient, USAID. In Drajat Martianto, 2010. Pentingnya fortifikasi pangan untuk

penanggulangan kurang vitamin A (KVA) di indonesia. presented at Diskusi Fortifikasi di Seafast center, IPB, Bogor.

More than half of word population (i) Iron deficient, (ii) Vitamin A &

Iron deficient, and (iii) Iodine, Vitamin A & iron deficient



Source: Mannar, 2003. Global strategy micronutrient, USAID. In Drajat Martianto, 2010. Pentingnya fortifikasi pangan untuk

penanggulangan kurang vitamin A (KVA) di indonesia. Presented at Diskusi Fortifikasi di Seafast center, IPB, Bogor.

Vitamin A deficiency in Indonesia:Xerophalmia is rare, BUT , sub-clinical Vitamin A deficiency is remain HIGH!



Source: F.T. Wiering & al.. Redistribution of vitamin A after iron supplementation in Indonesian infants. Am. Journ. Of Clin. Nutrition, vol

77, No3, 651-657 (2003). In Drajat Martianto, 2010.

Vitamin A deficiency in Indonesia:Xerophalmia is rare, BUT , sub-clinical Vitamin A deficiency is remain HIGH!

Subjects Prevalensi VAD (Sub Clinical)

Source 1:

Children, 5-15 yrs 53.0%

Source 2:

Children, 5-15yrs 57.5%

Breast-feeding mother 10.2%

Source 2:

Pregnant women & breast

feeding mother

10.4 to 17.0%



At the second Copenhagen Consensus in 2008, fortification with micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) was ranked among the top three international development priorities.*

*) Horton S, Alderman H, Rivera JA. Hunger and malnutrition In: Copenhagen Consensus Center [Copenhagen Consensus 2008 challenge paper] edn. Copenhagen, Denmark; 2008.



At the second Copenhagen Consensus in 2008, fortification with micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) was ranked among the top three international development priorities.*

*) Horton S, Alderman H, Rivera JA. Hunger and malnutrition In: Copenhagen Consensus Center [Copenhagen Consensus 2008 challenge paper] edn. Copenhagen, Denmark; 2008.

Vitamin A Fortification of Palm Cooking Oil


ii. Vitamin A Fortification of Palm Cooking OilIn 2012, GOI has issued Indonesia National Standard on Palm Cooking Oil, which required palm cooking oil to be fortified with Vitamin A (SNI 7709-2012)


ii. Vitamin A Fortification of Palm Cooking OilIn 2012, GOI has issued Indonesia National Standard on Palm Cooking Oil, which required palm cooking oil to be fortified with Vitamin A (SNI 7709-2012)

Objectives of SNI 7709-2012 : • To protect consumers;• To assure responsible and fair trade; • To support development and diversification

of palm cooking oil industry; and• To improve nutritional status through

fortification.


iii. Vitamin A Fortification of Palm Cooking Oil Controversy


iii. Vitamin A Fortification of Palm Cooking Oil Controversy (1)




(i)



(ii)



(ii)



(ii)








Study of Seafast center*):• Peroxide value (PV) of cooking oil:

between 0 and 8.94 mEq/kg• Mostly : 2-3 mEq/kg

*) N. Andarwulan, P. Hariyadi, D. Martianto and D. Gitapratiwi, "Assessment of quality and

identification of critical factor for stability of unbranded palm oil in Indonesia," South East

Asia Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Bogor, Indonesia, 2012.



AbstractBackground. ……………….

Objectives. To estimate vitamin A losses in oil with different chemical characteristics.Methods. Samples of fortified oils with different chemical characteristics were collected from two Egyptian companies (oil A and B) and stored for 1 month. ………….

Results. Fortified oil B, with a high peroxide value (5.8 mEq/kg), exposed to sunlight had significantly higher losses of vitamin A after 4 weeks than fortified oil A, with a low peroxide value (0.4 mEq/kg): 31.1% vs. 19.7% (p < .001), respectively. In semidark conditions, the vitamin A losses after 4 weeks in fortified oil B and fortified oil A were significantly different: 26.1% and 0.7% (p < .001), respectively. In an accelerated storage test, the vitamin A loss in 8 days was 48.3% for fortified oil B and 4.2% for fortified oil A (p < .001).


AbstractBackground. ……………….

Objectives. ………………..Methods. …………………Results. …………………

Conclusions. This study shows a significant effect of peroxide level (one indicator of the quality of oil) on the stability of vitamin A, regardless of storage conditions. To optimize and sustain vitamin A levels in fortified oil, governments and industries should minimize the peroxide level to less than 2 mEq/kg at production.









Definition of Palm Oil?









Red Palm oil :• Rich in carotenoids and tocopherols. • Contribute to the stability and nutritional value

of this edible oil. • The concentration of carotenes: ~300 - 500

mg/kg. • The major carotenoids of crude palm oil are a-

and b-carotenes, which constitute about 90 % of the total carotenoids Pro-Vitamin A.

Palm b-carotene?


Palm b-carotene?

b-carotene

Vitamin A

b-carotene

Vitamin A

Intestinal cell Blood

Vitamin A StatusExcreted

Dietary

b-

Carotene


VAD

Enough VA



Palm b-carotene?



Palm b-carotene?



Palm Cooking Oil“rich in carotene”

~ 30 ppmor

30 mcg b-carotene/g

~90%~10%

Red Palm Oil

300 ppmOr

400 mcg b-carotene/g

Palm Cooking Oilcomersial

~ 0 ppmor

0 mcg b-carotene/g

How about using RPO as fortificant?


Palm b-carotene?



= 50 IU

FACTORS FOR VITAMIN A CONVERSION

Where values for vitamin A were expressed in terms of International

Units (I.U.), to convert to micrograms the following factors were

applied:

One I.U. = 0.3 mcg. of retinol

= 0.6 mcg. of beta-carotene

= 1.2 mcg. of other total mixed

carotenoids with vitamin A activity


~ 30 ppmor

30 mcg b-carotene/g




= 50 IU

FACTORS FOR VITAMIN A CONVERSION

Where values for vitamin A were expressed in terms of International

Units (I.U.), to convert to micrograms the following factors were

applied:

One I.U. = 0.3 mcg. of retinol

= 0.6 mcg. of beta-carotene

= 1.2 mcg. of other total mixed

carotenoids with vitamin A activity


~ 30 ppmor

30 mcg b-carotene/g



Imported Vitamin A?

• Fortification of vegetable oil with Vitamin A (Retinyl

Palmitate) additional cost to industry is ~ USD 1.71/MT*).

• Vegetable oil fortification with retinyl palmitate is recognized

as cost-effective and simple to implement

• Domestic consumption of palm cooking oil : 4jt MT – 5jt

MT/year

• Cost of Vitamin C Fortification: 6,84 – 8,55 Million USD/year


*) Soekirman, D. Soekarjo, D. Martianto, A. Laillou and R. Moench-pfanner, "Fortification of Indonesian Unbranded vegetable oil: Public-private initiative, from pilot to large scale," Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. S301-S302, 2012.


End the Controversy!

Revision of Definition is Needed



dan mempunyai aktivitas

Revision of Definition is Needed



Explore the optimum utilization of

palm carotene

• Instead of specifying palm cooking oil to be added with

Vitamin A ((Retinyl Palmitate) up to minimum of 45 IU

having vitamin A activity minimum of 45 IU

Red Palm Oil may be used as a fortificants

• Mandatory fortification should be applied to all cooking oils




THANK YOUphariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

[email protected]

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VITAMIN A FORTIFICATION OF PALM COOKING OIL