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1
Visual Anatomy & PhysiologyFirst Edition
Martini & Ober
3
Chapter 1An Introduction to
Anatomy & PhysiologyLecture 1
Overview of Today’s Lecture
• Course and Publisher Web site
• Course Description/Textbook/Lab Book
• Course Objectives and Syllabus Review
• Blueprint for success
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• Organization of the Human Body
• Characteristics of Life
• Homeostasis
• Anatomical Terminology
Course Web Site• Our Web sites for this class are located at:
– http://www.gserianne.com/science/GerianneBio211 (Main)• Announcements (VERY IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT FREQUENTLY!)• Syllabus and all lecture/lab schedules• Lecture and Lab slides used in class (ppt and pdf formats)• Supplementary online materials for Lecture and Lab• Lecture and Lab Exam Study Guides
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Lecture and Lab Exam Study Guides• Links to many other sites including McGraw Hill Publisher’s Web site• Extra credit assignments
– http://my.commnet.edu (BB Vista; Secondary)• You will need your student ID and password for the Blackboard (BB)
Vista site• This BB Vista site will be used ONLY be for self tests and grades
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Outline of Course/Requirements
• Course Description– Lecture / discussion format
• Lectures will follow Martini’s Visual Anatomy and Physiology, 1st editionclosely
6
y
– Figures used for class
– Laboratory• Wood’s Laboratory Manual, 4th
edition
– Reading assignments should be done BEFORE you come to class/lab
Major objectives of this course
• In general, you will…– Master the objectives listed in the Study Guides
– Develop a further mastery of scientific/biomedical terminology
F th d l bilit t thi k l i ll d
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– Further develop your ability to think logically and critically
• Let’s review the syllabus and handouts…
Blueprint for Success• Most importantly…
– **See Suggestions for Studying (handed out)– Skim your textbook BEFORE lecture and make notes– Take notes in your own words and become mentally involved
during lecture; review/rewrite your notes after lecture– Ask questions if you don’t understand
Continually review previously learned material
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– Continually review previously learned material– Use all the study aids available to you
• Why the Visual Anatomy & Physiology textbook and how is it different? How can it help you succeed? What if you don’t like the format?
*
3
Anatomy – study of structure- Gross anatomy – macroscopic (types?)- Cytology (microanatomy) – cells- Histology (microanatomy) – tissues
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
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Physiology – study of function- Specialized, e.g., neuro-, cellular-, patho-- Comparative physiology
Structure is always related to function; if structure changes, function changes
What’s this red stuff all about, anyway?
How Structure Determines Function
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Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Levels of Organization
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Important Definitions of Organizational Terms
• Cell – The basic unit of biological structure and function (what is a ‘basic unit’ of something?)
• Tissues – A group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions
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• Organs – Two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions
• Organ System – Interaction of organs functioning closely together
General Function of Organ Systems
A&P I A&P II
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Organ Systems – Integument and Skeletal
14Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Organ Systems – Muscular and Nervous
15Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Rapidly-acting, short-term control
(Skeletal muscle shown)
Organ Systems – Endocrine and Cardiovascular
16Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Slower-acting, longer-term control (compared to nervous system)
Organ Systems – Lymphatic and Respiratory
17Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
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Organ Systems – Digestive and Urinary
18Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Organ Systems – Reproductive
19Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment**Absence of homeostasis = DISEASE
Homeostatic Mechanisms it t f th
Homeostasis
A CRITICAL (and very testable) concept in physiology
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Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes
•Receptors - provide information about environment•Control center - tells what a particular value should be•Effectors - causes responses to change internal environment
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HomeostasisFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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The 70 trillion cells in our bodies surround themselves with their own environment. This is the environment that must remain stable despite changes outside.
Major goal of homeostasis is to keep this consistent (Interstitial fluid)
Homeostasis
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Negative feedback – deviation from set point progressively lessens
Positive feedback – deviation from set point gets progressively greater
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Homeostasis
• Remember that homeostasis does NOT mean constant!– Continual variations occur in body systems– Gives rise to ‘normal ranges’ (See Appendix B)
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• Examples of negative feedback– Temperature regulation, blood pressure, blood
glucose levels
• Examples of positive feedback– Blood clotting, milk production, uterine contraction
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Homeostatic Mechanisms
Notice that this occurs in a ONE WAY
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ONE-WAY circuit.
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th
edition, 2010
Homeostatic Mechanisms (cont’d)
Notice that this occurs in a Know the normal
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ONE-WAY circuit.
Know the normal temperature of the body
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Body Cavities
(Posterior)
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(Anterior)
Know the names and positions of the body cavities
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Body Cavities (cont’d)
AxialKnow the terms on this slide
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Appendicular
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Thoracic Membranes•Visceral pleura
Visceral layer – covers an organParietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Abdominopelvic Membranes•Visceral peritoneum
Serous Membranes
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•Parietal pleura•Visceral pericardium•Parietal pericardium
•Parietal peritoneum
Serous fluid – thin, watery, slippery fluid typically separating serous membranes
Serous Membranes
29
Be able to label ALL parts of this diagram; (What system is each organ a part of?)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
10
Serous Membranes
Be able to label ALL parts of this diagram (What system is each organ a part of?)
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Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th
edition, 2010
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position –body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Know these terms
31
Body Sections
32
Know this
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Anatomical Subdivisions
Used most in clinical situations
U d i
33
Used most in surgical/anatomical study situations
Body Regions
K th
34Fig 2.3 in Lab Manual
Know the terms on this slide and their locations on the body
Review
• Anatomy = structure; physiology = function
• Structure determines function
Th h b d ( lti ll l i )
35
• The human body (multicellular organisms) can be organized in increasing levels of complexity– Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
• The eleven organ systems of the body function to maintain homeostasis
12
Review
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable (NOT CONSTANT!) internal environment– Requires: receptor(s), control center, and effector(s)
– Typically uses a negative feedback mechanism
• The body contains cavities that house our organs
36
• The body contains cavities that house our organs– Dorsal (posterior) cavity
– Ventral (anterior) cavity
• Body cavities are lined by serous membranes– Visceral
– Parietal*