Key Concept 6.1 Science and the Environment

Answer Concepts & Relevant Examples in underline

“Facts”

How did science affect humans’ conception of the natural world in the 20th century? What new technologies and discoveries affected this conception?

What new technologies incommunication andtransportation, and how didthey impact conceptionsabout size and distance?

What new scientificparadigms changed the waypeople understood thenatural world and humansthemselves?

The development of science and technology in the twentieth century has helped increase efficiency in everyday tasks, but they have also opened up the minds of new people to new ideas of how the world, universe, and humans came to be and how they work. New technologies like the phone, email and cars helped overcome obstacles like distance and size. New scientific paradigms have questioned how the universe and humans work, and it has questioned previous beliefs, especially in religion. New scientific technologies like GMC’s, vaccines, and antibiotics have helped the survival rates of humans to increase dramatically. Newly developed forms of energy have also created more efficient ways to get power and electricity.

Alexander Graham Bell was given a patent for the telephone in 1876. The creation of the telephone has made communication, especially overseas, easier and innovations are continuing to be made. The fax machine was primarily conceived by Alexander Bain in 1846. One major innovation was the creation of wireless transmission in 1924 by Richard H. Ranger. The ability to send fax wirelessly made for faster communication which made it much easier to send faxes abroad. The creation of electronic mail, or email has made communication over the Internet very simple and efficient. This has allowed for individuals and even big corporations to send personal messages or make negotiations between businesses and to do it easily. These inventions have made the conception of size and distance conquerable and less of a burden because of the efficiency these inventions possess. Automobiles have helped with quicker transportation. The modern car was developed around 1886, however they were not as widely used until the early twentieth century. One of the first cars with public access was the 1908 Model T manufactured by Ford. In 1903, the Wright brothers created the airplane which allowed for transportation to places overseas more easily. These two inventions have allowed for faster transportation and changed the conceptions of size and distance because it showed that distance and size was not as big of a obstacle to overcome while traveling.

Einstein’s theory of relativity emerged in the 1900’s, and it had an impact on how people saw how the universe worked. It had two theories: special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity explains how time is not constant and talks about how each individual has their own clock, and each clock is dependent on how fast or how slow their movement is which is explained in the twin paradox. General relativity explains how time and space are not exclusive of each other; each one affects the other. Quantum mechanics is the science that explains the behavior of matter and its

Telephone Fax machine Email Automobiles planes

Einstein’s theory of relativity

Quantum mechanics the Big Bang theory psychology

How did scientificdiscoveries affect humans’ability to feed themselves?

How did medical innovationsaffect humans’ survivalrates?

What new energytechnologies affected the

interaction with energy on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It impacted the way people viewed the workings of the natural world because it showed how the world works on a microscopic scale. The Big Bang Theory, which states that the universe was in a very high density then expanded, shaped the perspectives of how the universe was created because it contradicted the popular beliefs of Christianity which many had believed in the past. The study of psychology changed the understandings of the way humans worked and thought. The study goes deep into detail of how the human mind works and allowed us to understand how humans behave and why they do so.

Genetically modified crops are crops that have been genetically engineered to have desired traits or characteristics like resistance to pests, chemicals, environment conditions and reduction of spoilage. These main characteristics allowed for more crop yield which was able to feed more people than before. Hybrid crops are created by cross-pollinating seeds and, similar to GMC’s, getting desired traits that are better suit for the survival of the crop, increasing crop production to feed the people. During the Green Revolution which took place in the twentieth century, the food production increased dramatically due to the new technology and advances in the field.

The first successful polio vaccine was created by Jonas Salk in the 1950’s to protect against poliomyelitis, and the first successful test was conducted on a group of adults and children in 1953. The vaccine consists of inactivated polioviruses which allows for immunity against the virus. The vaccine has helped eradicate or reduced the polio virus in many countries worldwide. The development of antibiotics has helped treat and prevent many bacterial infections. Specifically, penicillin was one of the first effective drugs, and it was created by Alexander Fleming in 1928. It is used to treat throat infections by inhibiting the bacterial enzymes responsible for cell wall synthesis and activating other enzymes to break down the protective wall of the microorganisms. The artificial heart helps make it easier to bridge the time to heart transplantation and also created an alternative to replace the heart with a real one if a heart transplantation cannot be done. The first successful artificial heart transplant was in 1982 designed by Willem Johan Kolff and Robert Jarvik. The artificial heart created less of a demand for heart transplants and organ donations which has saved the lives of many people globally with severe heart problems. All of these innovations helped increase survival rates of those affected by fatal diseases.

The oil industry began to be largely used during the twentieth century for many purposes. Oil began to largely be used as a result of the need for

genetically modified crops

hybrid crops Green Revolution

polio vaccine & Jonas Salk

antibiotics-penicillin artificial heart

oil (early) nuclear

20th century? energy due to the Industrial Revolution. Oil accounts for much of the globe’s energy consumption. Nuclear power was developed in the early twentieth century. It uses nuclear reactors to generate electricity. Although this power source may pose safety issues, it has been seen that it can it is a very sustainable energy source that can be used to generate power. Renewable/green energy has been largely used throughout history in many different ways, however, renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power began to be largely recognized in the twentieth century. A major reason these power sources began to be recognized was due to the major environmental benefits and the fear of running out of other energy sources like oil.

“green” energies, renewable

How did humans’ relationship to the environment change in the 20th century? What negative consequences in the 20th century accompanied the benefits of industrialization?

The huge population explosion, which has resulted from growing standards of living, has created the problem of limited resources in today’s society. Due to the growing population, there is a higher rate of consumption of natural resources than the environment can keep up with. The release of greenhouse gases, which are gases absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, became to be a problem mainly as a result of the Industrial Revolution because of the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests. This has become a major cause of global warming which is the change in the earth’s climate. Global warming has had a negative impact on the environment especially because it causes changes in sea levels and amounts of precipitation, and it has caused a major problem in the Arctic. The melting of the ice has had a negative impact on many of the Arctic’s ecosystems having a negative impact on the lives of certain species that are dependent on the cold climates. Desertification has become a problem in dry regions, and they are continuously growing dryer which results in a decrease in water and vegetation which has a negative impact on species living in those dry environments. This is caused by human activity and climate change. Deforestation is mainly due to the clearing of wood to be used for commercial purposes. This has caused the removal of many species that live in the forest and is also a factor in climate change.

population explosion and limited resources

greenhouse gases and global warming

desertification deforestation

What caused some of the major demographic changes of the 20th century? A general answer here.

Disease contributed. Whatwere some diseasesassociated with poverty thatcontinued to threaten humansurvival? Where were thesea major problem in the

In the twentieth century, the development and spread of new diseases has caused a dramatic demographic decline in the world’s population. Also, the development of new war weapons and tactics have caused demographic decline due to an increase in wartime casualties.

Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes that release parasites into the victim’s blood. This disease causes serious illness or even death. It has been a major problem in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it also has been a problem in certain European and American regions, but it is not an a major issue in those regions. Tuberculosis is a disease caused by mycobacteria that attacks the lungs mainly. In the twentieth century, it was a major problem in

Malaria TB Cholera

20th?

What new, emergentepidemic diseasesthreatened humans?

What diseases associatedwith more sedentarylifestyles and longer lifeexpectancies became a newproblem?

How did technology regarding birth control and family planning impact global demographic patterns?

How did new military technology affect wartime casualties?

the United Kingdom which caused many campaigns to treat it. Cholera is an infection in the intestine, and it hit the Russian empire, Ottoman empire, India, Indonesia, the Americas, and North Africa relatively hard throughout the twentieth century.

The 1918 influenza pandemic had affected at least a fifth of the world’s population during it’s time, and it was spread by those who carried the virus, like on trade routes or shipping lines. It mainly affected people from the ages of 20 to 40 years old. It caused a decrease in the average life span in many countries. The Ebola virus first emerged in an outbreak in 1976. It has a high risk of death in those who are infected by body fluids that contain the virus or from other infected humans or animals. HIV/AIDS is mainly transmitted sexually or exchange body fluids. The virus that causes the disease was discovered in 1983.

Diabetes is a disease associated with high blood-sugar levels over a prolonged time period, and it has been a growing problem in many people throughout the world which has caused thousands of deaths, mainly in North America. The increasing importance and recognition of diabetes grew throughout twentieth century. Lots of research and treatments have been associated to help with diabetes. Heart disease is the global leading cause of death, with the exception of Africa, and has caused millions of deaths worldwide in the twentieth century. Alzheimer’s disease was first discovered in 1906, and it accounts for 60-70% of dementia cases. It is usually found in people ages 65 and older, and there has been no specific cure to the disease yet.

New technology, like birth control pills, gave women more control over family planning. By giving the opportunity for women to take birth control pills, it causes a possible decrease in population because it prevents pregnancy which lowers the rate of birth throughout the world.

The use of machine guns during World War I increased wartime casualties. The ability to shoot and reload the guns faster than handguns allowed for more deaths and injuries in less time. Military tanks were first mainly used by ground armies in World War I, and the design improved by the time World War II arrived. This increased wartime casualties because it created an offense to kill those involved trench warfare. Airplanes were of great use in World War I and II, and they were used in multiple ways like artillery spotting, bombing, and ground attack. The use of planes for wars increased casualties because it created an advantage to those flying them by providing

1918 influenza pandemic

Ebola virus HIV/AIDS

Diabetes heart disease Alzheimer’s

the pill

machine guns tanks airplanes nuclear weapons—the

atom bomb

How did new tactics affectwartime casualties?

a reasonable distance from attackers and to quietly attack their enemies in large numbers. Nuclear weapons like the atomic bomb were particularly used greatly in World War II and posed a threat during the Cold War. The chemicals in the atomic bomb had the possibility to kill masses of people, even those who were a reasonable distance from the place of attack which had increased wartime casualties.

Trench warfare was introduced during World War I, and in a way it both decreased and increased wartime casualties. It decreased the deaths and injuries for those who used the tactic as a form of defense, but if the trench was attacked by enemies, it would increase casualties for those inside the trench because there was practically no way to escape the trench once it was attacked. Firebombing was primarily used as a tactic during World War I, and it increased the casualties on the region that was attacked. Firebombing was used to affect large areas of land, so many died as a result of this tactic. The attack on Hiroshima during World War II increased casualties dramatically in Japan. The range of attack was huge and affected much more than just Hiroshima. It killed many civilians, including doctors, so there were not many people to help treat those who were injured by the bombing which then caused an increase in deaths due to lack of treatment. The bombing of Dresden during World War II caused an increase in casualties for Germany. The bombing caused thousands of deaths in the city. During the Sino-Japanese War, many were murdered or raped by Japanese troops in the Chinese city of Nanjing which increased wartime casualties.

trench warfare firebombing Hiroshima, Dresden,

Nanjing

Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences

Answer Concepts & Relevant Examples in underline

“Facts”

How did the overall global political order shift as the century progressed? What did NOT change?

Older, land-based empiressuch as the Ottoman,Russian, and Qing empirescollapsed. What external andinternal factors contributed toeach?

In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, many political orders and powers throughout the world shifted. For example, many empires declined, many colonies became independent of their previous imperial rulers, and specific movements changed their previous political systems and redrew old colonial boundaries. Wars also had a major impact on political order throughout the world. However, many previously powerful countries’ influence and power did not change, and they continue to have a large global impact.

Some external factors that impacted the fall of the Ottoman empire were the increasing commercial and administrative skills of their neighbors. Particularly, their neighbors continually participated in global trade which was a disadvantage to the Ottoman economy. The modernization of their neighbors also posed a problem to the Ottomans because their neighbors began to slowly pass the Ottomans in their institutions and weapons. Also, by siding with Germany in the first World War caused severe damage to the

Mustapha Kemal/Ataturk Lenin and Trotsky Dowager empress Cixi

Colonies gainedindependencewhere/when?

Some colonies gainedindependence throughnegotiation.

empire in the aftermath of the war due to their side’s loss. Some internal problems that led to the fall of the Ottomans were the deteriorating political system caused by sultans that were incapable of running the empire efficiently. Another factor was the increasing revolutions within the empire like in Greece. This direct challenge to their rule not only hurt the government, but it caused a distraction to the already declining empire. A Turkish man, known as Ataturk, played a role in downfall of the empire. He was a revolutionist that opposed the political system and wanted reforms, which sparked nationalism among Turks to go against the empire. He made attempts to modernize and secularize Turkey which challenged the traditional aspects of the Ottomans. An external factor that led to the downfall of the Russian empire was their involvement in World War I. The war contributed to their falling economy due to their decreasing number of workers which led to less goods produced, increasing prices on goods, and famine among the people. This led to dissatisfaction among the masses which led to revolutions and revolts, like the February Revolution where the csar was abdicated, an internal factor to the fall. These revolutions challenged the power of the csars and caused an increased sense of nationalism among the people, particularly peasants, that wanted political and rural reform. The emerging socialists, like Lenin and Trotsky, in Russia posed a threat towards the current political system. They wanted less government involvement in the economy which challenged the power of the csar and the government in general. An external factor of the downfall of Qing China was the threat coming from the British which resulted in the Opium Wars. The Chinese loss in the Opium Wars resulted in the violation of Chinese markets from industrial powers, and this led to negative responses from Chinese people. Many internal factors were revolutions which led to the abdication of the Qing dynasty. The traditionalist, Empress Cixi, led China further from modernization which placed China into the hands of being a vulnerable victim of economic imperialism due to lack of modernization.

Decolonization was present throughout the twentieth century largely in the Americas and Africa in regions that had previously been controlled by European powers like Chile, Algeria, and Ghana. Many colonies in Asia, like India and Vietnam, achieved their own political freedom as well.

The Partition of India in 1947 included mainly nonviolent noncooperation, or satyagraha, led by Gandhi. The establishments of the INC and Muslim League also challenged the power of the British in a peaceful, but effective way and led to a relatively peaceful division of Indians to India and Pakistan. The Gold Coast in Africa gained independence was achieved when the

Partition of India 1947 Gold Coast

Other colonies achievedindependence via armedstruggle.

assembly passed a motion requesting independence that the British accepted.

Algeria’s FLN, a nationalist group that strived for independence, fought in a war for independence against the France settlers in the colony. They used violent tactics like guerilla warfare, which was also seen as terrorism to many, to fight for their freedom against French rule. In Vietnam , Ho Chi Minh created the Viet Minh to fight the Japanese invasion and later the French. After WWII ended the colony declared independence. The French, however, would still not give up Indochina, so the Viet Minh fought them back. The French suffered a major defeat at Dien Bien Phu prompting peace negotiations and an accord signed at a conference in Geneva that led to the division of Vietnam.

Algeria and the FLN Vietnam and Ho Chi

MinhDien Bien Phu

What new anti-imperial movements challenged the status quo during the age of imperial rule and contributed to the end of empires and the restructuring of states?

Nationalist leaders and theirmovements

Regional, religious, andethnic movements

Many movements were made to end imperial rule in their nations. Acts of civil disobedience like in India and Ghana, and violent movements like in Vietnam challenged imperial rule. Many secession and separation movements challenged imperial rule by redrawing old boundaries drawn by imperial powers. An increase in nationalist groups unified many people, despite national boundaries, and challenged imperial rule as well.

Satyagraha created by Gandhi challenged British rule in India. These campaigns posed nonviolent resistance against their power. By boycotting and refusing to follow instruction, this affected the success of the economy and political system which negatively impacted the British homeland. The British, unable to stop the resistance, eventually negotiated with India and allowed them independence and restructured the state of India into India and Pakistan. Ho Chi Minh established a communist republic to help fight for Vietnamese independence from the French. He organized nationalist groups and oversaw the military groups and their actions. His use of violent attacks, particularly the use of guerilla warfare, resulted in many deaths, but it helped Vietnam gain freedom. Kwame Nkrumah helped lead Ghana to freedom from the British. He organized his supporters into the Conventions’ people Party which drew in supporters around the country. They used the policy of civil disobedience and participated in resistance, boycotts and strikes which eventually drew the British out of Ghana.

Muhammad Ali Jinah’s establishment of the Muslim League was based off the belief that the Muslim minority of India should be able

Mohandas K. Gandhi and non-violence (satyagraha)

Ho Chi Minh Kwame Nkrumah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League in British India

challenged both imperial ruleinherited colonial boundaries

Some transnationalmovements sought to unitepeople across nationalboundaries

Movements to redistributeland and resourcesdeveloped in Latin America,Africa, and Asia sometimesadvocating socialism andcommunism…why?

to have their own state. The British eventually allowed for the partition of India with the intent to prevent fighting among the Hindus and Muslims in India. India then became separated into India, which was Hindu dominant, and Pakistan, which was Muslim dominant. The Quebecois separatist movement in Canada was based off the idea that economic difficulties they were facing were a result of the ties they had with their mother country. They believed that to solve these economic problems and to improve on their own cultural traditions they should change or break off from Canada into their own country. Two provincial referendums were held for the sovereignty of Quebec. The first was in 1980 and the second in 1995, both of which were unsuccessful. The Biafra secessionist movement in Nigeria had much to do with ethnic friction. In Northern Nigeria were mainly Muslims that had large control over the government, and in the southeast was an ethnic group known as the Igbos. Ethnic tensions were high after a massacre in 1966, and the independent republic, Biafra, called for independence but the government refused. A civil war broke out in 1967 that threatened to tear apart Nigeria, but the movement was not successful.

Pan-Arabism is the idea that countries in the Arab World, like those in North Africa and West Asia should be politically and culturally united. This created a sense of nationalism in Arab countries which caused a desire to be free from the Ottomans and European powers. Pan-Africanism is the idea that all African countries should unite. They believe that the unity among African countries is important for progress politically, economically and socially. Communism sought to unite all members of the proletariat/working class from all nations to help create a socialist society where all would be equal and there would be no favoritism or special privileges given to the higher classes of society.

Redistribution movements in Latin America, Africa and Asia advocated socialism and communism because these political systems provided a sense of equality among all the members of society which is what the redistribution was meant to do. By redistributing land and resources among the people, they are bridging the gap in society between people who have more and people who have less, and socialism and communism encouraged these actions.

The Quebecois separatist movement

The Biafra secessionist movement

Pan-Arabism Pan-Africanism communism

Along with political changes, what demographic and social changes occurred?

Social and demographic changes such as the partition of specific regions and the migration of people to their imperial metropoles showed a big shift in certain regions due to the migrations going on. Conflicts between different ethnic groups which led to genocides and forced migrations also had a large

What were some majorpopulation resettlementsrelated to the redrawing ofold colonial boundaries?

What are some examples offormer colonial peoplesmigrating to former imperialmetropoles? Why did thisoccur?

How did the proliferation ofconflicts lead to ethnicviolence such as attempts atgenocide?

demographic impact, and many times, it cause for populations to decrease.

The India/Pakistan partition redrew the boundaries drawn by the British when they colonized India. This partition was due to the desire for an Islamic dominant nation after independence. The partition resulted in two nations: India and Pakistan. The Israeli/Palestinian question over the country of Palestine also questions the boundaries previously drawn. Boundaries were drawn in Palestine to give land to both the Jewish and Palestinians, but both groups desire to own the keep the whole country of Palestine solely for their ethnic group. Both the Israelis and Palestinians see Palestine as their homeland and are still fighting over who gets the territory. Division of the Middle East into Mandates meant the creation of a legal status for certain territories transferred form the control of one country to another. The territories that were previously controlled by the Ottoman Empire were subject to administrative advice and assistance from a mandatory until they were able to stand-alone.

Shortly after gaining independence, many people migrated to their previous imperial metropoles for primarily the same reason which was mainly to create a better life than the one they could have in their homelands. South Asians went to Britain. They were invited to fill gaps in the labor force, and due to the poverty following independence, the South Asians accepted the offer to better their lives. The migration of Algerians to France was very similar. Many Algerians moved to cities in France to work in big industries where they received a decent salary. In the US, many Filipinos came as a source of cheap labor for farms and industries.

The Armenian genocide was due to the increasing threat that Armenian people Turkish government, and they used them as an excuse for their failure in the war then they attempted to get rid of these people all together. The Armenians were forced into camps where many died as a result of hunger, thirst, natural causes and violence from the Turks. The Holocaust was the attempt to get rid of the whole Jewish population. Hitler viewed Germans as more superior than the Jewish and used them as a reason for the failures of Germany and then made an attempt to get rid of them by placing them in concentration camps where they were killed by gas chambers, firing lines, and natural causes. In Cambodia, a communist guerilla communist group called the Khmer Rouge seized power. They went after those who were educated in the West so they would not spread Western ideas throughout the country. They also went after those who did not accept their re-education policies. They did so by mass killings in killing fields. In Rwanda, the ethnic conflict between the Hutus and the Tutsis

India/Pakistan partition Israeli/Palestinian

question Division of the Middle

East into mandates

South Asians to Britain Algerians to France Filipinos to the US

Armenia The Holocaust Cambodia Rwanda

How did the proliferation ofconflicts lead todisplacement of peoples?

resulted in an attack on the Tutsi people. Because the Tutsis had been favored more by the Belgians, they were given better jobs and opportunities than the Hutus. This caused aggravation among the Hutu people and led to the deaths of many Tutsis by the hands of Hutus.

Palestinians have experienced many conflicts which have led them to immigrate somewhere else, particularly because of the Arab-Israeli War and the Six Day War as well. Palestinians have also experienced lots of religious persecution in their homeland and lots of persecution from Jewish authorities in Palestine which have drawn them out of the country. Darfurians were people of the region, Dafur, in Western Sudan. In 2003, a war broke out when different movements began to fight the government. During this conflict over two million Darfurians were displaced and went to refugee camps.

Palestinians Darfurians

How were WWI and WWII the first “total wars”? What are the defining characteristics of total war?

How did states mobilize alltheir peoples in order towage war?

Some criteria of “total war” that both world wars met were that pretty much everyone was involved some way in the war, and there was a large use of propaganda and government censorship that was used to show the good side of the war and to increase support. They also recruited from their colonies to help them fight and established home fronts that created war bonds. There were also extreme results of the wars like the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust.

The Gurkhas were soldiers brought in from India by the British to help them fight in wars and battles. They have continued to help the British army even after they gained their independence. The ANZACS was formed during World War I, and it was composed of Australian and New Zealand volunteer soldiers who desired to help the Allies fight. They are known for fighting in the battle of Gallipoli and supporting the Allies. Conscription was used in many nations to help draft men to fight in the war. By drafting men of a specific age range to fight, the number of soldiers and defense for the homelands increased in wars and battles.

Gurkhas from India ANZACS conscription

What were the causes of global conflict in the 20th c.? i.e. WWI and WWII

Some causes of global conflicts in the twentieth century were nationalism, imperialism, militarism and alliance systems. As nationalism in many countries rose, rivalries began to emerge as well. Imperialism caused lots of tension between powers trying to build empires, so this caused a sort of competition as well. An increase in militarism was caused by an increase in nationalism because they built up the military, weapons, technology and techniques which made them more prepared for battles. Alliance systems were created in the insecurity of many European nations caused by rivalries. Many of these concepts had been underlying causes of both world wars. The immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of the archduke of Austria-Hungary which launched the war in Europe almost immediately.

How did the balance of global power shift in the middle of the 20th century after the end of WWII

What new alliances and new types of conflicts did the Cold War era produce?

How did the Cold War end?

The balance of power globally shifted primarily among the two superpowers: the US and the USSR. Throughout the Cold War, both powers attempted to gain support for their ideology on political systems of capitalism and communism. This rivalry spread worldwide and involved many more countries than just the two superpowers. The tensions among these two powers were extremely high and resulted in the establishment of alliances (NATO, Warsaw Pact) and battles fought in several locations (Korean War, Vietnam War) in an attempt to spread their views and to beat out the opposing one.

NATO was created as a result was a military alliance of mutual defense formed by the Western bloc. It was mainly created to help defend the members of the alliance from attacks from the USSR or other enemies, and if one was attacked, the allies would come to their aid. It also was created to prevent the spread of communism among allies, mainly Western nations. The CENTO was an alliance formed among mainly Middle Eastern countries, because of the urging of the British and US, to counter the threat of USSR expansion into important oil-producing regions in the Middle East. The SEATO was alliance of South East Asian countries to stop the spread of communism in those countries. The Warsaw Pact was an Eastern bloc military alliance that was formed as a response the creation of NATO. The purpose was similar to the NATO’s: to provide aid and defense to members in the alliance. It also helped increase the USSR’s power and influence among Eastern countries. Proxy wars were created because the USSR and US did not wish to fight each other directly, or on their own grounds, so battles were fought among their allies on other grounds, rather than on their, mainly due to the fear of a nuclear war breaking out between the two superpowers.

After Gorbachev’s policies of glasnost and perestroika, the USSR became more open to criticism from around the world. Also, Poland elected a noncommunist opposition government to their legislature, but Gorbachev refused to act towards this. Following Poland’s footsteps, other Eastern European communist regimes began to dismantle and desires for freedom from the USSR increased. The fall of the Berlin Wall was a significant event that exemplified the end of the Cold War. In 1991, the USSR finally collapsed, turning back into Russia, signifying the end of the Cold War.

Superpowers Capitalist/communist

ideological struggle

NATO, CENTO, SEATO Warsaw Pact proxy wars

Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals, groups, even states opposed this

trend:

Who were some of the ‘individuals & groups whochallenged war?

Some promoted the practiceof non-violence as a way tobring about political change

Some groups and individualsopposed the existingeconomic, political, and,social orders and insteadpromoted alternatives to theexisting order.

Picasso’s Guernica , which was named after a Spanish town that was targeted by bombings during war, provides a visual of the negative and chaotic impacts on people affected by war, which reflects a negative connotation on the concept of war itself. During the Cold War, the anti-nuclear movement in the US was a way to fight against the demonstration of nuclear weapons and war. By protesting, the concept of war, particularly nuclear war, was challenged. A Vietnamese Buddhist monk named Thich Quang Duc made a statement by burning himself (self-immolation).The practice of self-immolation was to protest the racial inequality towards certain peoples in the state.

Gandhi’s satygraha policy was a very peaceful and effective way to bring social change. This mainly consisted of resistance towards the instructions of the major powers. The government could not control the civil disobedience any longer, so they gave the Indians the political change they wanted, which was independence from Britain. Martin Luther King Jr. also followed a campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience to fight for an end to racial segregation. His followers went on marches, boycotts and many other things, but they did not resist violently.

Communist leaders, like Lenin in Russia or Mao Zedong in China, challenged the already existing social and political systems in their nations. Both leaders opposed the current status of their societies, especially the inequality of the working class for Russia and the lack of modernization and desire for more social equality for China, and hoped that the introduction of socialism would help improve their societies. By not siding with either side of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement introduced the alternative to not take either side for countries that did not want to play a part in the Cold War or did not want to ally with either superpower. The Bandung Conference in 1955 showed an important step for countries who opposed the colonialism and Cold War tensions, and it helped build cooperation to end these things and built up support for the Non-Aligned Movement as well. The Anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa provided a way to end the segregation and social inequality that apartheid had caused in South Africa which was opposed by many. The practice of civil disobedience was a major component of the anti-apartheid movement. The global uprisings of 1968 were a chain of revolutions and protests that mainly opposed the existing political systems. There were many groups of people that protested, and many different forms of protest, but it mainly consisted of nonviolent resistance from civilians. Some major uprisings of capitalist countries

Pablo Picasso & his work Guernica

the anti-nuclear movement during the Cold War

Thich Quang Duc & self-immolation

Gandhi and satyagraha Martin Luther King, Jr.

Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong

The Non-Aligned Movement—an alternative to the leading Cold War political blocs. The Bandung Conference 1955

The Anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa

Participants in the global uprisings of 1968

Tiananmen Square protestors promoting democracy in China

How did militaries and militarized states often respond to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that often further intensified conflicts?

What were some of the movements that used violence against civilians in order to attempt to achieve political goals?

occurred in the US, France, Ireland, Great Britain, and African countries. Uprisings in communist countries included those in Yugoslavia and Eastern bloc nations. The protest for political change in Tiananmen Square in China also formed an alternative to currently opposed political structure. Many students gathered in Tiananmen Square to fight for less government involvement in the economy and society. This protest was largely pushed down by the state and resulted in many casualties; however, it did get a strong message across to Chinese people, the state, and even those outside of China.

Military dictatorships developed in places like Spain, Chile and Uganda. In Spain, Francisco Franco took over many areas in Spain in hopes to eventually build up a totalitarian military state. He believed that getting rid of democracy in Spain would be for its benefit, but this only led to growing tensions in the civil war that followed. Augosto Pinochet established a long lasting military regime in Chile where he was the dictator. He outlawed other political parties, suspended the constitution, made reforms that favored the wealthy rather than those in need, and he suppressed any who resisted him. In Uganda, Idi Amin established a military regime where the military and government had an overbearing influence on the nation. Under Amin, many civilians were killed in mass executions because they were seen as threats or disloyal to the regime. The emergence of the New World Order promoted the idea of a worldwide totalitarian society which would give governments and possibly militaries more power. This movement was a response to the end of the Cold War, and it focused on superpower cooperation. The build-up of the military industrial complex and arms trading increased the relationship between the military, the arms industry, and the government in which both would benefit. The military gains the arms and weapons they need in times of war, defense companies gain lots of profit, and strong political views are being spread simultaneously.

The IRA in Ireland was an organization that opposed British rule in Ireland. They used violent tactics and guerilla warfare to fight for their beliefs. They try to get their point across by participating in things like bombings and assassinations. The ETA is a Basque separatist and nationalist group in Spain and France. Their main goal is to gain independence for Basques. They do so by killing, injuring and kidnapping many people, including civilians. Al-Queda is a militant Islamist group who seek out to destroy irreligious Western-style modernity, like US imperialism, American-led economic globalization, etc. This group targets civilians in a number of countries by bombings, suicide attacks, etc. However, they are most widely know because of the 9/11 attack that devastated the US and led to the

The promotion of military dictatorships in places such as Spain (Franco), Chile (Pinochet), and Uganda (Idi Amin)

The US promotion of a New World Order after the Cold War

The build-up of the “military-industrial complex” and arms trading

IRA in Northern Ireland ETA and Basque

separatism in Spain al-Queda

What were some of the ways that all these global conflicts influenced popular culture?

destruction of the World Trade Center and deaths of many Americans.

The Dada movement was an art movement that protested against traditional beliefs of a pro-war society because they believed that they were the root causes of war. They expressed their ideas through art that rejected logic and embraced chaos and irrationality. James Bond films were influenced by the global conflicts like attempts at world domination, dangers of foreign powers, and the nature of threats to the world. Social Realism was an art movement largely influenced by socialist powers and they became popular in those places, especially the USSR. The art glorified communist values in a realistic manner. The different forms of art that could be produced were very limited to strict expression that expressed Soviet ideals and had a sense of forced optimism. Video games were largely impacted by global conflicts, especially by war, because many games that are created glorify the concepts of war and fighting. Video games allow its audience to partake in war-like environments and scenarios which were widely influenced by the global conflicts of war itself.

Dada movement in art in the years after WWI

James Bond Social Realism (?) Video games

Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

Answer Concepts and Relevant Factual Examples in underline

“Facts”

The 20th century saw a great deal of warfare and economic collapse. In response to these problems new ideas about governments and how they relate to the economy developed.

In Communist states, howdid governments seek tocontrol their nationaleconomies?

In the USSR, Five Year Plans were established to modernize the economy. Some main focuses were collectivization and industrialization. Collectivization was when the government took over private farms and combined them into state-owned enterprises to increase agricultural production. Many large and nationalized factories were developed which emphasized heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods. These two tactics increased the exports of the USSR and helped them catch up to the West in terms of modernization. The Great Leap Forward in China was established to turn China into a true Marxist state through industrialization and collectivization. However, the campaigns were not successful. The local governments could not keep with the quotas the government demanded, so they lied about the progress they made which actually caused economic regression and many deaths.

Five-Year Plans collectivization The Great Leap Forward

How did the role played bythe government in nationaleconomies change even inthe US and Europe (and whydid the role of thegovernment increase)?

After WWII, in newlyindependent states, how didgovernments take a strongrole in guiding economic lifeto promote development?

Toward the end of the 20th century, how and why did governments encourage free market economics and promote economic liberalization?

Mussolini’s Corporate State changed the level of how much government involvement there was in the government and economy. Mussolini believed that by taking over and managing all of the corporations, it would reduce the marginalization of singular interests and would benefit all Italians as a whole. The New Deal established by Roosevelt increased government involvement in the United States during and in the wake of the Great Depression. This was to help fulfill the three “R’s” of the policy: relief, recovery, and reform. This was all for the benefit of restoring the US’s economy and to help bring relief to those left devastated by the Depression. Keynesian economics began to take shape in nations after the Great Depression. They believed that private ownerships sometimes led to inefficient economic outcomes, and governments should be more involved to allow for a more productive and efficient economy. This belief resulted in a mixed economy, where private sectors were able to exist, but government has the ability to intervene during recessions.

In Egypt, Gamal Nasser overthrew the king and established a republic. He helped improve the economy of Egypt by with socialist measures and modernization reforms. He nationalized industries, like the Suez Canal which was no longer being occupied by the British in an attempt to nationalize it with Egypt and the Arab world. In East Asia, countries were encouraged to develop export oriented economies, which the main focus is to export gods in attempt to speed it industrialization. By focusing on exporting, this gives the economy a specific place and role in the international trading network which highly benefits the country and its economy. This process generated huge economic growth and created the four tigers: South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

In the US, Ronald Reagan developed many economic policies: to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation and tighten the supply of money to prevent inflation. These policies were created in a time where the economy was falling, and they were an attempt to return to the free enterprise principles to help the economy flourish once again. In Britain, Margaret Thatcher introduced policies to lift up Britain from the economic decline they were facing. Her policies were based on supply side policies which involved privatization of key public sector industries, de-regulation, reduced power of trades unions and income tax cuts. In China, the new leader, Deng Xiaoping, focused on restructuring the economic policies to fit elements of free-market capitalism. He introduced Four Modernizations to help boost the economy, and he focused on modernizing agriculture, industry, national defense and

Mussolini’s Corporate State

The New Deal, the Great Depression and Keynesian economics

Nasser and Egypt The encouragement of

export oriented economies in East Asia

US and Ronald Reagan Britain and Margaret

Thatcherprivatization

China under Deng XiaopingThe Four Modernizations

Chile under Pinochet

science and technology. Under Deng Xiaoping, special economic zones were created to allow more freedom to participate in capitalist practices which gave the Chinese people more economic freedom. In Chile, Pinochet and the government established free market reforms in an attempt to stop inflation and the decline of the economy. He had three main focuses: economic liberalization, privatization of state owned companies, and stabilization of inflation.

In the 20th century, what new international organizations formed to maintain world peace and facilitate international cooperation?

What new economic institutions sought to spread principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world?

What humanitarian organizations developed to respond to a variety of crises throughout the world?

The League of Nations was a worldwide organization to maintain peace globally. They strived to prevent wars and to settle international disputes peacefully. This was later replaced by the United Nations after World War II because the League of Nations failed to do its job which was to prevent another world war. The UN’s goals were the same as the League of Nation’s which is to maintain world peace. The UN has organizations to promote humanitarian rights and financial organizations to help countries when they are in need of financial support. The International Criminal Court was designed to put an end and to punish those who participate in crimes that are seen as an international threat like genocides, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression.

The International Monetary Fund is an organization whose sole purpose is to prevent an economic collapse similar to that of the Great Depression. It also loans money to nations with economic problems. The World Bank, which is a UN organization, was created to make big loans of money to developing nations to promote big economic development programs and projects. The World Trade Organization, replaced the GATT, was made to regulate and lift barriers off of international trade and to encourage it as well.

The Red Cross was created to aid those in desperate need for help, especially in countries that recently experienced natural disasters. UNICEF is a UN organization to help support children in developing countries. They help supply required resources for survival like clean water and immunizations. Amnesty International is an organization that campaigns to end human rights abuses. They encourage members to write letters to governments and to make donations that they will use to pressure governments into abandoning abuses to human rights. Doctors Without Borders is an organization of doctors whose purpose is to provide medical care for those who need it regardless of their location. The World Health Organization is a UN organization with the goal to help provide aid and the highest possible level of health to people all over the world. The WHO has helped eradicate many diseases, most significantly, the smallpox in the 1970’s.

The League of Nations The United Nations The International

Criminal Court

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

World Bank World Trade

Organization (WTO)

The Red Cross UNICEF Amnesty International Doctors Without Borders World Heath

Organization (WHO)

How did regional trading blocs promote the movement of capital (investment $) and ?goods across borders?

How did multinational corporations begin to challenge state authority and autonomy?

What new movements protested the inequality of the consequences of global integration

The European Union was created in the wake of the second world war, and its goal was to maintain peace and ties among European nations. It initially only contained a few members that connected their coal and steel industry which proved very successful. In hopes of creating more and better economic outcomes, these nations eventually connected their whole economies. The EU established a free trade zone where there is a free flow of money, workers and goods among the members of the trading bloc. NAFTA is a trading bloc in North America whose goals were to eliminate trade barriers and encourage free trade within the continent. This has helped facilitate the movement of goods, factories, capital, etc. across national borders. ASEAN is a trading bloc established in South East Asia that strives to accelerate the economic growth and social progress and to protect regional peace and stability among its members. This group also established free trade among its member nations. Mercosur is a regional trading bloc of South America, and it promotes free trade and flow of goods, people and currency among the members. Free trade in all of these regional trading blocs encourages the movement of goods and capital without economic boundaries.

The development of multinational corporations in the global economy has the ability to pose a challenge to state authorities. The Royal Dutch Shell has gained a lot of recognition and profit from selling gas to consumer, Coca-Cola has made lots of money by selling drinks, merchandise and other sponsored products to consumers worldwide, and Sony has also made a large amount of money by selling their technology products to many buyers throughout the world. All of these large multinational corporations have the ability to challenge state authority and autonomy because they are large enough, popularity wise and economically, to have a large impact on the government and politics in several regions. They can also hire political officials to help get their ideas across.

Greenpeace is an organization that protests the damages and abuses on the environment. They have several campaigns to help improve the environment like stopping global warming, defending the oceans, protecting forests, etc. The Green Belt Movement in Kenya is an organization, of mainly women, that encourages people to improve their communities to improve their lives and strives for a greener and cleaner world. They’ve helped Kenya in times of dire need, and they’ve helped grow plants and trees to bind soil, store rainwater, provide food, and many other things. Earth Day has helped raise awareness of critical environmental issues, and it has helped resolve many of these issues.

The European Union NAFTA ASEAN Mercosur

Royal Dutch Shell Coca-Cola Sony

Greenpeace Green Belt movement

(Kenya) Earth Day

What are some examples of The UN Universal Declaration of Rights exemplifies the basic civil and UN Universal

how the notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world?

How did increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes lead to the formation of new cultural identities

and exclusionary reactions ?

What new forms of spirituality developed in the later 20 th century ?

political rights that all humans have (right to social security, health, education). This document, like many other documents about human rights, was highly influenced by enlightenment ideas that highly emphasize the natural laws and rights of human beings. Women’s rights gained lots of popularity throughout the twentieth century, and they emphasized the belief that women should have rights like those men possessed. These rights included the right to vote, work, own property, be educated and to have control of their own bodies (right to abortion, birth control, etc.). The end to the White Australia Policy showed how rights of all humans, even non-whites, were gaining recognition. The White Australia Policy was a policy that highly favored the immigration of European white people to Australia over those of foreigners. However, when this policy was abolished, the increasing rights of all humans were clearly evident.

The Negritude movement that was established in Africa sought out the unification of common black people as a way to reject French colonial racism, the believed that assimilating all of their cultures was a good form of resistance. This movement allowed for the emergence of a new cultural identity of Africans and helped create a sense of unity among African people as well.

Xenophobia is the general hate and rejection of foreigners, and actions were taken in many regions to exclude itself from foreigners. Race riots are conflicts present between two races or ethnic groups, and in many places, especially the US, race riots were primarily between whites and blacks. These riots created tensions among the two races involved and would result in things like segregation which excluded specific races from the other. Citizenship restrictions have created a growing tension and clearly evident hate towards foreigners. By placing these restrictions, many immigrants and foreigners are excluded from the opportunity to be a citizen of the country that established the citizenship restriction.

New Age Religions were developed in the 1970’s, primarily in Western countries. They are characterized by a holistic view of the cosmos. Which have a specific focus on self-spirituality and authority of one’s self. It also emphasizes healing, a belief ion channeling, and adopting New Age science. Hare Krishna was developed in 1966 and its main goal is to please their Supreme Lord Krishna. Followers devote their loves to Krishna and spend several hours chanting the Hare Krishna mantra. This religion highly meditates on selected traditional Hindu scriptures. Falun Gong, which was developed in China in the 1990’s, emphasizes morality and virtue. They practice meditation and qigong exercises, and their philosophy is centered

Declaration of Rights women’s rights the end of the White

Australia Policy

Negritude movement in Africa

xenophobia race riots citizenship restrictions

New Age religions Hare Krishna Falun Gong

How was religion applied to political issues?

How did the global nature of culture affect sports?

Music and film?

on tenets of truthfulness, compassion and forbearance.

Liberation theology was a form of Christianity that opposed unjust social and political structures. It sought to apply religious faith by aiding the poor and oppressed through involvement in political and civic affairs. Fundamentalist movements were defensive, assertive and exclusive and posed religious challenges against selective modernity and secular things. These movements took place in almost every major religion. An example of this is Ayatollah Khomeini returning to Islamic tradition and using it to govern.

The Olympics were highly affected by the global culture throughout history. The games were influenced by factors of: politics like rivalries (especially during the Cold War) and growing nationalism; social events like the increasing role of women in society was evident with the growing number of women competitors; and economics like the increase of profit amongst nations had increased the money that the Olympics received due to investment in sponsors and broadcasting. The World Cup, which is an international soccer competition against other nations, was affected by similar political and economical factors, but not as much as the Olympics. The growing interest in sports, like soccer, from other countries is evident by the big number of nations involved in the game. Cricket, like the World Cup, has gained lots of popularity by games between other nations organized by the International Cricket Council. This shows the growing interest and diffusion of culture among different nations.

Many different forms of music, like Reggae, which originated in the Caribbean, has gained ground in many other places other than from where they originated from. For example, the growing popularity of Reggae artist, Bob Marley, around the world shows the globalization of culture. Similarly, Bollywood has become more popular in places other than India. Bollywood films can be seen in many other countries as a result of the globalization of culture around the world.

Liberation Theology fundamentalist

movements

Olympics World Cup Soccer Cricket

Reggae Bollywood