Viruses The Smallest Organisms?. What are viruses? Very small particles Too small to see with a...
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Viruses The Smallest Organisms?. What are viruses? Very small particles Too small to see with a light microscope Can be “seen” with an electron microscope
What are viruses? Very small particles Too small to see with a
light microscope Can be seen with an electron microscope Invade
living cells Experts think that it is probable that all living
cells are subject to infection by one or more viruses
Slide 3
Discovery Scientists suspected the existence of viruses by the
end of the 1800s. Question: How could scientists find something
that they could not see?
Slide 4
Discovery The first virus that scientists discovered was the
tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). TMV is a virus that infects a variety
of plants including tobacco, tomatoes and peppers. Photo of a
tobacco leaf with symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus Public Domain
(from USDA Forest Service)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tobacco_mosaic_vir
us_symptoms_tobacco.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tobacco_mosaic_vir
us_symptoms_tobacco.jpg
Slide 5
Discovery 1883 Showed tobacco mosaic disease was infectious if
you took plant juice from a diseased plant and placed it on healthy
plants the plants developed the disease. 1889 Filtered the juice to
remove all particles large enough to see with a light microscope
and the juice still caused the disease.
Slide 6
Discovery Next experiment proved that the disease could
reproduce in the plant this is a characteristic of living things
Unlike other living things the germ could not be grown outside the
host plant
Slide 7
Discovery 1935 Used chemical techniques to isolate the germ
from the juice. Ended up with a crystalline substance that did not
grow, breathe, eat, reproduce or perform any other life function
but caused the disease in plants Called this germ a virus Are
viruses living?
Slide 8
Tobacco Mosaic Virus Public Domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: TMV.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: TMV.jpg
Slide 9
So What Is a Virus? Three things to remember: 1. Tiny particles
that can invade living cells 2. Do not perform any of the life
function of cells 3. Can reproduce only within the host cell
Slide 10
Host vs. Parasite Host = living thing that provides a home
and/or food for a parasite Parasite = an organism that survives by
living on or in another organism and harms the host in the
process
Slide 11
Host vs. Parasite ALL VIRUSES ARE PARASITES Each virus can
infect only a few specific kinds of cells, both specific species
and specific cells within the host organism.
Slide 12
What do viruses look like? Diagram of a Flu Virus Public Domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flu_und_legende_color_c.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flu_und_legende_color_c.jpg Swine
Flu virus electron micrograph Public Domain: CDC
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:B00528-
Swine-flu.pnghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:B00528-
Swine-flu.png
Slide 13
What do viruses look like? Electron micrograph of the
poliovirus Public Domain: CDC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polio_EM_PHIL_1875_lores.PNG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polio_EM_PHIL_1875_lores.PNG
Computer model of Adenovirus Public Domain: National Cancer
Institute http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adenovirus.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adenovirus.jpg
Slide 14
What do viruses look like? Vesiculovirus, a member of the
Rhabdoviridae similar in morphology to the rabies virus. Public
Domain: This image is a work of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, part of the United States Department of Health and
Human Services
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vesicular_stomatitis_virus_(VSV
)_EM_18_lores.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vesicular_stomatitis_virus_(VSV
)_EM_18_lores.jpg HIV-1. Transmission electron micrograph Public
Domain: CDC http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HIV-
1_Transmission_electron_micrograph_AIDS02bbb_lores.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HIV-
1_Transmission_electron_micrograph_AIDS02bbb_lores.jpg
Slide 15
What do viruses look like? Ebola, Transmission Electron
Micrograph Public Domain: CDC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebola_virus_em.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ebola_virus_em.jpg
Virus particles of G. indiensis polydnavirus that infects a
parasitoid wasp. The virions are formed by 5 to 10 nucleocapsids
enclosed by only one viral envelope. Public Domain: USDA
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GiBV-em.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GiBV-em.jpg
Slide 16
Structure of Viruses Two Basic Parts 1. A core of hereditary
material DNA or RNA Controls the reproduction of the virus 2. An
outer protein coat Protects the virus Allows the virus to identify
and attach to the host cell
Slide 17
Bacteriophages Viruses that infect bacteria Photo Credit: Dr.
Jan Mast, CODA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Bacteriofaag.gifCODA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Bacteriofaag.gif
Slide 18
Reproduction of Viruses Three basic steps 1. The virus gets its
hereditary material (DNA or RNA) into the host cell 2. The host
cell makes new viruses 3. The new virus particles leave the host
cell and infect new host cells
Slide 19
Reproduction of Viruses Points to note: The entire virus may
enter the cell or it might inject the hereditary material leaving
the protein coat outside the cell. When the new virus particles
leave the cell they may kill the cell by bursting it or they may
not kill the cell in which case the cell may go on producing more
and more virus particles.
Slide 20
Viruses and Humans Viruses cause diseases including: Cold sores
Warts Colds AIDS Measles Mumps Hepatitis Chicken pox Small pox
Influenza
Slide 21
Viruses and Humans Vaccines weakened or killed disease- causing
organisms used to stimulate an immune response (antibodies)
allowing the body to react immediately to exposure to the
disease-causing organism and prevent it from causing disease Most,
but not all, vaccines are against viruses. Includes mumps, measles,
polio, hepatitis, chicken pox, and rubella.
Slide 22
Viruses and Humans Uses for viruses Control other pests for
example rabbits in Australia. Remember that most viruses are very
specific as to what they can infect. As possible transmitters of
replacement genes to cure genetic diseases such as cystic
fibrosis.