Position Paper of the

Republic of Peru

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I. GENERAL STATEMENT

The Republic of Peru is honored to engage with fellow member states in this year’s Summit proceedings. Peru respects and encourages the realization of the goals and programs of the Organization of American States (OAS) for the hemisphere which promote ideals of development, cooperation, civil and human rights, and democratic participation and inclusion. As stated in Chapter 1 Article 2(f) of the OAS Charter, a fundamental goal of the organization is “To promote, by cooperative action, their economic, social, and cultural development.”1 This suggests that member states have a duty to improve the social standing of all their citizens and to take steps to improve the national economic position of both their individual states and those of neighboring states. Keeping in mind the pillars of security, human rights, democracy, and development, and the financial limitations of the Organization, the delegation representing the Republic of Peru is particularly dedicated to making progress on issues of economic integration and social inclusivity.

The Republic of Peru has made remarkable economic and democratic progress in the wake of authoritarianism and guerrilla threats to the state over the past decades. It has proudly transitioned to a more stable democracy that promises a bright future for all Peruvians, including the indigenous peoples of the country. The Republic of Peru has been guided by the leadership of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard since July of 2016; he is an experienced policy maker, having served as Prime Minister of Peru from 2005 to 2006, and Minister of Economy and Finance from 2004 to 2005. President Kuczynski has managed to further his agenda of growth through promotion of economically liberal trade policies and inclusion of indigenous peoples in the national dialogue despite lacking a political majority in congress. Peruvians are confident of continued economic and cultural development under President Kuczynski’s leadership. In addition to being a leading example of liberal growth and development in the Americas, Peru has a proud cultural legacy as the home of the Incan Empire and protector of natural beauty from the Amazon to the Andes.

Social inclusion of all citizens of the hemisphere has been and should continue to be an important mandate of the Summit that should be supported by OAS programs. A foundational principle of the OAS, as written in the preambles to the Charter, is the belief that “the historic mission of America is to offer to man a land of liberty and a favorable environment for the development of his personality and the realization of his just aspirations.”2

The administration of President Kuczynski believes that social inclusion is the best avenue of politically realizing this ideal. Through programs addressing poverty, education, and discrimination against minority groups, such as indigenous peoples, the Republic of Peru has taken great strides in promoting the rights and prosperity of all its citizens. President Kuczynski recognizes the need for both a modern Peruvian society and respects the rich history of its people, saying, “[Peru] is a millennial country and a cradle of civilization.”3 The Delegation of Peru recognizes that the individual strides of member states in social inclusion are insufficient to affect systematic change in the hemisphere as a whole, and calls on all member states to join its fight for the equal rights of all peoples of the hemisphere. The Delegation of Peru believes this can only be accomplished through the cooperation of member states to recognize the devastating realities of inequality and correct them through joint economic goals and practices. For example, the Administration of President Kuczynski began broadcasting daily news in Quechua, the most common indigenous language of the Americas, ending decades of social stigma and discrimination. While four million Peruvian citizens speak Quechua fluently, another four million citizens

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across the Andean regions of member states also speak the language; this provides an ideal opportunity for transnational cooperation on the social inclusion of indigenous peoples.4 The Delegation of Peru remains aware of the realities of racism, sexism, and discrimination that permeate the history of the hemisphere, and looks forward to cooperating with member states to undo the traumas of the past and unveil the unlimited potential future of a socially inclusive hemisphere.

The Republic of Peru fully supports OAS initiatives that support hemispheric economic integration. As a state that has benefited from regional economic openness, the Republic of Peru that placing greater emphasis on enhancing regional trade will provide a solution to the issue of OAS financial solvency. As Christine Lagarde, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), said during an address at Universidad del Pacífico in Lima, “Let us think of the essential role that global economic integration has played in this region and around the world. By opening countries to trade, migration, capital flows, and technology sharing, the world has been transformed.”5 Peru has benefited from policies of hemispheric economic cooperation, and, as IMF Senior Resident Representative for Peru and Paraguay Alejandro Santos explains, “The transformation of the Peruvian economy over the past quarter of a century has been remarkable. Peru is a great example of how a stabilization program with a comprehensive structural reform plan should be implemented to significantly improve the standards of living of the population.”6 Application of economic integration throughout establishment of investment programs has opened Peru to a new international market that would have otherwise neither been accessible nor realistic. Launched in Peru in December 2014, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Country Programme stands as one the most promising programs for inclusive growth in Peru. As one of the original supporters, the Peruvian government has increased cooperation in a multilateral context due to its engagement with OECD. The program was built around five key areas of economic growth; public governance; anti-corruption and transparency; human capital and productivity; and environment.7 Peru believes that other member states of the OAS would greatly benefit by engaging in multilateral economic programs in the same way Peru has. The Kuczynski Administration strongly encourages the direct attention of the body in the next session on the pertinent issue of global economic integration as it not only pertains to economic vitality, but also the interests of various social groups within member states to ensure prosperity of all hemispheric citizens. The Delegation of Peru is excited to work with its fellow member states throughout these coming sessions in the hopes of formulating new ideas and solutions to address these pertinent topics. Peru is honored to be attending this year’s Summit to discuss pressing policy issues with fellow member states, and it is confident that opening up a platform for dialogue will lead to the advancement of our hemisphere as a whole.

II. PARTICULAR STATEMENTS

A. Committee: General Committee (GC)

Topic A: Strengthening and Improving the Reach of the Inter-American Convention against Racism

The OAS has a longstanding goal of eradicating racism from the hemisphere as evidenced by their official statement: “the Organization of American States (OAS) still seeks to eliminate these poisonous ideas from the Hemisphere to as great a degree as possible.”8 To achieve this goal the OAS has

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committed itself to the creation of a new set of hemispheric standards of racial justice, and the Delegation of Peru commends the OAS for its work in drafting the 2013 Inter-American Convention against Racism, Racial Discrimination and Related Forms of Intolerance, a document which clearly defines the egregious problem of racism in the hemisphere and lists the relevant measures all member states are encouraged to take to combat this heinous issue. Racism has no place in the member states of the hemisphere; all people regardless of race, ethnic origin, nationality, and cultural background should have a say in the affairs of their governments and societies, and they should never fear for their safety, dignity, or equal treatment due to racial or race-related factors. Twelve states have signed the Convention, and Costa Rica has ratified and acceded to the agreement.9 This demonstrates that there is both support and reservations in the various member states, but much more work is needed to bring more member states on board to realize the goals of the convention and make the hemisphere a more safe and equitable place for all.

The government and citizens of the Republic of Peru have taken great strides to eliminate bigotry and make the country a more inclusive, sensitive, and multicultural place of residence for every Peruvian. In November of 2009, the state officially apologized to Afro-Peruvians for “centuries of abuse, exclusion and discrimination,” signaling a move toward reconciliation and a new official policy of tolerance and non-discrimination in the state apparatus.10 The consumer protection agency issued a ruling in 2007 shutting down a restaurant known for discriminating against Afro-Peruvians, and the Asociación Palenque and the Asociación pro Derechos Humanos del Negro have formed to help advocate for and legally aid Afro-Peruvians.11 In the Kuzcynski administration, inclusion of indigenous peoples has been a priority. The state news agency, TV Peru, now broadcasts in the indigenous Quechua and Aymara, and the president’s most recent State of the Union address was translated into Quechua; there are also plans to soon expand to other indigenous languages such as Ashaninka and Shipibo-Konibo.12 President Kuczynski is proud of the advances that have been made on his watch, but he fully realizes the need for further progress in the issue of racial equality in Peru. For this reason his administration fully supports the Inter-American Convention against Racism, having been one of the twelve original signatories.

The Delegation of Peru recognizes that the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 1965 made noteworthy strides in combatting the persisting problem of racism, but this has clearly not solved the issue.13 The Delegation of Peru believes that a hemisphere-specific approach is needed to combat the unique issues facing member states, such as socio-economic racial discrimination, the mestizaje and blanqueamiento phenomena, racial-linguistic discrimination, and the plight of indigenous peoples in the Americas. The delegation believes that the Inter-American Convention against Racism is the right tool to promote racial justice in the hemisphere, and it looks forward to help ensure the eventual ratification of this convention by all fellow member states.

Topic B: Achieving More Equitable Inclusion and Participation in the OAS among All States of the Hemisphere

The OAS is a multilateral institution, and it therefore depends on the participation of each and every member state to continue functioning properly and promote hemispheric progress and the universal implementation of the four pillars. The OAS charter states that “states are juridically equal, enjoy equal rights and equal capacity to exercise these rights, and have equal duties”14 under international law, and they therefore should participate equally as members of the OAS. Only through involvement of all members of the OAS can substantive change occur on an international level throughout the hemisphere.

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The Delegation of Peru is optimistic that member states can come together to find new ways to promote participation in the OAS and new and more effective means of adopting the recommendations of OAS resolutions and ratifying treaties in individual member states’ legislatures. The OAS acts as a mediating body for the members of the hemisphere, and the Kuczynski administration deeply respects the role of the OAS and the responsibilities that fall upon member states as a result of belonging to the institution. The Delegation of Peru seeks to work with fellow delegations in the upcoming Summit to achieve a more inclusive and efficient OAS for all citizens of the hemisphere.

B. Committee: Executive Secretariat for Integral Development (SEDI)

Topic A: Promotion of the Rights of People in Vulnerable Situations

The Republic of Peru supports the promotion of all human rights including those for people in vulnerable situations. The defense of human rights is an evolving project and requires constant vigilance. Often times the most vulnerable people are the ones who are denied their human rights. Every state in the hemisphere needs to address or improve conditions for those living in poverty, indigenous populations, the elderly, victims of violence, and women and children.Today there are multiple non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to help those living below the poverty line in Peru. One good example is CARE, an organization that “works around the globe to save lives, defeat poverty, and achieve social justice.”15 With help from various NGOs, and under President Kuczynski’s administration, “Peru’s poverty rate dipped by 1.1 percentage points in 2016 to 20.7 percent.”16 It is evident that the situation of some of Peru’s most vulnerable is improving, but there is still work to be done.

A vulnerable population in Peru as well as the hemisphere (and the world) that needs more resources is sexual assault and domestic violence victims. As evidence of this, one need not look any further than the #MeToo social media movement. It has spread to 85 countries with over twelve million interactions on Facebook and 1.7 million tweets.17 Victims of sexual assault and domestic violence are denied their human rights, facing violence that compromises their personal and physical security as well as the social stigma that isolates them and diminishes their opportunities for justice and prosperity. This can include financial struggles due to potential cost of treatments, lost wages, and loss of housing. The effects of domestic violence can also negatively impact the family of a survivor, particularly children. The government of Peru has worked diligently to solve these issues by establishing the National Programme against Family Violence and Abuse in 2001.18 This legislation provides training for local authorities to recognize and prosecute perpetrators of domestic violence and sexual assault. The Delegation of Peru hopes to continue supporting assault victims by considering programs that help all member states combat assault and provide aid for victims who often fall into a vulnerable position.

Since one of the pillars of the OAS is human rights, the body must advocate for the well-being of victims of these crimes. The Delegation of Peru hopes that OAS member states will consider taking actions to establish hemispheric-wide guidelines of best practices to alleviate the suffering of this vulnerable group of citizens. These practices should include, but are not limited to, access to affordable counseling, enhanced police training in sexual assault and violence, and provision of advocates to help victims navigate the judicial system and secure medical care. In this way, through the OAS, member states can address this very serious issue that is ubiquitous throughout the hemisphere.

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Topic B: Public Policies for Improving Workers’ and Employers’ Rights

The OAS recognizes in Article 34(g) of the Charter that “Fair wages, employment opportunities, and acceptable working conditions for all” is a priority to provide equality of opportunity and enhancement of integral development for all peoples of member states.19 Over the 69 years of the existence of the OAS, labor has evolved in agriculture, industry, and technology. In the first Summit of the Americas Mandate on Labor in 1995, Heads of State and Government renewed their commitment to the “common interest in creating employment opportunities that improve the incomes, wages and working conditions of all our people.”20 The Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Labor and the Department of Human Development, Education, and Employment investigates labor issues for the OAS, and these entities have recognized the necessity of providing stable, safe employment for the 160 million people striving to overcome poverty in the hemisphere.21

The Republic of Peru recognizes the value of cooperation between member states and recognition of best practices for establishing effective and humane labor laws. Peru believes the worker is vital to the economy by producing and offering services that contribute to Peru’s GDP. In addition, the government of Peru supported the idea that protecting human rights is critical for an effective workforce. In 2011, Peru’s legislature passed Law 29783 on Safety and Health at Work that extended protections to workers in all public and private companies.22 The legislation focused on avoiding hazardous incidents at work. Law 29783 mandated compensation for injury if employers failed to supply preventative measures guarding against injury or disease. Not only does Law 29783 require compensation, but it criminalizes failure to implement preventative measures; infractions of this type now are punishable under law with sentences ranging from one to eight years.23 The administration of President Kuczynski supports the rights and safety of foreign workers as well; he recently created temporary work permits for Venezuelan refugees.24 This humanitarian effort, in alignment with Peru’s policies of regional economic integration and social inclusion, is an apt example of the intersection of workers’ rights and human rights. The Delegation of Peru believes that these respective innovations in labor law bear potential for replication and implementation across member states, guaranteeing the enhancement of human rights across the hemisphere.

C. Committee: Secretariat for Multidimensional Security (SMS)

Topic A: New Programs to Help Combat or Prevent Transnational Organized Crime

The commitment of the OAS to combatting transnational organized crime (TOC) in the hemisphere traces its foundations to the Charter, which states “integral development is the common and joint responsibility of the member states.”25 Understanding that integral development and security are two foundational goals of the OAS, and that the TOC of drug trafficking undermines progress the OAS and member states have made in these fields, the OAS established the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) in 1986.26 To specifically note the necessary and beneficial work of CICAD, the “Hemispheric Plan of Action on Drugs: 2016-2020” establishes five strategic areas of drug control efforts: institutional strengthening, demand reduction, supply reduction, control measures, and international cooperation.27

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The Republic of Peru has taken significant steps in the past decades to combat TOC, which most frequently manifests itself as drug trafficking within and across Peruvian borders. The history of the Shining Path in Peru represents a dark chapter in Peru’s collective conscience, but it is also the primary motivator of Peruvian action on TOC and drug trafficking. Peru’s National Commission for Development and Life Without Drugs (DEVIDA), established in 1994 and restructured in 2002, is built on four pillars of Alternative Development, Reduction of Drug Demand, Reduction of Drug Supply, and Shared Responsibility.28 Recognizing that Peru has approximately 55,000 hectares of coca under cultivation as of March 2017, DEVIDA works to implement sustainable alternative agricultural and business practices to diminish the necessity of coca cultivation in daily life, thus decreasing the potential of cocaine trafficking.29 It is of significant importance to note the presence of Peru’s indigenous population in these areas of coca production; Peru’s indigenous population is 45 percent of the total population, with its highest density in agricultural regions of Peru.30

Combining the five strategic areas of drug control effort established in the Hemispheric Plan of Action on Drugs, the efforts of DEVIDA, and considering Peru’s high population of indigenous peoples, the Delegation of Peru seeks to establish a plan of action on transnational organized crime that protects the most marginalized peoples of the hemisphere with sustainable community practices.31 In addition to social inclusion of indigenous agriculturalists, this program would improve regional economic integration by diminishing the negative effects of drug trafficking in the hemisphere.

Topic B: Strengthening and Increasing Hemispheric Agreements on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation

The OAS was founded with the explicit nature and purpose, as dictated in Chapter 1, Article 2(h) of the Charter, “to achieve an effective limitation of conventional weapons that will make it possible to devote the largest amount of resources to the economic and social development of the Member States.”32 The OAS has generated great success in effectively maintaining this policy of peace and mitigation of hemispheric nuclear threats, specifically through the adoption of the Treaty of Tlatelolco in 1967, and by sparking the overwhelming support of member states to ratify this document that is a foundational step in ensuring nuclear non-proliferation.33 The Committee on Hemispheric Security maintains the integrity of the Treaty of Tlatelolco through careful focus on preventative violence measures, accountability of member states, and preservation of peaceful relations in all issues of hemispheric, regional, and state security.34

The Republic of Peru was one of the original signatories of the Treaty of Tlatelolco, and upholds its commitment to diminishing the presence of nuclear weapons in the hemisphere. Disarmament is the crux of the Treaty of Tlatelolco and represents the fundamental policy of the Peruvian government regarding nuclear weapons. The United Nations Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which the Republic of Peru has likewise ratified, emphasizes “the need for continued systematic and progressive efforts to reduce nuclear weapons globally, with the ultimate goal of eliminating those weapons.”35 The threat that nuclear testing poses to the safety, health, and prosperity of every member of the hemisphere makes its elimination a top priority for the multilateral security of all member states. The Republic of Peru additionally supports cooperative efforts with fellow member states in nuclear security; in 2014, the United States of America and Peru marked ten years of collaboration on nuclear and radiological security.36

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The Republic of Peru promotes a nuclear policy centered upon the fundamental belief in the necessity of ending nuclear proliferation, continuing nuclear disarmament, and achieving these goals through transnational treaties and collaborations. The Delegation of Peru looks forward to working with other member states to eliminate the danger that nuclear annihilation poses to all peoples of the hemisphere.

D. Committee: Secretariat for Strengthening Democracy (SSD)

Topic A: Strengthening and Modernizing Management Mechanisms at the Municipal Level

The OAS Charter reaffirms “The solidarity of the American States and the high aims which are sought through it require the political organization of those States on the basis of the effective exercise of representative democracy.”37 The goals and objectives of member states rely upon the efficiency of their administrations and collaboration. The Department for Effective Public Management (DEPM) of SSD provides a framework for member states to strengthen public institutions mechanisms with the advancement of effective and efficient democratic practices. Initiatives and programs such as Transparency and Integrity in Public Administration and Inter-American Cooperation Mechanism for Effective Public Management (MECIGEP) foster improvement, development and evaluation of current administrations’ effectiveness. 38 More specifically, MECIGEP spearheads the objective of strengthening and modernizing administrative efficiency.39

The Republic of Peru understands the significance of reforming and enhancing the management mechanisms for the sake of economic progress, social inclusion, and quality of life for each citizen of the hemisphere. Peru’s National Office of Electronic Government (NOEG) provides assistance, advice, and training to its citizens to enhance public administration proficiency.40 Its National Portal of Open Data (NPOD) serves as a guidance and reference to those organizations and citizens needing assistance in public service management.41 President Kuczynski administration’s participation in the Inter-American Development Bank’s study on Designing the Process of Public Management Policy Change illustrates its eagerness to improve its management systems.42 Peru’s joint effort with the OECD Country Programme study also emphasizes its desire and ambition to enhance its public institution systems by participating in international studies and learning from other countries outside this hemisphere, in the spirit of economic integration.43

By improving the managerial efficiencies of public sector programs and initiatives, member states can expect a higher citizen participation rate that directly boosts socioeconomic levels. The Delegation of Peru looks forward to engaging in the exchange of ideas and perspectives with other delegations to establish mandates that will further OAS objectives for efficient democratic processes.

Topic B: New Programs for the Inter-American Program on Education for Democratic Values and Practices

The OAS charter emphasizes dedication to the “Strengthening of the civic conscience of the American peoples, as one of the bases for the effective exercise of democracy.”44 The Inter-American Program on Education for Democratic Values and Practices was established by the Ministers of Education for the purpose of promoting and strengthening civic education across the hemisphere. The program supports three initiatives; Research, Professional Development and Educational Resources, and

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Information Exchange.45 Additionally, this program provides a convenient web portal that serves as a platform for collaboration and educational aids for OAS citizens.46 The efforts of this program are felt throughout the hemisphere and it has provided innumerable opportunities for member states.

The Republic of Peru is committed to enhancing the civic education and participation of all its citizens. Initiatives such as Project Citizen have integrated democratic values and practices within the Peruvian education system.47 Just this year, Peru participated in a study conducted by the OECD that measures the level of education, civic participation and social inclusion of the youth in the region.48 Peru recognizes the necessity of efficient programs and initiatives that advance civic education and promote democratic practices. Peru was also one of the few member states to participate in the largest International Civic and Citizenship Education Study that measures the level of civic education among the youth of participating nations.49 Since voting is compulsory in Peru, it is essential that all citizens understand democratic values and practices and participate in civic activities.

The Delegation of Peru looks forward to working with member states to foster dynamic discussions regarding civic education in the hemisphere. It is of the essence to create not only new programs, but also improve existing ones in order to create a more efficient and effective democracy. Thus, the delegation looks forward to exploring programs that will measure the efficiency of pre-existing education initiatives. This delegation believes that putting an emphasis on strengthening civic education levels will lead to greater socioeconomic equality and improved standard of living for all citizens of the hemisphere.

E. Committee: Secretariat for Administration and Finance (SAF)

Budgetary Statement

The Republic of Peru has benefited greatly as a result of OAS and international cooperation over the past six decades in meeting the challenges that face all the people of the Americas. Along with other governments of the hemisphere, the Kuczynski administration affirms that solving shared problems is just another step towards achieving democracy, security, development, and human rights for all. The Peruvian government is optimistic about the future of these efforts but realizes the financial constraints on the OAS budget. Although the Republic of Peru recognizes the importance of each of the four pillars, it understands that certain hard choices need to be made. To that end, the Peruvian government prioritizes two critical mandates that require the body’s attention: social inclusion and regional economic integration. The Kuczynski administration believes that these two objectives are critical for the maintenance of democracy, security, development, and human rights.

The Republic of Peru upholds equality in all forms and believes that every member state should recognize and further it throughout the Americas. In order to achieve equality, the issue of social inclusion must be addressed. The absence of social inclusion has a direct correlation with corruption, lack of civil cooperation, decrease in development, and abuse of human rights. Article 45 of the OAS Charter states, “All human beings, without distinction as to race, sex, nationality, creed, or social condition, have a right to material well-being and to their spiritual development, under circumstances of liberty, dignity, equality of opportunity, and economic security.” 50 This article mandates that social inclusion is critical for the advancement of democracy and economic development.

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The Kuczynski administration believes that to secure the four pillars of the OAS, regional economic integration is critical. Therefore, the Peruvian delegation pledges to work with fellow delegations to promote programs that will support such integration. By so doing, the OAS will serve as an engine to support economic development that will serve as a firm foundation for democracy in all member states. As Spanish politician José María Aznar once said, “Without economic development, any potential for political openness and freedom will be questionable.”51 Peru stands as a proud example of successful economic development and solid democracy, and wishes to help other states achieve the same. The impact of fiscal challenges has reduced the ability of the OAS to address all mandates set forth in the Summit process. The Delegation of Peru believes that programs promoting social inclusion and regional economic integration cannot be ignored. With that in mind, this delegation will support programs that align with these two goals to secure democratic values for everyone in the hemisphere.

Endnotes

1 Organization of American States. Charter of the Organization of the American States (OAS, 1993). http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS.asp Accessed October 17, 2017. 2 Organization of American States. Charter of the Organization of the American States (OAS, 1993). http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS.asp Accessed October 17, 2017.3 “Peru’s Kuczynski takes office with a vow to fight inequality.” Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-kuczynski/perus-kuczynski-takes-office-with-a-vow-to-fight-inequality-idUSKCN1082PJ. Accessed October 25, 2017.4 “Peru airs news in Quechua, indigenous language of Incan empire, for the first time.” The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/14/peru-nuqanchik-quechua-broadcast-inca-empire. Accessed October 25, 2017.5 Lagarde, Christine. “Peru-Seizing Opportunities in a Changing Global Economy.” IMF, International Monetary Fund, 18 Nov. 2016, www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2016/11/18/SP111816-Peru-Seizing-Opportunities-in-a-Changing-Global-Economy. Accessed October 24, 2017.6 Santos, Alejandro. “http://Ljournal.ru/Wp-Content/Uploads/2016/08/d-2016-154.Pdf.” Peru's Road to Economic Success, 1 Oct. 2015, doi:10.18411/d-2016-154. Accessed October 24, 2017.7 “Peru - Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.” OECD,www.oecd.org/latin-america/countries/peru. Accessed October 24, 2017.8 OAS. Racism and Intolerance. 2017, Web. http://www.oas.org/en/topics/racism_intolerance.asp. Accessed October 25, 2017.9OAS. “Inter-American Convention Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Related Forms of Intolerance (A-68).” www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-68_racism.asp. Accessed October 25, 2017.10Dan Collyns. BBC News, Lima, 2010. http://www.bbc.com/news/10205171.11Minority Rights Group International. Peru - Afro-Peruvians. 2017. http://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-peruvians/. Accessed October 25, 2017.12“News they can use: Peru’s indigenous-language push.” The Economist, 2017. Accessed October 25, 2017.https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21727092-president-european-roots-gives-quechua-and-aymara-boost-perus-indigenous-language-push. Accessed October 25, 2017.13“International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.” United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner. www.ohchr.org/EN/professionalinterest/Pages/CERD.aspx. Accessed October 25, 2017.14Organization of American States. Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS, 1993). http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS.asp#Chapter_III.15Peru CARE. Country Info, 2016, <http://www.care.org/country/peru> Accessed 25 October 201716"#MeToo reaches 85 countries with 1.7 million tweets," CBS News, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/metoo-reaches-85-countries-with-1-7-million-tweets/. Accessed October 25, 2017.17Ibid.18Human Rights Watch. Peru Law of Protection from Family Violence, 31 March, 2000,<https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/03/31/peru-law-protection-family-violence> Accessed 25, October 2017.19 Organization of American States. Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS, 1993). http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS.asp#Chapter_III. Accessed October 25, 2017.20 Declaration of Principles, Summit of the Americas Mandates on Labor. Accessed October 25, 2017.21Joseph, Celia. “Peru: Employment Law in Peru.” Mondaq.com, Mondaq: Connecting Knowledge & People, 25 July 2012, www.mondaq.com/Peru/x/188710/employee+rights+labour+relations/Employment+Law+In+Peru. Accessed October 25, 2017.22 Cruz, Ismael, and Raul Huerta-Mercado. “Occupational Safety and Health in Peru.” Annals of Global Health, Elsevier, 17 Dec. 2015, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214999615012436. Accessed October 25, 2017.23Ibid.

24Guy, Jack. “Venezuelan Migrants Suffer Precarious Conditions in Peru's Informal Economy.” Equal Times, Equal Times , 25 Oct. 2017, www.equaltimes.org/venezuelan-migrants-suffer#.WfFCpEzMyRs. Accessed October 25, 2017.25OAS, Charter of the Organization of American States. 1948. Accessed October 25, 2017.26"FACT SHEET: The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) of the OAS." http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=S-006/17. Accessed October 17, 2017.27Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission, Hemispheric Plan of Action on Drugs: 2016-2020, 2016. Accessed October 20, 2017.28Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Viva Sin Drogas. http://www.devida.gob.pe/en/. Accessed October 20, 2017.29Ellis, Evan."The Evolution of transnational organized crime in Peru," Global Americans. https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/05/evolution-transnational-organized-crime-peru/. Accessed October 20, 2017.30"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Peru," Refworld. http://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce0b2.html. Accessed October 20, 2017.31“Peru Programme.” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. www.unodc.org/pdf/peru_programme.pdf. Accessed October 21, 2017. 32Organization of American States. Charter of the Organization of the American States (OAS, 1993). http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS.asp Accessed October 17, 2017.33Treaty for the Prohibition for Nuclear Weapons in Latin America. United Nations. Accessed October 24, 2017.34“Permanent Council of the Organization of American States: Committee on Hemispheric Security.” Organization of American States, www.oas.org/csh/english/. Accessed October 25, 2017.35Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. United Nations. Accessed October 25, 2017.36“U.S., Peru Mark 10 Years of Nuclear and Radiological Security Collaboration, Dedicate Secure Radiological Transportation Vehicle.” National Nuclear Security Administration, https://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/radiological-security.37Organization of American States. Charter of the Organization of the American States (OAS, 1993). http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS.asp Accessed October 17, 2017.38“Department of Effective Public Management: About Us.” Secretariat for Strengthening Democracy (SSD), Organization of the American States, www.oas.org/en/spa/depm/about.asp. Accessed October 25, 2017.39 “Department of Effective Public Management - Innovation & Modernization in Effective Public Management .” Secretariat for Strengthening Democracy (SSD), Organization of the American States , www.oas.org/en/spa/depm/innovacion/. Accessed October 25, 2017.40“Quienes Somos .” Peru e-Government, Presidencia Del Consejo De Ministros , www.ongei.gob.pe/quienes/ONGEI_QUIENES_ING.asp.41“Sobre El Portal Nacional De Datos Abiertos.” Portal Nacional De Datos Abiertos  , Presidencia Del Consejo De Ministros , www.datosabiertos.gob.pe/sobre-el-portal-nacional-de-datos-abiertos. Accessed October 25, 2017.42 Barzelay, Michael. “Designing the Process of Public Management Policy Change: Practical Implications of Case Studies on Brazil and Peru (Executive Summary).” IDB - Publications, Inter-American Development Bank , 14 Nov. 2002, publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/5876?locale-attribute=en. Accessed October 15, 2017.43 The Public Governance Review of Peru: Highlights 2016. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, www.oecd.org/gov/public-governance-review-peru-highlights-en.pdf. Accessed October 4, 2017.44Organization of American States. Charter of the Organization of the American States (OAS, 1993). http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS.asp Accessed October 17, 2017. 45 “Inter-American Program on Education for Democratic Values and Practices .” EDUCADEM, Organization of American States , portal.oas.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1227&language=en-US. Accessed October 25, 2017.46 Educational Portal of the Americas  , Organization of the American States , www.educoas.org/default2.aspx. Accessed October 25, 2017.

47 “Project Citizen.” U.S. Embassy in Peru, Education and Culture , pe.usembassy.gov/education-culture/project-citizen/. Accessed October 25, 2017.48 “The OECD Development Centre Lauched the Youth Well-Being Policy Review of Peru Study.” Peru: The OECD Development Center Launched the Youth Well-Being Policy Review of Peru Study - OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, www.oecd.org/dev/inclusivesocietiesanddevelopment/youth-final-conference-peru.htm. Accessed October 25, 2017.49  “The Study .” The IEA International Civic and Citizenship Study, International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement , 9 Oct. 2017, iccs.iea.nl/about-iccs/the-study.html. Accessed October 25, 2017.50Organization of American States. Charter of the Organization of the American States (OAS, 1993). http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS.asp Accessed October 17, 2017.51 “Challenging the State: Effect of Minority Discrimination, Economic Globalization, and Political Openness on Domestic Terrorism.” Taylor & Francis, www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03050629.2015.1048857. Accessed October 25, 2017.